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Agarwal K, Mehta SK, Mondal PK. Unveiling nutrient flow-mediated stress in plant roots using an on-chip phytofluidic device. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:3775-3789. [PMID: 38952240 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00180j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The initial emergence of the primary root from a germinating seed is a pivotal phase that influences a plant's survival. Abiotic factors such as pH, nutrient availability, and soil composition significantly affect root morphology and architecture. Of particular interest is the impact of nutrient flow on thigmomorphogenesis, a response to mechanical stimulation in early root growth, which remains largely unexplored. This study explores the intricate factors influencing early root system development, with a focus on the cooperative correlation between nutrient uptake and its flow dynamics. Using a physiologically as well as ecologically relevant, portable, and cost-effective microfluidic system for the controlled fluid environments offering hydraulic conductivity comparable to that of the soil, this study analyzes the interplay between nutrient flow and root growth post-germination. Emphasizing the relationship between root growth and nitrogen uptake, the findings reveal that nutrient flow significantly influences early root morphology, leading to increased length and improved nutrient uptake, varying with the flow rate. The experimental findings are supported by mechanical and plant stress-related fluid flow-root interaction simulations and quantitative determination of nitrogen uptake using the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) method. The microfluidic approach offers novel insights into plant root dynamics under controlled flow conditions, filling a critical research gap. By providing a high-resolution platform, this study contributes to the understanding of how fluid-flow-assisted nutrient uptake and pressure affect root cell behavior, which, in turn, induces mechanical stress leading to thigmomorphogenesis. The findings hold implications for comprehending root responses to changing environmental conditions, paving the way for innovative agricultural and environmental management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushal Agarwal
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
| | - Sumit Kumar Mehta
- Microfluidics and Microscale Transport Processes Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
| | - Pranab Kumar Mondal
- School of Agro and Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India.
- Microfluidics and Microscale Transport Processes Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati-781039, India
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Bakker BH, Faver TE, Hupkes HJ, Merks RMH, van der Voort J. Scaling relations for auxin waves. J Math Biol 2022; 85:41. [PMID: 36163567 PMCID: PMC9512763 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01793-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyze an 'up-the-gradient' model for the formation of transport channels of the phytohormone auxin, through auxin-mediated polarization of the PIN1 auxin transporter. We show that this model admits a family of travelling wave solutions that is parameterized by the height of the auxin-pulse. We uncover scaling relations for the speed and width of these waves and verify these rigorous results with numerical computations. In addition, we provide explicit expressions for the leading-order wave profiles, which allows the influence of the biological parameters in the problem to be readily identified. Our proofs are based on a generalization of the scaling principle developed by Friesecke and Pego to construct pulse solutions to the classic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou model, which describes a one-dimensional chain of coupled nonlinear springs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Hilde Bakker
- Mathematical Institute, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy E. Faver
- Department of Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, 850 Polytechnic Lane, MD #9085, Marietta, GA 30060 USA
| | - Hermen Jan Hupkes
- Mathematical Institute, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland M. H. Merks
- Mathematical Institute and Institute of Biology Leiden, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle van der Voort
- Mathematical Institute, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9512, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Guo K, Huang C, Miao Y, Cosgrove DJ, Hsia KJ. Leaf morphogenesis: The multifaceted roles of mechanics. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1098-1119. [PMID: 35662674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce a rich diversity of biological forms, and the diversity of leaves is especially notable. Mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis have been studied in the past two decades, with a growing focus on the interactive roles of mechanics in recent years. Growth of plant organs involves feedback by mechanical stress: growth induces stress, and stress affects growth and morphogenesis. Although much attention has been given to potential stress-sensing mechanisms and cellular responses, the mechanical principles guiding morphogenesis have not been well understood. Here we synthesize the overarching roles of mechanics and mechanical stress in multilevel and multiple stages of leaf morphogenesis, encompassing leaf primordium initiation, phyllotaxis and venation patterning, and the establishment of complex mature leaf shapes. Moreover, the roles of mechanics at multiscale levels, from subcellular cytoskeletal molecules to single cells to tissues at the organ scale, are articulated. By highlighting the role of mechanical buckling in the formation of three-dimensional leaf shapes, this review integrates the perspectives of mechanics and biology to provide broader insights into the mechanobiology of leaf morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Guo
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Changjin Huang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - K Jimmy Hsia
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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Raggi S, Demes E, Liu S, Verger S, Robert S. Polar expedition: mechanisms for protein polar localization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 53:134-140. [PMID: 31982289 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Most cells show asymmetry in their shape or in the organization of their components that results in poles with different properties. This is a fundamental feature that participates in modulating the development of an organism and its responses to external stimuli. In plants, a number of proteins that are important for developmental and physiological processes have been shown to display polar localization. However, how these polarities are established, maintained, or dynamically modulated is still largely unclear for most of these proteins. In this review we report recent updates on the mechanisms of polar protein localization, focusing on a subset of these proteins that are the focus of current research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Raggi
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elsa Demes
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183 Umeå, Sweden.
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Ripoll JJ, Zhu M, Brocke S, Hon CT, Yanofsky MF, Boudaoud A, Roeder AHK. Growth dynamics of the Arabidopsis fruit is mediated by cell expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25333-25342. [PMID: 31757847 PMCID: PMC6911193 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1914096116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit have evolved a sophisticated tissue and cellular architecture to secure plant reproductive success. Postfertilization growth is perhaps the most dramatic event during fruit morphogenesis. Several studies have proposed that fertilized ovules and developing seeds initiate signaling cascades to coordinate and promote the growth of the accompanying fruit tissues. This dynamic process allows the fruit to conspicuously increase its size and acquire its final shape and means for seed dispersal. All these features are key for plant survival and crop yield. Despite its importance, we lack a high-resolution spatiotemporal map of how postfertilization fruit growth proceeds at the cellular level. In this study, we have combined live imaging, mutant backgrounds in which fertilization can be controlled, and computational modeling to monitor and predict postfertilization fruit growth in Arabidopsis We have uncovered that, unlike leaves, sepals, or roots, fruit do not exhibit a spatial separation of cell division and expansion domains; instead, there is a separation into temporal stages with fertilization as the trigger for transitioning to cell expansion, which drives postfertilization fruit growth. We quantified the coordination between fertilization and fruit growth by imaging no transmitting tract (ntt) mutants, in which fertilization fails in the bottom half of the fruit. By combining our experimental data with computational modeling, we delineated the mobility properties of the seed-derived signaling cascades promoting growth in the fruit. Our study provides the basis for generating a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing fruit growth and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-José Ripoll
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116;
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Stephanie Brocke
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Cindy T Hon
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Martin F Yanofsky
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Claud Bernard University Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, F-69342 Lyon, France
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853;
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Mjolsness E. Prospects for Declarative Mathematical Modeling of Complex Biological Systems. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:3385-3420. [PMID: 31175549 PMCID: PMC6677696 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00628-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Declarative modeling uses symbolic expressions to represent models. With such expressions, one can formalize high-level mathematical computations on models that would be difficult or impossible to perform directly on a lower-level simulation program, in a general-purpose programming language. Examples of such computations on models include model analysis, relatively general-purpose model reduction maps, and the initial phases of model implementation, all of which should preserve or approximate the mathematical semantics of a complex biological model. The potential advantages are particularly relevant in the case of developmental modeling, wherein complex spatial structures exhibit dynamics at molecular, cellular, and organogenic levels to relate genotype to multicellular phenotype. Multiscale modeling can benefit from both the expressive power of declarative modeling languages and the application of model reduction methods to link models across scale. Based on previous work, here we define declarative modeling of complex biological systems by defining the operator algebra semantics of an increasingly powerful series of declarative modeling languages including reaction-like dynamics of parameterized and extended objects; we define semantics-preserving implementation and semantics-approximating model reduction transformations; and we outline a “meta-hierarchy” for organizing declarative models and the mathematical methods that can fruitfully manipulate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mjolsness
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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