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Singh G, Kumar S, Afreen S, Bhalla A, Khurana J, Chandel S, Aggarwal A, Arya SK. Laccase mediated delignification of wasted and non-food agricultural biomass: Recent developments and challenges. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123840. [PMID: 36849073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Utilization of microbial laccases is considered as the cleaner and target specific biocatalytic mechanism for the recovery of cellulose and hemicelluloses from nonfood and wasted agricultural, lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). The extent of lignin removal by laccase depends on the biochemical composition of biomass and the redox potential (E0) of the biocatalyst. Intensive research efforts are going on all over the world for the recognition of appropriate and easily available agricultural lignocellulosic feedstocks to exploit maximally for the production of value-added bioproducts and biofuels. In such circumstances, laccase can play a major role as a leading biocatalyst and potent substitute for chemical based deconstruction of the lignocellulosic materials. The limited commercialization of laccase at an industrial scale has been feasible due to its full working efficiency mostly expressed in the presence of cost intensive redox mediators only. Although, recently there are some reports that came on the mediator free biocatalysis of enzyme but still not considerably explored and neither understood in depth. The present review will address the various research gaps and shortcomings that acted as the big hurdles before the complete exploitation of laccases at an industrial scale. Further, this article also reveals insights on different microbial laccases and their diverse functional environmental conditions that affect the deconstruction process of LCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursharan Singh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India.
| | - Shiv Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot 151203, Punjab, India
| | - Sumbul Afreen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Jyoti Khurana
- Biotechnology Department, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sanjeev Chandel
- GHG College of Pharmacy, Raikot Road, Ludhiana, -141109, India
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2
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Li Y, Yu H, Li L, Song C, Shang X, Tan Q, Zhang L, Li Q. The study of early screening technique for fruiting ability of <i>Lentinula edodes</i> hybrid progenies. MYCOSCIENCE 2022; 63:189-196. [PMID: 37090202 PMCID: PMC10012344 DOI: 10.47371/mycosci.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Crossbreeding is the most commonly used method in breeding of Lentinula edodes, however low fruiting rate of the hybrids has always caused troubles and barriers for breeders. An early screening method of the fruiting ability could make the breeding work more efficient. In this paper, a rapid and high-throughput laccase activity detection method based on agar diffusion principle was developed. In this way, we investigated the constitutive and inducible extracellular laccase activity of 36 strains in a breeding population of L. edodes on different media and performed a correlation analysis with fruiting ability of these strains. The results showed the laccase activity of mycelium cultured in non-induced medium for 8 d could be used as an early screening index to judge whether it had fruiting ability at the later stage. Early rapid and simple screening method for hybrid populations was established based on laccase activity characteristics of mycelia. 127 strains from another 5 different hybrid populations were used to verify the early screening method. From the validation results, the early screening method was effective, but the appropriate screening threshold was needed to select according to the cross population, which would greatly to improve the breeding efficiency of L. edodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Hailong Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Liangmin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University
| | - Chunyan Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Xiaodong Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Qi Tan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Lujun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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3
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Cai Y, Ma X, Zhang Q, Yu F, Zhao Q, Huang W, Song J, Liu W. Physiological Characteristics and Comparative Secretome Analysis of Morchella importuna Grown on Glucose, Rice Straw, Sawdust, Wheat Grain, and MIX Substrates. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:636344. [PMID: 34113321 PMCID: PMC8185036 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.636344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Morels (Morchella sp.) are economically important edible macro-fungi, which can grow on various synthetic or semi-synthetic media. However, the complex nutritional metabolism and requirements of these fungi remain ill-defined. This study, based on the plant biomass commonly used in the artificial cultivation of morels, assessed and compared the growth characteristics and extracellular enzymes of Morchella importuna cultivated on glucose, rice straw, sawdust, wheat grain, and a mixture of equal proportions of the three latter plant substrates (MIX). M. importuna could grow on all five tested media but displayed significant variations in mycelial growth rate, biomass, and sclerotium yield on the different media. The most suitable medium for M. importuna was wheat and wheat-containing medium, followed by glucose, while rice straw and sawdust were the least suitable. A total of 268 secretory proteins were identified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection. Functional classification and label-free comparative analysis of these proteins revealed that carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZYme) proteins were the predominant component of the secretome of M. importuna, followed by protease, peptidase, and other proteins. The abundances of CAZYme proteins differed among the tested media, ranging from 64% on glucose to 88% on rice straw. The CAZYme classes of glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate-binding module were enriched in the five secretomes. Furthermore, the enzyme activities of CMCase, lignase, amylase, xylase, pNPCase, and pNPGase were detected during the continuous culture of M. importuna in MIX medium, and the relative expression of the corresponding genes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The combined data of growth potential, secretome, extracellular enzyme activity, and gene expression on different substrates inferred that M. importuna was weak in lignocellulose degradation but a good starch decomposer. Specifically, in terms of the degradation of cellulose, the ability to degrade cellulose into oligosaccharides was weaker compared with further degradation into monosaccharides, and this might be the speed-limiting step of cellulose utilization in M. importuna. In addition, M. importuna had a strong ability to decompose various hemicellulose glycosidic bonds, especially α- and β-galactosidase. Only a very few lignin-degradation-related proteins were detected, and these were in low abundance, consistent with the presence of weak lignin degradation ability. Furthermore, the presence of lipase and chitinase implied that M. importuna was capable of decomposition of its own mycelia in vitro. The study provides key data that facilitates a further understanding of the complex nutritional metabolism of M. importuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- YingLi Cai
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - XiaoLong Ma
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - QianQian Zhang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - FuQiang Yu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - JiaXin Song
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Vegetable, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China.,Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwestern China, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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H3K4me2 ChIP-Seq reveals the epigenetic landscape during mushroom formation and novel developmental regulators of Schizophyllum commune. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8178. [PMID: 33854169 PMCID: PMC8046757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom formation represents the most complex multicellular development in fungi. In the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune, comparative genomics and transcriptomics have previously resulted in a regulatory model of mushroom development. However, little is known about the role of epigenetic regulation. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) to determine the distribution of dimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me2), a mark for transcriptionally active genes, during monokaryotic and dikaryotic development. We identified a total of 6032 and 5889 sites during monokaryotic and dikaryotic development, respectively. The sites were strongly enriched near translation initiation sites of genes. Although the overall epigenetic landscape was similar between both conditions, we identified 837 sites of differential enrichment during monokaryotic or dikaryotic development, associated with 965 genes. Six transcription factor genes were enriched in H3K4me2 during dikaryotic development, indicating that these are epigenetically regulated during development. Deletion of two of these genes (fst1 and zfc7) resulted in arrested development of fruiting bodies, resulting in immature mushrooms. Together these results indicate that H3K4me2 ChIP-Seq is a powerful new tool to map the restructuring of the epigenetic landscape during mushroom development. Moreover, it can be used to identify novel developmental regulators.
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Traxler L, Wollenberg A, Steinhauser G, Chyzhevskyi I, Dubchak S, Großmann S, Günther A, Gupta DK, Iwannek KH, Kirieiev S, Lehmann F, Schulz W, Walther C, Raff J, Kothe E. Survival of the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune in soil under hostile environmental conditions in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:124002. [PMID: 33265035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radioactive contamination resulting from major nuclear accidents presents harsh environmental conditions. Inside the Chernobyl exclusion zone, even more than 30 years after the accident, the resulting contamination levels still does not allow land-use or human dwellings. To study the potential of basidiomycete fungi to survive the conditions, a field trial was set up 5 km south-south-west of the destroyed reactor unit. A model basidiomycete, the lignicolous fungus Schizophyllum commune, was inoculated and survival in the soil could be verified. Indeed, one year after inoculation, the fungus was still observed using DNA-dependent techniques. Growth led to spread at a high rate, with approximately 8 mm per day. This shows that also white-rot basidiomycetes can survive the harsh conditions in soil inside the Chernobyl exclusion zone. The unadapted fungal strain showed the ability to grow and thrive in the contaminated soil where both stress from radiation and heavy metals were present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Traxler
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anne Wollenberg
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Steinhauser
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ihor Chyzhevskyi
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" (SSE "Ecocentre"), 6 Shkilna Street, Kyiv region, Chornobyl, 07270, Ukraine
| | - Sergiy Dubchak
- State Ecological Academy of Postgraduate Education and Management (SEAPGEM), 35 Vasylia Lypkivskoho Street, Kyiv City 03035, Ukraine
| | - Sina Großmann
- VKTA - Strahlenschutz, Analytik & Entsorgung Rossendorf e.V., Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alix Günther
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Gupta
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Iwannek
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Serhii Kirieiev
- State Specialized Enterprise "Ecocentre" (SSE "Ecocentre"), 6 Shkilna Street, Kyiv region, Chornobyl, 07270, Ukraine
| | - Falk Lehmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Chemnitzer Str. 40, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Walther
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Radioecology and Radiation Protection, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johannes Raff
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Resource Ecology, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Neugasse 25, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Monokaryotic Pleurotus sapidus Strains with Intraspecific Variability of an Alkene Cleaving DyP-Type Peroxidase Activity as a Result of Gene Mutation and Differential Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031363. [PMID: 33573012 PMCID: PMC7866418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus produced a dye-decolorizing peroxidase (PsaPOX) with alkene cleavage activity, implying potential as a biocatalyst for the fragrance and flavor industry. To increase the activity, a daughter-generation of 101 basidiospore-derived monokaryons (MK) was used. After a pre-selection according to the growth rate, the activity analysis revealed a stable intraspecific variability of the strains regarding peroxidase and alkene cleavage activity of PsaPOX. Ten monokaryons reached activities up to 2.6-fold higher than the dikaryon, with MK16 showing the highest activity. Analysis of the PsaPOX gene identified three different enzyme variants. These were co-responsible for the observed differences in activities between strains as verified by heterologous expression in Komagataella phaffii. The mutation S371H in enzyme variant PsaPOX_high caused an activity increase alongside a higher protein stability, while the eleven mutations in variant PsaPOX_low resulted in an activity decrease, which was partially based on a shift of the pH optimum from 3.5 to 3.0. Transcriptional analysis revealed the increased expression of PsaPOX in MK16 as reason for the higher PsaPOX activity in comparison to other strains producing the same PsaPOX variant. Thus, different expression profiles, as well as enzyme variants, were identified as crucial factors for the intraspecific variability of the PsaPOX activity in the monokaryons.
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Krause K, Jung EM, Lindner J, Hardiman I, Poetschner J, Madhavan S, Matthäus C, Kai M, Menezes RC, Popp J, Svatoš A, Kothe E. Response of the wood-decay fungus Schizophyllum commune to co-occurring microorganisms. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232145. [PMID: 32324822 PMCID: PMC7179906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are constantly interacting in a given environment by a constant exchange of signaling molecules. In timber, wood-decay fungi will come into contact with other fungi and bacteria. In naturally bleached wood, dark, pigmented lines arising from confrontation of two fungi often hint at such interactions. The metabolites (and pigment) exchange was investigated using the lignicolous basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, and co-occurring fungi and bacteria inoculated directly on sterilized wood, or on media. In interactions with competitive wood degrading fungi, yeasts or bacteria, different competition strategies and communication types were observed, and stress reactions, as well as competitor-induced enzymes or pigments were analyzed. Melanin, indole, flavonoids and carotenoids were shown to be induced in S. commune interactions. The induced genes included multi-copper oxidases lcc1, lcc2, mco1, mco2, mco3 and mco4, possibly involved in both pigment production and lignin degradation typical for wood bleaching by wood-decay fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Lindner
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Imam Hardiman
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Soumya Madhavan
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Matthäus
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Kai
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Riya Christina Menezes
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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8
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Kirtzel J, Ueberschaar N, Deckert‐Gaudig T, Krause K, Deckert V, Gadd GM, Kothe E. Organic acids, siderophores, enzymes and mechanical pressure for black slate bioweathering with the basidiomycete
Schizophyllum commune. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:1535-1546. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kirtzel
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityInstitute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, D‐07743 Jena Germany
| | - Nico Ueberschaar
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityMass Spectrometry Platform, Humboldtstr. 8, D‐07743 Jena Germany
| | - Tanja Deckert‐Gaudig
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 9, D‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityInstitute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, D‐07743 Jena Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert‐Einstein‐Str. 9, D‐07745 Jena Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Centre of Photonics, Helmholtzweg 4, D‐07743 Jena Germany
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- University of Dundee, Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, Dundee DD1 5EH Scotland UK
| | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich Schiller UniversityInstitute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, D‐07743 Jena Germany
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9
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Expression Profile of Laccase Gene Family in White-Rot Basidiomycete Lentinula edodes under Different Environmental Stresses. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121045. [PMID: 31888265 PMCID: PMC6947313 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases belong to ligninolytic enzymes and play important roles in various biological processes of filamentous fungi, including fruiting-body formation and lignin degradation. The process of fruiting-body development in Lentinula edodes is complex and is greatly affected by environmental conditions. In this paper, 14 multicopper oxidase-encoding (laccase) genes were analyzed in the draft genome sequence of L. edodes strain W1-26, followed by a search of multiple stress-related Cis-elements in the promoter region of these laccase genes, and then a transcription profile analysis of 14 laccase genes (Lelcc) under the conditions of different carbon sources, temperatures, and photoperiods. All laccase genes were significantly regulated by varying carbon source materials. The expression of only two laccase genes (Lelcc5 and Lelcc6) was induced by sodium-lignosulphonate and the expression of most laccase genes was specifically upregulated in glucose medium. Under different temperature conditions, the expression levels of most laccase genes decreased at 39 °C and transcription was significantly increased for Lelcc1, Lelcc4, Lelcc5, Lelcc9, Lelcc12, Lelcc13, and Lelcc14 after induction for 24 h at 10 °C, indicating their involvement in primordium differentiation. Tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin synthesis, was clustered with the same group as Lelcc4 and Lelcc7 in all the different photoperiod treatments. Meanwhile, five laccase genes (Lelcc8, Lelcc9, Lelcc12, Lelcc13, and Lelcc14) showed similar expression profiles to that of two blue light receptor genes (LephrA and LephrB) in the 12 h light/12 h dark treatment, suggesting the involvement of laccase genes in the adaptation process of L. edodes to the changing environment and fruiting-body formation. This study contributes to our understanding of the function of the different Lelcc genes and facilitates the screening of key genes from the laccase gene family for further functional research.
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10
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Hou L, Wang L, Wu X, Gao W, Zhang J, Huang C. Expression patterns of two pal genes of Pleurotus ostreatus across developmental stages and under heat stress. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:231. [PMID: 31655558 PMCID: PMC6815457 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL, EC 4.3.1.24) is the first key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The pal gene has been widely studied in plants and participates in plant growth, development and defense systems. However, in Pleurotus ostreatus, the biological functions of pal during organismal development and exposure to abiotic stress have not been reported. Results In this study, we cloned and characterized the pal1 (2232 bp) and pal2 (2244 bp) genes from the basidiomycete P. ostreatus CCMSSC 00389. The pal1 and pal2 genes are interrupted by 6 and 10 introns, respectively, and encode proteins of 743 and 747 amino acids, respectively. Furthermore, prokaryotic expression experiments showed that PAL enzymes catalyzed the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. The function of pal1 and pal2 was determined by constructing overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi) strains. The results showed that the two pal genes had similar expression patterns during different developmental stages. The expression of pal genes was higher in the reproductive growth stage than in the vegetative growth stage. And the interference of pal1 and pal2 delayed the formation of primordia. The results of heat stress assays showed that the RNAi-pal1 strains had enhanced mycelial tolerance to high temperature, while the RNAi-pal2 strains had enhanced mycelial resistance to H2O2. Conclusions These results indicate that two pal genes may play a similar role in the development of P. ostreatus fruiting bodies, but may alleviate stress through different regulatory pathways under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludan Hou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lining Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiangli Wu
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, China.
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11
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Viswanathan K, Kumaresan V, Sannasimuthu A, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Arockiaraj J. Resolving the pathogenicity factors of a novel opportunistic fungus Schizophyllum commune at molecular level. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3877-3886. [PMID: 31016617 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune is a well-known mushroom forming fungi which is an edible one due to its nutritive value. It exhibits a special wood degrading mechanism to grow in decay matters by releasing a series of enzymes. These enzymes might make them an opportunistic pathogen which has been reported to infect various animals and human beings too. Although these fungi were identified as human and animal pathogens, their mechanisms of pathogenesis and the key virulence factors involved in disease establishment are not known. In this study, we reported this fungal infection in freshwater fish for the first time and its morphological features. Further, we employed RNA-seq technique to identify the major virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis in fish and the network of interaction between the identified virulence factors were analysed. Also, we confirmed the virulence roles of this fungus during infection by qRT-PCR analysis. This study emphasizes the virulence nature of the common mushroom forming food fungus and the involvement of enzymes such as phosphoinositide phospholipase C, hexosaminidase and few toxins such as pesticidal and insecticidal crystal proteins which opened a new avenue in the virulence nature of edible mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasi Viswanathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Anbazahan Sannasimuthu
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K Al-Sadoon
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603 203, India.
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12
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Kirtzel J, Scherwietes EL, Merten D, Krause K, Kothe E. Metal release and sequestration from black slate mediated by a laccase of Schizophyllum commune. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5-13. [PMID: 29943246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2568-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune is a filamentous basidiomycete which can degrade complex organic macromolecules like lignin by the secretion of a large repertoire of enzymes. One of these white rot enzymes, laccase, exhibits a broad substrate specificity and is able to oxidize a variety of substances including carbonaceous rocks. To investigate the role of laccase in bioweathering, laccase gene lcc2 was overexpressed, and the influence on weathering of black slate, originating from a former alum mine in Schmiedefeld, Germany, was examined. The metal release from the rock material was enhanced, associated with a partial metal accumulation into the mycelium. A sequestration of metals could be shown with fluorescent staining methods, and an accumulation of Zn, Cd, and Pb was visualized in different cell organelles. Additionally, we could show an increased metal resistance of the laccase overexpressing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kirtzel
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Leon Scherwietes
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Merten
- Institute of Geosciences, Applied Geology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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13
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Kirtzel J, Madhavan S, Wielsch N, Blinne A, Hupfer Y, Linde J, Krause K, Svatoš A, Kothe E. Enzymatic Bioweathering and Metal Mobilization From Black Slate by the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2545. [PMID: 30405590 PMCID: PMC6207625 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophyllum commune is a filamentous basidiomycete causing white-rot in many wood species with the help of a broad range of enzymes including multicopper oxidases such as laccases and laccase-like oxidases. Since these enzymes exhibit a broad substrate range, their ability to oxidatively degrade black slate was investigated. Both haploid monokaryotic, and mated dikaryotic strains were able to grow on black slate rich in organic carbon as sole carbon source. On defined media, only the monokaryon showed growth promotion by addition of slate. At the same time, metals were released from the slate and, after reaching a threshold concentration, inhibited further growth of the fungus. The proteome during decomposition of the black slate showed induction of proteins potentially involved in rock degradation and stress resistance, and the gene for laccase-like oxidase mco2 was up-regulated. Specifically in the dikaryon, the laccase gene lcc1 was induced, while lcc2 as well as mco1, mco3, and mco4 expression levels remained similar. Spectrophotometric analysis revealed that both life forms were able to degrade the rock and produce smaller particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kirtzel
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Soumya Madhavan
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Wielsch
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne Hupfer
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Krause
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Microbial Communication, Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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14
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Wirth S, Kunert M, Ahrens LM, Krause K, Broska S, Paetz C, Kniemeyer O, Jung EM, Boland W, Kothe E. The regulator of G-protein signalling Thn1 links pheromone response to volatile production in Schizophyllum commune. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3684-3699. [PMID: 30062773 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The regulator of G-protein signalling, Thn1, is involved in sexual development through pheromone signalling in the mushroom forming basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune affecting hyphal morphology and mating interactions. Thn1 plays a key role in coordinating sesquiterpene production, pheromone response and sexual development. The gene thn1 is transcriptionally regulated in response to mating with a role in clamp cell development and hydrophobin gene transcription. Further, it negatively regulates cAMP signalling and secondary metabolism. Disruption of thn1 affects dikaryotization by reducing clamp fusion and development with predominant non-fused pseudoclamps. Enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) activities in Δthn1 strains indicate that Thn1 regulates pheromone signalling by de-activating G-protein α subunits, which control cAMP-dependent PKA. The repressed formation of aerial hyphae could be linked to a reduced metabolic activity and to a transcriptional down-regulation of hyd6 and sc3 hydrophobin genes. Thn1 was also shown to be necessary for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and an altered spectrum of sesquiterpenes in Δthn1 is linked to transcriptional up-regulation of biosynthesis genes. Proteome analysis indicated changes in cytoskeletal structure affecting actin localization, linking the major regulator Thn1 to growth and development of S. commune. The results support a role for Thn1 in G-protein signalling connecting development and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Wirth
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Maritta Kunert
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marija Ahrens
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Selina Broska
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Paetz
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibnitz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 23, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Elke-Martina Jung
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Boland
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Bioorganic Chemistry, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Neugasse 25, 07743, Jena, Germany
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15
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Zhou S, Zhang J, Ma F, Tang C, Tang Q, Zhang X. Investigation of lignocellulolytic enzymes during different growth phases of Ganoderma lucidum strain G0119 using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198404. [PMID: 29852018 PMCID: PMC5979026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom that is well known for its ability to enhance human health, and products made from this fungus have been highly profitable. The substrate-degrading ability of G. lucidum could be related to its growth. CAZy proteins were more abundant in its genome than in the other white rot fungi models. Among these CAZy proteins, changes in lignocellulolytic enzymes during growth have not been well studied. Using genomic, transcriptomic and secretomic analyses, this study focuses on the lignocellulolytic enzymes of G. lucidum strain G0119 to determine which of these degradative enzymes contribute to its growth. From the genome sequencing data, genes belonging to CAZy protein families, especially genes involved in lignocellulose degradation, were investigated. The gene expression, protein abundance and enzymatic activity of lignocellulolytic enzymes in mycelia over a growth cycle were analysed. The overall expression cellulase was higher than that of hemicellulase and lignin-modifying enzymes, particularly during the development of fruiting bodies. The cellulase and hemicellulase abundances and activities increased after the fruiting bodies matured, when basidiospores were produced in massive quantities till the end of the growth cycle. Additionally, the protein abundances of the lignin-modifying enzymes and the expression of their corresponding genes, including laccases and lignin-degrading heme peroxidases, were highest when the mycelia fully spread in the compost bag. Type I cellobiohydrolase was observed to be the most abundant extracellular lignocellulolytic enzyme produced by the G. lucidum strain G0119. The AA2 family haem peroxidases were the dominant lignin-modifying enzyme expressed during the mycelial growth phase, and several laccases might play roles during the formation of the primordium. This study provides insight into the changes in the lignocellulose degradation ability of G. lucidum during its growth and will facilitate the discovery of new approaches to accelerate the growth of G. lucidum in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingsong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuying Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanhong Tang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingjiu Tang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilisation, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biophysics of MOE, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kumar VP, Kolte AP, Dhali A, Naik C, Sridhar M. Enhanced delignification of lignocellulosic substrates by Pichia GS115 expressed recombinant laccase. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2018; 64:180-189. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Pradeep Kumar
- Bioenergetics and Environmental Sciences Division, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
| | - Atul P. Kolte
- Animal Nutrition Division, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
| | - Arindam Dhali
- Bioenergetics and Environmental Sciences Division, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
| | | | - Manpal Sridhar
- Bioenergetics and Environmental Sciences Division, National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology
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17
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Kirtzel J, Siegel D, Krause K, Kothe E. Stone-Eating Fungi: Mechanisms in Bioweathering and the Potential Role of Laccases in Black Slate Degradation With the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 99:83-101. [PMID: 28438269 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many enzymes, such as laccases, are involved in the saprotrophic lifestyle of fungi and the effects of those may be linked to enhanced bioweathering on stone surfaces. To test this hypothesis, we studied the decomposition of kerogen-enriched lithologies, especially with black slate containing up to 20% of Corg. Indeed, a formation of ditches with attached hyphal material could be observed. To address enzymes involved, proteomics was performed and one group of enzymes, the multicopper oxidase family members of laccases, was specifically investigated. A role in bioweathering of rocks containing high contents of organic carbon in the form of kerogen could be shown using the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, a white rot fungus that has been used as a model organism to study the role of filamentous basidiomycete fungi in bioweathering of black slate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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18
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Sakamoto Y, Nakade K, Yoshida K, Natsume S, Miyazaki K, Sato S, van Peer AF, Konno N. Grouping of multicopper oxidases in Lentinula edodes by sequence similarities and expression patterns. AMB Express 2015; 5:63. [PMID: 26384343 PMCID: PMC4573974 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The edible white rot fungus Lentinula edodes possesses a variety of lignin degrading enzymes such as manganese peroxidases and laccases. Laccases belong to the multicopper oxidases, which have a wide range of catalytic activities including polyphenol degradation and synthesis, lignin degradation, and melanin formation. The exact number of laccases in L. edodes is unknown, as are their complete properties and biological functions. We analyzed the draft genome sequence of L. edodes D703PP-9 and identified 13 multicopper oxidase-encoding genes; 11 laccases in sensu stricto, of which three are new, and two ferroxidases. lcc8, a laccase previously reported in L. edodes, was not identified in D703PP-9 genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 13 multicopper oxidases can be classified into laccase sensu stricto subfamily 1, laccase sensu stricto subfamily 2 and ferroxidases. From sequence similarities and expression patterns, laccase sensu stricto subfamily 1 can be divided into two subgroups. Laccase sensu stricto subfamily 1 group A members are mainly secreted from mycelia, while laccase sensu stricto subfamily 1 group B members are expressed mainly in fruiting bodies during growth or after harvesting but are lowly expressed in mycelia. Laccase sensu stricto subfamily 2 members are mainly expressed in mycelia, and two ferroxidases are mainly expressed in the fruiting body during growth or after harvesting, and are expressed at very low levels in mycelium. Our data suggests that L. edodes laccases in same group share expression patterns and would have common biological functions.
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19
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Wagner K, Linde J, Krause K, Gube M, Koestler T, Sammer D, Kniemeyer O, Kothe E. Tricholoma vaccinum host communication during ectomycorrhiza formation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv120. [PMID: 26449385 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome sequence of Tricholoma vaccinum was obtained to predict its secretome in order to elucidate communication of T. vaccinum with its host tree spruce (Picea abies) in interkingdom signaling. The most prominent protein domains within the 206 predicted secreted proteins belong to energy and nutrition (52%), cell wall degradation (19%) and mycorrhiza establishment (9%). Additionally, we found small secreted proteins that show typical features of effectors potentially involved in host communication. From the secretome, 22 proteins could be identified, two of which showed higher protein abundances after spruce root exudate exposure, while five were downregulated in this treatment. The changes in T. vaccinum protein excretion with first recognition of the partner were used to identify small secreted proteins with the potential to act as effectors in the mutually beneficial symbiosis. Our observations support the hypothesis of a complex communication network including a cocktail of communication molecules induced long before physical contact of the partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wagner
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg Linde
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Katrin Krause
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Gube
- Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tina Koestler
- Center for Integrative Bioinformatics Vienna (CIBIV), Max F. Perutz Laboratories, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Sammer
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute Beutenbergstraße 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Institute of Microbiology, Microbial Communication, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Neugasse 25, 07745 Jena, Germany
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