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Leech T, Peiris M. Mucosal neuroimmune mechanisms in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) pathogenesis. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:165-178. [PMID: 38221552 PMCID: PMC10904498 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic condition characterised by visceral pain in the distal oesophagus. The current first-line treatment for GORD is proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), however, PPIs are ineffective in a large cohort of patients and long-term use may have adverse effects. Emerging evidence suggests that nerve fibre number and location are likely to play interrelated roles in nociception in the oesophagus of GORD patients. Simultaneously, alterations in cells of the oesophageal mucosa, namely epithelial cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, have been a focus of GORD research for several years. The oesophagus of GORD patients exhibits both macro- and micro-inflammation as a response to chronic acidic reflux at the epithelium. In other conditions of the GI tract, such as IBS and IBD, well-characterised bidirectional processes between immune cells and mucosal nerve fibres contribute to pathogenesis and symptom generation. Sensory alterations in these conditions such as nerve fibre outgrowth and hypersensitivity can be driven by inflammatory processes, which promote visceral pain signalling. This review will examine what is currently known of the molecular pathways linking inflammation and sensory perception leading to the development of GORD symptoms and explore potentially relevant mechanisms in other GI regions which may indicate new areas in GORD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Leech
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Madusha Peiris
- Centre for Neuroscience, Surgery and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK.
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2
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Oleszycka E, O’Brien EC, Freeley M, Lavelle EC, Long A. Bile acids induce IL-1α and drive NLRP3 inflammasome-independent production of IL-1β in murine dendritic cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1285357. [PMID: 38090554 PMCID: PMC10711081 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1285357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are amphipathic molecules that are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids and nutrients. They are released into the small intestine upon ingestion of a meal where intestinal bacteria can modify primary into secondary bile acids. Bile acids are cytotoxic at high concentrations and have been associated with inflammatory diseases such as liver inflammation and Barrett's Oesophagus. Although bile acids induce pro-inflammatory signalling, their role in inducing innate immune cytokines and inflammation has not been fully explored to date. Here we demonstrate that the bile acids, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) induce IL-1α and IL-1β secretion in vitro in primed bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The secretion of IL-1β was found not to require expression of NLRP3, ASC or caspase-1 activity; we can't rule out all inflammasomes. Furthermore, DCA and CDCA were shown to induce the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injection an intraperitoneal model of inflammation. This study further underlines a mechanistic role for bile acids in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases through stimulating the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Oleszycka
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Eoin C. O’Brien
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Freeley
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ed C. Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Targeting Strategies for Aberrant Lipid Metabolism Reprogramming and the Immune Microenvironment in Esophageal Cancer: A Review. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:4257359. [PMID: 36106333 PMCID: PMC9467784 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4257359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is of high importance to occurrence, development, and treatment resistance. As evidenced by recent studies, pathways (e.g., Wnt/β-catenin, AMPK, and Hippo) are critical to the proliferation, differentiation, and self-renewal of esophageal cancer. In addition, the above pathways play a certain role in regulating esophageal cancer and act as potential therapeutic targets. Over the past few years, the function of lipid metabolism in controlling tumor cells and immune cells has aroused extensive attention. It has been reported that there are intricate interactions between lipid metabolism reprogramming between immune and esophageal cancer cells, whereas molecular mechanisms should be studied in depth. Immune cells have been commonly recognized as a vital player in the esophageal cancer microenvironment, having complex crosstalk with cancer cells. It is increasingly evidenced that the function of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is significantly correlated with abnormal lipid metabolism. In this review, the latest findings in lipid metabolism reprogramming in TME are summarized, and the above findings are linked to esophageal cancer progression. Aberrant lipid metabolism and associated signaling pathways are likely to serve as a novel strategy to treat esophageal cancer through lipid metabolism reprogramming.
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To N, Evans RPT, Pearce H, Kamarajah SK, Moss P, Griffiths EA. Current and Future Immunotherapy-Based Treatments for Oesophageal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3104. [PMID: 35804876 PMCID: PMC9265112 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oesophageal cancer is a disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and the prognosis of this condition has hardly improved in the past few years. Standard treatment includes a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery; however, only a proportion of patients go on to treatment intended to cure the disease due to the late presentation of this disease. New treatment options are of utmost importance, and immunotherapy is a new option that has the potential to transform the landscape of this disease. This treatment is developed to act on the changes within the immune system caused by cancer, including checkpoint inhibitors, which have recently shown great promise in the treatment of this disease and have recently been included in the adjuvant treatment of oesophageal cancer in many countries worldwide. This review will outline the mechanisms by which cancer evades the immune system in those diagnosed with oesophageal cancer and will summarize current and ongoing trials that focus on the use of our own immune system to combat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie To
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK; (N.T.); (R.P.T.E.); (S.K.K.)
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Richard P. T. Evans
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK; (N.T.); (R.P.T.E.); (S.K.K.)
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Hayden Pearce
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Sivesh K. Kamarajah
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK; (N.T.); (R.P.T.E.); (S.K.K.)
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (H.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Ewen A. Griffiths
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK; (N.T.); (R.P.T.E.); (S.K.K.)
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2SY, UK
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Kolka CM, Webster J, Lepletier A, Winterford C, Brown I, Richards RS, Zelek WM, Cao Y, Khamis R, Shanmugasundaram KB, Wuethrich A, Trau M, Brosda S, Barbour A, Shah AK, Eslick GD, Clemons NJ, Morgan BP, Hill MM. C5b-9 Membrane Attack Complex Formation and Extracellular Vesicle Shedding in Barrett's Esophagus and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:842023. [PMID: 35345676 PMCID: PMC8957096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.842023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The early complement components have emerged as mediators of pro-oncogenic inflammation, classically inferred to cause terminal complement activation, but there are limited data on the activity of terminal complement in cancer. We previously reported elevated serum and tissue C9, the terminal complement component, in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) compared to the precursor condition Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) and healthy controls. Here, we investigate the level and cellular fates of the terminal complement complex C5b-9, also known as the membrane attack complex. Punctate C5b-9 staining and diffuse C9 staining was detected in BE and EAC by multiplex immunohistofluorescence without corresponding increase of C9 mRNA transcript. Increased C9 and C5b-9 staining were observed in the sequence normal squamous epithelium, BE, low- and high-grade dysplasia, EAC. C5b-9 positive esophageal cells were morphologically intact, indicative of sublytic or complement-evasion mechanisms. To investigate this at a cellular level, we exposed non-dysplastic BE (BAR-T and CP-A), high-grade dysplastic BE (CP-B and CP-D) and EAC (FLO-1 and OE-33) cell lines to the same sublytic dose of immunopurified human C9 (3 µg/ml) in the presence of C9-depleted human serum. Cellular C5b-9 was visualized by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Shed C5b-9 in the form of extracellular vesicles (EV) was measured in collected conditioned medium using recently described microfluidic immunoassay with capture by a mixture of three tetraspanin antibodies (CD9/CD63/CD81) and detection by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) after EV labelling with C5b-9 or C9 antibody conjugated SERS nanotags. Following C9 exposure, all examined cell lines formed C5b-9, internalized C5b-9, and shed C5b-9+ and C9+ EVs, albeit at varying levels despite receiving the same C9 dose. In conclusion, these results confirm increased esophageal C5b-9 formation during EAC development and demonstrate capability and heterogeneity in C5b-9 formation and shedding in BE and EAC cell lines following sublytic C9 exposure. Future work may explore the molecular mechanisms and pathogenic implications of the shed C5b-9+ EV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn M Kolka
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Julie Webster
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ailin Lepletier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Clay Winterford
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Brown
- Envoi Pathology, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Renee S Richards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Wioleta M Zelek
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Yilang Cao
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Ramlah Khamis
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Karthik B Shanmugasundaram
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Sandra Brosda
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew Barbour
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Alok K Shah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Guy D Eslick
- National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Digestive Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MaCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne VIC, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle M Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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6
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Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment for Esophageal Tumor Development—An Opportunity for Prevention? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092246. [PMID: 35565378 PMCID: PMC9100503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Researchers increasingly appreciate the tumor microenvironment (TME) for its role in the development and therapy resistance of cancers like esophageal adenocarcinoma. A better understanding of the TME fueling carcinogenesis is necessary for tailored prevention and therapies. Here, we highlight recent insights into tumor initiation, interactions with the immune system and possible novel preventative measures. Abstract Despite therapeutical advancements, and in contrast to other malignancies, esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) prognosis remains dismal while the incidence has markedly increased worldwide over the past decades. EAC is a malignancy of the distal esophageal squamous epithelium at the squamocolumnar junction with gastric cells expanding into the esophagus. Most EAC patients have a history of Barret’s esophagus (BE), a metaplastic adaption to chronic reflux, initially causing an inflammatory microenvironment. Thus, the immune system is highly involved early on in disease development and progression. Normally, anti-tumor immunity could prevent carcinogenesis but in rare cases BE still progresses over a dysplastic intermediate state to EAC. The inflammatory milieu during the initial esophagitis phase changes to a tolerogenic immune environment in BE, and back to pro-inflammatory conditions in dysplasia and finally to an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment in EAC. Consequently, there is a huge interest in understanding the underpinnings that lead to the inflammation driven stepwise progression of the disease. Since knowledge about the constellations of the various involved cells and signaling molecules is currently fragmentary, a comprehensive description of these changes is needed, allowing better preventative measures, diagnosis, and novel therapeutic targets.
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7
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Cui K, Hu S, Mei X, Cheng M. Innate Immune Cells in the Esophageal Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654731. [PMID: 33995371 PMCID: PMC8113860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common mucosa-associated tumors, and is characterized by aggressiveness, poor prognosis, and unfavorable patient survival rates. As an organ directly exposed to the risk of foodborne infection, the esophageal mucosa harbors distinct populations of innate immune cells, which play vital roles in both maintenance of esophageal homeostasis and immune defense and surveillance during mucosal anti-infection and anti-tumor responses. In this review, we highlight recent progress in research into innate immune cells in the microenvironment of EC, including lymphatic lineages, such as natural killer and γδT cells, and myeloid lineages, including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, mast cells and eosinophils. Further, putative innate immune cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tumor occurrence and progression are discussed, to highlight potential directions for the development of new biomarkers and effective intervention targets, which can hopefully be applied in long-term multilevel clinical EC treatment. Fully understanding the innate immunological mechanisms involved in esophageal mucosa carcinogenesis is of great significance for clinical immunotherapy and prognosis prediction for patients with EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kele Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
- Cancer Immunotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Shouxin Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
- Cancer Immunotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyu Mei
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy and Nutrition Therapy, Hefei, China
- Cancer Immunotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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8
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Impact of the inflammatory microenvironment on T-cell phenotype in the progression from reflux oesophagitis to Barrett oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 370:117-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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9
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Phelan JJ, Feighery R, Eldin OS, Meachair SÓ, Cannon A, Byrne R, MacCarthy F, O'Toole D, Reynolds JV, O'Sullivan J. Examining the connectivity between different cellular processes in the Barrett tissue microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:334-46. [PMID: 26688097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Barrett associated tumorigenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are reprogrammed early in the disease sequence and act mutually to promote disease progression. However, the link between energy metabolism and its connection with other central cellular processes within the Barrett microenvironment is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between metabolism (ATP5B/GAPDH), hypoxia (HIF1α), inflammation (IL1β/SERPINA3), p53 and obesity status using in-vivo and ex-vivo models of Barrett oesophagus. At the protein level, ATP5B (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001) and p53 (r = 0.455, P = 0.015) were found to be strongly associated with hypoxia. In addition, levels of ATP5B (r = 0.53, P = 0.0031) and GAPDH (r = -0.39, P = 0.0357) were positively associated with p53 expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that ATP5B (r = 0.8, P < 0.0001) and GAPDH (r = 0.43, P = 0.022) were positively associated with IL1β expression. Interestingly, obesity was negatively associated with oxidative phosphorylation (r = -0.6016, P = 0.0177) but positively associated with glycolysis (r = 0.743, P = 0.0015). Comparable correlations were exhibited in the ex-vivo explant tissue between metabolism, p53, hypoxia, inflammation and angiogenesis (P < 0.05). We have shown that metabolism is closely linked with many cellular processes in the Barrett tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Phelan
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Feighery
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O S Eldin
- Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Ó Meachair
- Centre for Health Decision Science (CHeDS), School of Computer Science and Statistics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Cannon
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Byrne
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F MacCarthy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D O'Toole
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J O'Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Prichard JW, Davison JM, Campbell BB, Repa KA, Reese LM, Nguyen XM, Li J, Foxwell T, Taylor DL, Critchley-Thorne RJ. TissueCypher(™): A systems biology approach to anatomic pathology. J Pathol Inform 2015; 6:48. [PMID: 26430536 PMCID: PMC4584447 DOI: 10.4103/2153-3539.163987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Current histologic methods for diagnosis are limited by intra- and inter-observer variability. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods are frequently used to assess biomarkers to aid diagnoses, however, IHC staining is variable and nonlinear and the manual interpretation is subjective. Furthermore, the biomarkers assessed clinically are typically biomarkers of epithelial cell processes. Tumors and premalignant tissues are not composed only of epithelial cells but are interacting systems of multiple cell types, including various stromal cell types that are involved in cancer development. The complex network of the tissue system highlights the need for a systems biology approach to anatomic pathology, in which quantification of system processes is combined with informatics tools to produce actionable scores to aid clinical decision-making. Aims: Here, we describe a quantitative, multiplexed biomarker imaging approach termed TissueCypher™ that applies systems biology to anatomic pathology. Applications of TissueCypher™ in understanding the tissue system of Barrett's esophagus (BE) and the potential use as an adjunctive tool in the diagnosis of BE are described. Patients and Methods: The TissueCypher™ Image Analysis Platform was used to assess 14 epithelial and stromal biomarkers with known diagnostic significance in BE in a set of BE biopsies with nondysplastic BE with reactive atypia (RA, n = 22) and Barrett's with high-grade dysplasia (HGD, n = 17). Biomarker and morphology features were extracted and evaluated in the confirmed BE HGD cases versus the nondysplastic BE cases with RA. Results: Multiple image analysis features derived from epithelial and stromal biomarkers, including immune biomarkers and morphology, showed significant differences between HGD and RA. Conclusions: The assessment of epithelial cell abnormalities combined with an assessment of cellular changes in the lamina propria may serve as an adjunct to conventional pathology in the assessment of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Prichard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Jon M Davison
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bruce B Campbell
- Cernostics, Inc., 235 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Kathleen A Repa
- Cernostics, Inc., 235 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Lia M Reese
- Cernostics, Inc., 235 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Xuan M Nguyen
- Cernostics, Inc., 235 William Pitt Way, Pittsburgh, PA 15238, USA
| | - Jinhong Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Tyler Foxwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - D Lansing Taylor
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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11
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Trowbridge R, Kizer RT, Mittal SK, Agrawal DK. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:517-33. [PMID: 23730883 DOI: 10.1586/eci.13.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of reflux-related esophageal disease - Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma - is rising, and the prognosis remains poor. Evidence exists that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D may augment the course of colon, breast and prostate cancer but little knowledge exists regarding its impact on disease of the esophagus. Important immune cells involved in reflux-related esophageal disease include CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, and key signaling pathways include Wnt, Hedgehog, NFκ-B and IL-6-JAK-STAT. There is an inter-relationship between these entities and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, which has been described in animal models and some human tissue. Despite this, there is an incomplete understanding of how the immune cell population and signaling pathways contribute to the course and prognosis of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. More investigation with a focus on the clinical outcomes of patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and the immune cell population and cell signaling activity in the diseased esophagus is necessary to determine the immunomodulatory role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the pathogenesis of esophageal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Trowbridge
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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12
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Somja J, Demoulin S, Roncarati P, Herfs M, Bletard N, Delvenne P, Hubert P. Dendritic cells in Barrett's esophagus carcinogenesis: an inadequate microenvironment for antitumor immunity? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 182:2168-79. [PMID: 23619476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus corresponds to the replacement of the normal esophageal squamous epithelium by a columnar epithelium through a metaplastic process. This tissue remodeling is associated with chronic gastroesophageal reflux and constitutes a premalignant lesion leading to a 30- to 60-fold increase in the risk to evolve into esophageal adenocarcinoma. The present study aimed to investigate a possible immune evasion in Barrett's esophagus favoring esophageal adenocarcinoma development. We demonstrated that myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells are recruited during the esophageal metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence, through the action of their chemoattractants, macrophage inflammatory protein 3α and chemerin. Next, we showed that, in contrast to plasmacytoid dendritic cells, myeloid dendritic cells, co-cultured with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines, display a tolerogenic phenotype. Accordingly, myeloid dendritic cells co-cultured with esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines stimulated regulatory T cell differentiation from naïve CD4(+) T cells. In agreement with those results, we observed that both metaplastic areas and (pre)malignant lesions of the esophagus are infiltrated by regulatory T cells. In conclusion, soluble factors secreted by epithelial cells during the esophageal metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence influence dendritic cell distribution and promote tumor progression by rendering them tolerogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Somja
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
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Bobryshev YV, Killingsworth MC, Lord RVN. Structural alterations of the mucosa stroma in the Barrett's esophagus metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:1498-504. [PMID: 22591183 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Accumulating evidence suggests that the extracellular matrix play important roles in intercellular communications and contribute to the development of a number of diseases, including diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study examined the structural characteristics and alterations of the extracellular matrix of the mucosa stroma in the Barrett's esophagus metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. METHODS A total of 41 esophageal tissue specimens (15 esophageal adenocarcinoma, 10 Barrett's esophagus intestinal metaplasia, seven dysplasia and nine normal esophagus) were studied. The present study used transmission electron microscopy and computerized quantitative electron-microscopic analysis in order to investigate the characteristics of the extracellular matrix of the mucosa. RESULTS The study revealed that marked structural alterations of the mucosa stroma, relating to changes in the distribution and appearance of collagen fibers as well as to changes in numbers of matrix microvesicles, occur in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. It was found that there were 3.1 times more microvesicles in the stroma in Barrett's esophagus than in the stroma of the normal esophagus (P<0.0001) and that there were 5.8 times more microvesicles in esophageal adenocarcinoma than in the normal esophagus (P<0.0001). There were 1.9 times more microvesicles in esophageal adenocarcinoma than in Barrett's esophagus (P=0.0043). CONCLUSIONS The study demonstrates distinctive alterations of the mucosa stroma extracellular matrix in the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence. The findings suggest that the redistribution of collagen fibers and increases in numbers of matrix microvesicles may play roles in the formation of specialized intestinal metaplasia and the development of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Lind A, Siersema PD, Kusters JG, Van der Linden JAM, Knol EF, Koenderman L. The immune cell composition in Barrett's metaplastic tissue resembles that in normal duodenal tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33899. [PMID: 22509265 PMCID: PMC3317926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by the transition of squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium with intestinal metaplasia. The increased number and types of immune cells in BE have been indicated to be due to a Th2-type inflammatory process. We tested the alternative hypothesis that the abundance of T-cells in BE is caused by a homing mechanism that is found in the duodenum. Patients and Methods Biopsies from BE and duodenal tissue from 30 BE patients and duodenal tissue from 18 controls were characterized by immmunohistochemistry for the presence of T-cells and eosinophils(eos). Ex vivo expanded T-cells were further phenotyped by multicolor analysis using flowcytometry. Results The high percentage of CD4+-T cells (69±3% (mean±SEM/n = 17, by flowcytometry)), measured by flowcytometry and immunohistochemistry, and the presence of non-activated eosinophils found in BE by immunohistochemical staining, were not different from that found in duodenal tissue. Expanded lymphocytes from these tissues had a similar phenotype, characterized by a comparable but low percentage of αE(CD103) positive CD4+cells (44±5% in BE, 43±4% in duodenum of BE and 34±7% in duodenum of controls) and a similar percentage of granzyme-B+CD8+ cells(44±5% in BE, 33±6% in duodenum of BE and 36±7% in duodenum of controls). In addition, a similar percentage of α4β7+ T-lymphocytes (63±5% in BE, 58±5% in duodenum of BE and 62±8% in duodenum of controls) was found. Finally, mRNA expression of the ligand for α4β7, MAdCAM-1, was also similar in BE and duodenal tissue. No evidence for a Th2-response was found as almost no IL-4+-T-cells were seen. Conclusion The immune cell composition (lymphocytes and eosinophils) and expression of intestinal adhesion molecule MAdCAM-1 is similar in BE and duodenum. This supports the hypothesis that homing of lymphocytes to BE tissue is mainly caused by intestinal homing signals rather than to an active inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lind
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D. Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G. Kusters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward F. Knol
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Fries P, Popowych YI, Guan LL, Beskorwayne T, Potter A, Babiuk L, Griebel PJ. Mucosal dendritic cell subpopulations in the small intestine of newborn calves. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:1040-1051. [PMID: 21527286 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal dendritic cell development in the newborn is poorly understood despite evidence that distinct DC subpopulations populate individual mucosal surfaces. Therefore, we investigated DC phenotype and distribution in the small intestine of newborn calves. DC phenotype was analyzed using flow cytometry and DC distribution was investigated with immunohistochemistry. Purification of CD11c(Hi)MHC Class II(+) cells confirmed CD11c defined myeloid cells and a comparison of neonatal blood and intestine revealed distinct mucosal DC subpopulations. CD11c(Hi)CD14(+) cells were significantly more abundant in newborn ileum versus jejunum and CD335(+) NK cells were the only lymphoid population significantly different in ileum versus jejunum. Immunohistochemistry revealed unique patterns of myeloid cell distribution within the mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, and submucosa. CD11c(+) cells were present within the jejunal but absent from the ileal intraepithelial compartment. In contrast, CD11b(+) cells were present within the ileal but absent from the jejunal intraepithelial compartment. In conclusion, the neonatal small intestine is populated by diverse myeloid subpopulations and significant differences in regional distribution are established early in life. These observations may have significant implications for the response of the newborn to both commensal microflora and enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fries
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Fries PN, Popowych YI, Guan LL, Griebel PJ. Age-related changes in the distribution and frequency of myeloid and T cell populations in the small intestine of calves. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:428-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Fries PN, Griebel PJ. Mucosal dendritic cell diversity in the gastrointestinal tract. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:33-41. [PMID: 20824287 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of dendritic cells (DCs) in skin by Paul Langerhans in 1868 identified a cell type which has since been recognized as a key link between innate and adaptive immunity. DCs originate from bone marrow and disseminate through blood to all tissues in the body, and distinct DC subpopulations have been identified in many different tissues. DC diversity is apparent throughout all mucosal surfaces of the body, but the focus of this review article is DC diversity throughout the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). DC subpopulations have been well characterized in the oral cavity and small intestine, but DC characterization in other regions, such as the esophagus and stomach, is limited. Substantial research has focused on DC function during disease, but understanding the regulation of inflammation and the induction of acquired immune responses requires combined phenotypic and functional characterization of individual DC subpopulations. Furthermore, little is known regarding mucosal DC subpopulations in the GIT of the neonate and how these DC populations change following colonization by commensal microflora. The current review will highlight mucosal DC diversity and discuss factors that may influence mucosal DC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N Fries
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
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Bobryshev YV, Freeman AK, Botelho NK, Tran D, Levert-Mignon AJM, Lord RVN. Expression of the putative stem cell marker Musashi-1 in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus 2010; 23:580-9. [PMID: 20459440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell theory states that cancers contain tumor-forming cells that have the ability to self-renew as well as give rise to cells that differentiate. Cancer stem cells have been identified in several solid tumors, but stem cells in normal human esophagus or in Barrett's esophagus or adenocarcinoma have not been reported. Musashi-1 is expressed by the crypt base columnar cells identified as intestinal stem cells. In other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, local inflammation of the tunica mucosa may be an initiating factor of alteration of focal tissue 'niches,' where dormant stem cells locate. The present study investigated whether Musashi-1 is expressed in the esophagus and its relation to immune inflammation of the mucosa in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. A total of 41 esophageal tissue specimens from 41 patients were studied. Of these, 15 were esophageal adenocarcinoma, 17 were Barrett's esophagus (10 intestinal metaplasia and 7 dysplasia), and 9 were normal squamous esophagus tissue specimens from patients without esophageal pathology. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies to Musashi-1 and to a set of cell type-specific markers. A multiplexed tandem polymerase chain reaction method was used to measure the relative mRNA expression levels of Musashi-1 and the specific dendritic cell marker dendritic cell-specific intercellular molecule-3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing nonintegrin. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of small numbers of Musashi-1+ cells scattered in the connective tissue stroma and within the epithelium in cardiac-type glands in biopsies from patients without Barrett's esophagus. Musashi-1 expression was present in Barrett's intestinal metaplasia and in dysplastic Barrett's in which the majority of epithelial cells in individual glands expressed this antigen. Expression of Musashi-1 was highest in esophageal adenocarcinoma, where it was most intense in glands that displayed features of early stages of adenocarcinoma formation. In contrast, Musashi-1 staining level was weaker in glands that displayed features of advanced adenocarcinoma. Double immunostaining with proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed low proliferation in the vast majority of Musashi-1+ cells. Musashi-1 mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in esophageal adenocarcinoma than in normal esophagus or Barrett's esophagus tissues. Dendritic cell-specific intercellular molecule-3 (ICAM-3)-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) mRNA expression levels were significantly increased in both Barrett's tissues and adenocarcinoma tissues. Expression of the putative stem cell marker Musashi-1 is absent in normal squamous epithelium, weak in esophageal cardiac-type glands and Barrett's esophagus, and markedly increased in adenocarcinoma, especially in glands displaying features of early cancer development. Musashi-1 expressing cells may be significant in the etiology of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma, and perhaps even a cell of origin for this disease. We speculate that immune inflammation occurring in Barrett's esophagus alters the mucosal microenvironment in a manner which is favorable to the activation of dormant stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Bobryshev
- St. Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, 438 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
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Bobryshev YV, Lu J, Lord RVN. Expression of C1q complement component in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14:1207-13. [PMID: 20496011 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-010-1230-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS C1q, an element of the first component of complement, is known to be expressed by interdigitating and follicular dendritic cells in the spleen, where it has been suggested that C1q is involved in capturing immune complexes. The present study investigated whether C1q is expressed in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma and, if so, whether its expression is associated with dendritic cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Endoscopic biopsy or operative surgical specimens were obtained from 15 patients with Barrett's esophagus, 13 patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma and 12 patients whose biopsy specimens did not show the presence of specialized intestinal metaplasia or adenocarcinoma. Barrett's esophagus was diagnosed by the presence of a macroscopic area of columnar-lined esophagus as well as microscopic intestinal metaplasia with goblet cells. Immunohistochemistry utilizing anti-C1q and markers for dendritic cells and macrophages was performed on sections of tissue samples embedded in paraffin. Double immunostaining with C1q/CD83 and C1q/CD68 was used to analyze the possible co-localization of C1q with dendritic cells and macrophages. The expression of C1q by dendritic cells and macrophages was also examined in in vitro studies using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. RESULTS In all specimens studied, C1q expression was detected as being distributed irregularly throughout the lamina propria. A computerized quantitative analysis showed that C1q expression was significantly higher in tissue specimens without specialized intestinal-type metaplasia than in Barrett's esophagus specimens and specimens with adenocarcinoma. Double immunostaining revealed that dendritic cells and macrophages expressed C1q in all analyzed esophageal specimens. The expression of C1q by dendritic cells and macrophages was also demonstrated in in vitro studies using RT-PCR and Western blotting. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that reduced levels of the expression of C1q by dendritic cells and macrophages in the esophagus may play a role in the formation of immune responses associated with the formation of specialized intestinal metaplasia and the development of adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Chattopadhyay I, Singh A, Phukan R, Purkayastha J, Kataki A, Mahanta J, Saxena S, Kapur S. Genome-wide analysis of chromosomal alterations in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma exposed to tobacco and betel quid from high-risk area in India. Mutat Res 2010; 696:130-8. [PMID: 20083228 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genomic alterations such as chromosomal amplifications, deletions and loss of heterozygosity play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer. Environmental risk factors contribute to the development and progression of tumors by facilitating the loss of tumor suppressor genes and amplification of oncogenes. In this current study, Affymetrix 10K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were used to evaluate genomic alterations in 20 pairs of matched germ-line and tumor DNA obtained from patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) from high-risk area of India where tobacco, betel quid and alcohol use are widespread. Twenty-two amplified regions and 16 deleted regions identified across chromosomal arms were biologically relevant. The candidate genes located at amplified regions of chromosomes or low-level gain regions such as PLA2G5 (1p36-p34), COL11A1 (1p21), KCNK2 (1q41), S100A3 (1q21), ENAH (1q42.12), RGS1 (1q31), KCNH1 (1q32-q41), INSIG2 (2q14.1), FGF12 (3q28), TRIO (5p15.2), RNASEN (5p15.2), FGF10 (5p13-p12), EDN1(6p24.1-p22.3), SULF1 (8q13.2-13.3), TLR4 (9q32-q33), TNC (9q33), NTRK2 (9q22.1), CD44 (11p13), NCAM1 (11q23.1), TRIM29 (11q22-q23), PAK1 (11q13-q14) and RAB27A (15q15-q21.1), are found to be associated with cellular migration and proliferation, tumor cell metastasis and invasion, anchorage independent growth and inhibition of apoptosis. The candidate genes located at deleted regions of chromosomes, such as FBLN2 (3p25.1), WNT7A (3p25), DLC1 (8p22), LZTS1 (8p22), CDKN2A (9p21), COL4A1 (13q34), CDK8 (13q12) and DCC (18q21.3), are found to be associated with the suppression of tumor. The suggested candidate genes were mostly involved in potential signaling pathways such as focal adhesion (COL4A1), tight junction (CLDN10), MAPK signaling pathway (FGF12) and neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathway (CCKAR). Expression of FGF12 and COL4A1 was validated by tissue microarray. These unique copy number alteration profiles should be taken into consideration when developing biomarkers for the early detection of ESCC in high-risk areas of India in association with tobacco and betel quid use.
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Bobryshev YV, Tran D, Killingsworth MC, Buckland M, Lord RVN. Dendritic cell-associated immune inflammation of cardiac mucosa: a possible factor in the formation of Barrett's esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg 2009; 13:442-50. [PMID: 19015928 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-008-0746-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of Barrett's esophagus is poorly understood, but it has been suggested that cardiac mucosa is a precursor of intestinal type metaplasia and that inflammation of cardiac mucosa may play a role in the formation of Barrett's esophagus. The present study was undertaken to examine the presence and distribution of immune-inflammatory cells in cardiac mucosa, specifically focusing on dendritic cells because of their importance as regulators of immune reactions. MATERIAL AND METHODS Endoscopic biopsy specimens were obtained from 12 patients with cardiac mucosa without Barrett's esophagus or adenocarcinoma and from 21 patients with Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia (intestinal metaplasia). According to histology, in nine of the 21 specimens with Barrett's esophagus, areas of mucosa composed of cardiac type epithelium-lined glands were present as well. Immunohistochemical staining and electron microscopy were used to examine immune-inflammatory cells in paraffin-embedded sections. RESULTS Immune-inflammatory cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells, were present in the connective tissue matrix that surrounded cardiac type epithelium-lined glands in all patients with cardiac mucosa. Clustering of dendritic cells with each other and with lymphocytes and the intrusion of dendritic cells between glandular mucus cells were observed. In the Barrett's esophagus specimens that contained cardiac type glands, computerized CD83 expression quantitation revealed that there were more dendritic cells in cardiac mucosa than in intestinal metaplasia. CONCLUSION Immune-inflammatory infiltrates containing dendritic cells are consistently present in cardiac mucosa. The finding of a larger number of dendritic cells in areas of cardiac mucosa in Barrett's esophagus biopsies suggests that the immune inflammation of cardiac mucosa might play a role in modifying the local tissue environment to promote the development of specialized intestinal type metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Department of Surgery and Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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