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He L, Zhao C, Xiao Q, Zhao J, Liu H, Jiang J, Cao Q. Profiling the Physiological Roles in Fish Primary Cell Culture. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1454. [PMID: 38132280 PMCID: PMC10741176 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Fish primary cell culture has emerged as a valuable tool for investigating the physiological roles and responses of various cell types found in fish species. This review aims to provide an overview of the advancements and applications of fish primary cell culture techniques, focusing on the profiling of physiological roles exhibited by fish cells in vitro. Fish primary cell culture involves the isolation and cultivation of cells directly derived from fish tissues, maintaining their functional characteristics and enabling researchers to study their behavior and responses under controlled conditions. Over the years, significant progress has been made in optimizing the culture conditions, establishing standardized protocols, and improving the characterization techniques for fish primary cell cultures. The review highlights the diverse cell types that have been successfully cultured from different fish species, including gonad cells, pituitary cells, muscle cells, hepatocytes, kidney and immune cells, adipocyte cells and myeloid cells, brain cells, primary fin cells, gill cells, and other cells. Each cell type exhibits distinct physiological functions, contributing to vital processes such as metabolism, tissue regeneration, immune response, and toxin metabolism. Furthermore, this paper explores the pivotal role of fish primary cell culture in elucidating the mechanisms underlying various physiological processes. Researchers have utilized fish primary cell cultures to study the effects of environmental factors, toxins, pathogens, and pharmaceutical compounds on cellular functions, providing valuable insights into fish health, disease pathogenesis, and drug development. The paper also discusses the application of fish primary cell cultures in aquaculture research, particularly in investigating fish growth, nutrition, reproduction, and stress responses. By mimicking the in vivo conditions in vitro, primary cell culture has proven instrumental in identifying key factors influencing fish health and performance, thereby contributing to the development of sustainable aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.H.); (Q.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Cheng Zhao
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.H.); (Q.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Ju Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.H.); (Q.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Haifeng Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.H.); (Q.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.H.); (Q.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
| | - Quanquan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (L.H.); (Q.X.); (J.Z.); (H.L.)
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Yu T, Hu C, Zhao X, Cai L, Chen B, Lu L, Yang M. Identification of a novel immune-related long noncoding RNA in carp primary macrophages associated with bisphenol A' s immunoregulatory effects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 262:106656. [PMID: 37595502 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in various biological processes. However, current studies on lncRNAs mostly focus on mammalian species, with little research on the functional roles of lncRNAs in teleost fish. Here, we identified a novel intergenic lncRNA (linc-93.2) in the head kidney primary macrophages of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) after exposure to a typical environmental endocrine disrupting chemical, bisphenol A (BPA). As a result, linc-93.2 was more than 3,619 bp in length and predominantly localized to the nucleus of primary macrophages other than cytoplasm, with the highest expression level in spleen followed by head kidney among different organs. Bioinformatic analysis predicted a cis-target gene, dennd1b, and 20 trans-target genes including hsp70, gna13 and rasgap, were potentially regulated by linc-93.2; NFκB and estrogen receptor (ERα) binding sites were located in the promoter region upstream of its transcription start site, which together suggested the involvement of linc-93.2 in immune and neurological functions in fish. Based on that, the expression level of linc-93.2 was determined in macrophages following acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and BPA treatments, both of which significantly induced linc-93.2 and IL-1β expression in cells. Moreover, a NF-κB inhibitor PDTC significantly reduced linc-93.2 expression in macrophages, but co-exposure of macrophages to PDTC with BPA or LPS could significantly rescue linc-93.2 expression, consistent with the observation on that LPS or BPA alone significantly induced both linc-93.2 and its target gene expression. Interestingly, linc-93.2 and its target gene expression was significantly suppressed by an ER antagonist ICI 182,780, however, the co-exposure of macrophages to ICI 182,780 with BPA failed to attenuate their declined expression. Overall, the current study demonstrated that linc-93.2, a novel immune-related lncRNA, may participate in the immune processes of common carp macrophages via the NF-κB and ER pathway. The results presented in this study enhance our understanding of the immunotoxin mechanisms of BPA in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chengzhang Hu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Bei Chen
- Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-Value Utilization of Marine Organisms in Fujian Province, Xiamen, 361013, China
| | - Lingcan Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Segner H, Rehberger K, Bailey C, Bo J. Assessing Fish Immunotoxicity by Means of In Vitro Assays: Are We There Yet? Front Immunol 2022; 13:835767. [PMID: 35296072 PMCID: PMC8918558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing awareness that a range of environmental chemicals target the immune system of fish and may compromise the resistance towards infectious pathogens. Existing concepts to assess chemical hazards to fish, however, do not consider immunotoxicity. Over recent years, the application of in vitro assays for ecotoxicological hazard assessment has gained momentum, what leads to the question whether in vitro assays using piscine immune cells might be suitable to evaluate immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish. In vitro systems using primary immune cells or immune cells lines have been established from a wide array of fish species and basically from all immune tissues, and in principal these assays should be able to detect chemical impacts on diverse immune functions. In fact, in vitro assays were found to be a valuable tool in investigating the mechanisms and modes of action through which environmental agents interfere with immune cell functions. However, at the current state of knowledge the usefulness of these assays for immunotoxicity screening in the context of chemical hazard assessment appears questionable. This is mainly due to a lack of assay standardization, and an insufficient knowledge of assay performance with respect to false positive or false negative signals for the different toxicant groups and different immune functions. Also the predictivity of the in vitro immunotoxicity assays for the in vivo immunotoxic response of fishes is uncertain. In conclusion, the currently available database is too limited to support the routine application of piscine in vitro assays as screening tool for assessing immunotoxic potentials of environmental chemicals to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Helmut Segner,
| | - Kristina Rehberger
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Pathobiology and Infectious Diseases, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jun Bo
- Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Third Institute of Oceanography, Xiamen, China
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Liu S, Yu T, Zhang Y, Pan C, Cai L, Yang M. Integrated analysis of mRNA and long non-coding RNA expression profiles reveals the potential roles of lncRNA-mRNA network in carp macrophage immune regulation. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:835-847. [PMID: 34554377 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a hot topic in research as mounting evidence has indicated their transcriptional or post-transcriptional regulatory potential in multiple biological processes. Previous studies have revealed the involvement of lncRNAs in the immunoregulation of mammalian macrophages by changing mRNA expression; however, studies on the lncRNAs in fish macrophages and their potential roles in the immune system remain unknown. Primary macrophages were isolated from the head kidney (HK) of red common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and high-throughput lncRNA-mRNA sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq platform. The results revealed that the most highly expressed mRNAs in primary HK macrophages were mainly involved in immune-related signal pathways. Furthermore, the most enriched immune-related GO term and KEGG pathway of the mRNAs were "immune system development" and "chemokine signaling pathway," respectively. A total of 20,333 lncRNAs, composed of 10,512 known and 9821 novel lncRNAs, were identified, and functional enrichment analysis of the lncRNA-mRNA network indicated that the expressed lncRNAs in primary HK macrophages could be associated with the regulation of multiple immune-related signaling pathways. In addition, the expressions of several selected lncRNAs and their related mRNAs were determined in carp macrophages following a 6-h exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Poly(I: C), the results of which confirmed the co-expression regulation of lncRNAs and target mRNAs in the immune response of carp macrophages. These results suggest the correlative of the lncRNA-mRNA network in fish macrophage immune response, which may further affect the cross-talk of various signaling pathways by interaction with other network genes. Here, we provided fundamental data about the transcriptome profiles of primary HK macrophages from red common carp by analysis of the lncRNA-mRNA network, and ultimately suggest the potential roles of lncRNA-mRNA networks in immune regulation in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang, 330012, China
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Liu S, Chen F, Zhang Y, Cai L, Qiu W, Yang M. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 mediates estrogen effect in red common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 239:108868. [PMID: 32791253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) plays a crucial role in the regulation of non-genomic estrogen effect. However, the research about fish GPER1 is still limited. The present study aims to obtain the full-length sequence of gper1 from red common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and characterize its expression pattern, and to further explore its potential role in regulating the environmental estrogen induced immunotoxicity. We first cloned the full-length mRNA and genomic sequences of gper1 in C. carpio by PCR, and obtained a 1908 bp sequence with a 1062 bp open reading frame encoding GPER1 protein with 353 amino acids. Additionally, qRT-PCR showed that gper1 was expressed across different tissues in C. carpio, with the highest expression in the brain, which is similar to that in zebrafish. Moreover, applying a luciferase reporter system, we found that the promotor sequence of gper1 has strong activity, and similar to GPER1 in other animals, carp GPER1 also has seven-transmembrane domains, indicating its potential functions. We confirmed the binding ability of GPER1 with G1 and G15 in primary macrophages of C. carpio by testing the related gene expression levels after 6 h exposure, and similar to G1, bisphenol A (BPA), a typical environmental estrogen, could interact with GPER1 to increase the Ca2+ concentration in macrophages treated for 30 min. Furthermore, inhibition of GPER1 with GPER1 antagonist G36 rescued the cellular immunotoxicity caused by BPA, which further suggested that carp GPER1 could mediate the estrogen effect. Our findings contribute to better understanding of the role of carp GPER1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ling Cai
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Wenhui Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Applied Radiation Institute, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Qiu W, Hu J, Magnuson JT, Greer J, Yang M, Chen Q, Fang M, Zheng C, Schlenk D. Evidence linking exposure of fish primary macrophages to antibiotics activates the NF-kB pathway. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105624. [PMID: 32146265 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Low doses of antibiotics are ubiquitous in the marine environment and may exert negative effects on non-target aquatic organisms. Using primary macrophages of common carp, we investigated the mechanisms of action following exposure to several common antibiotics; cefotaxime, enrofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfamonomethoxine, and their mixtures, and explored the immunomodulatory effects associated with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. A KEGG pathway analysis was conducted using the sixty-six differentially expressed genes found in all treatments, and showed that exposure to 100 μg/L of antibiotics could affect regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, suggesting that activation of NF-κB is a common response in all four classes of antibiotics. In addition, the four antibiotics induced nf-κb and NF-κB-associated cytokines expression, as verified by qPCR, however, these induction responses by four antibiotics were minor when compared to the same concentration of LPS treatment (100 μg/L). Antagonists of NF-κB blocked many of the immune effects of the antibiotics, providing evidence that NF-κB pathways mediate the actions of all four antibiotics. Moreover, exposure to environmentally relevant, low levels (0.01-100 μg/L) of antibiotics induced a NF-κB-mediated immune response, including endogenous generation of ROS, activity of antioxidant enzymes, as well as expression of cytokine and apoptosis. Moreover, exposure to mixtures of antibiotics presented greater effects on most tested immunological parameters than exposure to a single antibiotic, suggesting additive effects from multiple antibiotics in the environment. This study demonstrates that exposure of fish primary macrophages to low doses of antibiotics activates the NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Justin Greer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, PR China
| | - Meijuan Fang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chunmiao Zheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Emodin regulates neutrophil phenotypes to prevent hypercoagulation and lung carcinogenesis. J Transl Med 2019; 17:90. [PMID: 30885207 PMCID: PMC6423780 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercoagulation and neutrophilia are described in several cancers, however, whether they are involved in lung carcinogenesis is currently unknown. Emodin is the main bioactive component from Rheum palmatum and has many medicinal values, such as anti-inflammation and anticancer. This study is to investigate the contributions of neutrophils to the effects of emodin on hypercoagulation and carcinogenesis. METHODS The effects of emodin on neutrophil phenotypes were assessed by cell proliferation, morphological changes, phagocytosis and autophagy in vitro. The anti-coagulation and cancer-preventing actions of emodin were evaluated in the urethane-induced lung carcinogenic model. The expressions of Cit-H3 and PAD4 in lung sections were assessed by immunohistochemistry, CD66b+ neutrophils were distinguished by immunofluorescence, and cytokines and ROS were examined with ELISA. The neutrophils-regulating and hypercoagulation-improving efficacies of emodin were confirmed in a Lewis lung cancer allograft model. The related targets and pathways of emodin were predicted by network pharmacology. RESULTS In vitro, emodin at the dose of 20 µM had no effect on cell viability in HL-60N1 but increased ROS and decreased autophagy and thus induced apoptosis in HL-60N2 with the morphological changes. In the urethane-induced lung carcinogenic model, before lung carcinogenesis, urethane induced obvious hypercoagulation which was positively correlated with lung N2 neutrophils. There were the aggravated hypercoagulation and lung N2 neutrophils after lung carcinoma lesions. Emodin treatment resulted in the ameliorated hypercoagulation and lung carcinogenesis accompanied by the decreased N2 neutrophils (CD66b+) in the alveolar cavity. ELISA showed that there were more IFN-γ, IL-12 and ROS and less IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in the alveolar cavity in the emodin group than those in the control group. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that emodin treatment decreased Cit-H3 and PAD4 in lung sections. In the Lewis lung cancer allograft model, emodin inhibits tumor growth accompanied by the attenuated coagulation and intratumor N2 neutrophils. Network pharmacology indicated the multi-target roles of emodin in N2 neutrophil activation. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a novel function of emodin, whereby it selectively suppresses N2 neutrophils to prevent hypercoagulation and lung carcinogenesis.
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Rastgar S, Movahedinia A, Salamat N, Salati AP, Zabihi E. Interruption of immune responses in primary macrophages exposed to nonylphenol provides insights into the role of ER and NF-KB in immunotoxicity of Persian sturgeon. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:125-134. [PMID: 30453043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The severe decline in population of sturgeons due to pollution highlighted poor understanding about the immunotoxicological responses of sturgeons. This study was designed in three experiments to find out how nonylphenol (NP) interrupts some pro-inflammatory immune parameters in macrophages from Persian sturgeon (Acipencer persicous) as the oldest vertebrate model conserving intact innate immune system. After determination of IC50 values of NP (200 μM), some pro-inflammatory immune parameters and induced apoptosis in macrophages at low dose (10 nM) and high dose (100 nM) of NP and of 17β estradiol (E2) (positive control) were determined after 6, 24 and 48 h of the exposure (as the first experiment). The two doses of NP induced pro-inflammatory reaction and apoptosis with strong correlations, whereas this result was observed more obviously in high dose of E2. In the second experiments, the macrophages were exposed to the two doses of NP along with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) antagonist, which consequently decreased the induction of pro-inflammatory reactions. Similarly, in the third experiment, NF-KB and ERα antagonists were used and pro-inflammatory reactions decreased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Decreasing correlation between immune parameters following the second and third experiments verified interaction between ERα and NF-KB pathways. Thus, NP could be immune disrupter and apoptosis inducer in sturgeon macrophages in vitro, even in low dose. For the first time, this study revealed that NP can induce pro-inflammatory reactions in macrophages derived from sturgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rastgar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khoramshahr University of Marine, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Rastgar S, Movahedinia A, Salamat N, Salati A, Zabihi E. Optimization of macrophage isolation from the Persian sturgeon and the Caspian kutum fish: a comparative study. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:1643-1654. [PMID: 30306290 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was a comparative study on the isolation and culture of head kidney macrophages derived from Acipenser persicous and Rutilus frisii kutum as teleost and chondrostei species of fish. The macrophages were isolated by density gradient sedimentation, followed by adherence to a plastic surface. They exhibited strong phagocytic activity against bacteria. The effect of cell density, incubation time, FBS percentage, pH and temperatures on the cell number and viability were determined and compared. Also, the effect of light/dark regimen on viability, adherence, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) in the macrophages was determined. The results showed that the Caspian kutum macrophages were more sensitive to FBS percentage and cell density whereas the Persian sturgeon macrophages were more sensitive to pH of the cell culture media. The adherence and viability of the macrophages from both fish species firstly increased (P < 0.05) after exposure to a light/dark regimen, but then significantly decreased as did ROS and NO productions. For the first time, this study has determined the optimal conditions for primary culture of macrophages derived from sturgeons, and shows the unique effect of light on the biology of fish immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rastgar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
| | - Negin Salamat
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Amirparviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khoramshahr University of Marine, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
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Qiu W, Yang M, Liu S, Lei P, Hu L, Chen B, Wu M, Wang KJ. Toxic Effects of Bisphenol S Showing Immunomodulation in Fish Macrophages. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:831-838. [PMID: 29261303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS), a structural analogue of bisphenol A (BPA), has been increasingly used as a common replacement of BPA due to health concerns regarding the former. However, mounting evidence suggests that BPS has similar endocrine-disrupting effects as BPA, and likewise, its presence in the environment may pose considerable risks to ecosystems and human health. Using fish primary macrophages (fpMQs), we here evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of BPS and its mechanisms of action associated with estrogen receptors (ERs). Following BPS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations from 0.1 to 1000 μg/L, we observed approximate concentration-dependent increases in nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species generation and total antioxidant capacity as well as the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in fpMQs. BPS impaired phagocytic capability but enhanced fpMQ activation levels in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation and promoted apoptosis, indicating an impact on cell functions. At a concentration of 100 μg/L, BPS and BPA showed comparable pro-inflammatory potential with both up-regulating the production of free radicals and cytokine expression; however, BPS had no significant potency with regards to inducing lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, different from BPA's effects. Moreover, BPS induced both erα and erβ2 expression in fpMQs, whereas BPA induced only erα expression. This study demonstrates that, similarly to BPA, exposure to low doses of BPS significantly disturbs the immune response of fpMQs in vitro and first reveals overlapping but different roles of ERs in response to BPS and BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Bei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | | | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
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Kordon AO, Abdelhamed H, Ahmed H, Park JY, Karsi A, Pinchuk LM. Phagocytic and Bactericidal Properties of Channel Catfish Peritoneal Macrophages Exposed to Edwardsiella ictaluri Live Attenuated Vaccine and Wild-Type Strains. Front Microbiol 2018; 8:2638. [PMID: 29375507 PMCID: PMC5767262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri (E. ictaluri), a Gram-negative, intracellular, facultative bacterium, is the causative agent of enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), which is one of the most significant diseases of farmed channel catfish. Macrophages have a critical role in major defense mechanisms against bacterial infections by migrating to the site of infection, engulfing and killing pathogens, and priming adaptive immune responses. Vaccination of catfish with E. ictaluri live attenuated vaccine (LAV) strains increased the efficiency of phagocytosis and bacterial killing in catfish peritoneal macrophages compared in vitro with macrophages from non-vaccinated fish. Recently, our group developed several protective LAV strains from E. ictaluri. However, their effects on the antigen uptake and bacterial killing in catfish macrophages have not been evaluated. In this study, we assessed the phagocytic and bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages in the uptake of E. ictaluri wild-type (WT) and two LAV strains. We found that phagocytosis of LAV strains was significantly higher compared to their WT counterpart in peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, the uptake of E. ictaluri opsonized with sera from vaccinated catfish was more efficient than when opsonized with sera from sham-vaccinated fish. Notably, catfish macrophages did not lose their phagocytic properties at 4°C, as described previously in mammalian and zebrafish models. Also, opsonization of E. ictaluri with inactivated sera from vaccinated and sham-vaccinated catfish decreased significantly phagocytic uptake of bacteria at 32°C, and virtually suppressed endocytosis at 4°C, suggesting the important role of complement-dependent mechanisms in catfish macrophage phagocytosis. In conclusion, our data on enhanced phagocytic capacity and effective killing ability in macrophages of vaccine strains suggested the LAVs’ advantage if processed and presented in the form of peptides to specific lymphocytes of an adaptive immune system and emphasize the importance of macrophage-mediated immunity against ESC. Furthermore, we showed the role of complement-dependent mechanisms in the phagocytic uptakes of E. ictaluri in catfish peritoneal macrophages at 4 and 32°C. Finally, LAV vaccine-induced bacterial phagocytosis and killing properties of peritoneal macrophages emphasized the importance of the innate immune responses in ESC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adef O Kordon
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hossam Abdelhamed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Hamada Ahmed
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States.,Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Joo Y Park
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Attila Karsi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
| | - Lesya M Pinchuk
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, United States
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12
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Sha Z, Wang L, Sun L, Chen Y, Zheng Y, Xin M, Li C, Chen S. Isolation and characterization of monocyte/macrophage from peripheral blood of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 65:256-266. [PMID: 28433719 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the peripheral blood cells of half smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) were examined by blood smear under the light microscopy. The proportion of main types of blood cells are as following: erythrocyte occupied the majority (92.3%), followed by thrombocyte (4.15%), granulocyte (1.7%), lymphocyte (1.5%) and monocyte (0.3%), respectively. Meanwhile, the isolation method of monocytes was established, by density gradient centrifugation to isolate mononuclear leukocytes of peripheral blood. In primary culture, the monocytes were adhered to the bottom of the flask without feeder cells and separated easily with suspended leukocytes in the medium in 3 h. After suspended leukocytes were removed, the monocytes multiplied rapidly with the two doubly during the 24 h, then the cells proliferated and kept stable until 48 h. When co-cultured with suspended leukocytes after three days, the monocytes could derive to typical macrophages, of which the size enlarged significantly and showed various forms such as like fried eggs, and giant irregular shape with pseudopod because cells fusion or deformation occurred until macrophages died in about two weeks. Monocytes showed strong respiratory burst activity after treated with Phorbol ester PMA and challenged by bacteria respectively. In addition, macrophage of half smooth tongue sole had typical macrophage features such as phagocytic capability, positive esterase activity, and the considerable expression of M-CSFR, MHC-II, IL-6, IL-10, TNF and arginase genes. That arginase expression in macrophages (3d and 5d after differentiation) was upregulated fluctuant suggest that the cultivation was mixture of alternatively activated type macrophage (M2) in the majority while the classically activated type (M1) win the minority. Furthermore, MHC-Ⅱ, M-CSFR and IL-6 were significantly induced following LPS challenge. Collectively, the present study will be useful for the study on half smooth tongue sole immune systems and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxia Sha
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China.
| | - Linqing Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Luming Sun
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Yadong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China
| | - Yuan Zheng
- Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Mei Xin
- Qingdao Fisheries Technology Extension Station, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Songlin Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266235, China; Key Lab for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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13
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Qiu W, Wu M, Liu S, Chen B, Pan C, Yang M, Wang KJ. Suppressive immunoregulatory effects of three antidepressants via inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB activation assessed using primary macrophages of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 322:1-8. [PMID: 28263824 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antidepressants, having been applied for the treatment of major depressive disorder and other conditions for decades, are among the most commonly detected human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. This study evaluated the immunotoxicity of acute exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of amitriptyline, fluoxetine and mianserin using an in vitro primary macrophage model isolated from red common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and also explored their potential mechanisms of action. A potential suppressive immunoregulatory effect of antidepressant exposure was suggested based on the observed suppressive effects on oxidative stress parameters, bactericidal activity, NO production, and NO synthase activity, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression, and a significant stimulatory effect on anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and interferon cytokine gene expression and ATPase activities in macrophages after 6h-exposure to three individual antidepressants and a combination thereof. Notably, we also found these effects were significantly associated with a corresponding decrease in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity after antidepressants exposure, and the NF-κB antagonist significantly restrained the effects of antidepressants on gene expression of cytokines, indicating that antidepressants could alter the response of various immune-associated components via the inhibition of NF-κB. Moreover, time-dependent lethal concentrations of three antidepressants on primary macrophages were firstly determined at mg/L levels, and the synergetic effects of antidepressant mixtures were suggested and in particular, for some parameters including total antioxidant capacity and cytokine genes expression, they could be significantly affected by antidepressants exposure at concentrations as low as 10ng/L, which together thereby revealed the potential risk of antidepressants to aquatic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Qiu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Chenyuan Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ming Yang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Ke-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
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