Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery-A Multicentre Study of 9617 Patients from Indian Bariatric Surgery Outcome Reporting Group

Assessment of weight change patterns following Roux en Y gastric bypass, one anastomosis gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy using change-point analysis

We aimed to assess the weight loss trend following Roux en Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB), One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB), and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG), utilizing a change-point analysis. A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 8640 patients, from 2009 to 2023. The follow-up period extended to 7 years, with a median follow-up of 3 years (interquartile range: 1.4-5). Following metabolic bariatric surgery, four weight loss phases (three change points) were observed. The primary, secondary, and tertiary phases, transitioned at 12.64-13.73 days, 4.2-4.8 months, and 11.3-13.1 months post-operation, respectively, varying based on the type of procedure. The weight loss rate decreased following each phase and plateaued after the tertiary phase. The nadir weight was achieved 11.3-13.1 months post-procedure. There was no significant difference in the %TWL between males and females, however, males achieved their nadir weight significantly earlier. Half of the maximum %TWL was achieved within the first 5 months, with the greatest reduction rate in the first 2 weeks. Our findings inform healthcare providers of the optimal timing for maximum weight loss following each surgical method and underscore the importance of close patient monitoring in the early postoperative period.

Reoperation After Loop Duodenojejunal Bypass with Sleeve Gastrectomy: A 9-Year Experience

PURPOSE

Loop duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy (LDJBSG) is effective for weight loss and resolution of obesity-related associated medical problems. However, a description of the reoperative surgery following LDJBSG is lacking.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In this retrospective study, we analyzed the surgical complications and reoperation (conversion or revision) following LDJBSG from 2011 to 2019 in a single institution.

RESULTS

A total of 337 patients underwent LDJBSG during this period. Reoperative surgery (RS) was required in 10LDJBSG patients (3%). The mean age and BMI before RS were 47 ± 9 years and 28.9 ± 3.6 kg/m2, respectively. The mean interval between primary surgery and RS for early (n = 5) and late (n = 5)complications was 8 ± 11 days and 32 ± 15.8 months, respectively. The conversion procedures were Roux-en-Y gastric bypass(n = 5), followed by Roux-en-Y duodenojejunal bypass (n = 2) and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (n = 1); other revision procedures were seromyotomy (n = 1) and re-laparoscopy (n = 1). Perioperative complications were observed in four patients after conversion surgery such as multiorgan failure (n = 1), re-laparoscopy (n = 1), marginal ulcer (n = 1), GERD (n = 1), and dumping syndrome (n = 1).

CONCLUSION

LDJBSG has low reoperative rates and conversion RYGB could effectively treat the early and late complications of LDJBSG. Because of its technical demands and risk of perioperative complications, conversion surgery should be reserved for a selected group of patients and performed by an experienced metabolic bariatric surgical team.

Adjuvant and Neo-Adjuvant Anti-Obesity Medications and Bariatric Surgery: A Scoping Review

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To comprehensively summarize the current body of literature on the topic of adjuvant and neoadjuvant pharmacotherapy used in combination with bariatric surgery.

RECENT FINDINGS

Anti-obesity medications (AOMs) have been used since the mid-1900s; however, their use in combination with bariatric surgery is a newer area of research that is rapidly growing. Pharmacotherapy may be used before (neoadjuvant) or after (adjuvant) bariatric surgery. Recent literature suggests that adjuvant AOMs may address weight regain and inadequate weight loss following bariatric surgery. Research on neoadjuvant AOM used to optimize weight loss before bariatric surgery is more limited. A literature review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Thirty-four studies were included after screening and exclusion of irrelevant records. Included studies were as follows: seven prospective studies on adjuvant AOM use, 23 retrospective studies on adjuvant AOM use, one prospective study on adjuvant and neoadjuvant AOM use, one retrospective study on adjuvant or neoadjuvant AOM use, one prospective study on neoadjuvant AOM use, and one case series on neoadjuvant AOM use. In the following scoping review, each of these studies is discussed with the goal of presenting a complete synthesis of the current body of literature on AOM use in combination with bariatric surgery.

Multidisciplinary combined treatment based on bariatric surgery for metabolic syndrome: a review article

As a chronic, multifactorial disease, obesity is associated with a global social and economic burden. This condition significantly affects normal daily life and healthy social interactions, and shortens the life expectancy of patients. Compared with traditional weight-loss methods, the emergence of bariatric surgery has effectively improved the management of obesity. Furthermore, bariatric surgery can also inhibit the progression of multiple metabolic diseases. Despite its potential advantages, bariatric surgery cannot completely eliminate the possibility of weight regain and inadequate weight loss following the procedure. For super-obese patients, bariatric surgery still remains a surgical risk. In addition, the psychological problems and poor eating habits of obese patients also affect the weight loss effect and daily life. Thus, various adjuvant therapies involving multiple disciplines have attracted people's attention. Recently, it has been recognized that the combination of multiple interventions based on bariatric surgery is more advantageous than a single intervention in alleviating the complex and diverse metabolic diseases associated with obesity. The combined therapy considerably enhances the long-term efficacy of bariatric surgery and plays a positive role in the mental health and social lives of patients. In this article, the authors review this multidisciplinary combination therapy to enhance the current understanding of the treatment of obesity.

Adjuvant Glucose-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Therapy for Suboptimal Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review

Addressing suboptimal weight loss post-bariatric surgery poses a challenge. While glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) show promise in managing obesity, their role as an adjuvant treatment after bariatric surgery remains uncertain. We conducted a systematic literature review focused on the efficacy and safety of GLP1-RA in bariatric surgery patients with insufficient weight loss or distant weight regain. Our literature search identified 1167 articles, with 10 (involving 594 patients) meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria for detailed review. GLP1-RA therapy resulted in 5 to 17% weight loss over 6 to 12 months, with 10-50% experiencing non-severe side effects like nausea. Overall, GLP1-RA emerges as an effective adjuvant therapy for patients experiencing inadequate weight loss or regain after bariatric surgery, offering a viable alternative to revision surgery.

A randomized clinical trial evaluating eHealth in bariatric surgery

BACKGROUND

Supporting patients before, and long after, their bariatric treatment contributes a lot to successful outcome. eHealth interventions have a hypothetical benefit in addition to standard care. This could lead to increased weight loss, reduction of obesity-related diseases, patient adherence, and quality of life. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the value of an eHealth platform and self-monitoring devices as additions to standard bariatric care.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Two-hundred-and-five patients who underwent primary bariatric surgery were randomized (2:1:1) to receive standard care (control group), additional access to an educational patient eHealth platform (online group), or additional access to eHealth platform as well as self-monitoring devices (device group). The platform consisted of an interactive educational environment with informational videos, dietary advice, news, and more. The self-monitoring devices used were a weight scale, blood pressure monitor, pulse oximeter, and activity bracelet. The primary endpoint was weight loss and secondary outcomes included reduction of obesity-related diseases, quality of life, and eHealth use.

RESULTS

Postoperative weight loss, reduction of obesity-related diseases, frequency of consultations, and quality of life were similar between groups. Participation to the eHealth platform was high (online group 90%, device group 98%). Most frequently accessed contents were informational messages, videos, and the treatment preparation modules. The percentage of active users of the self-monitoring devices dropped from 62% in the first postoperative month to 19% after 2 years. Thirteen patients in the device group withdrew due to unwillingness to use self-monitoring devices.

CONCLUSION

Participation to the eHealth intervention in addition to the standard post-bariatric guidance program was high, however, had no significant impact on clinical outcomes such as weight loss, reduction of obesity-related diseases, and quality of life. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier number NL56992.100.16) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03394638.

Safety and Efficacy of One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass in Children and Adolescents: a 5-Year Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Childhood obesity is an important worldwide issue of serious medical and social concern. One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is an approved, effective, and long-lasting procedure for weight loss and the remission of obesity-associated medical problems in the adult patients, but its efficacy and safety in children and adolescents are still on debate. This study aimed to evaluate safety and efficacy of OAGB compare to SG and RYGB during a 5-year follow-up.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study on children and adolescents with severe obesity who underwent primary OAGB, sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and Roux-e-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) at an academic hospital, between March 2016 and December 2020.

RESULTS

Two hundred twenty-eight patients with 24 to 60 months of follow-up including 107 SG, 37 RYGB, and 84 OAGB were included in the final analysis. The mean age, preoperative weight, and BMI were 15.71 ± 2.09 years (range, 9-18 years), 126.3 ± 22.0 kg (74.5-215 kg), and 45.1 ± 6.9 kg/ m2 (36.4-79.3 kg/m2), respectively. The mean of follow-up was 30.05 ± 19.98 months. The mean of ∆BMI was 30.2 ± 5.1, 30.0 ± 5.4, and 31.1 ± 6.8 at 12th, 36th, and 60th months postoperative. At the 60-month follow-up, there were statistically significant differences in ΔBMI between SG and OAGB and SG and RYGB.

CONCLUSION

OAGB is a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of obesity in children and adolescents in 24 to 60 months follow-ups.

VITAMIN D LEVELS AND LIPID PROFILE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING BARIATRIC SURGERY

BACKGROUND

Vitamin, mineral, and metabolic deficiencies occur in the postoperative period of bariatric surgery, in the short and long term, and are worrisome intercurrences.

AIMS

To evaluate the association of serum vitamin D levels with the lipid profile in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery.

METHODS

Case series of patients assisted from 2010 to 2018, in a private hospital of medium and high complexity, who underwent bariatric surgery using sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass techniques, monitored by the same surgeon. Sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric data were collected preoperatively and at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery.

RESULTS

A total of 156 individuals, mostly female (75.6%) were monitored. The most frequent comorbidities were hepatic steatosis (76.3%) and hypertension (48.27). Regarding preoperative vitamin D levels, only 18.9% of the population had a satisfactory level (≥30 ng/mL). There was a reduction in weight and an improvement in the lipid profile after surgery. Significant correlations were observed between the lipid profile and vitamin D concentration only in the sample submitted to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass technique: negative correlation between total cholesterol and vitamin D two years after surgery; positive correlation between triglycerides and vitamin D one year after surgery; and negative correlation between high-density lipoprotein and vitamin D two years post-surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

It is essential to routinely monitor vitamin D levels and lipid profile pre- and postoperatively in order to avoid damage associated with this vitamin deficiency.

Combined laparoscopic pouch and loop resizing as a revisional procedure for weight regain after primary laparoscopic one-anastomosis gastric bypass

Introduction

One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) presents a satisfactory long-term outcome in terms of weight loss, amelioration of comorbidities and low morbidity. However, some patients may present insufficient weight loss or weight regain. In this study, we tackle a case series evaluating the efficiency of the combined laparoscopic pouch and loop resizing (LPLR) as a revisional procedure for insufficient weight loss or weight regain after primary laparoscopic OAGB.

Materials and Methods

We included eight patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 with a history of weight regain or insufficient weight loss after laparoscopic OAGB, who underwent revisional laparoscopic intervention by LPLR between January 2018 and October 2020 at our institution. We conducted a 2 years' follow-up. Statistics were performed using International Business Machines Corporation® SPSS® software for Windows version 21.

Results

The majority of the eight patients were males (62.5%), with a mean age of 35.25 at the time of the primary OAGB. The average length of the biliopancreatic limb created during the OAGB and LPLR were 168 ± 27 and 267 ± 27 cm, respectively. The mean weight and BMI were 150.25 ± 40.73 kg and 48.68 ± 11.74 kg/m2 at the time of OAGB. After OAGB, patients were able to reach an average lowest weight, BMI and per cent of excess weight loss (%EWL) of 89.5 ± 28.85 kg, 28.78 ± 7.47 kg/m2 and 75.07 ± 21.62%, respectively. At the time of LPLR, patients had a mean weight, BMI and %EWL of 116.12 ± 29.03 kg, 37.63 ± 8.27 kg/m2 and 41.57 ± 12.99%, respectively. Two years after the revisional intervention, the mean weight, BMI and %EWL were 88.25 ± 21.89 kg, 28.44 ± 4.82 kg/m2 and 74.51 ± 16.54%, respectively.

Conclusion

Combined pouch and loop resizing is a valid option for revisional surgery following weight regain after primary OAGB, leading to adequate weight loss through enhancement of the restrictive and malabsorptive effect of OAGB.

Analysis of Body Contouring and Sustained Weight Loss in a Diverse, Urban Population: A 7-Year Retrospective Review

BACKGROUND

Studies demonstrating the positive impact of body contouring on sustained weight loss in bariatric patients describe a narrow cohort. The authors sought to evaluate the impact of postbariatric body contouring procedures on sustained weight loss in minority race patients.

METHODS

A retrospective review of bariatric surgery patients at a single institution was performed. Patients were grouped as follows: (1) those who underwent body contouring, (2) those who had consultation but did not undergo body contouring, and (3) those without consultation. Body mass index (BMI) and excess body weight loss (EBWL) over 7 years were the primary outcomes.

RESULTS A TOTAL OF

2531 patients were analyzed: 350 in group 1, 364 in group 2, and 1817 in group 3. At postoperative year 7, groups 1 and 2 had average BMIs 4.71 and 2.31 kg/m 2 lower than group 3, respectively, while adjusting for covariates. After exclusion of 105 patients in group 2 who were not offered body contouring because of inadequate weight loss, however, group 2 had an average BMI 4.07 kg/m 2 lower than group 3 at postoperative year 7. During postoperative year 1, group 1 had an average EBWL of 74.38%, which declined 1.51% yearly, and group 2 had an average EBWL of 70.12%, which declined 1.86% yearly. After exclusion of the aforementioned patients, group 2 had an average EBWL of 74.9% at postoperative year 1, which declined 1.88% yearly.

CONCLUSIONS

Body contouring after bariatric surgery did not impart a clinically significant, long-term sustained weight loss benefit in the authors' cohort. In the authors' study population, patients identifying as black had significantly worse sustained weight loss.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Therapeutic, III.

Percentage of maximum weight lost as an optimal parameter of weight regain after bariatric surgery in Chinese patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE

The goal of this study was to compare measures of weight regain (WR) and their association with the glucose metabolism deterioration within 3 years following bariatric surgery among Chinese patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

Among a retrospective cohort of 249 patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent bariatric surgery and were followed up to 3 years, WR was assessed by weight changes, BMI changes, percentage of presurgery weight, percentage of nadir weight, and percentage of maximum weight lost (%MWL). Glucose metabolism deterioration was defined as a change from an absence of antidiabetic medication use to use, or absence of insulin use to use, or an increase in glycated hemoglobin by at least 0.5% to 5.7% or greater.

RESULTS

A comparison of C-index of glucose metabolism deterioration indicated %MWL had better discriminatory ability versus weight change, BMI change, percentage of presurgery weight, or percentage of nadir weight (all p < 0.01). The %MWL also had the highest prediction accuracy. The optimal %MWL cutoff point was 20%.

CONCLUSIONS

Among Chinese patients with obesity and T2DM who underwent bariatric surgery, WR quantified as %MWL predicted 3-year postoperative glucose metabolism deterioration better than the alternatives; 20% MWL was the optimal cutoff point.

When Definitions Differ, are Comparisons Meaningful? Definitions of Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery and Their Associations with Patient Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes - A Need for a Revisit?

INTRODUCTION

Definitions and prevalence of weight regain (WR) after bariatric surgery remains inconsistent and their clinical significance unclear.

OBJECTIVES

To assess WR five years after sleeve gastrectomy (LSG), employing six definitions; and appraise their association with patient characteristics/clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Consecutive patients (N = 589) who underwent LSG were followed up for 5 years. WR prevalence was calculated yearly employing six definitions. Regression analysis assessed associations between WR at 5 years, and patient characteristics (age, sex, preop BMI, number of follow-up visits, number of comorbidities) and remission of comorbidities (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia).

RESULTS

Sample's mean age and BMI were 34 ± 11.6 years and 43.13 ± 5.77 kg/m², and 64% were females. Percentage of patients with WR at 2, 3, 4, and 5 years fluctuated between 2.53% and 94.18%, subject to definition, and time point. The definition "Any WR" generated the highest prevalence of WR (86-94%) across all time points. At 5 years, for patient characteristics, preoperative BMI was associated with three definitions (P 0.49 to < 0.001), sex was associated with two (P < 0.026-0.032), and number of comorbidities was associated with one definition (P = 0.01). In terms of comorbidities, only hypertension was associated with WR (one definition, P = 0.025). No other definitions of WR were associated with any of the variables under examination.

CONCLUSION

Weight regain is reasonably expected after BMS. WR definitions were of minor clinical significance due to weak associations with limited comorbidities. Dichotomous definitions might offer some guidance while managing individual patients. However, its utility as a comparator metric across patients/procedures requires refinements.

Prediction of 5-Year Weight Loss and Weight Regain According to Early Weight Loss after Sleeve Gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Patients with morbid obesity exhibit sustained weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), but some individuals exhibit subsequent weight regain in the following years. Early weight loss was proven as a predictor of short- and mid-term weight loss and regain. However, the long-term effects of early weight loss have yet to be fully investigated. This study investigated the predictive effects of early weight loss on long-term weight loss and regain after SG.

METHODS

Data of patients who underwent SG from November 2011 to July 2016 and followed through July 2021 were collected retrospectively. Weight regain was defined by weight increase more than 25% of their lost weight at the first postoperative year. Linear regression analysis and Cox proportional hazards analysis were performed to evaluate the correlations among early weight loss, weight loss, and weight regain.

RESULTS

Data of 408 patients were included. The percentages of total weight loss (%TWL) at postoperative months 1, 3, 12, and 60 were 10.6%, 18.1%, 29.3%, and 26.6%, respectively. The %TWL at months 1 and 3 were significantly correlated with %TWL after 5 years (P < .01). The weight regain rate was 29.8% at 5 years. The %TWL at months 1 and 3 significantly influenced weight regain (hazard ratio: 0.87 and 0.89, P = .017 and .008).

CONCLUSION

Early weight loss may be used to predict weight loss and regain 5 years after SG. Patients with poor early weight loss are recommended to receive early interventions to achieve long-term weight loss and prevent weight regain.

Characteristics and outcomes for patients undergoing revisional bariatric surgery due to persistent obesity: a retrospective cohort study of 10,589 patients

BACKGROUND

Revisional bariatric surgery in an option for patients who experience weight regain or inadequate weight loss after primary elective bariatric procedures. However, there is conflicting data on safety outcomes of revisional procedures. We aim to characterize patient demographics, procedure type, and safety outcomes for those undergoing revisional compared to initial bariatric interventions to guide management of these patients.

METHODS

The 2020 Metabolic and Bariatric Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program (MBSAQIP) registry was analyzed, comparing primary elective to revisional bariatric procedures for inadequate weight loss. Bivariate analysis was performed to determine between group differences. Multivariable logistic regression determined factors associated with serious complications or mortality.

RESULTS

We evaluated 158,424 patients, including 10,589 (6.7%) revisional procedures. Patients undergoing revisional procedures were more like to be female (85.5% revisional vs. 81.0% initial; p < 0.001), had lower body mass index (43.6 ± 7.8 kg/m² revisional vs. 45.2 ± 7.8 kg/m² initial; p < 0.001), and less metabolic comorbidities than patients undergoing primary bariatric surgery. The most common revisional procedures were Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (48.4%) and sleeve gastrectomy (32.5%). Revisional procedures had longer operative duration compared to primary procedures. Patients undergoing revisional procedures were more likely to experience readmission to hospital (4.8% revisional vs. 2.9% initial; p < 0.001) and require reoperation (2.4% revisional vs. 1.0% initial; p < 0.001) within 30 days of the procedure. Revisional procedures were independently associated with increased serious complications (OR 1.49, CI 1.36-1.64, p < 0.001) but were not a significant predictor of 30-day mortality (OR 0.74, CI 0.36-1.50, p = 0.409).

CONCLUSIONS

In comparison to primary bariatric surgery, patients undergoing revisional procedures have less metabolic comorbidities. Revisional procedures have worse perioperative outcomes and are independently associated with serious complications. These data help to contextualize outcomes for patients undergoing revisional bariatric procedures and to inform decision making in these patients.

Long-term weight loss after bariatric procedures for morbidly obese adolescents and youth: a single-institution analysis with up to 19-year follow-up

BACKGROUND

Obesity is a public health concern among adolescents and young adults. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity and has been increasingly utilized in young patients. Long-term outcomes data for bariatric surgery in this age group are limited.

METHODS

This is a single-institution, prospective analysis of 167 patients aged 15-24 years who underwent one of three laparoscopic bariatric procedures between 2001 and 2019: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB, n = 71), adjustable gastric banding (LAGB, n = 22), and sleeve gastrectomy (LSG, n = 74). Longitudinal weight and body mass index (BMI) measurements were compared to evaluate patterns of weight loss.

RESULTS

All operations were completed laparoscopically using the same clinical pathways. Patients were predominantly female (82.6%), had a median age of 22.0 [Q1-Q3 20.0-23.0] years, and had a mean presurgical BMI of 48.5 ± 6.5 kg/m² (range 38.4-68.1 kg/m²). All procedures produced significant weight loss by 1 year, peak weight loss by 2 years, and modest weight regain after 5 years. Mean percent weight/BMI losses at 5 years for LRYGB, LAGB, and LSG were - 36.7 ± 10.8%, - 14.5 ± 15.3%, and - 25.1 ± 13.4%, respectively (p < 0.001). LRYGB patients were most likely to achieve ≥ 25% weight loss at 1, 3, and 5 years and maintained significant average weight loss for more than 15 years after surgery. Reoperations were procedure-specific, with LAGB, LRYGB, and LSG having the highest, middle, and lowest reoperation rates, respectively (40.9% vs. 16.9% vs. 5.4%, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

All procedures provided significant and durable weight loss. LRYGB patients achieved the best and most sustained weight loss. LSG patients experienced second-best weight loss between 1 and 5 years, with lowest chance of reoperation. LAGB patients had the least weight loss and the highest reoperation rate. Compared to other factors, type of bariatric procedure was independently predictive of successful weight loss over time. More studies with long-term follow-up are needed.

Weight recurrence after Sleeve Gastrectomy versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a propensity score matched nationwide analysis

BACKGROUND

Literature remains scarce on patients experiencing weight recurrence after initial adequate weight loss following primary bariatric surgery. Therefore, this study compared the extent of weight recurrence between patients who received a Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) versus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) after adequate weight loss at 1-year follow-up.

METHODS

All patients undergoing primary RYGB or SG between 2015 and 2018 were selected from the Dutch Audit for Treatment of Obesity. Inclusion criteria were achieving ≥ 20% total weight loss (TWL) at 1-year and having at least one subsequent follow-up visit. The primary outcome was ≥ 10% weight recurrence (WR) at the last recorded follow-up between 2 and 5 years, after ≥ 20% TWL at 1-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes included remission of comorbidities at last recorded follow-up. A propensity score matched logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the difference between RYGB and SG.

RESULTS

A total of 19.762 patients were included, 14.982 RYGB and 4.780 SG patients. After matching 4.693 patients from each group, patients undergoing SG had a higher likelihood on WR up to 5-year follow-up compared with RYGB [OR 2.07, 95% CI (1.89-2.27), p < 0.01] and less often remission of type 2 diabetes [OR 0.69, 95% CI (0.56-0.86), p < 0.01], hypertension (HTN) [OR 0.75, 95% CI (0.65-0.87), p < 0.01], dyslipidemia [OR 0.44, 95% CI (0.36-0.54), p < 0.01], gastroesophageal reflux [OR 0.25 95% CI (0.18-0.34), p < 0.01], and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) [OR 0.66, 95% CI (0.54-0.8), p < 0.01]. In subgroup analyses, patients who experienced WR after SG but maintained ≥ 20%TWL from starting weight, more often achieved HTN (44.7% vs 29.4%), dyslipidemia (38.3% vs 19.3%), and OSAS (54% vs 20.3%) remission compared with patients not maintaining ≥ 20%TWL. No such differences in comorbidity remission were found within RYGB patients.

CONCLUSION

Patients undergoing SG are more likely to experience weight recurrence, and less likely to achieve comorbidity remission than patients undergoing RYGB.

Obesity in South and Southeast Asia-A new consensus on care and management

Obesity is a chronic disease in which the abnormal or excessive accumulation of body fat leads to impaired health and increased risk of mortality and chronic health complications. Prevalence of obesity is rising rapidly in South and Southeast Asia, with potentially serious consequences for local economies, healthcare systems, and quality of life. Our group of obesity specialists from Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Viet Nam undertook to develop consensus recommendations for management and care of adults and children with obesity in South and Southeast Asia. To this end, we identified and researched 12 clinical questions related to obesity. These questions address the optimal approaches for identifying and staging obesity, treatment (lifestyle, behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical options) and maintenance of reduced weight, as well as issues related to weight stigma and patient engagement in the clinical setting. We achieved consensus on 42 clinical recommendations that address these questions. An algorithm describing obesity care is presented, keyed to the various consensus recommendations.

Comparison of Sleeve Volume Between Banded and Non-banded Sleeve Gastrectomy: Midterm Effect on Weight and Food Tolerance-a Retrospective Study

BACKGROUND

Sleeve dilatation after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) causes weight regain (WR). Banded sleeve gastrectomy (BSG) was proposed to prevent dilatation and reduce WR.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study on patients who underwent BSG and LSG and completed 4 years of follow-up from 2016 to 2021 was included. Body mass index (BMI), percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL), percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), and FT scores were calculated at 1, 2, 3, and 4 years. The sleeve volume was estimated at 6 months, 1 year, and 4 years. Multi-variate analysis was conducted to assess correlations between covariates. WR was calculated as weight gain > 10%, > 10 kg above the nadir, or BMI increase of ≥ 5 kg/m 2 above the nadir.

RESULTS

This study included LSG 1279 patients and BSG 132 patients. Mean %EWL at 1 year was 83.87 ± 17.25% in LSG vs. 85.71 ± 7.92% in BSG and was 83.47 ± 18.87% in LSG and 85.54 ± 7.48% in BSG at 4 years. Both had significant weight loss over time (p. < 0.001) with no significant main effect of surgery (p.0.438). Mean sleeve volume at 6 months was 102.32 ± 9.88 ± 10.28 ml in LSG vs. 101.89 ± 10.019 ml in BSG and at 4 years was 580.25 ± 112.25 ml in LSG vs. 157.94 ± 12.54 ml in BSG (p. < 0.001). WR occurred in 136 (10.6%) and 4 (3.1%) (p.0.002) in LSG and BSG patients, 90 (7%) vs. zero (0%) (p.0.002) and 31 (2.4%) vs. zero (0%) (p.0.07) using the > 10%, > 10 kg increase above the nadir and the ≥ 5 kg/m 2 BMI increases above the nadir formulas, respectively.

CONCLUSION

BSG had significantly lower sleeve volume, significantly lower WR, and significantly lower FT scores than LSG after 4 years from surgery; however, volume changes were not correlated with weight loss.

Long-term Reported Outcomes Following Primary Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

Long-term laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) outcomes in patients with obesity are scarce. We aimed to examine the outcomes and subjective experience of patients who underwent primary LSG with long-term follow-up.

METHODS

The study is a retrospective observational analysis of patients who underwent primary LSG in a single center with 5-15 years of follow-up. Patients' hospital chart data supplemented by a detailed follow-up online questionnaire and telephone interview were evaluated.

RESULTS

The study sample included 578 patients (67.0% female) with 8.8 ± 2.5 years of mean follow-up, with a response rate to the survey of 82.8%. Mean baseline age and body mass index (BMI) were 41.9 ± 10.6 years and 42.5 ± 5.5 kg/m², respectively. BMI at nadir was 27.5 ± 4.9 kg/m², corresponding to a mean excess weight loss (EWL) of 86.9 ± 22.8%. Proportion of patients with weight regain, defined as nadir ≥ 50.0% EWL, but at follow-up < 50.0% EWL, was 34.6% (n = 200) and the mean weight regain from nadir was 13.3 ± 11.1 kg. BMI and EWL at follow-up were 32.6 ± 6.4 kg/m² and 58.9 ± 30.1%, respectively. The main reasons for weight regain given by patients included "not following guidelines," "lack of exercise," "subjective impression of being able to ingest larger quantities of food in a meal," and "not meeting with the dietitian." Resolution of obesity-related conditions at follow-up was reported for hypertension (51.7%), dyslipidemia (58.1%) and type 2 diabetes (72.2%). The majority of patients (62.3%) reported satisfaction with LSG.

CONCLUSIONS

In the long term, primary LSG was associated with satisfactory weight and health outcomes. However, weight regain was notable.

Definition, Mechanisms and Predictors of Weight Loss Failure After Bariatric Surgery

It has been proven that surgery is more effective than non-surgical treatment in obese patients. However, this approach has several disadvantages, especially long-term weight loss. Weight loss failures can be broadly classified into two categories; insufficient weight loss (poor responder) and weight regain. However, a unified definition has not been established yet for each category, and there is no clear standard for the post-surgery time point to be used to assess weight loss failure. In addition, analyzing factors that contribute to weight loss failure will lead to strategies for reducing it. Therefore, many researchers have been interested in this subject and have published conflicting results. This review presents a definition for and describes the mechanisms and predictors of weight loss failure after bariatric surgery.

Enablers and barriers to prevent weight-regain post bariatric surgery - A qualitative enquiry

BACKGROUND

Weight-regain is commonly experienced after bariatric surgery. This qualitative enquiry aimed to explore participants' self-reported enablers and barriers to prevent future weight-regain post-surgery.

METHODS

Eligible adults were recruited at 12-months post-bariatric-surgery at Counties Manukau, Auckland. Participants were invited to attend data collection at their 18-month group nutrition-education session, and to participate in a focus group at 21-months post-surgery. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate patient experiences.

RESULTS

Participants (n = 28) were mostly female (73.2 %), New Zealand European (41.5 %), and had gastric sleeve surgery (92.3 %). Five key themes emerged from the analysis: A Life Changing Health Journey - participants experienced a decrease in obesity-related comorbidities and a subsequent decrease in medications. Weight change and food intolerances impacted quality of life. Challenge of managing a New Healthy Lifestyle - financial stress, buying healthier foods and social events were new challenges, often centred on food. Changing Eating Behavior - all participants struggled managing eating behaviors. Mindset Changes - post-surgery most participants had a positive mindset, increased confidence, and feelings of happiness. However, many struggled with mindset around weight and food. A need for On-going Support - most felt under-supported and expressed a need for longer, specific follow-up care.

CONCLUSION

Post-surgery group education sessions provided participants with increased support from both health professionals and peers on the same journey, to overcome struggles such as binge eating or identifying new coping strategies. Findings provide important insights into the challenges patients with bariatric surgery face and key learnings to develop specific supports for future care practices.

Duodenal Switch Conversion in Non-responders or Weight Recurrence Patients

INTRODUCTION

Several modalities have been proposed to tackle insufficient weight loss and weight regain after bariatric surgery; we aimed to evaluate efficacy and safety of duodenal switch conversion as a salvage procedure.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data from patients who underwent duodenal switch conversions (n = 50) were retrospectively studied. Excess weight loss % and total body weight loss % were compared between primary procedure and duodenal switch conversion. Overall complication, emergency department visits, readmissions, reoperation, and mortality rates were described, analyzed, and compared to the current literature.

RESULTS

Every excess weight loss % and total body weight loss % comparison at 6, 12, and 24 months, demonstrated a statistically significant superiority in weight loss after duodenal switch conversion (p < 0.05). The mean operative time of adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (1 and 2 stages) conversions to duodenal switch were 208, 146, 187, and 152 min, respectively, while the mean length of stay was 3.38 days. No statistically significant differences were perceived regarding the primary procedure. The overall complication rate was 18% (9 patients); 3 patients (6%) had 1 emergency department visit; readmissions accounted for 12% of cases (6 patients); the reoperation rate was 10% (5 patients); no fatal outcomes were recorded.

CONCLUSION

Duodenal switch conversions are an effective salvage procedure for insufficient weight loss and/or weight regain after adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; it is also safe, associated to low readmission, reoperation, and mortality rates.

Long-Term Outcomes of Laparoscopic Gastric Plication for Treatment of Morbid Obesity: a Single-Center Experience

BACKGROUND

Although laparoscopic gastric plication (LGP) has been mentioned in many studies, its practice has not yet been standardized. In addition, the outcomes remain conflicting, especially long-term ones. This study was conducted to elucidate the long-term consequences of LGP.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of patients with obesity underwent LGP at our institution between March 2010 and September 2014. Data were prospectively collected from our database.

RESULTS

Of the 88 consecutive patients in the study period between 2010 and 2014, follow-up data out to 6 years was available in 60 LGP patients (68.18%). The mean age of the included patients was 41.3 ± 10 years. A total of 81.7% were females. We observed a significant BMI reduction out to 2 years (p < 0.001), a plateau at 3 and 4 years, and a significant BMI increase at 6 years (p < 0.01). %TWL at 2 years was 21.14% and 12.08% at 6 years. Weight regain was observed in 35 patients at 6 years to reach a rate of 58.3%. Predictors for weight regain at 6 years were disrupted plication fold, increased hunger, and non-adherence to regular exercise. The diabetes improvement rate was 66.6% at 6 years. There were 14 re-operations (23.3%): 1 emergency (1.6%) and 13 (21.6%) elective. There was no mortality.

CONCLUSION

At the 6-year follow-up visit, LGP has a much less durable effect on weight loss with a % EWL of 32% and a weight regain of 58.3% resulting in a high rate of revisions.

Computational approaches to predicting treatment response to obesity using neuroimaging

Obesity is a worldwide disease associated with multiple severe adverse consequences and comorbid conditions. While an increased body weight is the defining feature in obesity, etiologies, clinical phenotypes and treatment responses vary between patients. These variations can be observed within individual treatment options which comprise lifestyle interventions, pharmacological treatment, and bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery can be regarded as the most effective treatment method. However, long-term weight regain is comparably frequent even for this treatment and its application is not without risk. A prognostic tool that would help predict the effectivity of the individual treatment methods in the long term would be essential in a personalized medicine approach. In line with this objective, an increasing number of studies have combined neuroimaging and computational modeling to predict treatment outcome in obesity. In our review, we begin by outlining the central nervous mechanisms measured with neuroimaging in these studies. The mechanisms are primarily related to reward-processing and include "incentive salience" and psychobehavioral control. We then present the diverse neuroimaging methods and computational prediction techniques applied. The studies included in this review provide consistent support for the importance of incentive salience and psychobehavioral control for treatment outcome in obesity. Nevertheless, further studies comprising larger sample sizes and rigorous validation processes are necessary to answer the question of whether or not the approach is sufficiently accurate for clinical real-world application.

Biochemical Markers and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Risk in Individuals After Long-Term Bariatric Surgery

BACKGROUND

Individuals who have undergone long-term bariatric surgery may be at increased obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of OSA risk and its associations, via biochemical markers, in patients who have undergone long-term bariatric surgery.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study evaluated patients after 5 years or more post Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Biochemical markers, anthropometrics, and OSA risk, via the STOP-Bang score screening tool, were evaluated. Independent Student t, Pearson's chi-squared, or correlation tests were applied, according to total OSA risk score groups or its isolated components.

RESULTS

Among the 77 patients evaluated (88.3% female; body mass index = 32.7 ± 5.8 kg/ m²; postoperative time = 9.9 ± 3.1 years), 36 were at risk for OSA. OSA risk score was positively correlated to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (r² = 0.270; p = 0.025), triglycerides (r² = 0.338, p = 0.004), total cholesterol (r² = 0,262; p = 0,028), and HbA1c (r² = 0.332; p = 0.005). Compared to each counterpart, basal insulin and triglycerides were higher among those who self-reported witnessed apnea (12.8 ± 6.5 vs 8.1 ± 3.8, p = 0.013; 136.4 ± 41.1 vs 88.5 ± 34.8, p = 0.001, respectively), while levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C were higher in participants who reported tiredness (183.9 ± 27.0 vs 164.8 ± 33.4, p = 0.005; 105.9 ± 24.4 vs 92.0 ± 26.6, p = 0.018). Participants with snoring also had higher levels of triglycerides (107 ± 41.1 vs 83.7 ± 33.9, p = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

OSA risk was highly prevalent among patients who had undergone long-term bariatric surgery, as noted via increased STOP-Bang scores, as were isolated components related to inflammatory markers and lipid and glycemic profile.

Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents with Obesity: Long-Term Perspectives and Potential Alternatives

BACKGROUND

Severe obesity among adolescent shows a worrisome trend in regard to its increasing prevalence and poses a great challenge for treatment. Conservative measures have modest effects on weight loss, usually fail in achieving a sustainable weight loss and resolution of comorbidities. This has led to greater utilization of bariatric surgery (BS) that offers a fast reduction in body mass index with little perioperative complications. Despite the increasing utilization of BS, data are still insufficient, regarding their long-term outcome in adolescents. We review short- and long-term effects of BS and their implications on bone health and nutritional deficiencies in adolescents. In addition, we discuss possible pharmaceutical alternatives.

SUMMARY

BS results in a substantial weight loss of roughly 37% in the first-year post-operation and is superior to conservative measures in resolution of metabolic comorbidities. BS significantly improves health-related quality of life. Longer follow-up (F/U) shows weight regain in 50% of patients. Furthermore, reduced bone mass and nutritional deficiencies were reported in up to 90% of patients. Most recently, alternative to BS became more relevant with approval of GLP-1 analogues use in adolescents. GLP-1 analogues are potent enough to induce moderate clinically meaningful weight loss and improvement of metabolic component.

KEY MESSAGES

We conclude that obese adolescents without major obesity-related complications may benefit from pharmacological interventions with lifestyle modification. We advise considering BS as treatment approach in adolescents with severe obesity and major obesity-related complications with proper preoperative preparation and postoperative F/U in excellence centers.

Single anastomosis sleeve jejunal (SAS-J) bypass as a treatment for morbid obesity, technique and review of 1986 cases and 6 Years follow-up. Retrospective cohort

BACKGROUND

Santoro's operation is a sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition. The operation aims to maintain passage to the duodenum to minimize nutritional deficiency. This procedure is rapidly changed to single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) bypass. SAS-J bypass is a modification of SASI with a short biliary limb.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This study is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data. The study includes a comprehensive review of 1986 patients who underwent SAS-J bypass over 6 years. The total number is used to evaluate the perioperative data. One- and two-year follow-up was used to evaluate weight loss and comorbidities; follow-up of more than 5 years was used to obtain long-term results.

RESULTS

In this study, 70.4% of patients were female and 29.6% were male. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 44.7. The mean age was 42 years. Regarding comorbidities, 25.8% of the patients had type 2 diabetes, 31% were hypertensive, 14.2% had sleep apnea syndrome, 6.6% had gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and 39.6% had hyperlipidemia. Of the 1294 patients who complete one-year follow up, %EWL reached 87%. Blood glucose levels were normalized in 98.5% of patients, hypertension remitted in 93%, hyperlipidemia improved in 97%, SAS is improved in all cases, and GERD improved in 89% of patients. After 5 years, 94 patients' BMI decreased from 44.3 to 28.3 without significant nutritional deficiency.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic SAS-J bypass is an effective and simple alternative bariatric procedure at short- and long-term follow-up.

Pharmacologic management of weight regain following bariatric surgery

While bariatric surgery restults in significant long-term weight loss for most patients with obesity, post-surgical weight gain affects a considerable percentage of patients to varying degrees of severity. Furthermore, a small but significant percentage of patients experience inadequate post-surgical weight loss. Although many studies have examined the role of anti-obesity medications to address post-operative weight regain, an evidence-based consensus has not yet been achieved because of the heterogeneity of populations studied and the studies themselves. Observational studies in the post-bariatric surgery population consistently demonstrate the benefit of medical weight management after bariatric surgery, with most evidence highlighting liraglutide, topiramate, and phentermine/topiramate. New anti-obesity medications are anticipated to be helpful for post-surgical weight optimization given their efficacy in the non-surgical population.

Nutritional Complications After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out involving studies that compared the nutritional complications of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB); these included the incidence of malnutrition as well as deficiencies of other nutritional elements, such as total protein, albumin, calcium and iron. A comprehensive search strategy was implemented in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Effect sizes included the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), as well as mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs of the percentage total weight loss (%TWL) and excess weight loss percentage (%EWL). Thirteen studies were included (12,964 patients, 66.27% females, 53.82% underwent OAGB). At the longest follow-up period (≥3 years), OAGB was associated with significantly higher %TWL (MD=5.41%, 95%CI, 1.52 to 9.29) and %EWL (MD=13.81%, 95%CI, 9.60 to 18.02) compared to RYGB. However, OAGB procedures were associated with malnutrition (OR=3.00, 95%CI, 1.68 to 5.36, p<0.0001), hypoalbuminemia (OR=2.38, 95%CI, 1.65 to 3.43, p<0.0001), hypoproteinemia (OR=1.85, 95%CI, 1.09 to 3.14, p=0.022), anemia (OR=1.38, 95%CI, 1.08 to 1.77, p=0.011), and hypocalcemia (OR=1.78, 95%CI, 1.01 to 3.12, p=0.046). On subgroup analyses, the proportions of anemia and hypoalbuminemia remained significantly higher at longer follow-up periods and in studies published in Asia. Despite the favorable weight loss profile, the unfavorable nutritional consequences of OAGB merits further investigations to explore the malabsorptive element, ethnic variation, and the role of biliopancreatic limb length.

Characteristics of Childhood Onset and Post-Puberty Onset Obesity and Weight Regain after Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Japanese Subjects: A Subgroup Analysis of J-SMART

INTRODUCTION

The psychosocial background of subjects with severe obesity developed from childhood onset obesity (CO) and their outcomes after bariatric surgery have not been fully investigated.

METHODS

305 subjects were enrolled in the J-SMART study, which examined the effects of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in Japan, and categorized into two groups: CO defined as onset up to 13 years of age (CO group) and post-puberty onset obesity defined as onset after 13 years of age (PPO group). The subjects were followed up for at least 2 years and up to 5 years after LSG. Changes in physical parameters and remission of obesity-related comorbidities were assessed at 2 years after LSG. Weight regain (WR) was also assessed by evaluating the nadir weight after LSG and maximum weight thereafter during follow-up period.

RESULTS

The mean postoperative follow-up period was 3.0 ± 1.1 years. 40.0% of the subjects had CO and these subjects had higher BMI and HOMA-β and lower age, HbA1c, HDL cholesterol, and visceral/subcutaneous fat area ratio compared to those with PPO. The CO group was also characterized by having higher rates of mental retardation, developmental disorders, and obesity in either parent and lower rate of marriage compared to the PPO group. Two years after LSG, there were no differences in total weight loss and remission rates of diabetes, dyslipidemia, and sleep apnea syndrome between the two groups, although remission rate of hypertension was higher in the CO group. The CO group also had a higher rate of WR after LSG than the PPO group, with CO, BMI, mental disorder, and binge eating contributing to WR.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that CO might be associated with genetic and psychosocial factors. CO and PPO probably differ in pathogenesis and may require different treatment strategies.

Management of Obesity and Its Complications in Children and Adolescents

Pediatric overweight/obesity has assumed epidemic proportions in India. It is associated with several significant complications and tracks into adulthood. The mainstay of management is a holistic lifestyle modification that must be adopted by the family as a whole. It involves dietary changes, regular physical activity, and behavioral changes that favor a healthy way of life. Regular follow-up, and attention to keeping up the motivation of the child and family achieves good results. In the present paper, a stepwise approach to prevention and management of childhood obesity is presented along with the recommendations for screening and management of associated complications and the role of pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery.

Impact of Bariatric Surgery on the Healthy Eating Index, Binge Eating Behavior and Food Craving in a Middle Eastern Population: A Lebanese Experience

Even though bariatric surgeries (BS) are on the rise in Lebanon and the Middle East, the changes in diet quality, binge eating, and food cravings in this region are poorly studied peri-operatively. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess binge eating behaviors, food craving and the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) in Lebanese patients who underwent BS in a duration that exceeds 6 months. Evaluation included a dietary assessment of usual diet preoperatively and postoperatively. It included the collection of information on sociodemographic, anthropometric and surgical variables, as well as the administration of dietary recalls and questionnaires to calculate the HEI score, the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the Food Craving Inventory (FCI). Participants (n = 60) were mostly females (85%) who had undergone sleeve gastrectomy (90%), with a mean duration since BS of 2.4 ± 1.8 years. Despite improvements in their HEI scores, 97% of the participants remained in the worst category. The frequency of participants in the severe BES category dropped markedly postoperatively from 78% to 5% (p < 0.01). Food craving followed a similar trend, with scores dropping from 50 ± 36 pre-surgery to 30 ± 25 post surgery (p < 0.01). Weight regain, prevalent among 40% of participants, was predicted by BES. Despite the improvement in BES and FCI, HEI improvement remained shy. Future interventions should validate findings in other countries and assess means for optimizing HEI scores among BS patients in the Middle East region.

Indications and Outcomes of Conversion of Sleeve Gastrectomy to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: a Systematic Review and a Meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most performed bariatric procedure. Conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) for SG-related complications such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), insufficient weight loss (ISWL), and weight regain (WR) is increasing. Our aim was to investigate the safety, efficacy, and outcomes of conversion from SG to RYGB.

METHODS

A literature search was performed from database inception to May 2020. Eligible studies must report indications for conversion, %total body weight loss (%TWL), and/or complications. The pooled mean or proportion were analyzed using a random-effects model.

RESULTS

Seventeen unique studies (n = 556, 68.7% female, average age at time of conversion 42.6 ± 10.29 years) were included. The pooled conversion rate due to GERD was 30.4% (95% CI 23.5, 38.3%; I² = 63.9%), compared to 52.0% (95% CI 37.0, 66.6%; I² = 85.89%) due to ISWL/WR. The pooled baseline BMI at conversion was 38.5 kg/m² (95% CI 36.49, 40.6 kg/m²; I² = 92.1%) and after 1 year was 32.1 kg/m² (95% CI 25.50, 38.7 kg/m²; I² = 94.53%). The pooled %TWL after 1 year was 22.8% (95% CI 13.5, 32.1%; I² = 98.05%). Complication rate within 30 days was 16.4% (95% CI 11.1, 23.6%; I² = 57.17%), and after 30 days was 11.4% (95% CI 7.7, 16.7%; I² = 0%).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis showed that conversion from SG to RYGB is an option for conversion at a bariatric care center that produces sufficient weight loss outcomes, and potential resolution of symptoms of GERD. Further indication-based studies are required to obtain a clearer consensus on the surgical management of patients seeking RYGB following SG.

Preoperative brain μ-opioid receptor availability predicts weight development following bariatric surgery in women

Bariatric surgery is the most effective method for weight loss in morbid obesity. There is significant individual variability in the weight loss outcomes, yet factors leading to postoperative weight loss or weight regain remain elusive. Alterations in the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and dopamine D₂ receptor (D₂R) systems are associated with obesity and appetite control, and the magnitude of initial brain receptor system perturbation may predict long-term surgical weight loss outcomes. We tested this hypothesis by studying 19 morbidly obese women (mean BMI 40) scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery. We measured their preoperative MOR and D₂R availabilities using positron emission tomography with [¹¹C]carfentanil and [¹¹C]raclopride, respectively, and then assessed their weight development association with regional MOR and D₂R availabilities at 24-month follow-up. MOR availability in the amygdala consistently predicted weight development throughout the follow-up period, but no associations were found for D₂R. This is the first study to our knowledge to demonstrate that neuroreceptor markers prior to bariatric surgery are associated with postoperative weight development. Postoperative weight regain may derive from dysfunction in the opioid system, and weight loss outcomes after bariatric surgery may be partially predicted based on preoperative brain receptor availability, opening up new potential for treatment possibilities.

IFSO Update Position Statement on One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB)

The International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) issued a position statement on the role of one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) in the field of bariatric/metabolic surgery in 2018 De Luca et al. (Obes Surg. 28(5):1188-206, 2018). This position statement was issued by the IFSO OAGB task force and approved by the IFSO Scientific Committee and IFSO Executive Board. In 2018, the OAGB task force recognized the necessity to update the position statement in the following 2 years since additional high-quality data could emerge. The updated IFSO position statement on OAGB was issued also in response to inquiries to the IFSO by society members, universities, hospitals, physicians, insurances, patients, policy makers, and media. The IFSO position statement on OAGB has been reviewed within 2 years according to the availability of additional scientific evidence. The recommendation of the statement is derived from peer-reviewed scientific literature and available knowledge. The IFSO update position statement on OAGB will again be reviewed in 2 years provided additional high-quality studies emerge.

Eating Behavior after Bariatric Surgery (EBBS) Questionnaire: a New Validated Tool to Quantify the Patients' Compliance to Post-Bariatric Dietary and Lifestyle Suggestions

PURPOSE

In the management of bariatric surgery follow-up, a multidisciplinary approach allows to evaluate the weight loss maintenance and the dietary and lifestyle changes adherence. The main aim of this study is to create and to validate a questionnaire (eating behavior after bariatric surgery (EBBS)) to objectivize the compliance to dietary/lifestyle suggestions after bariatric surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An observational retrospective monocentric clinical trial was carried out at the Bariatric Surgery Unit of Modena, Italy. All weight-related data of bariatric surgery patients collected during the multidisciplinary post-surgical path were recorded. EBBS questionnaire and three validated psychological tests were administered. EBBS includes 11 questions concerning food (domain A), drinks (B), behaviors (C), and lifestyle (S). All data analyzed in the study were collected during the same visit.

RESULTS

In 41 enrolled patients (52.2 + 11.9 years), the total weight loss after surgery was 44.87 + 18.37 kg (- 35.40 + 11.60%), with a weight loss maintenance of 86.92 + 14.30%. The EBBS questionnaire showed a good internal validity (Cronbach's alpha 0.743, Hotelling's T-square test p < 0.001). The S domain was directly related with the percentage of weight loss maintained (p = 0.048), suggesting that the frequent physical activity and the periodic weight self-check are the most predictive behaviors to obtain weight control. None of the psychological questionnaires appeared related to the weight trend.

CONCLUSIONS

We validated for the first time a 11-item self-filling questionnaire allowing to quantify the adaption to dietary/lifestyle suggestions provided after bariatric surgery. EBBS questionnaire could be a useful tool both in clinical and research setting to monitor the patient's adherence to post-surgical indications and to identify predictive factors for bariatric surgery efficacy.

Factors associated with weight regain post-bariatric surgery: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

To systematically review the literature to assess the incidence and risk factors of weight regain (WR) after bariatric surgery. Bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for sustained weight loss of morbidly obese patients, but WR remains a concern.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A PRISMA compliant systematic literature review was performed using the PubMed database, Embase and the Cochrane Library in July of 2019. Studies that reported ≥ 10% WR after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were included. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used for assessing study quality.

RESULTS

Out of 2915 retrieved abstracts, 272 full papers were reviewed, and 32 studies included (25 of high and 7 of fair quality) reporting weight outcomes on 7391 RYGB and 5872 SG patients. 17.6% (95% CI 16.9-18.3) had a WR ≥ 10%. Risk factors related with WR fell into 5 categories, namely anatomical, genetic, dietary, psychiatric, and temporal. Specifically, gastrojejunal stoma diameter, gastric volume following sleeve, anxiety, time after surgery, sweet consumption, emotional eating, portion size, food urges, binge eating, loss of control/disinhibition when eating, and genetics have been positively associated with WR while postprandial GLP-1, eagerness to change physical activity habits, self-esteem, social support, fruit and zinc consumption, HDL, quality of life have been negatively associated.

CONCLUSION

At least 1 in 6 patients after bariatric surgery had ≥ 10% WR. This review identified several factors related to WR that can be used to counsel patients preoperatively and direct postoperative strategies that minimize WR risk.

Effect of One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass on Haematinics, Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Levels: a Comparison Between 150 and 200 cm Bilio-Pancreatic Limbs

INTRODUCTION

There is little data on the effect of one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) on haematinics, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels. It is further unclear if an OAGB with a bilio-pancreatic limb (BPL) of 150 cm (OAGB-150) would deliver better outcomes than that with a BPL of 200 cm (OAGB-200).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We investigated our records to obtain information on patients who underwent an OAGB-200 or OAGB-150 until 31st July 2018 in our unit.

RESULTS

A total of 405 patients underwent either an OAGB-200 (n = 234) or OAGB-150 (n = 171). The mean age was 46 ± 10.98 years and 276 (68.1%) were females. The mean preoperative weight and the body mass index (BMI) were 139 ± 29.96 kg and 49 ± 8.14 kg/m² respectively. With OAGB-200, there was a significant increase in anaemia rates at 1 and 2 years compared to preoperative levels with a significant fall in haemoglobin levels. After OAGB-150, there was a significant fall in haemoglobin levels at 1 and 2 years but the increase in anaemia rate was only significant at 2 years. There was a significant increase in PTH levels and the number of abnormal values at 1 and 2 years with OAGB-200. With OAGB-150, PTH changes were significant at 2 years only.

CONCLUSION

We found that both OAGB-200 and OAGB-150 are associated with a significant increase in anaemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Our findings should prompt the evaluation of supplementation protocols with higher dosages than we recommend for iron, folate and calcium. Consideration should also be given to evaluating shorter BPL lengths than 150 cm with OAGB.

Weight Regain and Insufficient Weight Loss After Bariatric Surgery: Definitions, Prevalence, Mechanisms, Predictors, Prevention and Management Strategies, and Knowledge Gaps-a Scoping Review

Some patients experience weight regain (WR) or insufficient weight loss (IWL) after bariatric surgery (BS). We undertook a scoping review of WR and IWL after BS. We searched electronic databases for studies addressing the definitions, prevalence, mechanisms, clinical significance, preoperative predictors, and preventive and treatment approaches including behavioral, pharmacological, and surgical management strategies of WR and IWL. Many definitions exist for WR, less so for IWL, resulting in inconsistencies in the reported prevalence of these two conditions. Mechanisms and preoperative predictors contributing to WR are complex and multifactorial. A range of the current knowledge gaps are identified and questions that need to be addressed are outlined. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address these knowledge gaps for a better evidence base that would guide patient counseling, selection, and lead to improved outcomes.

Complications after bariatric surgery: A multicentric study of 11,568 patients from Indian bariatric surgery outcomes reporting group

Background

Complications after bariatric surgery are not uncommon occurrences that influence the choice of operations both by patients and by surgeons. Complications may be classified as intra-operative, early (<30 days post-operatively) or late (beyond 30 days). The prevalence of complications is influenced by the sample size, surgeon's experience and length and percentage of follow-up. There are no multicentric reports of post-bariatric complications from India.

Objectives

To examine the various complications after different bariatric operations that currently performed in India.

Materials and Methods

A scientific committee designed a questionnaire to examine the post-bariatric surgery complications during a fixed time period in India. Data requested included demographic data, co-morbidities, type of procedure, complications, investigations and management of complications. This questionnaire was sent to all centres where bariatric surgery is performed in India. Data collected were reviewed, were analysed and are presented.

Results

Twenty-four centres responded with a report on 11,568 bariatric procedures. These included 4776 (41.3%) sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 3187 (27.5%) one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), 2993 (25.9%) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 612 (5.3%) other procedures. Total reported complications were 363 (3.13%). Post-operative bleeding (0.75%) and nutritional deficiency (0.75%) were the two most common complications. Leaks (P = 0.009) and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (P = 0.019) were significantly higher in SG, marginal ulcers in OAGB (P = 0.000), intestinal obstruction in RYGB (P = 0.001) and nutritional complications in other procedures (P = 0.000). Overall, the percentage of complications was higher in 'other' procedures (6.05%, P = 0.000). There were 18 (0.16%) reported mortalities.

Conclusions

The post-bariatric composite complication rate from the 24 participating centres in this study from India is at par with the published data. Aggressive post-bariatric follow-up is required to improve nutritional outcomes.

Gastrojejunal Anastomotic Technique. Does It Matter? Weight Loss and Weight Regain 5 Years After Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Purpose

The gastrojejunostomy during laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) can be constructed by hand sewn (HSA), linear (LSA) and circular (CSA) stapler technique. They are all considered safe; however, it is not known which the best technique is. Short-term follow-up suggest no difference in weight loss or weight regain between them. However, there is no information on these parameters in the long term. Theatre time and cost are other important factors defining the best way to form gastrojejunostomy.

Materials and Methods

In a prospective longitudinal cohort study consecutive patients following primary LRYGB were recruited to a bariatric database in a tertiary care centre. Anastomotic technique, diameter, the length of operations and associated costs, weight loss and weight regain were recorded. Patients were followed up for 5 years.

Results

A total of 385 patients with an initial body mass index of 47.1 kg/m² (35–68) were enrolled to this study. This decreased to 33.3 kg/m² (21–54 kg/m²) after 5 years. There was no difference in %TWL after 3 years, P = 0.296, or 5 years, P = 0.187, between the techniques. The number of patients with weight regain was not different after 3 years, P = 0.224, or 5 years, P = 0.795. All techniques had similar operative time. CSA has a higher material cost. Early anastomotic stricture was more common following HSA; however, the difference was not significant.

Conclusion

Mid-term weight loss and weight regain are not related to anastomotic technique, and there is no difference in operative time associated to them. Circular stapler technique has a higher material cost due to the additional stapler.

Effects of bariatric surgery in Chinese with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 3-year follow-up

The incidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is growing, and bariatric surgery was applied as a new therapy in the past few decades. However, bariatric surgery started rather late in China, and the number of surgeries and the follow-up data is limited.We assessed body weight, glucose, lipid levels, and blood pressure at baseline and 6-month, 1-year, 3-year in patients who underwent bariatric surgery. Vitamins and trace elements were investigated at 3-year after surgery. The quality of life was assessed at 3-year and compared with the control group.In total 20 patients were recruited in the study, and all the 20 patients underwent surgery and completed all follow-ups. Results showed that the body weight, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), glucose, and insulin level were decreased, and islet function improved significantly in 6-month and 1-year (P < .001), and the changes were more obvious in the first 6 months. However, all the indexes rebound significantly at the 3-year (P < .05), but still better than baseline (P < .05). Weight regain was 50% after 3 years, and the mean weight regain rate was 31.45%. Besides, blood pressure and lipid levels decreased significantly compared with baseline (P < .001). At the 3-year follow-up, we found that 100% of the patients showed vitamin D deficiency, 50% calcium deficiency, 20% vitamin B12 deficiency, 20% iron deficiency, and 15% suffered from anemia. Compared with the control group, the quality of life was better in patients who underwent surgery, especially in the physical health (P < .05).The current study showed that the body weight, glucose and islet function improved significantly after bariatric surgery, and the indexes changed mainly in the first 6 months, but there seemed to be a rebound after 3 years. Furthermore, the surgery may improve the blood pressure, lipid profile, and the quality of life. However, some patients may suffer anemia, calcium deficiency, iron deficiency, vitamin D, and vitamin B12 deficiency after 3 years.

Is Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Still the Gold Standard Procedure for Indians? Mid- to Long-Term Outcomes from a Tertiary Care Center

PURPOSE

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the oldest and most widely performed bariatric surgery worldwide. There is, however, a scarcity of mid- to long-term data of RYGB, especially from the Indian subcontinent.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was a single-center, retrospective analysis from patients who underwent RYGB between January 2009 and November 2014 from a tertiary care center in India. Percent of total weight loss (%TWL) was taken as the primary outcome of the study. Secondary outcomes included type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remission, comorbidity resolution, revisional surgeries, and complications related to RYGB at 1 year, at 3 years, and during the long term, following surgery. Postoperative visits took place at 1 and 3 years, while the long-term outcome was at median 8.3 years (range 5.4-11.2 years), with a follow-up of 92.4% (488/528), 80.5% (424/527) and 69.5% (363/522), respectively.

RESULTS

Out of 528 patients studied, 56% were females. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 40.6 ± 6.9 kg/m². The %TWL in the long-term follow-up was 21.8 ± 11.3%. T2DM remission rates at 1 year, at 3 years, and during the long term were 84.5%, 70.0%, and 60.0%, respectively. Preoperative HBA1c (p = 0.002) and insulin usage (p = 0.016) had a significant predictive effect on T2DM remission. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) improved significantly (p < 0.001). Early (< 30 days) and late (> 30 days) complications were observed in 2.3% and 4.3% of the patients, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Weight loss during mid to long-term follow-up was maintained in the majority of the patients after RYGB. However, a small proportion had significant weight regain in the long term. T2DM, GERD, and other comorbidities were well improved after RYGB.