1
|
Burgelman M, Vandendriessche C, Vandenbroucke RE. Extracellular Vesicles: A Double-Edged Sword in Sepsis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080829. [PMID: 34451925 PMCID: PMC8399948 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to an infection. Several studies on mouse and patient sepsis samples have revealed that the level of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the blood is altered compared to healthy controls, but the different functions of EVs during sepsis pathology are not yet completely understood. Sepsis EVs are described as modulators of inflammation, lymphocyte apoptosis, coagulation and organ dysfunction. Furthermore, EVs can influence clinical outcome and it is suggested that EVs can predict survival. Both detrimental and beneficial roles for EVs have been described in sepsis, depending on the EV cellular source and the disease phase during which the EVs are studied. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of EV sources and functions during sepsis pathology based on in vitro and mouse models, as well as patient samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Burgelman
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charysse Vandendriessche
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E. Vandenbroucke
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (M.B.); (C.V.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-9-3313730
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Familial hypercholesterolemia: Is there a role for PCSK9 and thrombin generation? Thromb Res 2021; 200:156-163. [PMID: 33626480 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant genetic disease. The prevalence of FH has previously been reported as 1 in 500 in the general population. This study aimed to evaluate the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) levels, lipid profile and thrombin generation in FH patients undergoing treatment or not. METHODS Eighty individuals with FH were selected and distributed in 2 groups: individuals treated with statins alone or conjugate therapy (statin + ezetimibe) (T = 53) and those non treated (NT = 27). PCSK9 levels were determined by ELISA, the lipid profile by colorimetric enzyme method and thrombin generation assay (TGA) by CAT method. RESULTS Individuals treated with conjugate therapy (statin + ezetimibe) showed a significant reduction in the levels of total cholesterol (TC) low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) and in the potential for thrombin generation (ETP with low and high concentration of tissue factor), compared to the treated individuals with monotherapy (statins). PCSK9 was positively correlated with increased levels of TC, LDLc and triglycerides, while TGA parameters were positively correlated with PCSK9 and lipid profile. CONCLUSION PCSK9 levels appear to be associated with components of the lipid and hemostatic profiles, in addition to being influenced by age. In general, our findings suggest that combined therapy for the treatment of FH is associated with a significant improvement in both lipid and hemostatic profiles assessed by TGA, suggesting a reduction in atherogenic and thrombogenic risks and, therefore, more promising compared to the use of statin monotherapy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Colchicine inhibits the prothrombotic effects of oxLDL in human endothelial cells. Vascul Pharmacol 2020; 137:106822. [PMID: 33232770 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2020.106822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue Factor (TF) plays a pivotal role in coronary thrombosis. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) are crucial in development of atherosclerosclerosis. Moreover, oxLDL are known to induce TF expression on several cell types including endothelial cells. The lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) represent the oxLDL receptor. Colchicine is an anti-mitotic drug recently proven to have beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease via unknown mechanisms. Thus, we aim at investigating colchicine effects on TF expression in oxLDL stimulated human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). Some molecular mechanism(s) potentially involved were investigated. METHODS HUVEC were pre-incubated with colchicine 10 μM for 1 h and then stimulated with oxLDL (50 μg/mL). TF gene (RT-PCR), protein (western blot), surface expression (FACS) and procoagulant activity (FXa generation assay) were measured. TF translocation to cell surface was investigated by immunofluorescence. NF-κB/IκB axis was examined by western blot analysis and translocation assay. Finally, LOX-1 expression was also investigated. RESULTS Colchicine significantly reduced TF gene and protein expression as well as its procoagulant activity in oxLDL-treated HUVEC. These effects seem to be related mainly to action of colchicine on microtubules that, in turn, modulate TF trafficking in the cytoplasm, NF-κB/IκB pathway and LOX-1 expression. CONCLUSIONS Data of the present study, although in vitro, indicate that one of the hypothetical mechanisms by which colchicine exert protective cardiovascular effects might be its ability to inhibit the pro-thrombotic activity of oxLDL.
Collapse
|
4
|
Ivanov II, Apta BHR, Bonna AM, Harper MT. Platelet P-selectin triggers rapid surface exposure of tissue factor in monocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13397. [PMID: 31527604 PMCID: PMC6746844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49635-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) plays a central role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Following vascular damage, vessel wall TF initiates the extrinsic coagulation cascade. TF can also be exposed by monocytes. Inflammatory or infectious stimuli trigger synthesis of new TF protein by monocytes over the course of hours. It has also been suggested that monocytes can expose TF within minutes when stimulated by activated platelets. Here, we have confirmed that monocytes rapidly expose TF in whole blood and further demonstrate that platelet P-selectin exposure is necessary and sufficient. Monocyte TF exposure increased within five minutes in response to platelet activation by PAR1-AP, PAR4-AP or CRP-XL. PAR1-AP did not trigger TF exposure on isolated monocytes unless platelets were also present. In whole blood, PAR1-AP-triggered TF exposure required P-selectin and PGSL-1. In isolated monocytes, although soluble recombinant P-selectin had no effect, P-selectin coupled to 2 µm beads triggered TF exposure. Cycloheximide did not affect rapid TF exposure, indicating that de novo protein synthesis was not required. These data show that P-selectin on activated platelets rapidly triggers TF exposure on monocytes. This may represent a mechanism by which platelets and monocytes rapidly contribute to intravascular coagulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivelin I Ivanov
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bonita H R Apta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Arkadiusz M Bonna
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T Harper
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cimmino G, Cirillo P. Tissue factor: newer concepts in thrombosis and its role beyond thrombosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2018; 8:581-593. [PMID: 30498683 DOI: 10.21037/cdt.2018.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the attention on tissue factor (TF) in human pathophysiology has been limited to its role as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway. Moreover, it was described as a glycoprotein located in several tissue including vascular wall and atherosclerotic plaque. However, in the last two decades, the discovery that TF circulates in the blood as cell-associated protein, microparticles (MPs) bound and as soluble form, is changing this old vessel-wall TF dogma. Moreover, it has been reported that TF is expressed by different cell types, even T lymphocytes and platelets, and different pathological conditions, such as acute and chronic inflammatory status, and cancer, may enhance its expression and activity. Thus, recent advances in the biology of TF have clearly indicated that beyond its known effects on blood coagulation, it is a "true surface receptor" involved in many intracellular signaling, cell-survival, gene and protein expression, proliferation, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Finally, therapeutic modulation of TF expression and/or activity has been tested with controversial results. This report, starting from the old point of view about TF as initiator of extrinsic coagulation pathway, briefly illustrates the more recent concepts about TF and thrombosis and finally gives an overview about its role beyond thrombosis and haemostasis focusing on the different intracellular mechanisms triggered by its activation and potentially involved in atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advance Biomedical Science, Division of Cardiology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ngoepe MN, Frangi AF, Byrne JV, Ventikos Y. Thrombosis in Cerebral Aneurysms and the Computational Modeling Thereof: A Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:306. [PMID: 29670533 PMCID: PMC5893827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a condition closely related to cerebral aneurysms and controlled thrombosis is the main purpose of endovascular embolization treatment. The mechanisms governing thrombus initiation and evolution in cerebral aneurysms have not been fully elucidated and this presents challenges for interventional planning. Significant effort has been directed towards developing computational methods aimed at streamlining the interventional planning process for unruptured cerebral aneurysm treatment. Included in these methods are computational models of thrombus development following endovascular device placement. The main challenge with developing computational models for thrombosis in disease cases is that there exists a wide body of literature that addresses various aspects of the clotting process, but it may not be obvious what information is of direct consequence for what modeling purpose (e.g., for understanding the effect of endovascular therapies). The aim of this review is to present the information so it will be of benefit to the community attempting to model cerebral aneurysm thrombosis for interventional planning purposes, in a simplified yet appropriate manner. The paper begins by explaining current understanding of physiological coagulation and highlights the documented distinctions between the physiological process and cerebral aneurysm thrombosis. Clinical observations of thrombosis following endovascular device placement are then presented. This is followed by a section detailing the demands placed on computational models developed for interventional planning. Finally, existing computational models of thrombosis are presented. This last section begins with description and discussion of physiological computational clotting models, as they are of immense value in understanding how to construct a general computational model of clotting. This is then followed by a review of computational models of clotting in cerebral aneurysms, specifically. Even though some progress has been made towards computational predictions of thrombosis following device placement in cerebral aneurysms, many gaps still remain. Answering the key questions will require the combined efforts of the clinical, experimental and computational communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malebogo N Ngoepe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Centre for High Performance Computing, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Center for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - James V Byrne
- Department of Neuroradiology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yiannis Ventikos
- UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bode C, Zirlik A, Ahrens I. Anticoagulation during and after acute coronary syndrome. Hamostaseologie 2017; 34:72-7. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-09-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryCurrent antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Dual antiplatelet therapy composed of aspirin plus a third generation P2Y12 inhibitor (prasugrel or ticagrelor) represents the gold standard, while aspirin plus second generation P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel) may be used as an alternative in the presence of contraindications for third generation P2Y12 inhibitors and/or a high risk of bleeding. Unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the unchallenged mainstay in anticoagulation for ACS for many decades and is still widely used in patients with ACS treated interventionally. Novel alternative parenteral anticoagulant strategies include the low molecular weight heparin enoxaparin and the synthetic pentas-accharide fondaparinux. Both of these agents share advantages over UFH particularly in medically treated patients with ACS not scheduled for PCI. The direct parenteral factor IIa (thrombin) inhibitor bivalirudin, when used as sole anticoagulant in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, is as effective as the regimen of UFH plus GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor in NSTEMI and superior to the latter regimen in patients with STEMI. The novel approach of a long-term low dose factor Xa inhibition with rivaroxaban in the post ACS phase even further reduced cardiovascular mortality in a clinical trial but has yet to be established in daily clinical practice in the setting of third generation P2Y12 inhibitors. This review discusses currently clinically established anticoagulants for the treatment of ACS alongside with novel approaches such as rivaroxaban.
Collapse
|
8
|
Platelet-neutrophil interactions as drivers of inflammatory and thrombotic disease. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:567-576. [PMID: 29178039 PMCID: PMC5820397 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2727-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are well known for their role in infection and inflammatory disease and are first responders at sites of infection or injury. Platelets have an established role in hemostasis and thrombosis and are first responders at sites of vascular damage. However, neutrophils are increasingly recognized for their role in thrombosis, while the immunemodulatory properties of platelets are being increasingly studied. Platelets and neutrophils interact during infection, inflammation and thrombosis and modulate each other’s functions. This review will discuss the consequences of platelet–neutrophil interactions in infection, thrombosis, atherosclerosis and tissue injury and repair.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cimmino G, Loffredo FS, Morello A, D'Elia S, De Palma R, Cirillo P, Golino P. Immune-Inflammatory Activation in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Look into the Heart of Unstable Coronary Plaque. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:110-117. [PMID: 27758696 PMCID: PMC5452145 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x12666161014093812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation, progression and complication of atherosclerotic plaque has advanced significantly and the main role of inflammation and immunity in this phenomenon is now largely accepted. Accumulating evidence highlight the crucial role of different inflammatory and immune cells, such as monocytes and T-lymphocytes, in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic lesion, particularly in contributing to its com-plications, such as rupture or ulceration. According to the new terminology, “vulnerable plaque” identi-fies an inflamed atherosclerotic lesion that is particularly prone to rupture. Once disrupted, prothrom-botic material is exposed to the flowing blood, thus activating coagulation cascade and platelet aggrega-tion, ultimately leading to acute thrombus formation within the coronary vessel. To date this is the key event underlying the clinical manifestations of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). The degree of vessel occlusion (complete vs. incomplete) and the time of blood flow cessation will define the severity of clinical picture. This phenomenon seems to be the final effect of a complex inter-action between different local and systemic factors, involving the degree of inflammation, type of cells infiltration and the rheological characteristics of blood flow at the site of plaque rupture, thrombogenic substrates within the atherosclerotic lesion and different soluble mediators, already present or acutely released in the circulating blood. This article will review currently available data on the pathophysiology of ACS, emphasizing the immunological and inflammatory aspects of vulnerable plaque. We may pos-tulate that intraplaque antigens and local microenvironment will define the immune-inflammatory re-sponse and cells phenotype, thus determining the severity of clinical manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco S Loffredo
- Molecular Cardiology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Morello
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Saverio D'Elia
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Immunology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Plinio Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Golino
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Section of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Trepesch C, Nitzsche R, Glass A, Kreikemeyer B, Schubert JK, Oehmcke-Hecht S. High intravascular tissue factor-but not extracellular microvesicles-in septic patients is associated with a high SAPS II score. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:34. [PMID: 27217958 PMCID: PMC4876565 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0160-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is associated with coagulation abnormalities, and a high content of intravascular tissue factor (TF) may contribute to the development of multisystem organ failure. Circulating microvesicles (MVs) are increased during sepsis and characterized by their phosphatidylserine content. It is unclear whether MVs—as a part of the host response to the infection—are beneficial or rather contribute to systemic complications in sepsis. In the present prospective clinical pilot study, we investigated whether plasma TF and MVs are associated with the risk of multiple organ failure and mortality. Methods Thirty patients diagnosed with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock were enrolled and classified as 19 survivors and 11 non-survivors. Blood samples were collected on the day of admission and then daily for up to 2 weeks. MVs and TF were quantified in plasma by ELISA. Results Non-survivors had significantly higher TF concentrations on day 3 compared to survivors. Logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with high amounts of TF had significantly increased risk for severity of disease, according to high Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) scores (odds ratio 18.7). In contrast, a higher content of phosphatidylserine-rich MVs were apparently associated with a lower risk for mortality and multiple organ failure, although this was only a trend and the odds ratios were not significant. Conclusions This study showed that a high amount of TF in septic patients is significantly associated with increased risk for disease severity, according to a high SAPS II score. Quantification of total MVs in plasma, independent from their cell origin, might be indicative for the outcome of patients in sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Trepesch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ramona Nitzsche
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Aenne Glass
- Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Ageing Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen K Schubert
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Suades R, Padró T, Crespo J, Ramaiola I, Martin-Yuste V, Sabaté M, Sans-Roselló J, Sionis A, Badimon L. Circulating microparticle signature in coronary and peripheral blood of ST elevation myocardial infarction patients in relation to pain-to-PCI elapsed time. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:378-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
12
|
Berezin A, Zulli A, Kerrigan S, Petrovic D, Kruzliak P. Predictive role of circulating endothelial-derived microparticles in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Biochem 2015; 48:562-8. [PMID: 25697107 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial-derived microparticles (EMPs) are a novel biological marker of endothelium injury and vasomotion disorders that are involved in pathogenesis of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory diseases. Circulating levels of EMPs are thought to reflect a balance between cell stimulation, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell death. Increased EMPs may be defined in several cardiovascular diseases, such as stable and unstable coronary artery disease, acute and chronic heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias, thromboembolism, asymptomatic atherosclerosis as well as renal failure, metabolic disorders (including type two diabetes mellitus, abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance) and dyslipidemia. This review highlights the controversial opinions regarding impact of circulating EMPs in major cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and summarizes the perspective implementation of the EMPs in risk stratification models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, Australia
| | - Steve Kerrigan
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics Department, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Petrovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Spatial aspects of blood coagulation: two decades of research on the self-sustained traveling wave of thrombin. Thromb Res 2014; 135:423-33. [PMID: 25550187 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In a number of experimental studies, it has been demonstrated that the forefront of blood coagulation can propagate in the manner of a signal relay. These data strongly support the concept that the formation of a blood clot is governed by a self-sustained traveling wave of thrombin. The present review critically appraises the experimental data obtained in recent decades concerning the self-sustained spatial propagation of thrombin. Open questions regarding the experimental detection of the self-sustained propagation of thrombin are discussed.
Collapse
|
14
|
Oehmcke S, Westman J, Malmström J, Mörgelin M, Olin AI, Kreikemeyer B, Herwald H. A novel role for pro-coagulant microvesicles in the early host defense against streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003529. [PMID: 23935504 PMCID: PMC3731245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that stimulation of whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells with bacterial virulence factors results in the sequestration of pro-coagulant microvesicles (MVs). These particles explore their clotting activity via the extrinsic and intrinsic pathway of coagulation; however, their pathophysiological role in infectious diseases remains enigmatic. Here we describe that the interaction of pro-coagulant MVs with bacteria of the species Streptococcus pyogenes is part of the early immune response to the invading pathogen. As shown by negative staining electron microscopy and clotting assays, pro-coagulant MVs bind in the presence of plasma to the bacterial surface. Fibrinogen was identified as a linker that, through binding to the M1 protein of S. pyogenes, allows the opsonization of the bacteria by MVs. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed a strong interaction between pro-coagulant MVs and fibrinogen with a KD value in the nanomolar range. When performing a mass-spectrometry-based strategy to determine the protein quantity, a significant up-regulation of the fibrinogen-binding integrins CD18 and CD11b on pro-coagulant MVs was recorded. Finally we show that plasma clots induced by pro-coagulant MVs are able to prevent bacterial dissemination and possess antimicrobial activity. These findings were confirmed by in vivo experiments, as local treatment with pro-coagulant MVs dampens bacterial spreading to other organs and improved survival in an invasive streptococcal mouse model of infection. Taken together, our data implicate that pro-coagulant MVs play an important role in the early response of the innate immune system in infectious diseases. The coagulation system is much more than a passive bystander in our defense against exogenous microorganisms. Over the last years there has been a growing body of evidence pointing to an integral part of coagulation in innate immunity and a special focus has been on bacterial entrapment in a fibrin network. However, thus far, pro-coagulant MVs have not been discussed in this context, though it is known that their numbers can dramatically increase in many pathological conditions, including severe infectious diseases. In the present study we see a significant increase of pro-coagulant MVs in an invasive streptococcal mouse model, suggesting that their release is an immune response to the infection. We find that pro-coagulant MVs bind to Streptococcus pyogenes and promote clotting, entrapment, and killing of the bacteria in a fibrin network. As a proof of concept pro-coagulant MVs were applied as local treatment in the streptococcal infection model, and it was demonstrated that this led to a significantly improved survival in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Oehmcke
- University Medicine, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University, Rostock, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jialal I, Kaur H, Devaraj S. Human C-reactive protein accentuates macrophage activity in biobreeding diabetic rats. J Diabetes Complications 2013; 27:23-8. [PMID: 22520400 PMCID: PMC3404262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is a pro-inflammatory state characterized by high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. However, there is a paucity of data examining the role of CRP in promoting the pro-inflammatory state of diabetes. Thus, we examined the pro-inflammatory effects of human CRP using spontaneously diabetic bio-breeding (BB) rats. METHODS Diabetic rats (n=9/group) were injected with Human serum albumin (huSA) or Human CRP (hCRP, 20 mg/kg body weight; i.p.) for 3 consecutive days. Blood and peritoneal macrophages (MØ) were obtained following euthanasia. Peritoneal macrophages were used for measuring superoxide anion release, NF-κB DNA binding activity, proinflammatory mediator secretion. RESULTS hCRP administration resulted in significantly increased superoxide anion production, along with increased release of cytokines/chemokines, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) and Tissue Factor (TF) activity in diabetic rats compared to huSA. hCRP-treated BB rat MØ showed significant induction of protein kinase C (PKC)-alpha, PKC-delta and p47 phox expression and NF-κB compared to huSA. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our data suggest that human CRP exacerbates in-vivo the pro-inflammatory, pro-oxidant and procoagulant states of diabetes predominantly via increased macrophage activity and this could have implications with respect to vascular complications and anti-inflammatory therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishwarlal Jialal
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang P, Wu Y, Li X, Ma X, Zhong L. Thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase control tissue factor activity by thiol redox-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3346-58. [PMID: 23223577 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.418046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally enhanced tissue factor (TF) activity is related to increased thrombosis risk in which oxidative stress plays a critical role. Human cytosolic thioredoxin (hTrx1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), also secreted into circulation, have the power to protect against oxidative stress. However, the relationship between hTrx1/TrxR and TF remains unknown. Here we show reversible association of hTrx1 with TF in human serum and plasma samples. The association is dependent on hTrx1-Cys-73 that bridges TF-Cys-209 via a disulfide bond. hTrx1-Cys-73 is absolutely required for hTrx1 to interfere with FVIIa binding to purified and cell-surface TF, consequently suppressing TF-dependent procoagulant activity and proteinase-activated receptor-2 activation. Moreover, hTrx1/TrxR plays an important role in sensing the alterations of NADPH/NADP(+) states and transducing this redox-sensitive signal into changes in TF activity. With NADPH, hTrx1/TrxR readily facilitates the reduction of TF, causing a decrease in TF activity, whereas with NADP(+), hTrx1/TrxR promotes the oxidation of TF, leading to an increase in TF activity. By comparison, TF is more likely to favor the reduction by hTrx1-TrxR-NADPH. This reversible reduction-oxidation reaction occurs in the TF extracellular domain that contains partially opened Cys-49/-57 and Cys-186/-209 disulfide bonds. The cell-surface TF procoagulant activity is significantly increased after hTrx1-knockdown. The response of cell-surface TF procoagulant activity to H(2)O(2) is efficiently suppressed through elevating cellular TrxR activity via selenium supplementation. Our data provide a novel mechanism for redox regulation of TF activity. By modifying Cys residues or regulating Cys redox states in TF extracellular domain, hTrx1/TrxR function as a safeguard against inappropriate TF activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cimmino G, D'Amico C, Vaccaro V, D'Anna M, Golino P. The missing link between atherosclerosis, inflammation and thrombosis: is it tissue factor? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2011; 9:517-23. [PMID: 21517734 DOI: 10.1586/erc.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic plaques plays a key role during the onset of acute coronary syndromes. Lesion disruption facilitates the interaction between circulating blood and prothrombotic substances, such as tissue factor (TF) present within the atherosclerotic lesion. For a long period of time, vessel-wall TF has been considered the major determinant of thrombosis. However, this old dogma has been recently changed owing to the discovery of a different pool of TF that circulates in flowing blood (blood-borne TF). Several studies have shown that blood-borne TF circulates in different pools that are associated with selected blood cells, such as monocytes, granulocytes and platelets in cell-derived microparticles, and as a soluble protein generated by alternative splicing of its full-length mRNA. Recent studies have identified a hypercoagulable state associated with an increased circulating TF activity, leading to the concept of 'vulnerable blood'. Part of the blood-borne TF circulates in an 'inactive' form and it is required to be 'activated' to exert its thrombogenic potential. Certain pathological conditions, such as smoking, hyperlipidemia and diabetes, show a higher incidence of thrombotic complications. These conditions are also characterized by the presence of high levels of circulating TF activity. Recent evidence may also suggest that an increased circulating TF activity may potentiate the initial thrombogenic stimulus represented by vessel wall-associated TF, leading to the formation of larger and/or more stable thrombus, and thus more severe acute coronary syndromes. It has been reported that inflammation increases TF expression and activity by different cell types. On the other hand, TF upregulation may facilitate inflammation by enhancing intravascular fibrin deposition, formation of proinflammatory fragments of fibrin, and by generating coagulation proteases, including FVIIa, FXa and thrombin, that activate protease-activated receptors. Furthermore, the biology of TF is know known to be more complex than previously thought by the demonstration that this protein, apart from its known effects on blood coagulation, can also function as a signaling receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cimmino
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, Division of Cardiology, Second University of Naples, AOS Sebastiano e S. Anna, Via Tescione, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Toschi V. Blood-born tissue factor in cardiovascular disease: where are we now? Intern Emerg Med 2011; 6:3-5. [PMID: 20853069 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-010-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Toschi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Thrombosis Center, AO Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|