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Cardona Salazar DK, Caplin J, Whyms P, Alrayyes S, Nikita E, Galang-Boquiren MT, Truskoski D, Naqvi A, Nicholas CL. Nutrition, obesity, and dental development in young adolescents in Chicago. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 34:e23721. [PMID: 35064944 PMCID: PMC9177520 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood obesity is a systemic disease with multiple downstream consequences, including shifts in timing of growth and development. It has been documented that children with high body mass index (BMI) show accelerated timing of dental development, but the mechanism for this acceleration is unknown. Prior work has suggested that inflammation and/or nutrition may play a role. We investigate the potential association between diet (caloric intake, macronutrients), obesity, and accelerated dental development. METHODS Children and adolescents (age 10-15; n = 112) were recruited from dental clinics at the University of Illinois Chicago. We collected subjects' height, weight, panoramic radiographic records, and each subject filled out a Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. RESULTS The only macronutrient level associated with BMI was a negative correlation to Total Fat consumption (p = .01), though this relationship was not significant in the path analysis (p > .05). Regression analyses indicated that BMI (p = .003) and total caloric intake (controlling for BMI; rho = 0.19; p = .04) were both significantly correlated with timing of dental development. However, when a path analysis was conducted, it was revealed that only BMI was statistically significant (p = .008). CONCLUSIONS Body mass index percentile, regardless of caloric intake, is positively associated with accelerated dental development. While it is possible that excess caloric intake itself plays a minor role in timing of dental development, we do not see unambiguous evidence for this in our sample. We posit that another mechanism, such as inflammation, may be the link between obesity status and dental development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Caplin
- Department of Preventative, Pediatric, and Community Dentistry, University of New England, Portland, ME 04103
| | - Pamela Whyms
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Sahar Alrayyes
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Efthymia Nikita
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Deric Truskoski
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Afsar Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
| | - Christina L. Nicholas
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
- Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211
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Effect of high-intensity interval training on clinical and laboratory parameters of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fowler JR, Tucker LA, Bailey BW, LeCheminant JD. Physical Activity and Insulin Resistance in 6,500 NHANES Adults: The Role of Abdominal Obesity. J Obes 2020; 2020:3848256. [PMID: 33376604 PMCID: PMC7745049 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3848256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional investigation studied differences in insulin resistance across levels of physical activity in 6,500 US adults who were randomly selected as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Another important objective was to determine the influence of abdominal obesity on the physical activity and insulin resistance relationship. MET-minutes were utilized to quantify total activity based on participation in 48 different physical activities. Two strategies were employed to categorize levels of physical activity: one was based on relative MET-minutes (quartiles), and the other approach was based on the US physical activity guidelines. Insulin resistance was indexed using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Abdominal obesity was indexed using waist circumference. Effect modification was tested by dividing waist circumferences into sex-specific quartiles and then evaluating the relationship between physical activity and HOMA-IR within each quartile separately. Results showed that relative physical activity level was associated with HOMA-IR after controlling for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates (F = 11.5, P < 0.0001 and F = 6.0, P=0.0012, respectively). Adjusting for demographic and demographic and lifestyle covariates also resulted in significant relationships between guideline-based activity and HOMA-IR (F = 8.0, P < 0.0001 and F = 4.9, P=0.0017, respectively). However, statistically controlling for differences in waist circumference with the other covariates nullified the relationship between total physical activity and HOMA-IR. Effect modification testing showed that when the sample was delimited to adults with abdominal obesity (Quartile 4), relative (F = 5.6, P=0.0019) and guideline-based physical activity (F = 3.7, P=0.0098) and HOMA-IR were significantly associated. Physical activity and HOMA-IR were not related within the other three quartiles. In conclusion, it appears that differences in physical activity may play a meaningful role in insulin resistance in those with abdominal obesity, but total activity does not seem to account for differences in insulin resistance among US adults with smaller waists.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. Fowler
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Larry A. Tucker
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - Bruce W. Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
| | - James D. LeCheminant
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA
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Maleki BH, Tartibian B. High-Intensity Exercise Training for Improving Reproductive Function in Infertile Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2017.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Spielman LJ, Estaki M, Ghosh S, Gibson DL, Klegeris A. The effects of voluntary wheel running on neuroinflammatory status: Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 79:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Schmidt FM, Kirkby KC, Lichtblau N. Inflammation and Immune Regulation as Potential Drug Targets in Antidepressant Treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:674-87. [PMID: 26769225 PMCID: PMC5050395 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160115130414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a mutual relationship between inflammation and major depression. A variety of mechanisms are outlined, indicating how inflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis, course and treatment of major depression. In particular, this review addresses 1) inflammatory cytokines as markers of depression and potential predictors of treatment response, 2) findings that cytokines interact with antidepressants and non-pharmacological antidepressive therapies, such as electroconvulsive therapy, deep brain stimulation and physical activity, 3) the influence of cytokines on the cytochrome (CYP) p450-system and drug efflux transporters, and 4) how cascades of inflammation might serve as antidepressant drug targets. A number of clinical trials have focused on agents with immunmodulatory properties in the treatment of depression, of which this review covers nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cytokine inhibitors, ketamine, polyunsaturated fatty acids, statins and curcumin. A perspective is also provided on possible future immune targets for antidepressant therapy, such as toll-like receptor-inhibitors, glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors, oleanolic acid analogs and minocycline. Concluding from the available data, markers of inflammation may become relevant factors for more personalised planning and prediction of response of antidepressant treatment strategies. Agents with anti-inflammatory properties have the potential to serve as clinically relevant antidepressants. Further studies are required to better define and identify subgroups of patients responsive to inflammatory agents as well as to define optimal time points for treatment onset and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank M Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Leipzig, Semmelweisstraße 10, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Darr RL, Savage KJ, Baker M, Wilding GE, Raswalsky A, Rideout T, Browne RW, Horvath PJ. Vitamin D supplementation affects the IGF system in men after acute exercise. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:45-51. [PMID: 27863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contradictory data between the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System (IGF) system and exercise may be due to alteration in IGF binding proteins. Vitamin D (D) deficiency has been related to muscle weakness and Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP3). A Vit. D and acute exercise merge is proposed to modify the IGF system. DESIGN D insufficient and deficient men (39.0±8.6yo with serum D (25OH D) 20.0±7.7ng/mL) did 1h of stretching (ST), aerobic (AB), and resistance (RT) exercises, before and after 28d of 4000IU/d Vit. D3 (D, n=6) or Placebo (P, n=7). ST, a time/attention control visit, interchanged unreceptive movements. AB was moderate intensity treadmill walking. RT rotated moderate strength 50% 1-RM repetitions (15, 10) of squat, bench press, leg press, and lat pull down. Serum Total IGF1 (TIGF1), Insulin Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1 (IGFBP1), and IGFBP3 were measured before (T1, fasting), immediately after (T2), and 2h post (T3) exercise. RESULTS After ST, IGFBP3 was greater in the D group at T2 (2948, 2130ng/mL; p<0.03) and T3 (3087, 2212; p<0.02). During RT, TIGF1 decreased in the Placebo (P) group from T1 to T3 (151.4, 107.3ng/mL; p<0.05), while IGFBP1 increased in the D group from T1 to T3 (26.5, 96.2ng/mL; p<0.05). RT IGFBP3 was greater at T1, T2, and T3 in the D group (2932.5, 2110.7; p<0.03), (3163.9, 2392.5; p<0.04), and (3355.3, 2353.1; p<0.01). In AB, IGFBP3 was greater in the D group at T2 (3128.6, 2226.3.0; p<0.04) and T3 (2949.7, 2135.1; p<0.05). CONCLUSION D supplementation amplified IGFBP3 after low or moderate activity which may increase the delivery of IGF1 to tissues. Resistance exercise with D not only increased IGFBP3 and IGFBP1 levels but also conserved TIGF1 levels, possibly shifting the IGF system for enriched muscle well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Darr
- Department of Kinesiology, Saginaw Valley State University, University Center, GN205 7400 Bay Rd. University Center, MI 48710, USA; Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Kathleen J Savage
- Department of Biology, St. John Fisher College, ISHS 212 3690 East Avenue, Rochester, NY 14618, USA.
| | - Mark Baker
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, B1148 Center for Tomorrow, Amherst, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Gregory E Wilding
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, B1148 Center for Tomorrow, Amherst, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA.
| | - Amy Raswalsky
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St. Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Todd Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main St. Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, 26 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Peter J Horvath
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Physical activity and exercise attenuate neuroinflammation in neurological diseases. Brain Res Bull 2016; 125:19-29. [PMID: 27021169 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SCH), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are devastating neurological disorders, which increasingly contribute to global morbidity and mortality. Although the pathogenic mechanisms of these conditions are quite diverse, chronic neuroinflammation is one underlying feature shared by all these diseases. Even though the specific root causes of these diseases remain to be identified, evidence indicates that the observed neuroinflammation is initiated by unique pathological features associated with each specific disease. If the initial acute inflammation is not resolved, a chronic neuroinflammatory state develops and ultimately contributes to disease progression. Chronic neuroinflammation is characterized by adverse and non-specific activation of glial cells, which can lead to collateral damage of nearby neurons and other glia. This misdirected neuroinflammatory response is hypothesized to contribute to neuropathology in MDD, SCH, AD, and PD. Physical activity (PA), which is critical for maintenance of whole body and brain health, may also beneficially modify neuroimmune responses. Since PA has neuroimmune-modifying properties, and the common underlying feature of MDD, SCH, AD, and PD is chronic neuroinflammation, we hypothesize that PA could minimize brain diseases by modifying glia-mediated neuroinflammation. This review highlights current evidence supporting the disease-altering potential of PA and exercise through modifications of neuroimmune responses, specifically in MDD, SCH, AD and PD.
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Raiten DJ, Sakr Ashour FA, Ross AC, Meydani SN, Dawson HD, Stephensen CB, Brabin BJ, Suchdev PS, van Ommen B. Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE). J Nutr 2015; 145:1039S-1108S. [PMID: 25833893 PMCID: PMC4448820 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.194571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing recognition has emerged of the complexities of the global health agenda—specifically, the collision of infections and noncommunicable diseases and the dual burden of over- and undernutrition. Of particular practical concern are both 1) the need for a better understanding of the bidirectional relations between nutritional status and the development and function of the immune and inflammatory response and 2) the specific impact of the inflammatory response on the selection, use, and interpretation of nutrient biomarkers. The goal of the Inflammation and Nutritional Science for Programs/Policies and Interpretation of Research Evidence (INSPIRE) is to provide guidance for those users represented by the global food and nutrition enterprise. These include researchers (bench and clinical), clinicians providing care/treatment, those developing and evaluating programs/interventions at scale, and those responsible for generating evidence-based policy. The INSPIRE process included convening 5 thematic working groups (WGs) charged with developing summary reports around the following issues: 1) basic overview of the interactions between nutrition, immune function, and the inflammatory response; 2) examination of the evidence regarding the impact of nutrition on immune function and inflammation; 3) evaluation of the impact of inflammation and clinical conditions (acute and chronic) on nutrition; 4) examination of existing and potential new approaches to account for the impact of inflammation on biomarker interpretation and use; and 5) the presentation of new approaches to the study of these relations. Each WG was tasked with synthesizing a summary of the evidence for each of these topics and delineating the remaining gaps in our knowledge. This review consists of a summary of the INSPIRE workshop and the WG deliberations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Raiten
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD;
| | - Fayrouz A Sakr Ashour
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Departments of Nutritional Sciences and Veterinary and Biomedical Science and Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Simin N Meydani
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Harry D Dawson
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD
| | - Charles B Stephensen
- Agricultural Research Service, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA, Davis, CA
| | - Bernard J Brabin
- Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Global Child Health Group, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Parminder S Suchdev
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; and
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10
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Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121971. [PMID: 25781614 PMCID: PMC4363366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Chronic systemic inflammation in obesity originates from local immune responses in visceral adipose tissue. However, assessment of a broad range of inflammation-mediating cytokines and their relationship to physical activity and adipometrics has scarcely been reported to date. Objective To characterize the profile of a broad range of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and the impact of physical activity and energy expenditure in individuals with general obesity, central obesity, and non-obese subjects. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional study comprising 117 obese patients (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30) and 83 non-obese community-based volunteers. Main Outcomes Measures Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured. Physical activity and energy expenditure (MET) were assessed with actigraphy. Adipometrics comprised BMI, weight, abdominal-, waist- and hip-circumference, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height-ratio (WHtR). Results General obesity was associated with significantly elevated levels of IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-γ and TNF-α, central obesity with significantly elevated IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13 and IFN-γ-levels. In participants with general obesity, levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 were significantly elevated in participants with low physical activity, even when controlled for BMI which was negatively associated with physical acitivity. Cytokines significantly correlated with adipometrics, particularly in obese participants. Conclusions Results confirm up-regulation of certain pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in obesity. In obese subjects, physical activity may lower levels and thus reduce pro-inflammatory effects of cytokines that may link obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Aschbacher K, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, van Wietmarschen H, Tomiyama AJ, Jain S, Epel E, Doyle FJ, van der Greef J. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-leptin axis and metabolic health: a systems approach to resilience, robustness and control. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20140020. [PMID: 25285198 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2014.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids contribute to obesity and metabolic syndrome; however, the mechanisms are unclear, and prognostic measures are unavailable. A systems level understanding of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-leptin axis may reveal novel insights. Eighteen obese premenopausal women provided blood samples every 10 min over 24 h, which were assayed for cortisol, adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone (ACTH) and leptin. A published personalized HPA systems model was extended to incorporate leptin, yielding three parameters: (i) cortisol inhibitory feedback signalling, (ii) ACTH-adrenal signalling, and (iii) leptin-cortisol antagonism. We investigated associations between these parameters and metabolic risk profiles: fat and lean body mass (LBM; using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), and insulin resistance. Decreased cortisol inhibitory feedback signalling was significantly associated with greater fat (kg; p = 0.01) and insulin resistance (p = 0.03) but not LBM. Leptin significantly antagonized cortisol dynamics in eight women, who exhibited significantly lower 24 h mean leptin levels, LBM and higher ACTH-adrenal signalling nocturnally (all p < 0.05), compared with women without antagonism. Traditional neuroendocrine measures did not predict metabolic health, whereas a dynamic systems approach revealed that lower central inhibitory cortisol feedback signalling was significantly associated with greater metabolic risk. While exploratory, leptin-cortisol antagonism may reflect a 'neuroendocrine starvation' response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Aschbacher
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA ; The Institute for Integrative Health , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | | | - Herman van Wietmarschen
- TNO Innovation for Life , Zeist , The Netherlands ; Department of Analytical Biosciences , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - A Janet Tomiyama
- Department of Psychology , University of California , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Shamini Jain
- Department of Brain, Mind & Healing , Samueli Institute , Alexandria, VA , USA ; Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Diego, CA , USA
| | - Elissa Epel
- Department of Psychiatry , University of California , San Francisco, CA , USA
| | - Francis J Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of California , Santa Barbara, CA , USA
| | - Jan van der Greef
- TNO Innovation for Life , Zeist , The Netherlands ; Department of Analytical Biosciences , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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d'Ettorre G, Ceccarelli G, Giustini N, Mastroianni CM, Silvestri G, Vullo V. Taming HIV-related inflammation with physical activity: a matter of timing. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2014; 30:936-44. [PMID: 25055246 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many sets of data indicate that HIV-infected individuals maintain a low level of chronic immune activation and inflammation even in the presence of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). This residual immune activation seems to be associated with accelerated aging and an increased incidence of non-AIDS-defining illnesses. Several published studies suggest that physical activity is a beneficial nonpharmacological intervention to reduce chronic inflammation. However, currently available data on the potential benefits of regular physical exercises for HIV-infected individuals are limited. Nonetheless, increasing evidence suggests that the introduction of regular physical exercise in the clinical management of HIV-infected individuals may have a significant positive impact in reducing some of the long-term complications of both infection and ART. Based on a comprehensive review of the existing data, we propose that regular physical exercise should be further studied as a potential antiinflammatory, nonpharmacological approach to be used to treat HIV residual disease and non-AIDS-defining illnesses in ART-treated HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella d'Ettorre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Ceccarelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Giustini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio M. Mastroianni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “Sapienza,” Polo Pontino, Italy
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome “Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
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Cytokine levels in depressed and non-depressed subjects, and masking effects of obesity. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 55:29-34. [PMID: 24838047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In major depressive disorder, changes in cytokine levels have been reported to play a role in pathogenesis. Therefore, we sought to investigate a broad range of cytokines in depression. We compared serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in 64 subjects with current depression and 206 non-depressed subjects. Depressed patients had higher levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, GM-CSF, INF-γ and TNF-α, compared to non-depressed subjects. Splitting groups into non-obese (BMI < 30) and obese (BMI ≥ 30), the non-obese depressed patients (n = 40) showed elevated IL-5, IL-12, IL-13, GM-CSF, INF-γ and TNF-α levels compared to non-obese and non-depressed subjects (n = 85). The obese and depressed patients (n = 24) showed elevated levels of IL-5, IL-12 and INF-γ compared to obese but not depressed subjects (n = 121). Levels of several cytokines were found to be associated with physical activity, employment status and presence of daily naps. The results support over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in depression and extend the range of cytokines potentially associated with depression to include GM-CSF, IL-5 and IL-13. Changes in these cytokines may contribute to co-morbidity between depression and allergic and asthmatic diseases. The results also suggest inflammatory processes associated with obesity, and support an interaction between cytokine serum concentrations and behavioral aspects of both obesity and depression.
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Park YM, Myers M, Vieira-Potter VJ. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: role of exercise. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2014; 111:65-72. [PMID: 24645302 PMCID: PMC6179510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Our current environment has led to a vicious cycle of physical inactivity, obesity, and chronic inflammation, creating the "perfect storm" for metabolic diseases. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the major source of obesity/ inactivity-related inflammation; in turn, inflammation leads to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction. Inactivity, even in the absence of weight gain, disrupts WAT metabolism, while exercise mitigates WAT inflammation. The antiinflammatory mechanism(s) of exercise require additional study. Two current hypotheses include: (1) exercise-mediated antiinflammatory cytokine secretion, and (2) exercise-mediated improvements in adipocyte oxidative capacity.
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