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Experimental Study of the Reduction in Ceramide Content in Fingernails Due to Nail Polish Remover Use. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount and distribution of ceramide, an intercellular lipid, in the fingernails of three Japanese women in their twenties were examined by high-performance liquid chromatography and antibody staining. In addition, the structural changes of fingernail cross sections were examined after fingernails were immersed in an acetone-based nail polish remover solution. The acetone-treated fingernails had a lower water content and higher water evaporation than the inner forearm skin and healthy fingernails, suggesting that they had compromised moisturizing and barrier functions and were more susceptible to roughness and damage. These results also suggest that, compared to healthy fingernails, rough fingernails are more prone to breakage and damage. Furthermore, it was found that the amount of ceramide decreased when fingernails were immersed in nail polish remover solution. The distribution showed ceramide to be present in the ventral and dorsal regions of the free edge of the fingernail plate. After immersion in nail polish remover, the three-layered structure of the free edge of the plate was intact, but the dorsal distal edge of the plate peeled off. Gaps were observed inside the free edge of the plate, which should have been layered. These results show that the frequent use of nail polish remover may worsen condition of fingernails.
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Fujii M. The Pathogenic and Therapeutic Implications of Ceramide Abnormalities in Atopic Dermatitis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092386. [PMID: 34572035 PMCID: PMC8468445 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides play an essential role in forming a permeability barrier in the skin. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic skin disease associated with skin barrier dysfunction and immunological abnormalities. In patients with AD, the amount and composition of ceramides in the stratum corneum are altered. This suggests that ceramide abnormalities are involved in the pathogenesis of AD. The mechanism underlying lipid abnormalities in AD has not yet been fully elucidated, but the involvement of Th2 and Th1 cytokines is implicated. Ceramide-dominant emollients have beneficial effects on skin barrier function; thus, they have been approved as an adjunctive barrier repair agent for AD. This review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of ceramide abnormalities in AD. Furthermore, the potential therapeutic approaches for correcting ceramide abnormalities in AD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Fujii
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Krenczkowska D, Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska K, Wielgomas B, Cal K, Bartoszewski R, Bartoszewska S, Jankowski Z. The consequences of overcoming the human skin barrier by siloxanes (silicones) Part 1. Penetration and permeation depth study of cyclic methyl siloxanes. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 231:607-623. [PMID: 30292575 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic production of cyclic siloxanes: octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane D4, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane D5 and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane D6 increases their concentrations in environment. It is considered that both environmental pollution and the usage of personal care products and cosmetics containing cyclic siloxanes can be the main source of the human exposure by transdermal route. The aim of the study was to verify the possibility to overcome the skin barrier by cyclic siloxanes (ATR-FTIR and GC-FID), evaluation of diffusion pathway to stratum corneum SC (Fluorescence microscopy), and determination of depth of permeation to deeper skin layers: epidermis and dermis (ATR-FTIR) and also of potential interaction with SC lipids and proteins (Fluorescence microscopy, ATR-FTIR) and the cytotoxicity studies against HaCaT cells (MTT test). The results show that D4, D5 and D5 can penetrate to SC and permeate into the deeper layers of the skin: epidermis and dermis. The quantitative analysis (GC-FID) showed that total cumulative doses for D4, D5 and D6 were: 42.50; 95.37 and 77.19 μg/cm2/24 h, respectively. The microscopic analysis proved, transepidermal route through the lipid matrix as well as through the canyons (intercluster spaces) were a diffusion pathway to the SC as well as disruption of human SC lipid structure by: D4 (the most), D5 and D6 (the least). The cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the tested range of concentrations of D5 and D6 (up to 300 mM, 111 300 mg and 133 500 mg respectively) did not impaired the HaCaT growth, while D4 had IC50 value of 40 098 mM ± 7.94 (10 906 ± 872,5 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Krenczkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krystyna Mojsiewicz-Pieńkowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Wielgomas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Cal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Rafał Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bartoszewska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. J. Gen. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Jankowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, ul. Dębowa 23, 80-204 Gdańsk. Poland
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Jamin EL, Jacques C, Jourdes L, Tabet JC, Borotra N, Bessou-Touya S, Debrauwer L, Duplan H. Identification of lipids of the stratum corneum by high performance thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:278-290. [PMID: 30545248 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718815380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is the most important skin barrier against exogenous physical and chemical effects, in addition to protecting against dehydration. Ceramides are integral parts of the intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum and play an important role in the barrier function of mammalian skin. Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases linked to fatty acids by an amide bond. Typical sphingoid bases in the skin are composed of dihydrosphingosine, sphingosine, phytosphingosine, and 6-hydroxysphingosine, and the fatty acid acyl chains are composed of non-hydroxy fatty acid, α-hydroxy fatty acid, ω-hydroxy fatty acid, and esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid. Analytical methods, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, high performance thin layer chromatography with UV detection, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, have been developed for the identification and quantification of ceramides in the stratum corneum. However, only a few publications relate to the mass fragmentation patterns specific to ceramide types to determine the structure of skin ceramides. Moreover, these studies provide very limited structural information and only for some ceramides. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a quick and easy method of quantification of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids by high performance thin layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection. High performance thin layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection was also coupled with mass spectrometry using negative ionization by electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for identification of ceramides' structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilien L Jamin
- 1 Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- 2 Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Jacques
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Laëtitia Jourdes
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- 4 Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse (SPI), Laboratoire d'Etude du Métabolisme des Médicaments, CEA, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, MetaboHUB, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- 5 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, IPCM, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Borotra
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Laurent Debrauwer
- 1 Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
- 2 Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Duplan
- 3 Pierre Fabre Dermo-cosmétique, Pharmacology Unit, Toulouse, France
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Harazim E, Vrkoslav V, Buděšínský M, Harazim P, Svoboda M, Plavka R, Bosáková Z, Cvačka J. Nonhydroxylated 1- O-acylceramides in vernix caseosa. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2164-2173. [PMID: 30254076 PMCID: PMC6210899 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m088864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vernix caseosa, the waxy substance that coats the skin of newborn babies, has an extremely complex lipid composition. We have explored these lipids and identified nonhydroxylated 1-O-acylceramides (1-O-ENSs) as a new class of lipids in vernix caseosa. These ceramides mostly contain saturated C11-C38 ester-linked (1-O) acyls, saturated C12-C39 amide-linked acyls, and C16-C24 sphingoid bases. Because their fatty acyl chains are frequently branched, numerous molecular species were separable and detectable by HPLC/MS: we found more than 2,300 molecular species, 972 of which were structurally characterized. The most abundant 1-O-ENSs contained straight-chain and branched fatty acyls with 20, 22, 24, or 26 carbons in the 1-O position, 24 or 26 carbons in the N position, and sphingosine. The 1-O-ENSs were isolated using multistep TLC and HPLC and they accounted for 1% of the total lipid extract. The molecular species of 1-O-ENSs were separated on a C18 HPLC column using an acetonitrile/propan-2-ol gradient and detected by APCI-MS, and the structures were elucidated by high-resolution and tandem MS. Medium-polarity 1-O-ENSs likely contribute to the cohesiveness and to the waterproofing and moisturizing properties of vernix caseosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Harazim
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrkoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Buděšínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Harazim
- Department of Concrete and Masonry Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, CZ-166 29 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Svoboda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Plavka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, CZ-128 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bosáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-166 10 Praha 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, CZ-128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Laffet GP, Genette A, Gamboa B, Auroy V, Voegel JJ. Determination of fatty acid and sphingoid base composition of eleven ceramide subclasses in stratum corneum by UHPLC/scheduled-MRM. Metabolomics 2018; 14:69. [PMID: 30830395 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ceramides play a key role in skin barrier function in homeostatic and pathological conditions and can be sampled non-invasively through stratum corneum collection. OBJECTIVES To develop a novel UHPLC/Scheduled MRM method for the identification and relative distribution of eleven classes of ceramides, which are separated by UHPLC and determined by their specific retention times. The precise composition of the fatty acid and sphingoid base parts of each individual ceramide is determined via mass fragmentation. METHODS More than 1000 human and pig ceramides were identified. Three human and minipig ceramide classes, CER[AS], CER[NS] and CER[EOS] have been investigated in depth. RESULTS Sphingoid bases were characterized by a prevalence of chain lengths with sizes from C16 to C22, whereas fatty acids were mainly observed in the range of C22-C26. Overall, the ceramide profiles between human and minipig stratum corneum were similar. Differences in the CER[AS] and CER[NS] classes included a more homogeneous distribution of fatty acids (16-30 carbon atoms) in minipig, whereas in human longer fatty acid chains (> 24 carbon atoms) predominated. CONCLUSION The method will be useful for the analysis of healthy and pathological skin in various specie, and the measurement of the relative distribution of ceramides as biomarkers for pharmacodynamic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert P Laffet
- Molecular Dermatology, Department of Research, Galderma R&D - Nestlé Skin Health, 2300 Route des Colles, 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Alexandre Genette
- Molecular Dermatology, Department of Research, Galderma R&D - Nestlé Skin Health, 2300 Route des Colles, 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bastien Gamboa
- Molecular Dermatology, Department of Research, Galderma R&D - Nestlé Skin Health, 2300 Route des Colles, 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Virginie Auroy
- Albhades Provence, 940 avenue de Traversetolo, 04700, Oraison, France
| | - Johannes J Voegel
- Molecular Dermatology, Department of Research, Galderma R&D - Nestlé Skin Health, 2300 Route des Colles, 06902, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Hsu FF. Complete structural characterization of ceramides as [M-H] - ions by multiple-stage linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Biochimie 2016; 130:63-75. [PMID: 27523779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide is a huge lipid family consisting of diversified structures including various modifications in the fatty acyl chain and the long chain base (LCB). In this contribution, negative-ion ESI linear ion-trap multiple-stage mass spectrometric method (LIT MSn) towards complete structural determination of ceramides in ten major families characterized as the [M-H]- ions is described. Multiple sets of fragment ions reflecting the fatty acyl chain and LCB were observed in the CID MS2 spectrum, while the sequential MS3 and MS4 spectra contain structural information for locating the double bond and the functional groups, permitting realization of the fragmentation processes. Thereby, differentiation of ceramide molecules varied by chain length, the LCB (sphingosine, phytosphigosine, 6-hydroxy-sphingosine), and by the modification (α-hydroxy-, β-hydroxy-, ω-hydroxy-FA) can be achieved; and many isomeric structures in the biological specimen can be revealed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fu Hsu
- Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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Structural identification of skin ceramides containing ω-hydroxy acyl chains using mass spectrometry. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1426-1432. [PMID: 27432202 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) acts as a barrier that protects organisms against the environment and from transepidermal water loss. It consists of corneocytes embedded in a matrix of lipid metabolites (ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids). Of these lipids, ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases, linked to fatty acyl chains. Typical fatty acid acyl chains are composed of α-hydroxy fatty acids (A), esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acids (EO), non-hydroxy fatty acids (N), and ω-hydroxy fatty acids (O). Of these, O-type ceramides are ester-linked via their ω-hydroxyl group to proteins in the cornified envelope and can be released and extracted following mild alkaline hydrolysis. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of O-type ceramides using chip-based direct infusion nanoelectrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry generated the characteristic fragmentation pattern of both acyl and sphingoid units, suggesting that this method could be applied to the structural identification of O-type ceramides. Based on the MS/MS fragmentation patterns of O-type ceramides, comprehensive fragmentation schemes are proposed. In addition, we have also developed a method for identifying and profiling O-type ceramides in the mouse and guinea pig SC. This information may be used to identify O-type ceramides in the SC of animal skin.
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9
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Wu Z, Shon JC, Lee D, Park KT, Park CS, Lee T, Lee HS, Liu KH. Lipidomic platform for structural identification of skin ceramides with α-hydroxyacyl chains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2069-82. [PMID: 26815554 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases, which are linked to fatty acids via an amide bond. Typical fatty acid acyl chains are composed of α-hydroxy fatty acid (A), esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid (EO), non-hydroxy fatty acid (N), and ω-hydroxy fatty acid (O). We recently established a lipidomic platform to identify skin ceramides with non-hydroxyacyl chains using tandem mass spectrometry. We expanded our study to establish a lipidomic platform to identify skin ceramides with α-hydroxyacyl chains. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis of A-type ceramides using chip-based direct infusion nanoelectrospray-mass spectrometry showed the characteristic fragmentation pattern of both acyl and sphingoid units, which can be applied for structural identification of ceramides. Based on the tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns of A-type ceramides, comprehensive fragmentation schemes were proposed. Our results may be useful for identifying A-type ceramides in the stratum corneum of human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhexue Wu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Doohyun Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kab-Tae Park
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Seo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, 26 Pil-dong 3-ga, Jung-gu, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, 43-1 Yeokgok 2-dong, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon, 420-743, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
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Synthesis of Sphingolipids with an ω-Esterified Long Acyl Chain, Ceramide Components of the Human Epidermis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:1715-20. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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A lipidomic platform establishment for structural identification of skin ceramides with non-hydroxyacyl chains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1917-32. [PMID: 24458481 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The stratum corneum (SC) is the outermost layer of skin that functions as a barrier and protects against environmental influences and transepidermal water loss. Its unique morphology consists of keratin-enriched corneocytes embedded in a distinctive mixture of lipids containing mainly ceramides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol. Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases, which are linked to fatty acids by an amide bond. Typical sphingoid bases in the skin are composed of dihydrosphingosine (dS), sphingosine (S), phytosphingosine (P), and 6-hydroxysphingosine (H), and the fatty acid acyl chains are composed of non-hydroxy fatty acid (N), α-hydroxy fatty acid (A), ω-hydroxy fatty acid (O), and esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid (E). The 16 ceramide classes include several combinations of sphingoid bases and fatty acid acyl chains. Among them, N-type ceramides are the most abundant in the SC. Mass spectrometry (MS)/MS analysis of N-type ceramides using chip-based direct infusion nanoelectrospray-ion trap mass spectrometry generated the characteristic fragmentation pattern of both acyl and sphingoid units, which could be applied to structural identification of ceramides. Based on the MS/MS fragmentation patterns of N-type ceramides, comprehensive fragmentation schemes were proposed. In addition, mass fragmentation patterns, which are specific to the sphingoid backbone of N-type ceramides, were found in higher m/z regions of tandem mass spectra. These characteristic and general fragmentation patterns were used to identify N-type ceramides in human SC. Based on established MS/MS fragmentation patterns of N-type ceramides, 52 ceramides (including different classes of NS, NdS, NP, and NH) were identified in human SC. The MS/MS fragmentation patterns of N-type ceramides were characterized by interpreting their product ion scan mass spectra. This information may be used to identify N-type ceramides in the SC of human, rat, and mouse skin.
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Angelbeck-Schulze M, Stahl J, Brodesser S, Rohn K, Naim H, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Kietzmann M, Bäumer W, Mischke R. Comparison of three different sampling methods for canine skin lipids. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:233-e51. [PMID: 23470179 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal lipids are of major interest in dermatological research, especially in canine atopic dermatitis. Owing to the existence of several sampling methods, the interpretation of study results is often complicated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare three different sampling methods and to establish a minimally invasive method for collecting canine epidermal lipids. ANIMALS AND METHODS Skin samples from five dogs with no obvious skin abnormalities were taken from the caudal back and the inguinal region postmortem. Samples consisted of heat-separated epidermis of three skin biopsies, three scrapes and three skin scrubs. Lipids were analysed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography; the resulting bands were identified by using corresponding standards, retardation factors and mass spectrometry. The influences of the sampling method, the body site and the ceramide standards were investigated. RESULTS Between body sites, significant differences were found for cholesterol sulphate, cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Significant differences between sampling methods were detected for all lipid fractions except for cholesterol sulphate and glucosylceramides within the lipid profile, and for at least four ceramide classes within the ceramide profile. The most obvious discrepancies were found between heat-separated epidermis and skin scrub. The reproducibility was high for scraping and skin scrub, but was lowest for heat-separated epidermis. Furthermore, this study revealed a marked influence of ceramide standards on the results regarding the ceramide profile. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Scraping and skin scrub are comparably suitable methods for skin lipid sampling, whereas the analysis of heat-separated epidermis may not be the method of first choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Angelbeck-Schulze
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Buenteweg 9, Hanover, Germany
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13
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Goto-Inoue N, Hayasaka T, Zaima N, Nakajima K, Holleran WM, Sano S, Uchida Y, Setou M. Imaging mass spectrometry visualizes ceramides and the pathogenesis of dorfman-chanarin syndrome due to ceramide metabolic abnormality in the skin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49519. [PMID: 23166695 PMCID: PMC3499467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a useful cutting edge technology used to investigate the distribution of biomolecules such as drugs and metabolites, as well as to identify molecular species in tissues and cells without labeling. To protect against excess water loss that is essential for survival in a terrestrial environment, mammalian skin possesses a competent permeability barrier in the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the epidermis. The key lipids constituting this barrier in the SC are the ceramides (Cers) comprising of a heterogeneous molecular species. Alterations in Cer composition have been reported in several skin diseases that display abnormalities in the epidermal permeability barrier function. Not only the amounts of different Cers, but also their localizations are critical for the barrier function. We have employed our new imaging system, capable of high-lateral-resolution IMS with an atmospheric-pressure ionization source, to directly visualize the distribution of Cers. Moreover, we show an ichthyotic disease pathogenesis due to abnormal Cer metabolism in Dorfman–Chanarin syndrome, a neutral lipid storage disorder with ichthyosis in human skin, demonstrating that IMS is a novel diagnostic approach for assessing lipid abnormalities in clinical setting, as well as for investigating physiological roles of lipids in cells/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Goto-Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayasaka
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Zaima
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Kinki University, Nara, Nara, Japan
| | - Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okocho, Nankoku, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Walter M. Holleran
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kohasu, Okocho, Nankoku, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Uchida
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YU); (MS)
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YU); (MS)
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14
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Valsecchi M, Mauri L, Casellato R, Ciampa MG, Rizza L, Bonina A, Bonina F, Sonnino S. Ceramides as possible nutraceutical compounds: characterization of the ceramides of the Moro blood orange ( Citrus sinensis ). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10103-10110. [PMID: 22985176 DOI: 10.1021/jf3027414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ceramides are presented as nutraceutical compounds for protection of colon carcinoma and as important cosmetic preparation components, increasing absorption through the skin. Therefore, the ceramide (Cer) content of Moro blood oranges was determined by mass spectrometry. A total of 114 Cer species were identified: ∼160 mg in the peels and ∼140 mg in the pulp per kilogram of oranges, expressed as "milligram equivalents of d18:1,17:0 Cer". The predominant ceramides contained 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (t18:1(Δ8)) and 4-hydroxysphinganine (t18:0) as long-chain bases (LCBs) and fatty acids (FAs) with different structures. In the pulp, t18:1(Δ8)- and t18:0-containing Cer species comprised 50.5 and 33.5% of the total, respectively, 11.5 and 3.5% non-hydroxylated FAs, respectively, 32.0 and 21.0% α-hydroxylated FAs, respectively, and 7.0 and 9.0% α,β-hydroxylated FAs, respectively. In the peels, t18:1(Δ8)- and t18:0-containing species comprised 49.5 and 34.5% of the total, respectively, 16.0 and 1.5% non-hydroxylated FAs, respectively, 31.5 and 29.0% α-hydroxylated FAs, respectively, and 2.0 and 4.0% α,β-hydroxylated FAs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Valsecchi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate (Milan), Italy
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15
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Development and validation of LC/ESI-MS method for the detection and quantification of exogenous ceramide NP in stratum corneum and other layers of the skin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 60:7-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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van Smeden J, Hoppel L, van der Heijden R, Hankemeier T, Vreeken RJ, Bouwstra JA. LC/MS analysis of stratum corneum lipids: ceramide profiling and discovery. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1211-1221. [PMID: 21444759 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m014456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs) in the upper layer of the skin, the stratum corneum (SC), play a key role in the skin barrier function. In human SC, the literature currently reports 11 CER subclasses that have been identified. In this paper, a novel quick and robust LC/MS method is presented that allows the separation and analysis of all known human SC CER subclasses using only limited sample preparation. Besides all 11 known and identified subclasses, a 3D multi-mass chromatogram shows the presence of other lipid subclasses. Using LC/MS/MS with an ion trap (IT) system, a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance system, and a triple quadrupole system, we were able to identify one of these lipid subclasses as a new CER subclass: the ester-linked ω-hydroxy fatty acid with a dihydrosphingosine base (CER [EOdS]). Besides the identification of a new CER subclass, this paper also describes the applicability and robustness of the developed LC/MS method by analyzing three (biological) SC samples: SC from human dermatomed skin, human SC obtained by tape stripping, and SC from full-thickness skin explants. All three biological samples showed all known CER subclasses and slight differences were observed in CER profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Smeden
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louise Hoppel
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob van der Heijden
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vreeken
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands; Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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17
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Improved Method for Stratum Corneum Lipid Analysis by Automated Multiple Development HPTLC. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-1913-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Masukawa Y, Narita H, Sato H, Naoe A, Kondo N, Sugai Y, Oba T, Homma R, Ishikawa J, Takagi Y, Kitahara T. Comprehensive quantification of ceramide species in human stratum corneum. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1708-19. [PMID: 19349641 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d800055-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key challenges in lipidomics is to quantify lipidomes of interest, as it is practically impossible to collect all authentic materials covering the targeted lipidomes. For diverse ceramides (CER) in human stratum corneum (SC) that play important physicochemical roles in the skin, we developed a novel method for quantification of the overall CER species by improving our previously reported profiling technique using normal-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (NPLC-ESI-MS). The use of simultaneous selected ion monitoring measurement of as many as 182 kinds of molecular-related ions enables the highly sensitive detection of the overall CER species, as they can be analyzed in only one SC-stripped tape as small as 5 mm x 10 mm. To comprehensively quantify CERs, including those not available as authentic species, we designed a procedure to estimate their levels using relative responses of representative authentic species covering the species targeted, considering the systematic error based on intra-/inter-day analyses. The CER levels obtained by this method were comparable to those determined by conventional thin-layer chromatography (TLC), which guarantees the validity of this method. This method opens lipidomics approaches for CERs in the SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masukawa
- Tochigi Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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19
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Norlén L, Plasencia I, Bagatolli L. Stratum corneum lipid organization as observed by atomic force, confocal and two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:391-411. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00458.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Masukawa Y, Narita H, Shimizu E, Kondo N, Sugai Y, Oba T, Homma R, Ishikawa J, Takagi Y, Kitahara T, Takema Y, Kita K. Characterization of overall ceramide species in human stratum corneum. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:1466-76. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800014-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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21
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Plasencia I, Norlén L, Bagatolli LA. Direct visualization of lipid domains in human skin stratum corneum's lipid membranes: effect of pH and temperature. Biophys J 2007; 93:3142-55. [PMID: 17631535 PMCID: PMC2025644 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.106.096164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The main function of skin is to serve as a physical barrier between the body and the environment. This barrier capacity is in turn a function of the physical state and structural organization of the stratum corneum extracellular lipid matrix. This lipid matrix is essentially composed of very long chain saturated ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids. Three unsolved key questions are i), whether the stratum corneum extracellular lipid matrix is constituted by a single gel phase or by coexisting crystalline (solid) domains; ii), whether a separate liquid crystalline phase is present; and iii), whether pH has a direct effect on the lipid matrix phase behavior. In this work the lateral structure of membranes composed of lipids extracted from human skin stratum corneum was studied in a broad temperature range (10 degrees C-90 degrees C) using different techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, and two-photon excitation and laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. Here we show that hydrated bilayers of human skin stratum corneum lipids express a giant sponge-like morphology with dimensions corresponding to the global three-dimensional morphology of the stratum corneum extracellular space. These structures can be directly visualized using the aforementioned fluorescence microscopy techniques. At skin physiological temperatures (28 degrees C-32 degrees C), the phase state of these hydrated bilayers correspond microscopically (radial resolution limit 300 nm) to a single gel phase at pH 7, coexistence of different gel phases between pH 5 and 6, and no fluid phase at any pH. This observation suggests that the local pH in the stratum corneum may control the physical properties of the extracellular lipid matrix by regulating membrane lateral structure and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Plasencia
- Membrane Biophysics and Biophotonics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology/MEMPHYS Center, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
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22
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Norlén L, Gil IP, Simonsen A, Descouts P. Human stratum corneum lipid organization as observed by atomic force microscopy on Langmuir–Blodgett films. J Struct Biol 2007; 158:386-400. [PMID: 17287132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2006.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The barrier function of skin ultimately depends on the physical state and structural organisation of the stratum corneum extracellular lipid matrix. Ceramides, cholesterol and a broad distribution of saturated long-chain free fatty acids dominate the stratum corneum lipid composition. Additionally, smaller amounts of cholesterol sulfate and cholesteryl oleate may be present. A key feature determining skin barrier capacity is thought to be whether or not different lipid domains coexist laterally in the stratum corneum extracellular lipid matrix. In this study, the overall tendency for lipid domain formation in different mixtures of extracted human stratum corneum ceramides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, cholesterol sulfate and cholesteryl oleate were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) on Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films on mica. It is shown that the saturated long-chain free fatty acid distribution of human stratum corneum prevents hydrocarbon chain segregation. Further, LB-films of human stratum corneum ceramides express a pattern of connected elongated domains with a granular domain interface. The dominating effect of both cholesterol and cholesterol sulfate is that of increased ceramide domain dispersion. This effect is counteracted by the presence of free fatty acids, which preferentially mix with ceramides and not with cholesterol. Cholesteryl oleate does not mix with other skin lipid components, supporting the hypothesis of an extra-endogenous origin. In the system composed of endogenous human ceramides and cholesterol plus 15 wt% stratum corneum distributed free fatty acids, i.e., the system mimicking most closely the lipid composition of the stratum corneum extracellular space, LB-films on mica express lateral domain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Norlén
- Medical Nobel Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Farwanah H, Pierstorff B, Schmelzer CEH, Raith K, Neubert RHH, Kolter T, Sandhoff K. Separation and mass spectrometric characterization of covalently bound skin ceramides using LC/APCI-MS and Nano-ESI-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:562-70. [PMID: 17368999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides covalently bound to keratinocytes are essential for the barrier function of the skin, which can be disturbed in diseases, such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. These ceramides of the classes omega-hydroxyacyl-sphingosine and omega-hydroxyacyl-6-hydroxysphingosine contain an omega-hydroxy fatty acid. For their separation and identification, a new analytical approach based on normal phase liquid chromatography coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and tandem nano-electrospray mass spectrometry, respectively, is presented here. Tandem mass spectrometry provided structural information about the sphingoid base as well as the fatty acid moieties. The chain lengths of the bases ranged from C12 to C22, the chain lengths of the fatty acids varied between C28 and C36. In total, 67 ceramide species have been identified in human skin. The analytical methods presented in this work can be helpful for investigating alterations in the ceramide composition of the skin as seen in psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and diseases with impaired epidermal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Farwanah
- LIMES-Life and Medical Sciences Bonn, Program Unit Membrane and Lipid Biochemistry, Laboratory of Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, Friedrichs-Wilhelm-University, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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24
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Furland NE, Maldonado EN, Aresti PA, Aveldaño MI. Changes in lipids containing long- and very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in cryptorchid rat testes. Biol Reprod 2007; 77:181-8. [PMID: 17429018 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.056556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of experimental cryptorchidism on rat testicular phospholipids and neutral lipids that contain long-chain (C(18)-C(22)) and very long-chain (VLC) (C(24)-C(32)) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The weight of the cryptorchid testis was nearly half that of the contralateral control at postsurgical Days 7-10 owing to the depletion of germ cells. Concomitantly, the amounts of major glycerophospholipids (GPL) and sphingomyelin (SM) per testis decreased. Both these lipids lost their characteristic long-chain and very long-chain PUFA, notably 22:5n-6 and 28:4n-6, respectively, which suggests that these species are linked to the membranes of germ cells. In contrast, the amounts and concentrations of triglycerides (TG; triacylglycerols and 1-O-alkyl-2,3-diacylglycerols) and cholesterol esters (CE) increased several fold in the surviving cells (mainly Sertoli cells) in the cryptorchid testis. All these neutral lipids, but especially CE, accumulated large amounts of the major PUFA of the testis, 22:5n-6, as well as pentaenes with longer carbon chains (i.e., 24:5n-6 in TG and 28:5n-6 in CE). This accretion suggests that neutral lipids may store preformed PUFA coming from dying germ cell GPL and also VLCPUFA no longer needed as a source of PUFA destined to assemble new germ cell GPL. The lipid adjustments observed in cryptorchidism suggest a possible role for Sertoli cell CE in the turnover and conservation of PUFA within seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E Furland
- Institute for Biochemical Research of Bahía Blanca, National Research Council and University of the South, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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25
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Furland NE, Zanetti SR, Oresti GM, Maldonado EN, Aveldaño MI. Ceramides and sphingomyelins with high proportions of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in mammalian germ cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:18141-18150. [PMID: 17392276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700708200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA) have previously been shown to be components of sphingomyelin (SM) of mammalian testis and spermatozoa. Here we examined the fatty acids of testicular ceramide (Cer) in comparison with those of SM in some mammals with a special focus on the rat testis. In bull, cat, dog, rabbit, mouse, and rat, VLCPUFA were found in both testicular lipids, Cer having a higher percentage of VLCPUFA than SM. Rat testis had the highest percentage of VLCPUFA in both lipids, the major ones being 28:4n-6 and 30:5n-6. VLCPUFA-containing SM and Cer occurred in cells located in the seminiferous tubules, where germ cells had a higher percentage of these species than Sertoli cells. Seminiferous tubule fractionation showed that SM and Cer of mitochondria and lysosomes had mostly saturates and negligible VLCPUFA, the latter being important in the SM and Cer of microsomes and other membrane fractions. VLCPUFA were absent from the SM and Cer of rat prepuberal testis, increased with the onset of spermatogenesis to account for nearly 15 and 40% of the total fatty acids of testicular SM and Cer, respectively, remained at those levels throughout the adult life of fertile rats and tended to decrease at advanced ages. Four conditions that lead to selective death of germ cells in vivo, namely experimental cryptorchidism, post-ischemic reperfusion, focalized x-ray irradiation and treatments with the antineoplasic drug doxorubicin, caused the VLCPUFA to disappear from the testicular SM and Cer of adult fertile rats, showing that these lipids are specific traits of spermatogenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia E Furland
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Samanta R Zanetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gerardo M Oresti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Eduardo N Maldonado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Marta I Aveldaño
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas y Universidad Nacional del Sur, 8000-Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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26
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Masukawa Y, Tsujimura H. Highly sensitive determination of diverse ceramides in human hair using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Lipids 2007; 42:275-90. [PMID: 17393232 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3012-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Since ceramides (CERs) play roles in signal transduction and cell regulation, CERs of human hair might be responsible for apoptosis during keratinization, in addition to their structural barrier and water-holding functions. Although, we previously developed a method for comprehensive profiling of the CERs in hair, that method was too insensitive to quantitatively characterize the CERs in a small amount of hair samples. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for the highly sensitive determination of the diverse CERs. The method developed is negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) coupled to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) using methanol containing 10 mM ammonium acetate as a mobile phase. By this method, 48 peaks derived from 73 kinds of CERs were simultaneously determined in selected ion monitoring measurement using one calibration line of the standard N-palmitoyl dihydrosphigosine, based on extremely small differences in the molar responses among different species of CERs, followed by the calculation of the actual levels using corrections for (13)C and (2)H effects. This method had extremely high sensitivity as indicated in the limit of quantification being in the femtomolar range. Other quantitative validation data, such as reproducibility, linearity and recoveries, were all sufficient. The quantitative levels of CERs determined by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS were comparable with those determined by thin-layer chromatography. This method was successfully applied to the characterization of levels of CERs in only 1-mm pieces derived from a single hair fiber and revealed the presence of interindividual and intraindividual variations of the CER composition. This RP-HPLC-ESI-MS method can be a powerful tool for future research on physicochemical and physiological roles of CERs in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masukawa
- Tochigi Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
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27
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Masukawa Y, Tsujimura H, Narita H. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for comprehensive profiling of ceramide molecules in human hair. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1559-71. [PMID: 16639079 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d600007-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides (CERs) play key roles in signal transduction and cell regulation, probably during the keratinization of human hair. Current methods using mass spectrometry (MS), however, are not sufficient to allow the comprehensive analysis of CER molecules, including isobaric and isomeric CERs. Therefore, a method for the comprehensive profiling of CERs was developed. The method developed is based on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. Comprehensive identification and profiling of CERs is achieved using two sets of multimass chromatograms obtained from two channel detections that monitor both molecular-related and sphingoid-related ions under two different in-source collision-induced dissociation conditions and using retention times obtained from RPLC. The application of this method revealed that human hair contains 73 species of CER molecules, which were all corroborated by structural analysis using tandem mass spectrometry. The results further revealed that the composition is characterized by predominant molecules consisting of even carbon atom-containing saturated/unsaturated nonhydroxy or alpha-hydroxy fatty acids and C(18) dihydrosphingosine, a minor but distinct content of isobaric/isomeric and odd chain-containing CERs. This successfully developed RPLC-APCI-MS technique allows the comprehensive profiling of CER molecules in hair for the investigation of their physicochemical and physiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Masukawa
- Tochigi Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Haga, Tochigi 321-0962, Japan.
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28
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Farwanah H, Wohlrab J, Neubert RHH, Raith K. Profiling of human stratum corneum ceramides by means of normal phase LC/APCI–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:632-7. [PMID: 16184366 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 07/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The ceramides of the stratum corneum are critical to maintaining the epidermal barrier function of the skin. A number of skin diseases and disorders are known to be related to impairments of the ceramide pattern. Therefore, obtaining mass spectrometric profiles of the nine ceramide classes known to exist aids our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, which should eventually lead to new diagnostic opportunities: for example, the mass spectrometric profiles of patients suffering from serious skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis can be compared to those of healthy controls. Previous work on mass spectrometric analysis of ceramides relied mostly on GC/MS after hydrolysis and derivatization. The introduction of ESI-MS and LC/ESI-MS has provided new options for directly analyzing intact ceramides. However, some of the ceramide classes are not accessible to ESI-MS. However, as shown in this work, these limitations of GC/MS and ESI-MS can be overcome using a new approach based on normal phase LC interfaced with APCI-MS. Separation and online detection of the stratum corneum ceramide classes became possible in one run. Ceramide species with C26 and/or C28 fatty acid chains were the most abundant ones in Cer [NP], Cer [NH], Cer [AP], and Cer [AH]. The main component of Cer [AS] was C16. The omega-esterified ceramide classes Cer [EOS], Cer [EOP] and Cer [EOH] contained mostly species with fatty acids >C30. This was also the case for Cer [NS], suggesting an analogy to the omega-esterified ceramides. In addition, evidence for a new ceramide class Cer [NdS] was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Farwanah
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120 Halle (S.), Germany
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29
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Farwanah H, Raith K, Neubert RHH, Wohlrab J. Ceramide profiles of the uninvolved skin in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are comparable to those of healthy skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2005; 296:514-21. [PMID: 15803327 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-005-0551-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoidbases, which are amide-linked to fatty acids. In the stratum corneum, they represent the major constituent of the free extractable intercellular lipids and play a significant role in maintaining and structuring the water permeability barrier of the skin. Using thin layer chromatography, which represents the method of the first choice in analyzing the stratum corneum ceramides, at least seven classes can be distinguished. Each ceramide class contains various species, which have the same head group and different chain lengths. As in many other skin disorders, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis show derangements in content and profile of the ceramides. Such derangements were reported for both the lesional involved as well as for the normal-appearing uninvolved skin. In this study, we focused on investigating the stratum corneum ceramides of the uninvolved skin in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients compared to healthy skin. The aim of the investigations was to explore possible significant and specific differences which can be accomplished for purposes of early diagnostics. The skin lipids were collected by means of an in vivo topical extraction procedure using an extraction mixture consisting of n-hexane and ethanol, (2:1). An automated multiple development-high performance thin layer chromatography (AMD-HPTLC) method with photodensitometric detection were applied to separate the ceramides and to estimate their contents. For studying their molecular profile within each ceramide class, a new method of normal phase HPLC with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry were used. The results obtained by AMD-HPTLC exposed no significant alterations regarding the relative composition of the major stratum corneum lipids and primarily the ceramides. In addition, the mass spectrometric profiles within each ceramide class were similar in the patients and the healthy control subjects. In conclusion, this study revealed that the normal-appearing uninvolved skin of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis patients does not prove significant or specific deficiencies with respect to the free extractable major stratum corneum lipids and mainly the ceramides, when compared to healthy skin. Thus, they cannot be used for diagnostic purposes. Furthermore, our data are not consistent with the concept that impairments in the ceramide composition represent an obligate etiologic factor for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany Farwanah
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Martin Luther University, W.-Langenbeck-Str. 4, 06120, Halle (S.), Germany
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Hamanaka S, Nakazawa S, Yamanaka M, Uchida Y, Otsuka F. Glucosylceramide accumulates preferentially in lamellar bodies in differentiated keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2005; 152:426-34. [PMID: 15787810 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingolipids, e.g. ceramide (Cer), glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and sphingomyelin (SM), are important bulk constituents of plasma membranes in mammalian cells. In addition, these lipids are also enriched in certain intracellular organelles, as well as in the epidermal lamellar bodies (LBs) of differentiating keratinocytes (KCs). Epidermal Cer, which comprises a heterogeneous family of at least 10 members, is a key component of the stratum corneum (SC) lipids, and regulates permeability barrier function. Levels of GlcCer, but not SM, significantly increase during epidermal differentiation, and then both GlcCer and SM are enzymatically hydrolysed to Cer at and just above the transition from the stratum granulosum to the SC. OBJECTIVES To determine: (i) whether the GlcCer contained in different pools, i.e. the membrane fraction or the LB fraction, has different metabolic fates; and (ii) whether specific molecular species of GlcCer localize to distinct subcellular pools. METHODS To study the metabolic fate of specific molecular fractions of GlcCer and Cer, we first ascertained the full spectrum of molecular species present in cultured normal human KCs (CHK) in a differentiated condition as shown in vivo in epidermis. Cer species were analysed in CHK using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Next, the metabolic fate of the GlcCer was studied by pulse-labelling of CHK with L-[14C]-serine. RESULTS The GlcCer of undifferentiated KCs comprised GlcCer B and Cer NS (or Cer 2), which contain nonhydroxy fatty acid (FA) as the amide-linked FA, while differentiated KCs displayed further heterogeneity of both GlcCer and Cer, including the presence of acylGlcCer and acylCer. The metabolic fates of these sphingolipids were determined. The GlcCer B level decreased over 2 days and then plateaued between days 3 and 5 following pulse-labelling of sphingolipids for 24 h. As GlcCer B declined, Cer NS (Cer 2) increased in a similar time-dependent manner. In contrast, both acylGlcCer and acylCer increased continuously in parallel over this experimental period. CONCLUSIONS Distinct GlcCer pools segregated to those that were either hydrolysable or nonhydrolysable in differentiated KCs. We assume that the latter pool appears to be LB enriched, and also sequestrates acylGlcCer from other cellular membrane fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hamanaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
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Alessandrini F, Pfister S, Kremmer E, Gerber JK, Ring J, Behrendt H. Alterations of glucosylceramide-beta-glucosidase levels in the skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 123:1030-6. [PMID: 15610510 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.23469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis of glucosylceramides by the enzyme glucosylceramide-beta-glucosidase (GlcCer'ase) results in ceramide, a critical component of the intercellular lamellae that mediates the epidermal permeability barrier. A disturbance of ceramide formation is supposed to influence the transepidermal water loss in common skin diseases like atopic eczema or psoriasis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether GlcCer'ase levels were altered in the skin of subjects with psoriasis vulgaris. Skin punch biopsies were taken from lesional and non-lesional psoriatic skin and GlcCer'ase was evaluated both at the RNA and at the protein level. Normal skin from surgical patients provided the baseline GlcCer'ase expression in healthy subjects. Our results show that GlcCer'ase mRNA expression was decreased in psoriatic non-lesional skin compared to normal controls in all cases. Interestingly, in lesional psoriatic skin the level of GlcCer'ase was increased compared to non-lesional skin in all cases. For the immunohistochemical analysis, we used a newly synthesized monoclonal antibody anti-human GBC (GlcCer'ase-GST fusion protein). The results confirmed that GlcCer'ase, mainly present in the upper epidermis, was decreased in psoriatic skin compared to normal control and was increased in lesional compared to non-lesional psoriatic skin. Our findings support the concept that alteration in water permeability barrier in lesional psoriatic skin can serve as a trigger for the upregulation of the expression of enzymes like GlcCer'ase with consequent stimulation of ceramide generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Alessandrini
- Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health/Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.
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Raith K, Farwanah H, Wartewig S, Neubert RHH. Progress in the analysis of Stratum corneum ceramides. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200400982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Norlen L. Skin barrier structure, function and formation - learning from cryo-electron microscopy of vitreous, fully hydrated native human epidermis. Int J Cosmet Sci 2003; 25:209-26. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Normal-phase liquid chromatographic separation of stratum corneum ceramides with detection by evaporative light scattering and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(03)00303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Culturing of normal human keratinocytes at the air-liquid interface results in the formation of fully differentiated epidermis under in vitro conditions. Although the reconstructed epidermis shows a close resemblance to native tissue, there are still some differences in the stratum corneum lipid profile and intercellular lipid organization. As ceramides belong to one of the major stratum corneum lipid classes, the aim of this study was to characterize this fraction in more detail. For this purpose, individual ceramide fractions were isolated by column chromatography and characterized by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography. The results of this study show that in both the native and reconstructed human epidermis the extractable ceramide fraction contains, in addition to the well known acylceramides (EOS, EOH), a new acylceramide in which the omega-O-acylhydroxyacid is amide-linked to phytosphingosine (EOP). The same three sphingoid base moieties (S, P, H) are also found in ceramides with amide-linked nonhydroxy and alpha-hydroxyacids. Whereas the same types of ceramides were present in both tissues, some differences in their fatty acid profiles have been found. In reconstructed epidermis the content of linoleic acid in all three acylceramides fraction was significantly lower; the ceramide(NS) fraction was enriched in short fatty acids and the ceramide(AS) fraction was enriched in long chain alpha-hydroxyacids. These differences together with a lower content of free fatty acids may explain the differences between native and reconstructed tissue in stratum corneum lipid organization observed earlier by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ponec
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.
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Rawlings AV. Trends in stratum corneum research and the management of dry skin conditions. Int J Cosmet Sci 2003; 25:63-95. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.2003.00174.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hamanaka S, Hara M, Nishio H, Otsuka F, Suzuki A, Uchida Y. Human epidermal glucosylceramides are major precursors of stratum corneum ceramides. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:416-23. [PMID: 12190865 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ceramides are the major component of the stratum corneum, accounting for 30%-40% of stratum corneum lipids by weight, and are composed of at least seven molecular groups (designated ceramides 1-7). Stratum corneum ceramides, together with cholesterol and fatty acids, form extracellular lamellae that are responsible for the epidermal permeability barrier. Previous studies indicated that beta-glucocerebrosidase- and sphingomyelinase-dependent ceramide production from glucosylceramides and sphingomyelins, respectively, is important for epidermal permeability barrier homeostasis. A recent study indicated that sphingomyelins are precursors of two stratum corneum ceramide molecular groups (ceramides 2 and 5). In this study, we have examined the role of glucosylceramides in the generation of each of the seven stratum corneum ceramide molecular groups. First, the structures of various glucosylceramide species in human epidermis were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance. The results indicate that total epidermal glucosylceramides are composed of six distinct molecular groups, glucosylceramides 1-6. Glucosylceramide 1 contains sphingenine and nonhydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 2, phytosphingosine and nonhydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 3, phytosphingosine with one double bond and nonhydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 4, sphingenine and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids, glucosylceramide 5, phytosphingosine and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids, and glucosylceramide 6, phytosphingosine with one double bond and alpha-hydroxy fatty acids. The nonhydroxy fatty acids typically have 16-24-carbon-length chains, whereas alpha-hydroxy fatty acids are limited to 24-, 25-, and 26-carbon chains. The sphingosine bases are C18 or C20 chains. Next, acylglucosylceramides and glucosylceramides were treated with beta-glucocerebrosidase and the ceramides released were compared with stratum corneum ceramides. Ceramide moieties of acylglucosylceramides and glucosylceramides 1, 2, 4-6 correspond to stratum corneum ceramides 1-7. These results, together with those of our previous reports characterizing epidermal sphingomyelins, indicate that all ceramide species, including omega-hydroxy fatty-acid-containing ceramides, are derived from glucosylceramides, and fractions of ceramides 2 and 5 are from sphingomyelins. Furthermore, structural analysis of glucosylceramides revealed that human epidermal glycosphingolipids display a unique lipid profile that is rich in very long chain hydroxylated (alpha- and omega-hydroxy) fatty acids and phytosphingosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiko Hamanaka
- Sphingolipid Expression Laboratory, Supra-Biomolecular System Research, RIKEN Frontier Research System, Wako, Japan
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Macheleidt O, Kaiser HW, Sandhoff K. Deficiency of epidermal protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:166-73. [PMID: 12164940 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.01833.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a common skin disease of unknown etiology with an impaired permeability barrier function. To learn more about the molecular pathology in lesional skin, we analyzed levels of free extractable as well as protein-bound barrier lipids in the epidermis of atopic dermatitis subjects. The amount of protein-bound omega-hydroxyceramides in healthy epidermis comprised 46-53 wt% of total protein-bound lipids, whereas this percentage was decreased to 23-28 wt% in nonlesional areas and even down to 10-25 wt% in affected atopic skin areas of the subjects. Furthermore, the partial amount of free extractable very long chain fatty acids with more than 24 carbon atoms was reduced in affected regions down to 25 wt% and in nonlesional regions of the atopic dermatitis subjects down to 40 wt% compared to healthy controls. This "hydrocarbon chain length deficiency" regarding the barrier lipids in atopic skin was supported by metabolic labeling studies with [14C]-serine in cultured epidermis. The biosynthesis of free glucosylceramides and free ceramides was remarkably decreased in affected skin areas of the atopic subjects compared to healthy control subjects. Especially affected were the de novo syntheses of ceramide 4 (i.e., ceramide EOH, consisting of a very long chain N-acyl omega-hydroxy fatty acid esterified with linoleic acid and 6-hydroxysphingosine as sphingoid base) and ceramide 3 (ceramide NP, consisting of a nonhydroxy N-acyl fatty acid and phytosphingosine). In conclusion, this study revealed that the lesional epidermis in atopic dermatitis has considerable deficiencies within main barrier lipid components, which may contribute to the severely damaged permeability barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Macheleidt
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universitaet Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
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Hsu FF, Turk J. Characterization of ceramides by low energy collisional-activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry with negative-ion electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2002; 13:558-570. [PMID: 12019979 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-0305(02)00358-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Negative-ion electrospray ionization tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry provides a useful method for the structural characterization of ceramides. Fragment ions referring to the identities of the fatty acid substituent and of the long chain base of the molecules are readily available and the structure of ceramides can be easily determined. A unique fragmentation pathway which leads to formation of the fatty acid carboxylate anions (RCO2) was observed. This fragmentation is initiated by cleavage of the C2-C3 bond of the LCB to yield a N-acylaminoethanol anion ([RCONHCH2CH2O]-), followed by rearrangement to a carboxyethylamine ([RCO2CH2CH2NH]-) intermediate, which further dissociates to a RCO2- ion. This pathway is confirmed by the CAD tandem mass spectrum of the synthetic N-acylaminoethanol standard and of the deuterated analogs of ceramides obtained by H-D exchange. The observation of RCO2- ion species permits an unambiguous identification of the fatty acyl moiety of ceramides. Tandem mass spectrometry methods for characterization of structural isomers of ceramides using product-ion scanning and for identification of specific ceramide subclasses in biological mixtures using neutral loss scanning are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Fu Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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