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Dash PK, Rai R, Pradhan SK, Shivaraj SM, Deshmukh R, Sreevathsa R, Singh NK. Drought and Oxidative Stress in Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) Entails Harnessing Non-Canonical Reference Gene for Precise Quantification of qRT-PCR Gene Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040950. [PMID: 37107326 PMCID: PMC10136167 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a self-pollinating, annual, diploid crop grown for multi-utility purposes for its quality oil, shining bast fiber, and industrial solvent. Being a cool (Rabi) season crop, it is affected by unprecedented climatic changes such as high temperature, drought, and associated oxidative stress that, globally, impede its growth, production, and productivity. To precisely assess the imperative changes that are inflicted by drought and associated oxidative stress, gene expression profiling of predominant drought-responsive genes (AREB, DREB/CBF, and ARR) was carried out by qRT-PCR. Nevertheless, for normalization/quantification of data obtained from qRT-PCR results, a stable reference gene is mandatory. Here, we evaluated a panel of four reference genes (Actin, EF1a, ETIF5A, and UBQ) and assessed their suitability as stable reference genes for the normalization of gene expression data obtained during drought-induced oxidative stress in flax. Taking together, from the canonical expression of the proposed reference genes in three different genotypes, we report that EF1a as a stand-alone and EF1a and ETIF5A in tandem are suitable reference genes to be used for the real-time visualization of cellular impact of drought and oxidative stress on flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rhitu Rai
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Sharat Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006, India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendragarh 123031, India
| | - Rohini Sreevathsa
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India
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Bioengineering of Soybean Oil and Its Impact on Agronomic Traits. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032256. [PMID: 36768578 PMCID: PMC9916542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a major oil crop and is also a dominant source of nutritional protein. The 20% seed oil content (SOC) of soybean is much lower than that in most oil crops and the fatty acid composition of its native oil cannot meet the specifications for some applications in the food and industrial sectors. Considerable effort has been expended on soybean bioengineering to tailor fatty acid profiles and improve SOC. Although significant advancements have been made, such as the creation of high-oleic acid soybean oil and high-SOC soybean, those genetic modifications have some negative impacts on soybean production, for instance, impaired germination or low protein content. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the bioengineering of soybean oil and its effects on agronomic traits.
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Salamatullah AM, Alkaltham MS, Özcan MM, Uslu N, Hayat K. Effect of Maturing Stages on Bioactive Properties, Fatty Acid Compositions, and Phenolic Compounds of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Kernels Harvested at Different Harvest Times. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:471-478. [PMID: 33692242 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of harvesting time on the physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, and phenolic compounds of peanut kernels. The moisture content (air-dried basis) of peanut kernels was determined between 4.47% (September 15, 2019) and 7.93% (October 6, 2019), whereas the oil contents changed from 45.95% (October 6, 2019) to 49.25% (September 22, 2019). The total carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phenolic contents were low throughout the harvest, showing differences depending on the harvest time. Total phenolic content changed from 0.28 mg GAE/L (September 29, 2019) to 0.43 mg GAE/L (September 8, 2019), whereas the antioxidant activity varied from 4.42% (August 25, 2019) to 4.70% (September 1, 2019). The dominant fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, depending on the harvest time, followed by stearic, behenic, arachidic, and linolenic acids. The (+)-catechin content ranged from 2.17 mg/L (September 8, 2019) to 5.15 mg/L (September 1, 2019), whereas 1,2-dihydroxybenzene content changed between 2.67 mg/L (October 6, 2019) and 5.85 mg/L (September 29, 2019). The phenolic compound content fluctuated depending on the harvest time. The results showed that peanut kernel and oil had distinctive phenolic profiles and fatty acid contents. The findings of the present study may provide information for the best time to harvest peanut to achieve its maximum health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Saeed Alkaltham
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University
| | - Mehmet Musa Özcan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University
| | - Nurhan Uslu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University
| | - Khizar Hayat
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University
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Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Hossain S, Matsuzaki K, Ohno M, Kato S, Katakura M, Shido O. Intake of Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Rich Perilla frutescens Leaf Powder Decreases Home Blood Pressure and Serum Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Japanese Adults. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092099. [PMID: 32365849 PMCID: PMC7248687 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) is known to be highly atherogenic. Thus, decreasing the blood levels of Ox-LDL through dietary means is an important approach to reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals. In this randomized placebo-controlled human interventional trial, we aimed to evaluate whether Perilla frutescens leaf powder (PLP) ameliorates Ox-LDL and home blood pressure, along with its biological antioxidant potential. Healthy Japanese volunteers aged 30-60 years (n = 60) were randomized to PLP and placebo groups. The PLP group consumed PLP dried using a microwave under reduced pressure, and the placebo group consumed pectin fiber daily for 6 months. Home blood pressure, serum biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profiles of erythrocyte plasma membranes were analyzed. Plasma Ox-LDL levels significantly decreased in the PLP group but not in the placebo group. Mean changes in the biological antioxidant potential and alpha-linolenic acid levels in the erythrocyte plasma membrane were significantly increased in the PLP group than in the placebo group. In subjects with prehypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ³ 120 mmHg), the mean reduction in morning or nocturnal SBP was significantly greater in the PLP group than in the placebo group. Thus, PLP intake may be an effective intervention to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michio Hashimoto
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-853-20-2730
| | - Yoko Tanabe
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Shahdat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 1342, Bangladesh;
| | - Kentaro Matsuzaki
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Miho Ohno
- Kato Hospital, Jinjukai Healthcare Corporation, Kawamoto, Shimane 696-0001, Japan; (M.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Setsushi Kato
- Kato Hospital, Jinjukai Healthcare Corporation, Kawamoto, Shimane 696-0001, Japan; (M.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Masanori Katakura
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
| | - Osamu Shido
- Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Shimane, Japan; (Y.T.); (K.M.); (M.K.); (O.S.)
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Twelve-month Studies on Perilla Oil Intake in Japanese Adults-Possible Supplement for Mental Health. Foods 2020; 9:foods9040530. [PMID: 32331363 PMCID: PMC7230189 DOI: 10.3390/foods9040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perilla oil (PO), rich in α-linolenic acid (LNA, C18:3, ω-3), is increasingly alleged to have numerous health benefits in humans. However, the current reports detailing the effects of PO on human mental health are not adequate. Therefore, in the current investigation we compared the effects of PO or placebo treatment on the mental condition of healthy adult Japanese volunteers. At baseline and after 12 months of treatment, mental health condition was assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Apathy Scale, and serum biochemical parameters were determined. From baseline to 12 months of intervention, both SDS depression and apathy scores improved significantly in the PO-administered group. Compared to those of control group, serum norepinephrine and serotonin levels after 12 months decreased in the PO-administered group. The enhanced mental state observed in PO-subjects was accompanied by LNA level increases in erythrocyte plasma membranes. Our data demonstrate that PO intake enhances blood LNA levels and may maintain healthy mental conditions in adult subjects.
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Zhou Z, Lakhssassi N, Cullen MA, El Baz A, Vuong TD, Nguyen HT, Meksem K. Assessment of Phenotypic Variations and Correlation among Seed Composition Traits in Mutagenized Soybean Populations. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E975. [PMID: 31783508 PMCID: PMC6947669 DOI: 10.3390/genes10120975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is a valuable source of protein and oil worldwide. Traditionally, the natural variations were heavily used in conventional soybean breeding programs to select desired traits. However, traditional plant breeding is encumbered with low frequencies of spontaneous mutations. In mutation breeding, genetic variations from induced mutations provide abundant sources of alterations in important soybean traits; this facilitated the development of soybean germplasm with modified seed composition traits to meet the different needs of end users. In this study, a total of 2366 'Forrest'-derived M2 families were developed for both forward and reverse genetic studies. A subset of 881 M3 families was forward genetically screened to measure the contents of protein, oil, carbohydrates, and fatty acids. A total of 14 mutants were identified to have stable seed composition phenotypes observed in both M3 and M4 generations. Correlation analyses have been conducted among ten seed composition traits and compared to a collection of 103 soybean germplasms. Mainly, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis had a strong impact on the seed-composition correlation that was observed among the 103 soybean germplasms, which offers multiple benefits for the soybean farmers and industry to breed for desired multiple seed phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (M.A.C.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Naoufal Lakhssassi
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (M.A.C.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Mallory A. Cullen
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (M.A.C.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Abdelhalim El Baz
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (M.A.C.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Tri D. Vuong
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (T.D.V.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Henry T. Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (T.D.V.); (H.T.N.)
| | - Khalid Meksem
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Agricultural Systems, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (M.A.C.); (A.E.B.)
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Serson W, Armstrong P, Maghirang E, AL‐Bakri A, Phillips T, AL‐Amery M, Su K, Hildebrand D. Development of Whole and Ground Seed Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Calibrations for Oil, Protein, Moisture, and Fatty Acids inSalvia hispanica. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Serson
- Department of BiologyAve Maria University Ave Maria FL 34142 USA
| | | | | | - Ahmed AL‐Bakri
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
| | - Timothy Phillips
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
| | - Maythem AL‐Amery
- Department of Biology, College of Science for WomenUniversity of Baghdad Baghdad 10011 Iraq
| | - Kai Su
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
| | - David Hildebrand
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of Kentucky Lexington KY 40546 USA
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Yeom WW, Kim HJ, Lee KR, Cho HS, Kim JY, Jung HW, Oh SW, Jun SE, Kim HU, Chung YS. Increased Production of α-Linolenic Acid in Soybean Seeds by Overexpression of Lesquerella FAD3-1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1812. [PMID: 32082356 PMCID: PMC7005135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is a major crop that is used as a source of vegetable oil for human use. To develop transgenic soybean with high α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3) content, the FAD3-1 gene isolated from lesquerella (Physaria fendleri) was used to construct vectors with two different seed-specific promoters, soybean β-conglycinin (Pβ-con) and kidney bean phaseolin (Pphas), and one constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (P35S). The corresponding vectors were used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of imbibed mature half seeds. The transformation efficiency was approximately 2%, 1%, and 3% and 21, 7, and 17 transgenic plants were produced, respectively. T-DNA insertion and expression of the transgene were confirmed from most of the transgenic plants by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and Southern blot analysis. The fatty acid composition of soybean seeds was analyzed by gas chromatography. The 18:3 content in the transgenic generation T1 seeds was increased 7-fold in Pβ-con:PfFAD3-1, 4-fold in Pphas : PfFAD3-1, and 1.6-fold in P35S:PfFAD3-1 compared to the 18:3 content in soybean "Kwangankong". The increased content of 18:3 in the Pβ-con:PfFAD3-1 soybean (T1) resulted in a 52.6% increase in total fatty acids, with a larger decrease in 18:1 content than 18:2 content. The increase in 18:3 content was also maintained and reached 42% in the Pphas : PfFAD3-1 transgenic generation T2. Investigations of the agronomic traits of 12 Pβ-con:PfFAD3-1 transgenic lines (T1) revealed that plant height, number of branches, nodes, pods, total seeds, and total seed weight were significantly higher in several transgenic lines than those in non-transgenic soybean. Especially, an increase in seed size was observed upon expression of the PfFAD3-1 gene with the β-conglycinin promoter, and 6%-14% higher seed lengths were measured from the transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Woo Yeom
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Cho
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Ho Won Jung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Seon-Woo Oh
- Biosafety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sang Eun Jun
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyun Uk Kim, ; Young-Soo Chung,
| | - Young-Soo Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyun Uk Kim, ; Young-Soo Chung,
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Abstract
Studying seed oil metabolism. The seeds of higher plants represent valuable factories capable of converting photosynthetically derived sugars into a variety of storage compounds, including oils. Oils are the most energy-dense plant reserves and fatty acids composing these oils represent an excellent nutritional source. They supply humans with much of the calories and essential fatty acids required in their diet. These oils are then increasingly being utilized as renewable alternatives to petroleum for the chemical industry and for biofuels. Plant oils therefore represent a highly valuable agricultural commodity, the demand for which is increasing rapidly. Knowledge regarding seed oil production is extensively exploited in the frame of breeding programs and approaches of metabolic engineering for oilseed crop improvement. Complementary aspects of this research include (1) the study of carbon metabolism responsible for the conversion of photosynthetically derived sugars into precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis, (2) the identification and characterization of the enzymatic actors allowing the production of the wide set of fatty acid structures found in seed oils, and (3) the investigation of the complex biosynthetic pathways leading to the production of storage lipids (waxes, triacylglycerols). In this review, we outline the most recent developments in our understanding of the underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms of seed oil production, focusing on fatty acids and oils that can have a significant impact on the emerging bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, RD10, 78026, Versailles Cedex, France.
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Reduction of Platelet Aggregation From Ingestion of Oleic and Linoleic Acids Found in Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea Oils. Am J Ther 2017; 23:e1315-e1319. [PMID: 25741817 DOI: 10.1097/mjt.0000000000000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of seed oils from Vitis vinifera and Arachis hypogaea in platelet aggregation. The initial hypothesis suggested that subjects who have consumed these seed oils undergo modified platelet aggregation. This study was performed using a pre-post test design, with a control group, and double blind. The effects of the consumption of grape seed and peanut oils were measured for platelet aggregation in clinical and laboratory tests in 30 healthy subjects. In addition to this group, a control group of 4 health subjects received no treatment with oils, just 500 mg oral administration acetylsalicylic acid for 7 days. Platelet aggregation was assessed by the Born turbidimetric method, using 3 different concentrations of adenosine diphosphate as agonists (2, 54; 1, 17; and 0, 58 μM). The study subjects had very similar results; both oils were shown to have a significant reduction in platelet aggregation. Grape seed oil showed a decrease of 8.4 ± 1% in aggregation, compared with peanut oil, which decreased aggregation by 10.4 ± 1%. The control group, taking 500 mg OD aspirin for 7 days, showed a significant decrease in platelet aggregation, similar to that of oil ingestion. Each of the oils was analyzed for fatty acids, to determine which particular acids were presents in greater levels, which could explain the reduction in platelet aggregation. The oil found to be most abundant in grape seeds was linoleic acid (omega-6), and in peanuts, it was oleic acid (omega-9). However, in fact, both acids reduced platelet aggregation. Consumption of plant oils from grape seeds and peanuts had a lowering effect on platelet aggregation, in addition to containing a high content of unsaturated fatty acids. However, omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9 fatty acids were not specifically responsible for the reductions mentioned above.
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Kim HU, Lee KR, Shim D, Lee JH, Chen GQ, Hwang S. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes associated with ω-3 fatty acid biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens (L.) var. frutescens. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:474. [PMID: 27342315 PMCID: PMC4920993 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) var frutescens) produces high levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a ω-3 fatty acid important to health and development. To uncover key genes involved in fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in perilla, we conducted deep sequencing of cDNAs from developing seeds and leaves for understanding the mechanism underlying ALA and seed TAG biosynthesis. Results Perilla cultivar Dayudeulkkae contains 66.0 and 56.2 % ALA in seeds and leaves, respectively. Using Illumina HiSeq 2000, we have generated a total of 392 megabases of raw sequences from four mRNA samples of seeds at different developmental stages and one mature leaf sample of Dayudeulkkae. De novo assembly of these sequences revealed 54,079 unique transcripts, of which 32,237 belong to previously annotated genes. Among the annotated genes, 66.5 % (21,429 out of 32,237) showed highest sequences homology with the genes from Mimulus guttatus, a species placed under the same Lamiales order as perilla. Using Arabidopsis acyl-lipid genes as queries, we searched the transcriptome and identified 540 unique perilla genes involved in all known pathways of acyl-lipid metabolism. We characterized the expression profiles of 43 genes involved in FA and TAG synthesis using quantitative PCR. Key genes were identified through sequence and gene expression analyses. Conclusions This work is the first report on building transcriptomes from perilla seeds. The work also provides the first comprehensive expression profiles for genes involved in seed oil biosynthesis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that our sequence collection represented a major transcriptomic resource for perilla that added valuable genetic information in order Lamiales. Our results provide critical information not only for studies of the mechanisms involved in ALA synthesis, but also for biotechnological production of ALA in other oilseeds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2805-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Grace Q Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Seongbin Hwang
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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Kim HU, Lee KR, Shim D, Lee JH, Chen GQ, Hwang S. Transcriptome analysis and identification of genes associated with ω-3 fatty acid biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens (L.) var. frutescens. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:474. [PMID: 27342315 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2805-2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perilla (Perilla frutescens (L.) var frutescens) produces high levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a ω-3 fatty acid important to health and development. To uncover key genes involved in fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis in perilla, we conducted deep sequencing of cDNAs from developing seeds and leaves for understanding the mechanism underlying ALA and seed TAG biosynthesis. RESULTS Perilla cultivar Dayudeulkkae contains 66.0 and 56.2 % ALA in seeds and leaves, respectively. Using Illumina HiSeq 2000, we have generated a total of 392 megabases of raw sequences from four mRNA samples of seeds at different developmental stages and one mature leaf sample of Dayudeulkkae. De novo assembly of these sequences revealed 54,079 unique transcripts, of which 32,237 belong to previously annotated genes. Among the annotated genes, 66.5 % (21,429 out of 32,237) showed highest sequences homology with the genes from Mimulus guttatus, a species placed under the same Lamiales order as perilla. Using Arabidopsis acyl-lipid genes as queries, we searched the transcriptome and identified 540 unique perilla genes involved in all known pathways of acyl-lipid metabolism. We characterized the expression profiles of 43 genes involved in FA and TAG synthesis using quantitative PCR. Key genes were identified through sequence and gene expression analyses. CONCLUSIONS This work is the first report on building transcriptomes from perilla seeds. The work also provides the first comprehensive expression profiles for genes involved in seed oil biosynthesis. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that our sequence collection represented a major transcriptomic resource for perilla that added valuable genetic information in order Lamiales. Our results provide critical information not only for studies of the mechanisms involved in ALA synthesis, but also for biotechnological production of ALA in other oilseeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon, 16631, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Grace Q Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA, 94710, USA
| | - Seongbin Hwang
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea
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Baek Y, Hwang JY, Kim K, Moon HK, Kweon S, Yang J, Oh K, Shim JE. Dietary intake of fats and fatty acids in the Korean population: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013. Nutr Res Pract 2015; 9:650-7. [PMID: 26634055 PMCID: PMC4667207 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2015.9.6.650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to estimate average total fat and fatty acid intakes as well as identify major food sources using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-1 (2013). SUBJECTS/METHODS Total fat and fatty acid intakes were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data on 7,048 participants aged ≥ 3 years from the KNHANES VI-1 (2013). Data included total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) levels. Population means and standard errors of the mean were weighted in order to produce national estimates and separated based on sex, age, income, as well as residential region. Major food sources of fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were identified based on mean consumption amounts of fat and fatty acids in each food. RESULTS The mean intake of total fat was 48.0 g while mean intakes of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were 14.4 g, 15.3 g, 11.6 g, 1.6 g, and 10.1 g, respectively. Intakes of MUFA and SFA were each higher than that of PUFA in all age groups. Pork was the major source of total fat, SFA, and MUFA, and soybean oil was the major source of PUFA. Milk and pork were major sources of SFA in subjects aged 3-11 years and ≥ 12 years, respectively. Perilla seed oil and soybean oil were main sources of n-3 FA in subjects aged ≥ 50 years and aged < 50 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Estimation of mean fatty acid intakes of this study using nationally represented samples of the Korean population could be useful for developing and evaluating national nutritional policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji Baek
- Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187, Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Hwang
- Nutrition Education Major, Graduate School of Education, Sangmyung University, Seoul 03016, Korea
| | - Kirang Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Chungnam 31116, Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Moon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Gyeonggi 16890, Korea
| | - Sanghui Kweon
- Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187, Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Korea
| | - Jieun Yang
- Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187, Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Korea
| | - Kyungwon Oh
- Division of Health and Nutrition Survey, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, 187, Osongsaengmyeong2-ro, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk 28159, Korea
| | - Jae Eun Shim
- Department of Food and nutrition, Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro, Dong-gu, Daejeon 34520, Korea
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Guan Z, Li S, Lin Z, Yang R, Zhao Y, Liu J, Yang S, Chen A. Identification and quantitation of phenolic compounds from the seed and pomace of Perilla frutescens using HPLC/PDA and HPLC-ESI/QTOF/MS/MS. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2014; 25:508-13. [PMID: 24737524 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., an essential traditional Asian crop and Chinese medicine, potentially exerts anti-oxidation effects through its phenolic compounds. These compounds have already been reported in perilla seed, however, little is reported in Perilla pomace, the primary waste during oil production of Perilla seed. OBJECTIVE To investigate major phenolic compounds in perilla seeds and pomaces in order to check whether the pomace could be an alternative resource to the seed for nutritional and medical purposes. METHODS Compounds in extracts of perilla seeds and pomaces were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and detected by photodiode array, and by electrospray ionisation with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Herb-markers selected by principal components analysis were then quantified in both seeds and pomaces. Moreover, a fingerprinting approach and multiple discriminant analysis were applied to screen the phenolic markers in 22 samples. RESULTS Ten phenols were tentatively identified, among which four (rosmarinic acid, luteolin, apigenin and rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside) were selected as herb-markers. Perilla seeds and pomaces showed similar phenol profiles, however, the pomaces contained almost two times the amount of the four herb-markers than the seeds. CONCLUSION The results indicated perilla pomace is a promising alternative source of phenolic compounds that could be recovered and potentially used as natural anti-oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Guan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Agro-product Quality and Safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of Agro-food Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
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Yang Q, Cao W, Zhou X, Cao W, Xie Y, Wang S. Anti-thrombotic effects of α-linolenic acid isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim seeds. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:348. [PMID: 25252789 PMCID: PMC4180314 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background The current study was to evaluate the anti-thrombotic effect of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) which was isolated and purified from Jiaomu in vivo. Methods The seeds were crushed and subsequently subjected to saponification, acid hydrolysis, gradient freezing, urea inclusion and complexation of silver nitrate to obtain the unsaturated fatty acids. The chemical characteristics of isolated ALA were validated by 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectrometry, and then the anti-thrombotic effect of ALA and its mixture with linoleic acid (1:1) were evaluated in the following experiments. Results The alpha-linolenic acid was isolated and purified from Jiaomu through our newly established methods. ALA and its mixture with linoleic acid can prolong the hemorrhage and coagulation time as well as enhanced the survival rate of mice subjected to collagen-adrenaline induced thrombosis. In addition, the thrombosis on A-V bypass and platelet aggregation of rats will be reduced after treated with ALA or its mixture, and the expression level of Akt and PI3K protein decreased 26% and 31%, respectively. Conclusions We designed and optimized a very simple and high-yield procedure to isolate ALA and linoleic acid mixture from seeds of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim and demonstrated that such mixture can obtain a good anti-thrombotic effect through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Ha BK, Kim HJ, Velusamy V, Vuong TD, Nguyen HT, Shannon JG, Lee JD. Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling linolenic acid concentration in PI483463 (Glycine soja). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:1501-12. [PMID: 24794978 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2314-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The QTLs controlling alpha-linolenic acid concentration from wild soybean were mapped on nine soybean chromosomes with various phenotypic variations. New QTLs for alpha-linolenic acid were detected in wild soybean. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid desired in human and animal diets. Some wild soybean (Glycine soja) genotypes are high in ALA. The objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling ALA concentration in a wild soybean accession, PI483463. In total, 188 recombinant inbred lines of F5:6, F5:7, and F5:8 generations derived from a cross of wild soybean PI483463 (~15 % ALA) and cultivar Hutcheson (~9 % ALA) were planted in four environments. Harvested seeds were used to measure fatty acid concentration. Single nucleotide polymorphism markers of the universal soybean linkage panel (USLP 1.0) and simple sequence repeat markers were used for molecular genotyping. Nine putative QTLs were identified that controlled ALA concentration by model-based composite interval mapping and mapped to different soybean chromosomes. The QTLs detected in four environments explained 2.4-7.9 % of the total phenotypic variation (PV). Five QTLs, qALA5_3, qALA6_1, qALA14_1, qALA15_1, and qALA17_1, located on chromosomes 5, 6, 14, 15, and 17 were identified by model-based composite interval mapping and composite interval mapping in two individual environments. Among them, qALA6_1 showed the highest contribution to the PV with 10.0-10.2 % in two environments. The total detected QTLs for additive and epistatic effects explained 52.4 % of the PV for ALA concentration. These findings will provide useful information for understanding genetic structure and marker-assisted breeding programs to increase ALA concentration in seeds derived from wild soybean PI483463.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Keun Ha
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 580-185, Republic of Korea
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Soto-Cerda BJ, Duguid S, Booker H, Rowland G, Diederichsen A, Cloutier S. Association mapping of seed quality traits using the Canadian flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) core collection. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2014; 127:881-96. [PMID: 24463785 PMCID: PMC3964306 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-014-2264-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The identification of stable QTL for seed quality traits by association mapping of a diverse panel of linseed accessions establishes the foundation for assisted breeding and future fine mapping in linseed. Linseed oil is valued for its food and non-food applications. Modifying its oil content and fatty acid (FA) profiles to meet market needs in a timely manner requires clear understanding of their quantitative trait loci (QTL) architectures, which have received little attention to date. Association mapping is an efficient approach to identify QTL in germplasm collections. In this study, we explored the quantitative nature of seed quality traits including oil content (OIL), palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid (LIO) linolenic acid (LIN) and iodine value in a flax core collection of 390 accessions assayed with 460 microsatellite markers. The core collection was grown in a modified augmented design at two locations over 3 years and phenotypic data for all seven traits were obtained from all six environments. Significant phenotypic diversity and moderate to high heritability for each trait (0.73-0.99) were observed. Most of the candidate QTL were stable as revealed by multivariate analyses. Nine candidate QTL were identified, varying from one for OIL to three for LIO and LIN. Candidate QTL for LIO and LIN co-localized with QTL previously identified in bi-parental populations and some mapped nearby genes known to be involved in the FA biosynthesis pathway. Fifty-eight percent of the QTL alleles were absent (private) in the Canadian cultivars suggesting that the core collection possesses QTL alleles potentially useful to improve seed quality traits. The candidate QTL identified herein will establish the foundation for future marker-assisted breeding in linseed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio J. Soto-Cerda
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9 Canada
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Agriaquaculture Nutritional Genomic Center (CGNA), Km 10 Camino Cajón-Vilcún, Temuco, La Araucania Chile
| | - Scott Duguid
- Morden Research Station, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Route 100, Morden, MB R6M 1Y5 Canada
| | - Helen Booker
- Crop Development Centre, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Gordon Rowland
- Crop Development Centre, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Axel Diederichsen
- Plant Gene Resources of Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2 Canada
| | - Sylvie Cloutier
- Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, 66 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2 Canada
- Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 195 Dafoe Rd, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9 Canada
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Chung KH, Hwang HJ, Shin KO, Jeon WM, Choi KS. Effects of perilla oil on plasma concentrations of cardioprotective (n-3) fatty acids and lipid profiles in mice. Nutr Res Pract 2013; 7:256-61. [PMID: 23964311 PMCID: PMC3746158 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2013.7.4.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of perilla oil as well as several vegetable oils, including flaxseed oil, canola oil, and rice bran oil on plasma levels of cardioprotective (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids in mice by feeding each vegetable oil for a period of eight weeks. Concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), fish-based (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids, showed an increase in the plasma of mice fed perilla and flaxseed oils compared to those of mice in the control group (P < 0.05), whereas rice bran and canola oils did not alter plasma DPA and EPA concentrations. Arachidonic acid concentration was increased by feeding rice bran oil (P < 0.05), but not canola, flaxseed, or perilla oil. In addition, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were altered by feeding dietary rice bran, canola, perilla, and flaxseed oils. Findings of this study showed that perilla oil, similar to flaxseed oil, is cardioprotective and could be used as an alternative to fish oil or even flaxseed oil in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keun Hee Chung
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Sahmyook University, 815, Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-742, Korea
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Pan X, Siloto RMP, Wickramarathna AD, Mietkiewska E, Weselake RJ. Identification of a pair of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases from developing flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed catalyzing the selective production of trilinolenin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:24173-88. [PMID: 23824186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.475699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The oil from flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has high amounts of α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3(cis)(Δ9,12,15)) and is one of the richest sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3-PUFAs). To produce ∼57% ALA in triacylglycerol (TAG), it is likely that flax contains enzymes that can efficiently transfer ALA to TAG. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a systematic characterization of TAG-synthesizing enzymes from flax. We identified several genes encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) and phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferases (PDATs) from the flax genome database. Due to recent genome duplication, duplicated gene pairs have been identified for all genes except DGAT2-2. Analysis of gene expression indicated that two DGAT1, two DGAT2, and four PDAT genes were preferentially expressed in flax embryos. Yeast functional analysis showed that DGAT1, DGAT2, and two PDAT enzymes restored TAG synthesis when produced recombinantly in yeast H1246 strain. The activity of particular PDAT enzymes (LuPDAT1 and LuPDAT2) was stimulated by the presence of ALA. Further seed-specific expression of flax genes in Arabidopsis thaliana indicated that DGAT1, PDAT1, and PDAT2 had significant effects on seed oil phenotype. Overall, this study indicated the existence of unique PDAT enzymes from flax that are able to preferentially catalyze the synthesis of TAG containing ALA acyl moieties. The identified LuPDATs may have practical applications for increasing the accumulation of ALA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids in oilseeds for food and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, Agricultural Lipid Biotechnology Program, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Lee J, Park S, Lee JY, Yeo YK, Kim JS, Lim J. Improved spatial learning and memory by perilla diet is correlated with immunoreactivities to neurofilament and α-synuclein in hilus of dentate gyrus. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:72. [PMID: 23216756 PMCID: PMC3539918 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Perilla (Perilla frutescens) oil is very rich in α-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid. As it is widely reported that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves cognitive function in children and adults, feeding rats with perilla diets followed by analysis of proteomic changes in the hippocampus can provide valuable information on the mechanism of learning and memory at the molecular level. To identify proteins playing roles in learning and memory, differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus of the 5 week old rats fed perilla diets for 3 weeks or 3 months were identified by proteomic analysis and validated by immunological assays. RESULTS The perilla diet groups showed improved spatial learning and memory performances in a T-maze test. They also displayed elevated level of 22:6n-3 fatty acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (p<0.05), in the brain compared to the control diet group. Quantitative proteomic analysis using 2-D gels as well as functional annotation grouping with the differentially expressed proteins in the hippocampus showed that those proteins involved in cytoskeleton and transport were the major differentially expressed proteins in the 3-week group, whereas those involved in energy metabolism, neuron projection and apoptosis in addition to cytoskeleton and transport were the major ones in the 3 month group. Differential protein expression in the hippocampus was validated by Western blotting using four selected proteins, known to be involved in synaptic plasticity; AMPA receptor, neurofilament, α-synuclein, and β-soluble NSF attachment protein. Brain sections from the perilla-diet groups showed enhanced immunoreactivities to α-synuclein and neurofilament. Especially, neurofilament immunoreactive cells manifested longer neurite projections in the hilus of dentate gyrus of the perilla-diet groups. CONCLUSION Improved cognitive function upon administration of n-3 fatty acid-rich perilla diet is associated with the differential expression of hippocampal proteins related to cytoskeleton, energy metabolism, transport, neuro-projection, and apoptosis. Particularly, the enhanced immunoreactivities to α-synuclein and neurofilament in the hilus of dentate gyrus suggest that perilla diet supplementation promotes neuronal signaling and alters synaptic plasticity for improved learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Lee
- Major in Food Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Sunmin Park
- Major in Food Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Ju-Young Lee
- Major in Food Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Yeong Keun Yeo
- Major in Food Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Jong Sang Kim
- Major in Food Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
| | - Jinkyu Lim
- Major in Food Biomaterials, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, South Korea
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Barvkar VT, Pardeshi VC, Kale SM, Kadoo NY, Giri AP, Gupta VS. Proteome profiling of flax (Linum usitatissimum) seed: characterization of functional metabolic pathways operating during seed development. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:6264-76. [PMID: 23153172 DOI: 10.1021/pr300984r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds are an important source of food and feed due to the presence of various health promoting compounds, making it a nutritionally and economically important plant. An in-depth analysis of the proteome of developing flax seed is expected to provide significant information with respect to the regulation and accumulation of such storage compounds. Therefore, a proteomic analysis of seven seed developmental stages (4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 30, and 48 days after anthesis) in a flax variety, NL-97 was carried out using a combination of 1D-SDS-PAGE and LC-MSE methods. A total 1716 proteins were identified and their functional annotation revealed that a majority of them were involved in primary metabolism, protein destination, storage and energy. Three carbon assimilatory pathways appeared to operate in flax seeds. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR of selected 19 genes was carried out to understand their roles during seed development. Besides storage proteins, methionine synthase, RuBisCO and S-adenosylmethionine synthetase were highly expressed transcripts, highlighting their importance in flax seed development. Further, the identified proteins were mapped onto developmental seed specific expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries of flax to obtain transcriptional evidence and 81% of them had detectable expression at the mRNA level. This study provides new insights into the complex seed developmental processes operating in flax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitthal T Barvkar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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Kuhnt K, Degen C, Jaudszus A, Jahreis G. Searching for health beneficial n-3 and n-6 fatty acids in plant seeds. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011; 114:153-160. [PMID: 22745569 PMCID: PMC3380567 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Various plant seeds have received little attention in fatty acid research. Seeds from 30 species mainly of Boraginaceae and Primulaceae were analysed in order to identify potential new sources of the n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA) and of the n-6 PUFA γ-linolenic acid (GLA). The fatty acid distribution differed enormously between genera of the same family. Echium species (Boraginaceae) contained the highest amount of total n-3 PUFA (47.1%), predominantly ALA (36.6%) and SDA (10.5%) combined with high GLA (10.2%). Further species of Boraginaceae rich in both SDA and GLA were Omphalodes linifolia (8.4, 17.2%, resp.), Cerinthe minor (7.5, 9.9%, resp.) and Buglossoides purpureocaerulea (6.1, 16.6%, resp.). Alkanna species belonging to Boraginaceae had comparable amounts of ALA (37.3%) and GLA (11.4%) like Echium but lower SDA contents (3.7%). Different genera of Primulaceae (Dodecatheon and Primula) had varying ALA (14.8, 28.8%, resp.) and GLA portions (4.1, 1.5%, resp.), but similar amounts of SDA (4.9, 4.5%, resp.). Cannabis sativa cultivars (Cannabaceae) were rich in linoleic acid (57.1%), but poor in SDA and GLA (0.8, 2.7%, resp.). In conclusion, several of the presented plant seeds contain considerable amounts of n-3 PUFA and GLA, which could be relevant for nutritional purposes due to their biological function as precursors for eicosanoid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhnt
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutritional Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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Zhao J, Lv GP, Chen YW, Li SP. Advanced development in analysis of phytochemicals from medicine and food dual purposes plants used in China. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:7453-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Rueda F, Domingo J, Mach N. Efectos de los ácidos grasos omega 3 y otros suplementos alimenticios en procesos patológicos relacionados con la tercera edad. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE NUTRICIÓN HUMANA Y DIETÉTICA 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s2173-1292(11)70004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fenart S, Ndong YPA, Duarte J, Rivière N, Wilmer J, van Wuytswinkel O, Lucau A, Cariou E, Neutelings G, Gutierrez L, Chabbert B, Guillot X, Tavernier R, Hawkins S, Thomasset B. Development and validation of a flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) gene expression oligo microarray. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:592. [PMID: 20964859 PMCID: PMC3091737 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) has been cultivated for around 9,000 years and is therefore one of the oldest cultivated species. Today, flax is still grown for its oil (oil-flax or linseed cultivars) and its cellulose-rich fibres (fibre-flax cultivars) used for high-value linen garments and composite materials. Despite the wide industrial use of flax-derived products, and our actual understanding of the regulation of both wood fibre production and oil biosynthesis more information must be acquired in both domains. Recent advances in genomics are now providing opportunities to improve our fundamental knowledge of these complex processes. In this paper we report the development and validation of a high-density oligo microarray platform dedicated to gene expression analyses in flax. RESULTS Nine different RNA samples obtained from flax inner- and outer-stems, seeds, leaves and roots were used to generate a collection of 1,066,481 ESTs by massive parallel pyrosequencing. Sequences were assembled into 59,626 unigenes and 48,021 sequences were selected for oligo design and high-density microarray (Nimblegen 385K) fabrication with eight, non-overlapping 25-mers oligos per unigene. 18 independent experiments were used to evaluate the hybridization quality, precision, specificity and accuracy and all results confirmed the high technical quality of our microarray platform. Cross-validation of microarray data was carried out using quantitative qRT-PCR. Nine target genes were selected on the basis of microarray results and reflected the whole range of fold change (both up-regulated and down-regulated genes in different samples). A statistically significant positive correlation was obtained comparing expression levels for each target gene across all biological replicates both in qRT-PCR and microarray results. Further experiments illustrated the capacity of our arrays to detect differential gene expression in a variety of flax tissues as well as between two contrasted flax varieties. CONCLUSION All results suggest that our high-density flax oligo-microarray platform can be used as a very sensitive tool for analyzing gene expression in a large variety of tissues as well as in different cultivars. Moreover, this highly reliable platform can also be used for the quantification of mRNA transcriptional profiling in different flax tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Fenart
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | | | - Jorge Duarte
- BIOGEMMA, Z.I. du Brezet, 8 rue des Frères Lumières, 63028 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France
| | - Nathalie Rivière
- BIOGEMMA, Z.I. du Brezet, 8 rue des Frères Lumières, 63028 Clermont-Ferrand cedex 2, France
| | - Jeroen Wilmer
- BIOGEMMA, domaine de Sandreau, Chemin de Panedautes, 31700 Mondonville, France
| | | | - Anca Lucau
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | | | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Laurent Gutierrez
- CRRBM, UFR des Sciences, UPJV, 33 rue Saint Leu, 80039 Amiens cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Chabbert
- UMR- INRA, UMR614, URCA, FARE, 2 Esplanade R. Garros, CREA, BP 224, 51686 Reims, France
| | | | | | - Simon Hawkins
- Université Lille Nord de France, Lille 1 UMR INRA 1281, SADV, F- 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
| | - Brigitte Thomasset
- UMR CNRS 6022, GEC, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, BP 20529, 60205 Compiègne cedex, France
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Wilson RF, Hildebrand DF. Engineering Status, Challenges and Advantages of Oil Crops. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13440-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Huis R, Hawkins S, Neutelings G. Selection of reference genes for quantitative gene expression normalization in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 10:71. [PMID: 20403198 PMCID: PMC3095345 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-10-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is currently the most accurate method for detecting differential gene expression. Such an approach depends on the identification of uniformly expressed 'housekeeping genes' (HKGs). Extensive transcriptomic data mining and experimental validation in different model plants have shown that the reliability of these endogenous controls can be influenced by the plant species, growth conditions and organs/tissues examined. It is therefore important to identify the best reference genes to use in each biological system before using qRT-PCR to investigate differential gene expression. In this paper we evaluate different candidate HKGs for developmental transcriptomic studies in the economically-important flax fiber- and oil-crop (Linum usitatissimum L). RESULTS Specific primers were designed in order to quantify the expression levels of 20 different potential housekeeping genes in flax roots, internal- and external-stem tissues, leaves and flowers at different developmental stages. After calculations of PCR efficiencies, 13 HKGs were retained and their expression stabilities evaluated by the computer algorithms geNorm and NormFinder. According to geNorm, 2 Transcriptional Elongation Factors (TEFs) and 1 Ubiquitin gene are necessary for normalizing gene expression when all studied samples are considered. However, only 2 TEFs are required for normalizing expression in stem tissues. In contrast, NormFinder identified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GADPH) as the most stably expressed gene when all samples were grouped together, as well as when samples were classed into different sub-groups.qRT-PCR was then used to investigate the relative expression levels of two splice variants of the flax LuMYB1 gene (homologue of AtMYB59). LuMYB1-1 and LuMYB1-2 were highly expressed in the internal stem tissues as compared to outer stem tissues and other samples. This result was confirmed with both geNorm-designated- and NormFinder-designated-reference genes. CONCLUSIONS The use of 2 different statistical algorithms results in the identification of different combinations of flax HKGs for expression data normalization. Despite such differences, the use of geNorm-designated- and NormFinder-designated-reference genes enabled us to accurately compare the expression levels of a flax MYB gene in different organs and tissues. Our identification and validation of suitable flax HKGs will facilitate future developmental transcriptomic studies in this economically-important plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Huis
- UMR INRA-USTL 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Bât. SN2, Université Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Simon Hawkins
- UMR INRA-USTL 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Bât. SN2, Université Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- UMR INRA-USTL 1281 Stress Abiotiques et Différenciation des Végétaux Cultivés, Bât. SN2, Université Lille 1, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Mariod AA, Matthäus B, Idris YMA, Abdelwahab SI. Fatty Acids, Tocopherols, Phenolics and the Antimicrobial Effect of Sclerocarya birrea Kernels with Different Harvesting Dates. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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