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Marittimo N, Grasselli G, Arigò A, Famiglini G, Agostini M, Renzoni C, Palma P, Cappiello A. Liquid electron ionization-mass spectrometry as a novel strategy for integrating normal-phase liquid chromatography with low and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:2664-2670. [PMID: 38363103 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02109b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) plays a pivotal role in the rapid separation of non-polar compounds, facilitating isomer separation and finding applications in various crucial areas where aprotic solvents are necessary. Similar to reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), NPLC requires a robust and sensitive detector to unequivocally identify the analytes, such as a mass spectrometer. However, coupling NPLC with mass spectrometry (MS) poses challenges due to the incompatibility between the non-polar solvents used as the mobile phase and the primary ionization techniques employed in MS. Several analytical methods have been developed to combine NPLC with electrospray ionization (ESI), but these methods are restricted to the analysis of polar compounds. In most cases, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) becomes necessary to expand the range of analysis applications. To overcome these limitations and fully realize the potential of NPLC-MS coupling, a technique termed liquid electron ionization-mass spectrometry (LEI-MS) can be used. LEI-MS offers a straightforward solution by enabling the effective coupling of NPLC with both low and high-resolution MS. LEI allows for the comprehensive analysis of non-polar compounds and provides a powerful tool for isomer separation and precise identification of analytes. Optimal separations, mass spectral qualities, and matches with the NIST library were obtained in both configurations, demonstrating the potential of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Marittimo
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Genny Grasselli
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Adriana Arigò
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Famiglini
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
| | - Marco Agostini
- Laboratorio di Tossicologia, A.S.T. AV1, Via Lombroso 15, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Renzoni
- Laboratorio di Tossicologia, A.S.T. AV1, Via Lombroso 15, 61122 Pesaro, Italy
| | - Pierangela Palma
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
- Vancouver Island University, Department of Chemistry, B360-R306, 900 Fifth St., Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Achille Cappiello
- University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy.
- Vancouver Island University, Department of Chemistry, B360-R306, 900 Fifth St., Nanaimo, BC, Canada V9R 5S5
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Bongiovanni T, Yin MOL, Heaney L. The Athlete and Gut Microbiome: Short-chain Fatty Acids as Potential Ergogenic Aids for Exercise and Training. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:1143-1158. [PMID: 34256388 DOI: 10.1055/a-1524-2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced in the gut via microbial fermentation of dietary fibers referred to as microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs). Acetate, propionate, and butyrate have been observed to regulate host dietary nutrient metabolism, energy balance, and local and systemic immune functions. In vitro and in vivo experiments have shown links between the presence of bacteria-derived SCFAs and host health through the blunting of inflammatory processes, as well as purported protection from the development of illness associated with respiratory infections. This bank of evidence suggests that SCFAs could be beneficial to enhance the athlete's immunity, as well as act to improve exercise recovery via anti-inflammatory activity and to provide additional energy substrates for exercise performance. However, the mechanistic basis and applied evidence for these relationships in humans have yet to be fully established. In this narrative review, we explore the existing knowledge of SCFA synthesis and the functional importance of the gut microbiome composition to induce SCFA production. Further, changes in gut microbiota associated with exercise and various dietary MACs are described. Finally, we provide suggestions for future research and practical applications, including how these metabolites could be manipulated through dietary fiber intake to optimize immunity and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liam Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Palyzová A, Cajthaml T, Řezanka T. Separation of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols containing branched fatty acids (iso and/or anteiso). Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1832-1843. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palyzová
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 4 Czech Republic
- Institute for Environmental Studies Faculty of Science Charles University Prague 2 Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Řezanka
- Institute of Microbiology The Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 4 Czech Republic
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Shimizu H, Masujima Y, Ushiroda C, Mizushima R, Taira S, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I. Dietary short-chain fatty acid intake improves the hepatic metabolic condition via FFAR3. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16574. [PMID: 31719611 PMCID: PMC6851370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented foods represent a significant portion of human diets with several beneficial effects. Foods produced by bacterial fermentation are enriched in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are functional products of dietary fibers via gut microbial fermentation. In addition to energy sources, SCFAs also act as signaling molecules via G-protein coupled receptors such as FFAR2 and FFAR3. Hence, dietary SCFAs in fermented foods may have a direct influence on metabolic functions. However, the detailed mechanism by dietary SCFAs remains unclear. Here, we show that dietary SCFAs protected against high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice in parallel with increased plasma SCFAs without changing cecal SCFA or gut microbial composition. Dietary SCFAs suppressed hepatic weight and lipid synthesis. These effects were abolished in FFAR3-deficient mice but not FFAR2-deficient. Thus, SCFAs supplementation improved hepatic metabolic functions via FFAR3 without influencing intestinal environment. These findings could help to promote the development of functional foods using SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Shimizu
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
- NOSTER Bio-Institute, Nitto Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Kamiueno, Muko, Kyoto, 617-0006, Japan
| | - Yuki Masujima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ushiroda
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Rina Mizushima
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Satsuki Taira
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan.
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan.
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Szabóová Ž, Blaško J, Galbavá P, Nižnanský L, Górová R, Filipiak W, Musil K, Čabala R, Gabrišová L, Peciar M, Kubinec R. Analysis of triglycerides in butter, plant oils, and adulterated butter with LPGC-MS. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2228-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mandøe MJ, Hansen KB, Windeløv JA, Knop FK, Rehfeld JF, Rosenkilde MM, Holst JJ, Hansen HS. Comparing olive oil and C4-dietary oil, a prodrug for the GPR119 agonist, 2-oleoyl glycerol, less energy intake of the latter is needed to stimulate incretin hormone secretion in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:2. [PMID: 29330461 PMCID: PMC6199285 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-017-0011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/objective After digestion, dietary triacylglycerol stimulates incretin release in humans, mainly through generation of 2-monoacylglycerol, an agonist for the intestinal G protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119). Enhanced incretin release may have beneficial metabolic effects. However, dietary fat may promote weight gain and should therefore be restricted in obesity. We designed C4-dietary oil (1,3-di-butyryl-2-oleoyl glycerol) as a 2-oleoyl glycerol (2-OG)-generating fat type, which would stimulate incretin release to the same extent while providing less calories than equimolar amounts of common triglycerides, e.g., olive oil. Subjects and methods We studied the effect over 180 min of (a) 19 g olive oil plus 200 g carrot, (b) 10.7 g C4 dietary oil plus 200 g carrot and (c) 200 g carrot, respectively, on plasma responses of gut and pancreatic hormones in 13 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Theoretically, both oil meals result in formation of 7.7 g 2-OG during digestion. Results Both olive oil and C4-dietary oil resulted in greater postprandial (P ≤ 0.01) glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) responses (incremental area under curve (iAUC)): iAUCGLP−1: 645 ± 194 and 702 ± 97 pM × min; iAUCGIP: 4,338 ± 764 and 2,894 ± 601 pM × min) compared to the carrot meal (iAUCGLP−1: 7 ± 103 pM × min; iAUCGIP: 266 ± 234 pM × min). iAUC for GLP-1 and GIP were similar for C4-dietary oil and olive oil, although olive oil resulted in a higher peak value for GIP than C4-dietary oil. Conclusion C4-dietary oil enhanced secretion of GLP-1 and GIP to almost the same extent as olive oil, in spite of liberation of both 2-OG and oleic acid, which also may stimulate incretin secretion, from olive oil. Thus, C4-dietary oil is more effective as incretin releaser than olive oil per unit of energy and may be useful for dietary intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Johannsen Mandøe
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Katrine Bagge Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Johanne Agerlin Windeløv
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Diabetes Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Frederik Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basal Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Harald Severin Hansen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Regioisomeric and enantiomeric analysis of triacylglycerols. Anal Biochem 2016; 524:3-12. [PMID: 27318242 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A survey of useful methods for separation and identification of regioisomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerols. Gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 13C NMR determination of regioisomers by enzymatic methods, and supercritical fluid chromatography are briefly surveyed, whereas a detailed description is given of the analysis of triacylglycerols by liquid chromatography, especially with silver ion (Ag+; argentation), and nonaqueous reversed phase liquid chromatography. Special attention is paid to chiral chromatography. Details of mass spectrometry of triacylglycerols are also described, especially the identification of important triacylglycerol ions such as [M + H-RCOOH]+ in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectra.
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8
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Sidorov RA, Pchelkin VP, Zhukov AV, Tsydendambaev VD. Positional-Species Composition of Diacylglycerol Acetates from Mature Euonymus Seeds. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:789-97. [PMID: 27151557 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The positional-species composition (PSC) of 3-acetyl-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerols (AcDAGs) from the seeds of mature fruits of 14 species of the genus Euonymus L. was established. The residues of six major fatty acids (FAs), palmitic (P), stearic (St), hexadecenoic (H), octadecenoic (O), linoleic (L), and linolenic (Ln), were present in the AcDAGs. Here, we demonstrated that the profile of PSC of AcDAGs could serve as chemotaxonomic factor to divide euonymus species studied here into groups which completely correlate with the present day systematic of the genus. In particular, the Euonymus section greatly exceeded other sections of the Euonymus subgenus as well as the Kalonymus one in the total levels of AcDAGs positional species having one and two O residues and was characterized by significantly lesser concentrations of species with one and two L residues. Moreover, in seed, AcDAGs of almost all Euonymus species EFL values were slightly higher than EFO ones, but all EFL and EFO values were higher than 1.0, and therefore, it can be concluded that both FAs mainly esterified sn-2-position of the glycerol moiety and saturated FAs residues were always virtually absent in the sn-2 position of Euonymus seed AcDAGs, as it is also the case in nearly all TAGs molecules of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman A Sidorov
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ave. 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia. ,
| | - Vasily P Pchelkin
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ave. 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Zhukov
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ave. 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir D Tsydendambaev
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism, K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya ave. 35, 127276, Moscow, Russia
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Jakob A, Crawford EA, Gross JH. Detection of polydimethylsiloxanes transferred from silicone-coated parchment paper to baked goods using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:298-304. [PMID: 27041660 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The non-stick properties of parchment papers are achieved by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings. During baking, PDMS can thus be extracted from the silicone-coated parchment into the baked goods. Positive-ion direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry (MS) is highly efficient for the analysis of PDMS. A DART-SVP source was coupled to a quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer to detect PDMS on the contact surface of baked goods after use of silicone-coated parchment papers. DART spectra from the bottom surface of baked cookies and pizzas exhibited signals because of PDMS ions of the general formula [(C2H6SiO)n + NH4 ](+) in the m/z 800-1900 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jakob
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstraße 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Crawford
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Grün CH, Besseau S. Normal-phase liquid chromatography–atmospheric-pressure photoionization–mass spectrometry analysis of cholesterol and phytosterol oxidation products. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1439:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Araujo P, Tilahun E, Breivik JF, Abdulkader BM, Frøyland L, Zeng Y. A simple liquid extraction protocol for overcoming the ion suppression of triacylglycerols by phospholipids in liquid chromatography mass spectrometry studies. Talanta 2016; 148:463-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Separation and Identification of Odd Chain Triacylglycerols of the Protozoan Khawkinea quartana and the Mold Mortierella alpina Using LC–MS. Lipids 2015; 50:811-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gross JH. Polydimethylsiloxane extraction from silicone rubber into baked goods detected by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:313-319. [PMID: 26307711 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexible baking molds and other household utensils are made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), also known as silicone rubber. PDMS is prone to release oligomers upon elongated contact with fats, e.g., in the process of baking dough. Positive-ion direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry (MS) provides an efficient tool for the analysis of PDMS up to m/z 3000. Here, DART ionization is employed in combination with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance MS to detect PDMS released into muffins when baked in silicone rubber baking molds. Intensive signals caused by PDMS do occur in the m/z 700-1500 range of DART mass spectra obtained from the crusty surface of muffins after the use of such silicone rubber molds. In addition, triacylglyceroles (TAGs) present as natural ingredients of the analyzed muffins were detected as [TAG+NH(4)](+) ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Triacylglycerol Storage in Lipid Droplets in Procyclic Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114628. [PMID: 25493940 PMCID: PMC4262433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon storage is likely to enable adaptation of trypanosomes to nutritional challenges or bottlenecks during their stage development and migration in the tsetse. Lipid droplets are candidates for this function. This report shows that feeding of T. brucei with oleate results in a 4-5 fold increase in the number of lipid droplets, as quantified by confocal fluorescence microscopy and by flow cytometry of BODIPY 493/503-stained cells. The triacylglycerol (TAG) content also increased 4-5 fold, and labeled oleate is incorporated into TAG. Fatty acid carbon can thus be stored as TAG in lipid droplets under physiological growth conditions in procyclic T. brucei. β-oxidation has been suggested as a possible catabolic pathway for lipids in T. brucei. A single candidate gene, TFEα1 with coding capacity for a subunit of the trifunctional enzyme complex was identified. TFEα1 is expressed in procyclic T. brucei and present in glycosomal proteomes, Unexpectedly, a TFEα1 gene knock-out mutant still expressed wild-type levels of previously reported NADP-dependent 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, and therefore, another gene encodes this enzymatic activity. Homozygous Δtfeα1/Δtfeα1 null mutant cells show a normal growth rate and an unchanged glycosomal proteome in procyclic T. brucei. The decay kinetics of accumulated lipid droplets upon oleate withdrawal can be fully accounted for by the dilution effect of cell division in wild-type and Δtfeα1/Δtfeα1 cells. The absence of net catabolism of stored TAG in procyclic T. brucei, even under strictly glucose-free conditions, does not formally exclude a flux through TAG, in which biosynthesis equals catabolism. Also, the possibility remains that TAG catabolism is completely repressed by other carbon sources in culture media or developmentally activated in post-procyclic stages in the tsetse.
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Tan T, Lai CJS, Zeng SL, Liu EH, Li P. Enzymatic hydrolysis-based absolute quantification of triacylglycerols in plant oil by use of a single marker. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:4921-9. [PMID: 24912990 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7899-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Absolute quantification of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in plant oils is a challenge for analysts, because most of the necessary chemical standards are unavailable. In this study, a new method for absolute quantification analysis of multi-components by use of a single marker (AQAMS), using two crucial technologies, evaluation of the collection recovery without chemical standards and enzymatic hydrolysis, was used for determining the absolute content of TAGs in brucea javanica oil (BJO), using glycerol as the marker. The TAGs in BJO were initially characterized using ultrafast liquid chromatography tandem atmospheric-pressure-chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Then the TAGs in BJO were individually collected, by target-fraction collection via high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an evaporative-light-scattering detector (HPLC-ELSD), and their recoveries were calculated by use of a novel non-standard evaluated recovery strategy (NSER). The results revealed that the collection procedure was feasible and reliable. Finally, modified commercial TAG assay kits using glycerol as the marker were used to determine the absolute abundance of individual TAGs in the plant oils. Comparing the result with that obtained by HPLC-ELSD analysis using triolein standard, the content of triolein determined by AQAMS was closely matched. The proposed strategy is a practical measure for solving the problem of the lack of chemical standards, and provides a new method for absolute quantification in natural products of multi-components with the same backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No.24 Tongjia lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Picariello G, Sacchi R, Fierro O, Melck D, Romano R, Paduano A, Motta A, Addeo F. High resolution13CNMR detection of short- and medium-chain synthetic triacylglycerols used in butterfat adulteration. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaele Sacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti; Università di Napoli “Federico II”; Portici; Napoli; Italy
| | - Olga Fierro
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Avellino; Italy
| | - Dominique Melck
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Pozzuoli; Napoli; Italy
| | - Raffaele Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti; Università di Napoli “Federico II”; Portici; Napoli; Italy
| | - Antonello Paduano
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti; Università di Napoli “Federico II”; Portici; Napoli; Italy
| | - Andrea Motta
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR); Pozzuoli; Napoli; Italy
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Nagy K, Sandoz L, Destaillats F, Schafer O. Mapping the regioisomeric distribution of fatty acids in triacylglycerols by hybrid mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:290-305. [PMID: 23093552 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d031484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the use of hybrid mass spectrometry for the mapping, identification, and semi-quantitation of triacylglycerol regioisomers in fats and oils. The identification was performed based on the accurate mass and fragmentation pattern obtained by data-dependent fragmentation. Quantitation was based on the high-resolution ion chromatograms, and relative proportion of sn-1(3)/sn-2 regioisomers was calculated based on generalized fragmentation models and the relative intensities observed in the product ion spectra. The key performance features of the developed method are inter-batch mass accuracy < 1 ppm (n = 10); lower limit of detection (triggering threshold) 0.1 μg/ml (equivalent to 0.2 weight % in oil); lower limit of quantitation 0.2 μg/ml (equivalent to 0.4 weight % in oil); peak area precision 6.5% at 2 μg/ml concentration and 15% at 0.2 μM concentration; inter-batch precision of fragment intensities < 1% (n = 10) independent of the investigated concentration; and averaged accuracy using the generic calibration 3.8% in the 1-10 μg/ml range and varies between 1-23% depending on analytes. Inter-esterified fat, beef tallow, pork lard, and butter fat samples were used to show how well regioisomeric distribution of palmitic acid can be captured by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornél Nagy
- Food Science and Technology Department; Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland.
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On-line two dimensional liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of triacylglycerides in peanut oil and mouse tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 895-896:48-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kalo PJ, Kemppinen A. Regiospecific analysis of TAGs using chromatography, MS, and chromatography-MS. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hellmuth C, Uhl O, Segura-Moreno M, Demmelmair H, Koletzko B. Determination of acylglycerols from biological samples with chromatography-based methods. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3470-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Murphy RC, Leiker TJ, Barkley RM. Glycerolipid and cholesterol ester analyses in biological samples by mass spectrometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:776-83. [PMID: 21757029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neutral lipids are a diverse family of hydrophobic biomolecules that have important roles in cellular biochemistry of all living species but have in common the property of charge neutrality. A large component of neutral lipids is the glycerolipids composed of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, and monoacylglycerols that can serve as cellular energy stores as well as signaling molecules. Another abundant lipid class in many cells is the cholesterol esters that are on one hand sterols and the other fatty acyl lipids, but in either case are neutral lipids involved in cholesterol homeostasis and transport in the blood. The analysis of these molecules in the context of lipidomics remains challenging because of their charge neutrality and the complex mixtures of molecular species present in cells. Various techniques have been used to ionize these neutral lipids prior to mass spectrometric analysis including electron ionization, atmospheric chemical ionization, electrospray ionization and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization. Various approaches to deal with the complex mixture of molecular species have been developed including shotgun lipidomics and chromatographic-based separations such as gas chromatography, reversed phase liquid chromatography, and normal phase liquid chromatography. Several applications of these approaches are discussed. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA.
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Derewiaka D, Sosińska E, Obiedziński M, Krogulec A, Czaplicki S. Determination of the adulteration of butter. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gerbig S, Takáts Z. Analysis of triglycerides in food items by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:2186-92. [PMID: 20583323 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The triglyceride composition and oxidation behavior of edible oil and margarine samples were analyzed by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS). For the characterization of the lipids, the chain length and the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids were determined. The measurements were carried out in positive ion mode; the triglycerides were detected as alkali metal or ammonium adducts. The DESI solvent was water/methanol 1:1 (v/v); measurements were carried out both with and without the addition, as an ionizing agent, of ammonium acetate that enhances the signal intensity of the ammonium adduct ions. The spectra were interpreted for both cases and intensities were compared. Triglyceride monomers and dimers were observed in the spectra. Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) measurements were carried out to determine the structure of the triglycerides. It was demonstrated that the terminal fatty acids in the sn1- or sn3-position are more likely to be cleaved than the internal fatty acid (sn2-position). Characteristic triglyceride patterns were obtained using a simple and rapid sample preparation protocol comprising the simple deposition of samples onto a glass carrier surface. The triglyceride data was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The different edible oils were clearly separated and the hydrogenated derivatives were identified by their triglyceride spectra. The oxidation of the oil samples was observed and the oxidation products were detected and identified. This method provides a fast and simple technique for the detection and analysis of triglycerides in oil- or fat-containing samples ranging from food items to tissue samples. The potential application areas include nutritional studies, the food industry and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gerbig
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University, Schubertstrasse 60, Giessen, D-35392 Germany
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Řezanka T, Schreiberová O, Krulikovská T, Masák J, Sigler K. RP-HPLC/MS-APCI analysis of odd-chain TAGs from Rhodococcus erythropolis including some regioisomers. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Leskinen HM, Suomela JP, Yang B, Kallio HP. Regioisomer compositions of vaccenic and oleic acid containing triacylglycerols in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) pulp oils: influence of origin and weather conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:537-545. [PMID: 19938856 DOI: 10.1021/jf902679v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) 16:1(n-7)/16:1(n-7)/18:1(n-7) (Po/Po/V) and 16:1(n-7)/16:1(n-7)/18:1(n-9) (Po/Po/O) in pulp/peel oils of various sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) subspecies and varieties were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The regioisomerism of the TAGs was determined by tandem mass spectrometry using ammonia supplemented in the nebulizer gas to produce ammonium adducts. The regioisomer compositions of Po/Po/V (8-24% of PoVPo) and Po/Po/O (43-61% of PoOPo) both differed from the random distribution of fatty acids (33.3% of ABA) in all 32 sea buckthorn samples investigated. The regioisomer compositions were different between cultivated ssp. rhamnoides varieties, wild ssp. rhamnoides, and wild ssp. sinensis. Differences were also found in the regioisomerism of both Po/Po/V and Po/Po/O between the two cultivated ssp. rhamnoides varieties, Tytti and Terhi. In addition, growth location and harvesting years showed clear impacts on the regioisomer compositions of Po/Po/V and Po/Po/O. Higher temperatures showed positive correlations with the proportion of PoOPo in ssp. rhamnoides and wild ssp. sinensis and with the proportion of sn-PoPoV+sn-VPoPo in wild ssp. sinensis. However, higher temperatures, higher temperature sums, and radiation sums increased the accumulation of PoVPo in wild ssp. rhamnoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Leskinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Leskinen HM, Suomela JP, Kallio HP. Quantification of triacylglycerol regioisomers by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and ammonia negative ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1-5. [PMID: 19957298 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The regioisomer composition of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in various vegetable oils was determined with a new liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS method). A direct inlet ammonia negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) MS/MS method was improved by adapting it to LC negative ion (NI) atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) MS/MS system using ammonia as nebulizer gas. The method is based on the preferential formation of [M-H-RCOOH-100](-) ions during collision-induced dissociation by loss of sn-1/3 fatty acids from [M-H](-) ions. Calibration curves were created from nine reference TAGs: Ala/L/L, Gla/L/L, L/L/O, L/O/O, P/O/O, P/P/O, Po/Po/V, Po/Po/O, and C/O/O. The calibration curves were used to quantify the regioisomer compositions of selected TAGs in rapeseed oil, sunflower seed oil, palm oil, black currant seed oil, and sea buckthorn pulp oil. The method discriminates the different regioisomers and the results obtained by this method were in good agreement with previous results. This proves that this new method can be used for the determination of regiospecific distribution of fatty acids in TAGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M Leskinen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
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