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Nie J, Ma W, Ma X, Zhu D, Li X, Wang C, Xu G, Chen C, Luo D, Xie S, Hu G, Chen P. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveal the Dynamic Process of Bama Hemp Seed Development and the Accumulation Mechanism of α-Linolenic Acid and Linoleic Acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10862-10878. [PMID: 38712687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c09309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Bama County is a world-famous longevity county in the Guangxi Province, China. Bama hemp is a traditional seed used in hemp cultivation in the Bama County. The seeds contain abundant unsaturated fatty acids, particularly linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid in the golden ratio. These two substances have been proven to be related to human health and the prevention of various diseases. However, the seed development and seed oil accumulation mechanisms remain unclear. This study employed a combined analysis of physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic parameters to elucidate the fatty acid formation patterns in Bama hemp seeds throughout development. We found that seed oil accumulated at a late stage in embryo development, with seed oil accumulation following an "S″-shaped growth curve, and positively correlated with seed size, sugar content, protein content, and starch content. Transcriptome analysis identified genes related to the metabolism of LA, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and jasmonic acid (JA). We found that the FAD2 gene was upregulated 165.26 folds and the FAD3 gene was downregulated 6.15 folds at day 21. Metabolomic changes in LA, ALA, and JA compounds suggested a competitive relationship among these substances. Our findings indicate that the peak period of substance accumulation and nutrient accumulation in Bama hemp seeds occurs during the midstage of seed development (day 21) rather than in the late stage (day 40). The results of this research will provide a theoretical basis for local cultivation and deep processing of Bama hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Nie
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xueyuan Ma
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - De Zhu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Caijin Wang
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Canni Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Dengjie Luo
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Sichen Xie
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Guanjing Hu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agro-environment and Agric-products Safety; Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Breeding and Germplasm Innovation, Nanning 530004, PR China
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Xin Y, Wu S, Miao C, Xu T, Lu Y. Towards Lipid from Microalgae: Products, Biosynthesis, and Genetic Engineering. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38672718 PMCID: PMC11051065 DOI: 10.3390/life14040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae can convert carbon dioxide into organic matter through photosynthesis. Thus, they are considered as an environment-friendly and efficient cell chassis for biologically active metabolites. Microalgal lipids are a class of organic compounds that can be used as raw materials for food, feed, cosmetics, healthcare products, bioenergy, etc., with tremendous potential for commercialization. In this review, we summarized the commercial lipid products from eukaryotic microalgae, and updated the mechanisms of lipid synthesis in microalgae. Moreover, we reviewed the enhancement of lipids, triglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, and terpenes in microalgae via environmental induction and/or metabolic engineering in the past five years. Collectively, we provided a comprehensive overview of the products, biosynthesis, induced strategies and genetic engineering in microalgal lipids. Meanwhile, the outlook has been presented for the development of microalgal lipids industries, emphasizing the significance of the accurate analysis of lipid bioactivity, as well as the high-throughput screening of microalgae with specific lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
- Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
| | - Congcong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
| | - Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
| | - Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
- Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Nagao K, Suito T, Murakami A, Umeda M. Lipid-Mediated Mechanisms of Thermal Adaptation and Thermoregulatory Behavior in Animals. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1461:79-95. [PMID: 39289275 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-97-4584-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Temperature affects a variety of cellular processes because the molecular motion of cellular constituents and the rate of biochemical reactions are sensitive to temperature changes. Thus, the adaptation to temperature is necessary to maintain cellular functions during temperature fluctuation, particularly in poikilothermic organisms. For a wide range of organisms, cellular lipid molecules play a pivotal role during thermal adaptation. Temperature changes affect the physicochemical properties of lipid molecules, resulting in the alteration of cell membrane-related functions and energy metabolism. Since the chemical structures of lipid molecules determine their physicochemical properties and cellular functions, cellular lipids, particularly fatty acid-containing lipid molecules, are remodeled as a thermal adaptation response to compensate for the effects of temperature change. In this chapter, we first introduce the structure and biosynthetic pathway of fatty acid-containing lipid molecules, such as phospholipid and triacylglycerol, followed by a description of the cellular lipid-mediated mechanisms of thermal adaptation and thermoregulatory behavior in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohjiro Nagao
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takuto Suito
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masato Umeda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- HOLO BIO Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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Takeno S, Hirata Y, Kitamura K, Ohtake T, Aoki K, Murata N, Hayashi M, Ikeda M. Metabolic engineering to produce palmitic acid or palmitoleic acid in an oleic acid-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. Metab Eng 2023; 78:148-158. [PMID: 37286071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Focusing on the differences in the catalytic properties of two type I fatty acid synthases FasA and FasB, the fasA gene was disrupted in an oleic acid-producing Corynebacterium glutamicum strain. The resulting oleic acid-requiring strain whose fatty acid synthesis depends only on FasB exhibited almost exclusive production (217 mg/L) of palmitic acid (C16:0) from 1% glucose under the conditions supplemented with the minimum concentration of sodium oleate for growth. Plasmid-mediated amplification of fasB led to a 1.47-fold increase in palmitic acid production (320 mg/L), while fasB disruption resulted in no fatty acid production, with excretion of malonic acid (30 mg/L). Next, aiming at conversion of the palmitic acid producer to a producer of palmitoleic acid (POA, C16:1Δ9), we introduced the Pseudomonas nitroreducens Δ9-desaturase genes desBC into the palmitic acid producer. Although this resulted in failure, we noticed the emergence of suppressor mutants that exhibited the oleic acid-non-requiring phenotype. Production experiments revealed that one such mutant M-1 undoubtedly produced POA (17 mg/L) together with palmitic acid (173 mg/L). Whole genomic analysis and subsequent genetic analysis identified the suppressor mutation of strain M-1 as a loss-of-function mutation for the DtxR protein, a global regulator of iron metabolism. Considering that DesBC are both iron-containing enzymes, we investigated the conditions for increased iron availability to improve the DesBC-dependent conversion ratio of palmitic acid to POA. Eventually, supplementation of both hemin and the iron chelator protocatechuic acid in the engineered strain dramatically enhanced POA production to 161 mg/L with a conversion ratio of 80.1%. Cellular fatty acid analysis revealed that the POA-producing cells were really equipped with unnatural membrane lipids comprised predominantly of palmitic acid (85.1% of total cellular fatty acids), followed by non-native POA (12.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiki Takeno
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hirata
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kako Kitamura
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Ohtake
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kuniyoshi Aoki
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Noriko Murata
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Mikiro Hayashi
- Bioprocess Development Center, Kyowa Hakko Bio Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Ikeda
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
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Lou H, Song L, Li X, Zi H, Chen W, Gao Y, Zheng S, Fei Z, Sun X, Wu J. The Torreya grandis genome illuminates the origin and evolution of gymnosperm-specific sciadonic acid biosynthesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1315. [PMID: 36898990 PMCID: PMC10006428 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Torreya plants produce dry fruits with assorted functions. Here, we report the 19-Gb chromosome-level genome assembly of T. grandis. The genome is shaped by ancient whole-genome duplications and recurrent LTR retrotransposon bursts. Comparative genomic analyses reveal key genes involved in reproductive organ development, cell wall biosynthesis and seed storage. Two genes encoding a C18 Δ9-elongase and a C20 Δ5-desaturase are identified to be responsible for sciadonic acid biosynthesis and both are present in diverse plant lineages except angiosperms. We demonstrate that the histidine-rich boxes of the Δ5-desaturase are crucial for its catalytic activity. Methylome analysis reveals that methylation valleys of the T. grandis seed genome harbor genes associated with important seed activities, including cell wall and lipid biosynthesis. Moreover, seed development is accompanied by DNA methylation changes that possibly fuel energy production. This study provides important genomic resources and elucidates the evolutionary mechanism of sciadonic acid biosynthesis in land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Song
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailing Zi
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, 100083, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yadi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Xuepeng Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Subtropical Fruit and Vegetable, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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Knez M, Boy E. Existing knowledge on Zn status biomarkers (1963-2021) with a particular focus on FADS1 and FADS2 diagnostic performance and recommendations for further research. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1057156. [PMID: 36712514 PMCID: PMC9878572 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1057156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Zn in human health was discovered 60 years ago, and despite remarkable research efforts, a sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarker of Zn status is still lacking. Plasma/serum Zn, currently the best available and most accepted population Zn status indicator, responds well to severe Zn deficiency, yet, mild to moderate Zn deficiency states usually remain unrecognized. Identifying early-stage Zn deficiency requires additional robust markers of Zn status. This paper discusses the sensitivity, specificity, and responsiveness of plasma Zn concentrations to Zn interventions. It describes the biochemical and dietary basis for the causal association between Zn and fatty acid desaturases activity, FADS1 and FADS2, based on data collected through studies performed in animals and/or humans. The influence of potential confounders and covariates on the observed relationships is considered. Additional potential Zn biomarkers are discussed and suggestions for further research in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States
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Enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase is essential for the production of DHA in zebrafish. J Lipid Res 2022; 64:100326. [PMID: 36592657 PMCID: PMC9974443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared with other species, freshwater fish are more capable of synthesizing DHA via same biosynthetic pathways. Freshwater fish have a "Sprecher" pathway to biosynthesize DHA in a peroxisome-dependent manner. Enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (Ehhadh) is involved in the hydration and dehydrogenation reactions of fatty acid β-oxidation in peroxisomes. However, the role of Ehhadh in the synthesis of DHA in freshwater fish remains largely unclear. In this study, the knockout of Ehhadh significantly inhibited DHA synthesis in zebrafish. Liver transcriptome analysis showed that Ehhadh deletion significantly inhibited SREBF and PPAR signaling pathways and decreased the expression of PUFA synthesis-related genes. Our results from the analysis of transgenic zebrafish (Tg:Ehhadh) showed that Ehhadh overexpression significantly increased the DHA content in the liver and significantly upregulated the expression of genes related to PUFA synthesis. In addition, the DHA content in the liver of Tg:Ehhadh fed with linseed oil was significantly higher than that of wildtype, but the expression of PUFA synthesis-related genes fads2 and elovl2 were significantly lower, indicating that Ehhadh had a direct effect on DHA synthesis. In conclusion, our results showed that Ehhadh was essential for DHA synthesis in the "Sprecher" pathway, and Ehhadh overexpression could promote DHA synthesis. This study provides insight into the role of Ehhadh in freshwater fish.
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Starikov AY, Sidorov RA, Goriainov SV, Los DA. Acyl-Lipid Δ 6-Desaturase May Act as a First FAD in Cyanobacteria. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121795. [PMID: 36551223 PMCID: PMC9775110 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) play important roles in various metabolic and adaptive pathways in all living organisms. They represent a superfamily of oxygenases that introduce double bonds into the acyl chains of fatty acids (FAs). These enzymes are highly specific to the length of the carbon chain, position of double bonds formation, etc. The modes by which FADs "count" the position of the double bond formation may differ. In cyanobacteria, the first double bond is formed between 9th and 10th carbons (position Δ9), counting from the carboxylic end of an FA. Other FADs that produce polyunsaturated FAs may introduce double bonds counting from the carboxyl (Δ) or methyl (ω) terminus, or from a pre-existing double bond towards carboxyl or methyl terminus of an FA chain. Here, we expressed the desD gene for the Δ6-FAD from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 (which is capable of synthesizing only monoenoic FAs desaturated mainly at position Δ9) and observed the appearance of unusual monoenoic FAs desaturated at position Δ6, as well as Δ6,9 dienoic FAs. Exogenously added cis-10-heptadecenoic acid (17:1Δ10) was converted into cis-6,10-heptadecadienoic (17:2Δ6,10). These data demonstrate the ability of Δ6-FAD to introduce the first double bond into the unsaturated substrates and suggests that it "counts" from the carboxyl end, irrespective of the absence or presence of a previous double bond in an FA chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Y. Starikov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 25, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman A. Sidorov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 25, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergei V. Goriainov
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry and NMR Spectroscopy of the Scientific and Educational Center, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho-Maklaya Street, Build. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Los
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 25, 127276 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Yoon DS, Byeon E, Kim DH, Lee MC, Shin KH, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee JS. Effects of temperature and combinational exposures on lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109449. [PMID: 36055628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of changes in fatty acids in response to environmental temperature changes have been conducted in many species, particularly mammals. However, few studies have considered aquatic invertebrates, even though they are particularly vulnerable to changes in environmental temperature. In this review, we summarize the process by which animals synthesize common fatty acids and point out differences between the fatty acid profiles of vertebrates and those of aquatic invertebrates. Unlike vertebrates, some aquatic invertebrates can directly synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which can be used to respond to temperature changes. Various studies have shown that aquatic invertebrates increase the degree of saturation in their fatty acids through an increase in saturated fatty acid production or a decrease in PUFAs as the temperature increases. In addition, we summarize recent studies that have examined the complex effects of temperature and combinational stressors to determine whether the degree of saturation in aquatic invertebrates is influenced by other factors. The combined effects of carbon dioxide partial pressure, food quality, starvation, salinity, and chemical exposures have been confirmed, and fatty acid profile changes in response to high temperature were greater than those from combinational stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Ding L, Liu Y, Kang M, Wei X, Geng C, Liu W, Han L, Yuan F, Wang P, Wang B, Sun Y. UPLC-QTOF/MS Metabolomics and Biochemical Assays Reveal Changes in Hepatic Nutrition and Energy Metabolism during Sexual Maturation in Female Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1679. [PMID: 36421392 PMCID: PMC9687450 DOI: 10.3390/biology11111679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Mobilization and repartition of nutrients and energy are prerequisites for the normal sexual maturity of broodstock. However, there are few studies on the mechanisms of hepatic nutrients and energy metabolism during sexual maturation in female rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This study investigated hepatic metabolite changes and explored the potential nutritional regulation mechanism between mature and immature female rainbow trout by combining UPLC-QTOF/MS metabolomics and biochemical assays. It was observed that hepatic biochemical assays differed considerably between the two groups, such as glucose, triglycerides, hexokinase, lipase, and aspartate aminotransferase. Liver metabolomics showed that various differential metabolites involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism markedly increased, suggesting the enhancement of lipid metabolism and amino acid anabolism in the liver provides the necessary material basis for ovarian development. Meanwhile, glycogen catabolism and glycolysis hold the key to maintaining organismal energy homeostasis with normal sexual maturation of female rainbow trout. Overall, the results from this study suggested that the liver undergoes drastic reprogramming of the metabolic profile in response to mobilization and repartition of nutrients and energy during the sexual maturation of female rainbow trout. This study further deepened the understanding of the reproductive biology of rainbow trout, and provided the theoretical basis and practical ramifications for nutritional requirements of breeding high-quality broodstock in the artificial propagation of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ding
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Meng Kang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Fishery Extension Center, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Chuanye Geng
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Lin Han
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fangying Yuan
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Bingqian Wang
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
| | - Yanchun Sun
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products (Harbin), Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Harbin 150070, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
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11
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Cerone M, Smith TK. Desaturases: Structural and mechanistic insights into the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:1036-1051. [PMID: 36017969 PMCID: PMC9825965 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the key role of fatty acid desaturases in the synthesis of naturally occurring, more common and not unsaturated fatty acids. The three major classes of fatty acid desaturases, such as acyl-lipid, acyl-acyl carrier protein and acyl-coenzyme A, are described in detail, with particular attention to the cellular localisation, the structure, the substrate and product specificity and the expression and regulation of desaturase genes. The review also gives an insight into the biocatalytic reaction of fatty acid desaturation by covering the general and more class-specific mechanistic studies around the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids Finally, we conclude the review by looking at the numerous novel applications for desaturases in order to meet the very high demand for polyunsaturated fatty acids, taking into account the opportunity for the development of new, more efficient, easily reproducible, sustainable bioengineering advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cerone
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsScotland
| | - Terry K. Smith
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsScotland
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12
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Jia YL, Wang YZ, Nong FT, Ma W, Huang PW, Sun XM. Identification and characterization of fatty acid desaturases in Schizochytrium sp. HX-308. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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13
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The MAP-Kinase HOG1 Controls Cold Adaptation in Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae by Promoting Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Glycerol. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:253. [PMID: 35834133 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of RKHog1 in the cold adaptation of Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae strain YM25235 and elucidate the correlation of biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and glycerol with its cold adaptation. The YM25235 strain was subjected to salt, osmotic, and cold stress tolerance analyses. mRNA levels of RKhog1, Δ12/15-fatty acid desaturase gene (RKD12), RKMsn4, HisK2301, and RKGPD1 in YM25235 were detected by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. The contents of PUFAs, such as linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (ALA) was measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, followed by determination of the growth rate of YM25235 and its glycerol content at low temperature. The RKHog1 overexpression, knockout, and remediation strains were constructed. Stress resistance analysis showed that overexpression of RKHog1 gene increased the biosynthesis of glycerol and enhanced the tolerance of YM25235 to cold, salt, and osmotic stresses, respectively. Inversely, the knockout of RKHog1 gene decreased the biosynthesis of glycerol and inhibited the tolerance of YM25235 to different stresses. Fatty acid analysis showed that the overexpression of RKHog1 gene in YM25235 significantly increased the content of LA and ALA, but RKHog1 gene knockout YM25235 strain had decreased content of LA and ALA. In addition, the mRNA expression level of RKD12, RKMsn4, RKHisK2301, and RKGPD1 showed an increase at 15 °C after RKHog1 gene overexpression but were unchanged at 30 °C. RKHog1 could regulate the growth adaptability and PUFA content of YM25235 at low temperature and this could be helpful for the cold adaptation of YM25235.
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14
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Xiao R, Zou Y, Guo X, Li H, Lu H. Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) modulate multiple lipid metabolism pathways to improve plant resistance. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:9997-10011. [PMID: 35819557 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological and abiotic stresses such as salt, extreme temperatures, and pests and diseases place major constraints on plant growth and crop yields. Fatty acids (FAs) and FA- derivatives are unique biologically active substance that show a wide range of functions in biological systems. They are not only participated in the regulation of energy storage substances and cell membrane plasm composition, but also extensively participate in the regulation of plant basic immunity, effector induced resistance and systemic resistance and other defense pathways, thereby improving plant resistance to adversity stress. Fatty acid desaturases (FADs) is involved in the desaturation of fatty acids, where desaturated fatty acids can be used as substrates for FA-derivatives. OBJECTIVE In this paper, the role of omega-FADs (ω-3 FADs and ω-6 FADs) in the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis in plant defense against stress (biological and abiotic stress) and the latest research progress were summarized. Moreover' the existing problems in related research and future research directions were also discussed. RESULTS Fatty acid desaturases are involved in various responses of plants during biotic and abiotic stress. For example, it is involved in regulating the stability and fluidity of cell membranes, reactive oxygen species signaling pathways, etc. In this review, we have collected several experimental studies to represent the differential effects of fatty acid desaturases on biotic and abiotic species. CONCLUSION Fatty acid desaturases play an important role in regulating biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yirong Zou
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hai Lu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Tree Breeding, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Tsinghua East Road 35, Haidian District, Beijing, 100083, China.
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15
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Yoon DS, Byeon E, Kim DH, Lee Y, Choi H, Park HG, Sayed AEDH, Shin KH, Lee MC, Lee JS. Genome-wide identification of fatty acid synthesis genes, fatty acid profiles, and life parameters in two freshwater water flea Daphnia magna strains. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 262:110774. [PMID: 35760305 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2022.110774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The freshwater water flea Daphnia magna is a planktonic animal belonging to the Cladocera. To evaluate differences between two D. magna strains (KIT and NIES) in terms of life parameters and fatty acid profiles, we examined several endpoints. In the D. magna KIT strain, the numbers of total and cumulative offspring were lower at 23 °C and higher at 14 °C than in the D. magna NIES strain. However, at 14 °C, the D. magna KIT strain showed an increased lifespan. Although the n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) ratio was always decreased at a low temperature, the PUFA ratio in the KIT strain had a higher value on day 3 than the NIES strain, which gave it higher adaptability to low temperature. In addition, we identified the elongation of very long chain fatty acids (elovl) and fatty acid desaturase (fad) genes, which are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis pathways, in the genomes of both D. magna KIT and NIES. The Elovl and Fad genes in both D. magna strains were highly conserved, including tandem duplicated Elovl 1/7 genes. This study provides new information about the molecular basis for the difference in temperature sensitivity between two strains of D. magna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Yoseop Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyuntae Choi
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea
| | - Alaa El-Din H Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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16
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Zhukov A, Popov V. Synthesis of C 20-38 Fatty Acids in Plant Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094731. [PMID: 35563119 PMCID: PMC9101283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are involved in a number of important plant physiological functions. Disorders in the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of VLCFA lead to a number of phenotypic consequences, ranging from growth retardation to the death of embryos. The elongation of VLCFA in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is carried out by multiple elongase complexes with different substrate specificities and adapted to the synthesis of a number of products required for a number of metabolic pathways. The information about the enzymes involved in the synthesis of VLCFA with more than 26 atoms of Carbon is rather poor. Recently, genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of both regular-length fatty acids and VLCFA have been discovered and investigated. Polyunsaturated VLCFA in plants are formed mainly by 20:1 elongation into new monounsaturated acids, which are then imported into chloroplasts, where they are further desaturated. The formation of saturated VLCFA and their further transformation into a number of aliphatic compounds included in cuticular waxes and suberin require the coordinated activity of a large number of different enzymes.
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17
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Monroig Ó, Shu-Chien A, Kabeya N, Tocher D, Castro L. Desaturases and elongases involved in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in aquatic animals: From genes to functions. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Insight on Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Endometrial Receptivity. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010036. [PMID: 35053184 PMCID: PMC8773570 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial receptivity plays a crucial role in fertilization as well as pregnancy outcome in patients faced with fertility challenges. The optimization of endometrial receptivity may help with normal implantation of the embryo, and endometrial receptivity may be affected by numerous factors. Recently, the role of lipids in pregnancy has been increasingly recognized. Fatty acids and their metabolites may be involved in all stages of pregnancy and play a role in supporting cell proliferation and development, participating in cell signaling and regulating cell function. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular, are essential fatty acids for the human body that can affect the receptivity of the endometrium through in a variety of methods, such as producing prostaglandins, estrogen and progesterone, among others. Additionally, polyunsaturated fatty acids are also involved in immunity and the regulation of endometrial decidualization. Fatty acids are essential for fetal placental growth and development. The interrelationship of polyunsaturated fatty acids with these substances and how they may affect endometrial receptivity will be reviewed in this article.
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19
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Duan W, Shi-Mei Y, Zhi-Wei S, Jing X, De-Gang Z, Hong-Bin W, Qi S. Genome-Wide Analysis of the Fatty Acid Desaturase Gene Family Reveals the Key Role of PfFAD3 in α-Linolenic Acid Biosynthesis in Perilla Seeds. Front Genet 2021; 12:735862. [PMID: 34899834 PMCID: PMC8652209 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.735862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Perilla (Perilla frutescens), a traditional medicinal and oilseed crop in Asia, contains extremely high levels of polyunsaturated α-linolenic acid (ALA) (up to 60.9%) in its seeds. ALA biosynthesis is a multistep process catalyzed by fatty acid desaturases (FADs), but the FAD gene family in perilla has not been systematically characterized. Here, we identified 42 PfFADs in the perilla genome and classified them into five subfamilies. Subfamily members of PfFADs had similar exon/intron structures, conserved domain sequences, subcellular localizations, and cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions. PfFADs also possessed various expression patterns. PfFAD3.1 was highly expressed in the middle stage of seed development, whereas PfFAD7/8.3 and PfFAD7/8.5 were highly expressed in leaf and later stages of seed development, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the evolutionary features coincided with the functionalization of different subfamilies of PUFA desaturase. Heterologous overexpression of PfFAD3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds increased ALA content by 17.68%–37.03%. These findings provided insights into the characteristics and functions of PfFAD genes in perilla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Duan
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yang Shi-Mei
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang Zhi-Wei
- Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Xu Jing
- Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhao De-Gang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Rapeseed Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Wang Hong-Bin
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shen Qi
- Institute of Medical Plant Physiology and Ecology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Jia YL, Geng SS, Du F, Xu YS, Wang LR, Sun XM, Wang QZ, Li Q. Progress of metabolic engineering for the production of eicosapentaenoic acid. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:838-855. [PMID: 34779326 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1971621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an essential ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid for human health. Currently, high-quality EPA production is largely dependent on the extraction of fish oil, but this unsustainable approach cannot meet its rising market demand. Biotechnological approaches for EPA production from microorganisms have received increasing attention due to their suitability for large-scale production and independence of the seasonal or climate restrictions. This review summarizes recent research on different microorganisms capable of producing EPA, such as microalgae, bacteria, and fungi, and introduces the different EPA biosynthesis pathways. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of microorganisms to synthesize EPA, including the construction and optimization of the EPA biosynthesis pathway, an increase in the acetyl-CoA pool supply, the increase of NADPH and the inhibition of competing pathways. This review aims to provide an updated summary of EPA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Geng
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Du
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuang Xu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Zhuo Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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21
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Plant monounsaturated fatty acids: Diversity, biosynthesis, functions and uses. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 85:101138. [PMID: 34774919 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monounsaturated fatty acids are straight-chain aliphatic monocarboxylic acids comprising a unique carbon‑carbon double bond, also termed unsaturation. More than 50 distinct molecular structures have been described in the plant kingdom, and more remain to be discovered. The evolution of land plants has apparently resulted in the convergent evolution of non-homologous enzymes catalyzing the dehydrogenation of saturated acyl chain substrates in a chemo-, regio- and stereoselective manner. Contrasted enzymatic characteristics and different subcellular localizations of these desaturases account for the diversity of existing fatty acid structures. Interestingly, the location and geometrical configuration of the unsaturation confer specific characteristics to these molecules found in a variety of membrane, storage, and surface lipids. An ongoing research effort aimed at exploring the links existing between fatty acid structures and their biological functions has already unraveled the importance of several monounsaturated fatty acids in various physiological and developmental contexts. What is more, the monounsaturated acyl chains found in the oils of seeds and fruits are widely and increasingly used in the food and chemical industries due to the physicochemical properties inherent in their structures. Breeders and plant biotechnologists therefore develop new crops with high monounsaturated contents for various agro-industrial purposes.
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22
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Wu T, Yu L, Zhang Y, Liu J. Characterization of fatty acid desaturases reveals stress-induced synthesis of C18 unsaturated fatty acids enriched in triacylglycerol in the oleaginous alga Chromochloris zofingiensis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:184. [PMID: 34535156 PMCID: PMC8447527 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-02037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green microalga Chromochloris zofingiensis is capable of producing high levels of triacylglycerol rich in C18 unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). FA desaturation degree is regulated by FA desaturases (FADs). Nevertheless, it remains largely unknown regarding what FADs are involved in FA desaturations and how these FADs collaborate to contribute to the high abundance of C18 UFAs in triacylglycerol in C. zofingiensis. RESULTS To address these issues, we firstly determined the transcription start sites of 11 putative membrane-bound FAD-coding genes (CzFADs) and updated their gene models. Functional validation of these CzFADs in yeast and cyanobacterial cells revealed that seven are bona fide FAD enzymes with distinct substrates. Combining the validated functions and predicted subcellular compartments of CzFADs and the FA profiles of C. zofingiensis, the FA desaturation pathways in this alga were reconstructed. Furthermore, a multifaceted lipidomic analysis by systematically integrating thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques was conducted, unraveling profiles of polar membrane lipids in C. zofingiensis and major desaturation steps occurring in these lipids. By correlating transcriptional patterns of CzFAD genes and changes of lipids upon abiotic stress conditions, our results highlighted collaboration of CzFADs for C18 UFA synthesis and supported that both de novo FA synthesis and membrane lipid remodeling contributed C18 UFAs to triacylglycerol for storage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study for the first time elucidated the pathways of C18 FA desaturations and comprehensive profiles of polar membrane lipids in C. zofingiensis and shed light on collaboration of CzFADs for the synthesis and enrichment of C18 UFAs in triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Lihua Yu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Algae Biotechnology & Innovation, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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23
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Jia YL, Wang LR, Zhang ZX, Gu Y, Sun XM. Recent advances in biotechnological production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by Yarrowia lipolytica. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8920-8934. [PMID: 34120537 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1937041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the important physiological functions, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in protecting human health, such as preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Specifically, Yarrowia lipolytica has been identified as the most popular non-conventional oleaginous yeast, which can accumulate the abundant intracellular lipids, indicating that has great potential as an industrial host for production of PUFAs. Notably, some novel engineering strategies have been applied to endow and improve the abilities of Y. lipolytica to synthesize PUFAs, including construction and optimization of PUFAs biosynthetic pathways, improvement of preucrsors acetyl-coA and NADPH supply, inhibition of competing pathways, knockout of β-oxidation pathways, regulation of oxidative stress defense pathways, and regulation of genes involved in upstream lipid metabolism. Besides, some bypass approaches, such as strain mating, evolutionary engineering, and computational model based on omics, also have been proposed to improve the performance of engineering strains. Generally, in this review, we summarized the recent advances in engineering strategies and bypass approaches for improving PUFAs production by Y. lipolytica. In addition, we further summarized the latest efforts of CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology in Y. lipolytica, which is aimed to provide its potential applications in PUFAs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lei Jia
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ru Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xu Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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24
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Liu Y, Koh CMJ, Yap SA, Cai L, Ji L. Understanding and exploiting the fatty acid desaturation system in Rhodotorula toruloides. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:73. [PMID: 33741038 PMCID: PMC7977280 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01924-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodotorula toruloides is a robust producer of triacylglycerol owing to its fast growth rate and strong metabolic flux under conditions of high cell density fermentation. However, the molecular basis of fatty acid biosynthesis, desaturation and regulation remains elusive. RESULTS We present the molecular characterization of four fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes in R. toruloides. Biosynthesis of oleic acid (OA) and palmitoleic acid (POA) was conferred by a single-copy ∆9 Fad (Ole1) as targeted deletion of which abolished the biosynthesis of all unsaturated fatty acids. Conversion of OA to linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) was predominantly catalyzed by the bifunctional ∆12/∆15 Fad2. FAD4 was found to encode a trifunctional ∆9/∆12/∆15 FAD, playing important roles in lipid and biomass production as well as stress resistance. Furthermore, an abundantly transcribed OLE1-related gene, OLE2 encoding a 149-aa protein, was shown to regulate Ole1 regioselectivity. Like other fungi, the transcription of FAD genes was controlled by nitrogen levels and fatty acids in the medium. A conserved DNA motif, (T/C)(G/A)TTGCAGA(T/C)CCCAG, was demonstrated to mediate the transcription of OLE1 by POA/OA. The applications of these FAD genes were illustrated by engineering high-level production of OA and γ-linolenic acid (GLA). CONCLUSION Our work has gained novel insights on the transcriptional regulation of FAD genes, evolution of FAD enzymes and their roles in UFA biosynthesis, membrane stress resistance and, cell mass and total fatty acid production. Our findings should illuminate fatty acid metabolic engineering in R. toruloides and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Liu
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Chong Mei John Koh
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Sihui Amy Yap
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Lin Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Lianghui Ji
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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25
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Remize M, Brunel Y, Silva JL, Berthon JY, Filaire E. Microalgae n-3 PUFAs Production and Use in Food and Feed Industries. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:113. [PMID: 33670628 PMCID: PMC7922858 DOI: 10.3390/md19020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential compounds for human health. They have been proven to act positively on a panel of diseases and have interesting anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties. For these reasons, they are receiving more and more attention in recent years, especially future food or feed development. EPA and DHA come mainly from marine sources like fish or seaweed. Unfortunately, due to global warming, these compounds are becoming scarce for humans because of overfishing and stock reduction. Although increasing in recent years, aquaculture appears insufficient to meet the increasing requirements of these healthy molecules for humans. One alternative resides in the cultivation of microalgae, the initial producers of EPA and DHA. They are also rich in biochemicals with interesting properties. After defining macro and microalgae, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on n-3 PUFAs regarding health benefits and the challenges surrounding their supply within the environmental context. Microalgae n-3 PUFA production is examined and its synthesis pathways are discussed. Finally, the use of EPA and DHA in food and feed is investigated. This work aims to define better the issues surrounding n-3 PUFA production and supply and the potential of microalgae as a sustainable source of compounds to enhance the food and feed of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Remize
- GREENSEA, 3 Promenade du Sergent Jean-Louis Navarro, 34140 MÈZE, France; (M.R.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yves Brunel
- GREENSEA, 3 Promenade du Sergent Jean-Louis Navarro, 34140 MÈZE, France; (M.R.); (Y.B.)
| | - Joana L. Silva
- ALLMICROALGAE–Natural Products, Avenida 25 Abril, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal;
| | | | - Edith Filaire
- GREENTECH, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 SAINT BEAUZIRE, France;
- ECREIN Team, UMR 1019 INRA-UcA, UNH (Human Nutrition Unity), University Clermont Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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26
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Resemann HC, Herrfurth C, Feussner K, Hornung E, Ostendorf AK, Gömann J, Mittag J, van Gessel N, Vries JD, Ludwig-Müller J, Markham J, Reski R, Feussner I. Convergence of sphingolipid desaturation across over 500 million years of plant evolution. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:219-232. [PMID: 33495556 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-00844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
For plants, acclimation to low temperatures is fundamental to survival. This process involves the modification of lipids to maintain membrane fluidity. We previously identified a new cold-induced putative desaturase in Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. Lipid profiles of null mutants of this gene lack sphingolipids containing monounsaturated C24 fatty acids, classifying the new protein as sphingolipid fatty acid denaturase (PpSFD). PpSFD mutants showed a cold-sensitive phenotype as well as higher susceptibility to the oomycete Pythium, assigning functions in stress tolerance for PpSFD. Ectopic expression of PpSFD in the Atads2.1 (acyl coenzyme A desaturase-like 2) Arabidopsis thaliana mutant functionally complemented its cold-sensitive phenotype. While these two enzymes catalyse a similar reaction, their evolutionary origin is clearly different since AtADS2 is a methyl-end desaturase whereas PpSFD is a cytochrome b5 fusion desaturase. Altogether, we suggest that adjustment of membrane fluidity evolved independently in mosses and seed plants, which diverged more than 500 million years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Christoph Resemann
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Hornung
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna K Ostendorf
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Gömann
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Mittag
- Institute of Botany, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nico van Gessel
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Applied Bioinformatics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Applied Bioinformatics, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Campus Institute Data Science (CIDAS), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Markham
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- Signalling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
- Goettingen Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
- Plant Biochemistry, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
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27
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Heterologous Production of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in E. coli Using Δ5-Desaturase Gene from Microalga Isochrysis Sp. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 193:869-883. [PMID: 33200268 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that play a significant role in human growth and development, which deficiency can trigger several metabolic-related diseases. Since the availability of PUFA sources is limited, there arises a need to explore alternative sources. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether an Escherichia coli which are engineered with Δ5Des-Iso gene isolated from Isochrysis sp. could be utilized to synthesize PUFAs. Full-length gene Δ5Des-Iso (1149 bp) was isolated from Isochrysis sp. that encodes 382 amino acids and identified as Δ5-desatruase gene using different bioinformatic analysis. Heterologous gene expression was carried out in E. coli having Δ5Des-Iso with precursor fatty acids. The Δ5Des-Iso produced novel fatty acids of EPA (ω-3) and ARA (ω-6) as respective products were identified by GC-MS. Gene expression and PUFA synthesis in E. coli were optimized by temperature, time, and concentrations of precursor fatty acid substrates. Δ5Des-Iso RNA transcript level was inversely proportional to the time and fatty acid synthesis. And, the significant production of EPA (4.1 mg/g) and ARA (8.3 mg/g) in total fatty acids was observed in E. coli grown at 37 °C for 24 h with 25 μM of external fatty acid substrate as an optimum growth conditions. E. coli could be used as alternative organism to synthesis PUFAs and widely applicable in many nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals industry for human use.
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28
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Cui J, Chen H, Tang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Δ6 fatty acid desaturases in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: insights into the evolution, function with substrate specificities and biotechnological use. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9947-9963. [PMID: 33094384 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Δ6 fatty acid desaturases (FADS6) have different substrate specificities that impact the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are involved in regulating multiple signalling pathways associated with various diseases. For decades, FADS6 with different substrate specificities have been characterized and the functions of these crucial enzymes have been investigated, while it remains enigmatic that the substrate specificities of FADS6 from various species have a huge difference. This review summarizes the substrate specificities of FADS6 in different species and reveals the underlying relationship. Further evaluation of biochemical properties has revealed that the FADS6 prefer linoleic acid that is more hydrophilic and stable. Domain-swapping and site-directed mutagenesis have been employed to delineate the regions and sites that affect the substrate specificities of FADS6. These analyses improve our understanding of the functions of FADS6 and offer information for the discovery of novel biological resources. KEY POINTS: • Outline of the excavation and identification of Δ6 fatty acid desaturases. • Overview of methods used to determine the pivotal resides of desaturases. • Application of substrate properties to generate specific fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China. .,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Wuxi Translational Medicine Research Center and Jiangsu Translational Medicine Research Institute Wuxi Branch, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 5, Winston-Salem, NC, 27127, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Innovation Center of Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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29
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Nachtschatt M, Okada S, Speight R. Integral Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturases: A Review of Biochemical, Structural, and Biotechnological Advances. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nachtschatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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30
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Cobos M, Pérez S, Braga J, Vargas-Arana G, Flores L, Paredes JD, Maddox JD, Marapara JL, Castro JC. Nutritional evaluation and human health-promoting potential of compounds biosynthesized by native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:121. [PMID: 32681243 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A plausible strategy to mitigate socioeconomic problems in the Peruvian Amazon is through the sustainable exploitation of biodiversity resources, such as native microalgae. Several studies worldwide affirm that these microorganisms are excellent sources of higher value products for human nutrition and possess health-promoting biochemicals, but these attributes are unknown for the native microalgae of Peru. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the nutritional and human health-promoting potential of compounds biosynthesized by native microalgae from the Peruvian Amazon. Ten native microalgae strains of the groups cyanobacteria and chlorophyta were cultured in BG-11 medium and their biomass harvested and dried. Standardized methods were then used to determine proximate composition, fatty acids and amino acids composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content. All ten microalgae strains produce primary nutrients, the entire spectrum of essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and 3 of the 10 microalgae strains produced eisosapentaenoic acid. Additionally, all microalgae strains exhibited antioxidant activities and contained phenolic compounds. In conclusion, native microalgae strains from the Peruvian Amazon analyzed in this study possess the ability to biosynthesize and accumulate several nutrients and compounds with human health-promoting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Cobos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Iquitos, Peru.
| | - Sheyla Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Janeth Braga
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru.,Unidad Especializada de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Gabriel Vargas-Arana
- Laboratorio de Química de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Leenin Flores
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Acuática, Instituto del Mar del Perú (IMARPE), Lima, Peru
| | - Jae D Paredes
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - J Dylan Maddox
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Bioenergética, Universidad Científica del Perú (UCP), Iquitos, Peru.,Pritzker Laboratory for Molecular Systematics and Evolution, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA.,Environmental Sciences, American Public University System, Charles Town, WV, 25414, USA
| | - Jorge L Marapara
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru.,Unidad Especializada de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru
| | - Juan C Castro
- Departamento Académico de Ciencias Biomédicas y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru. .,Unidad Especializada de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales de la Amazonía (CIRNA), Universidad Nacional de la Amazonia Peruana (UNAP), Iquitos, Peru.
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31
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Garcia-Dominguez X, Marco-Jiménez F, Peñaranda DS, Diretto G, García-Carpintero V, Cañizares J, Vicente JS. Long-term and transgenerational phenotypic, transcriptional and metabolic effects in rabbit males born following vitrified embryo transfer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11313. [PMID: 32647175 PMCID: PMC7347584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in mammals involved an extraordinary change in the environment where the beginning of a new organism takes place. Under in vitro conditions, in which ART is currently being performed, it likely fails to mimic optimal in vivo conditions. This suboptimal environment could mediate in the natural developmental trajectory of the embryo, inducing lasting effects until later life stages that may be inherited by subsequent generations (transgenerational effects). Therefore, we evaluated the potential transgenerational effects of embryo exposure to the cryopreservation-transfer procedure in a rabbit model on the offspring phenotype, molecular physiology of the liver (transcriptome and metabolome) and reproductive performance during three generations (F1, F2 and F3). The results showed that, compared to naturally-conceived animals (NC group), progeny generated after embryo exposure to the cryopreservation-transfer procedure (VT group) exhibited lower body growth, which incurred lower adult body weight in the F1 (direct effects), F2 (intergenerational effects) and F3 (transgenerational effects) generations. Furthermore, VT animals showed intergenerational effects on heart weight and transgenerational effects on liver weight. The RNA-seq data of liver tissue revealed 642 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in VT animals from the F1 generation. Of those, 133 were inherited from the F2 and 120 from the F3 generation. Accordingly, 151, 190 and 159 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected from the F1, F2 and F3, respectively. Moreover, targeted metabolomics analysis demonstrated that transgenerational effects were mostly presented in the non-polar fraction. Functional analysis of molecular data suggests weakened zinc and fatty acid metabolism across the generations, associated with alterations in a complex molecular network affecting global hepatic metabolism that could be associated with the phenotype of VT animals. However, these VT animals showed proper reproductive performance, which verified a functional health status. In conclusion, our results establish the long-term transgenerational effects following a vitrified embryo transfer procedure. We showed that the VT phenotype could be the result of the manifestation of embryonic developmental plasticity in response to the stressful conditions during ART procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximo Garcia-Dominguez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction, Institute for Animal Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco-Jiménez
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction, Institute for Animal Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - David S Peñaranda
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction, Institute for Animal Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Casaccia Research Centre, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - Víctor García-Carpintero
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity (COMAV-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joaquín Cañizares
- Institute for the Conservation and Breeding of Agricultural Biodiversity (COMAV-UPV), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - José S Vicente
- Laboratory of Biotechnology of Reproduction, Institute for Animal Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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32
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Rivera-Pérez C, Valenzuela-Quiñonez F, Caraveo-Patiño J. Comparative and functional analysis of desaturase FADS1 (∆5) and FADS2 (∆6) orthologues of marine organisms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100704. [PMID: 32554222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturases are key enzymes involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, which insert double bonds at specific positions of fatty acids, playing a pivotal role in unsaturated fatty acid synthesis required for membrane lipid fluidity. The ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases are responsible for producing long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) through their precursors α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid in organisms lacking or with very low ability to synthesize LC-PUFA by themselves. Extensive studies of fatty acid desaturases are available in model organisms, such as humans and mouse; however, the diversity of these genes in the marine biodiversity is less known. This study performed an exhaustive analysis to identify the ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases in the available marine genomes in databases, as well as transcriptomes and EST databases, and their coding sequences were compared to the well-characterized ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases from humans. The FADS1 and FADS2 genetic structures are well conserved among all the organisms analyzed. A common amino acid pattern was identified to discriminate between ∆5 and ∆6 desaturases. The analysis of the conserved motif involved in catalysis showed that 20% of the desaturases, ∆5 and ∆6, have lost motifs required for catalysis. Additionally, bifunctional ∆5/∆6 desaturases were able to be identified by amino acid sequence patterns found in previously described enzymes. A revision of the expression profiles and functional activity on sequences in databases and scientific literature provided information regarding the function of these marine organism enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Javier Caraveo-Patiño
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
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34
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Brands M, Cahoon EB, Dörmann P. Palmitvaccenic Acid (Δ11- cis-hexadecenoic acid) Is Synthesized by an OLE1-like Desaturase in the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Biochemistry 2020; 59:1163-1172. [PMID: 32135062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi deliver mineral nutrients to the plant host in exchange for reduced carbon in the form of sugars and lipids. Colonization with AM fungi upregulates a specific host lipid synthesis pathway resulting in the production of fatty acids. Predominantly palmitic acid (16:0) and the unusual palmitvaccenic acid (16:1Δ11cis) accumulate in the fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Here, we present the isolation and characterization of RiOLE1-LIKE, the desaturase involved in palmitvaccenic acid synthesis, by heterologous expression in yeast and plants. Results are in line with the scenario in which RiOLE1-LIKE encodes an acyl-CoA desaturase with substrate specificity for C15-C18 acyl groups, in particular C16. Phylogenetic analysis of RiOLE1-LIKE-related sequences revealed that this gene is conserved in AM fungi from the Glomales and Diversisporales but is absent from nonsymbiotic Mortierellaceae and Mucoromycotina fungi, suggesting that 16:1Δ11cis provides a specific function during AM colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Edgar B Cahoon
- Center for Plant Science Information, University of Nebraska, E318 Beadle Center, 1901 Vine Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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35
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Cheeld H, Bhutada G, Beaudoin F, Eastmond PJ. DES2 is a fatty acid Δ11 desaturase capable of synthesizing palmitvaccenic acid in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1770-1777. [PMID: 32060917 PMCID: PMC7317563 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are oleaginous organisms, and the most abundant fatty acyl moiety usually found in their lipids is palmitvaccenic acid (16:1Δ11cis). However, it is not known how this uncommon fatty acid species is made. Here, we have cloned two homologues of lepidopteran fatty acyl‐coenzyme A Δ11 desaturases from the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Both enzymes, DES1 and DES2, are expressed in intraradical mycelium and can complement the unsaturated fatty acid‐requiring auxotrophic growth phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ole1Δ mutant. DES1 expression leads almost exclusively to oleic acid (18:1Δ9cis) production, whereas DES2 expression results in the production of 16:1Δ11cis and vaccenic acid (18:1Δ11cis). DES2 therefore encodes a Δ11 desaturase that is likely to be responsible for the synthesis of 16:1Δ11cis in R. irregularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Cheeld
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
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36
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Czumaj A, Śledziński T. Biological Role of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Desaturases in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:E356. [PMID: 32013225 PMCID: PMC7071289 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered one of the most important components of cells that influence normal development and function of many organisms, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Unsaturated fatty acid desaturases play a crucial role in the synthesis of PUFAs, inserting additional unsaturated bonds into the acyl chain. The level of expression and activity of different types of desaturases determines profiles of PUFAs. It is well recognized that qualitative and quantitative changes in the PUFA profile, resulting from alterations in the expression and activity of fatty acid desaturases, are associated with many pathological conditions. Understanding of underlying mechanisms of fatty acid desaturase activity and their functional modification will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies in diseases associated with qualitative and quantitative disorders of PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Czumaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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Yang X, Li S, Li S, Liu L, Hu Z. De Novo
Transcriptome Analysis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism in Marine Protist
Thraustochytriidae
sp. PKU#Mn16. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for BiotechnologyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Siting Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for BiotechnologyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for BiotechnologyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Liangxu Liu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for BiotechnologyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518055 China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for BiotechnologyShenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 China
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38
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Song L, Yang L, Wang J, Liu X, Bai L, Di A, Li G. Generation of Fad2 and Fad3 transgenic mice that produce n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Open Biol 2019; 9:190140. [PMID: 31640475 PMCID: PMC6833225 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Linoleic acid (18 : 2, n-6) and α-linolenic acid (18 : 3, n-3) are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are essential for mammalian health, development and growth. However, the majority of mammals, including humans, are incapable of synthesizing n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. Mammals must obtain n-6 and n-3 PUFAs from their diet. Fatty acid desaturase (Fad) plays a critical role in plant PUFA biosynthesis. Therefore, we generated plant-derived Fad3 single and Fad2–Fad3 double transgenic mice. Compared with wild-type mice, we found that PUFA levels were greatly increased in the single and double transgenic mice by measuring PUFA levels. Moreover, the concentration of n-6 and n-3 PUFAs in the Fad2–Fad3 double transgenic mice were greater than in the Fad3 single transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that the plant-derived Fad2 and Fad3 genes can be expressed in mammals. To clarify the mechanism for Fad2 and Fad3 genes in transgenic mice, we measured the PUFAs synthesis-related genes. Compared with wild-type mice, these Fad transgenic mice have their own n-3 and n-6 PUFAs biosynthetic pathways. Thus, we have established a simple and efficient method for in vivo synthesis of PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Lige Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Anqi Di
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock (R2BGL), Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, People's Republic of China
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39
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Tyurina YY, St Croix CM, Watkins SC, Watson AM, Epperly MW, Anthonymuthu TS, Kisin ER, Vlasova II, Krysko O, Krysko DV, Kapralov AA, Dar HH, Tyurin VA, Amoscato AA, Popova EN, Bolevich SB, Timashev PS, Kellum JA, Wenzel SE, Mallampalli RK, Greenberger JS, Bayir H, Shvedova AA, Kagan VE. Redox (phospho)lipidomics of signaling in inflammation and programmed cell death. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:57-81. [PMID: 31071242 PMCID: PMC6626990 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0119-004rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the known prominent role of polyunsaturated (phospho)lipids as structural blocks of biomembranes, there is an emerging understanding of another important function of these molecules as a highly diversified signaling language utilized for intra- and extracellular communications. Technological developments in high-resolution mass spectrometry facilitated the development of a new branch of metabolomics, redox lipidomics. Analysis of lipid peroxidation reactions has already identified specific enzymatic mechanisms responsible for the biosynthesis of several unique signals in response to inflammation and regulated cell death programs. Obtaining comprehensive information about millions of signals encoded by oxidized phospholipids, represented by thousands of interactive reactions and pleiotropic (patho)physiological effects, is a daunting task. However, there is still reasonable hope that significant discoveries, of at least some of the important contributors to the overall overwhelmingly complex network of interactions triggered by inflammation, will lead to the discovery of new small molecule regulators and therapeutic modalities. For example, suppression of the production of AA-derived pro-inflammatory mediators, HXA3 and LTB4, by an iPLA2 γ inhibitor, R-BEL, mitigated injury associated with the activation of pro-inflammatory processes in animals exposed to whole-body irradiation. Further, technological developments promise to make redox lipidomics a powerful approach in the arsenal of diagnostic and therapeutic instruments for personalized medicine of inflammatory diseases and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claudette M St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan M Watson
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tamil S Anthonymuthu
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena R Kisin
- Exposure Assessment Branch, NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Irina I Vlasova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krysko
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Cell Death Investigation and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, and Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alexandr A Kapralov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haider H Dar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrew A Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elena N Popova
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey B Bolevich
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter S Timashev
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - John A Kellum
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Joel S Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hulya Bayir
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna A Shvedova
- Exposure Assessment Branch, NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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40
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The Metabolomic Signature of Opa1 Deficiency in Rat Primary Cortical Neurons Shows Aspartate/Glutamate Depletion and Phospholipids Remodeling. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6107. [PMID: 30988455 PMCID: PMC6465244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants of OPA1, which encodes a dynamin GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, are responsible for a spectrum of neurological disorders sharing optic nerve atrophy and visual impairment. To gain insight on OPA1 neuronal specificity, we performed targeted metabolomics on rat cortical neurons with OPA1 expression inhibited by RNA interference. Of the 103 metabolites accurately measured, univariate analysis including the Benjamini-Hochberg correction revealed 6 significantly different metabolites in OPA1 down-regulated neurons, with aspartate being the most significant (p < 0.001). Supervised multivariate analysis by OPLS-DA yielded a model with good predictive capability (Q2cum = 0.65) and a low risk of over-fitting (permQ2 = -0.16, CV-ANOVA p-value 0.036). Amongst the 46 metabolites contributing the most to the metabolic signature were aspartate, glutamate and threonine, which all decreased in OPA1 down-regulated neurons, and lysine, 4 sphingomyelins, 4 lysophosphatidylcholines and 32 phosphatidylcholines which were increased. The phospholipid signature may reflect intracellular membrane remodeling due to loss of mitochondrial fusion and/or lipid droplet accumulation. Aspartate and glutamate deficiency, also found in the plasma of OPA1 patients, is likely the consequence of respiratory chain deficiency, whereas the glutamate decrease could contribute to the synaptic dysfunction that we previously identified in this model.
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41
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Wei Z, Liu X, Zhou Z, Xu J. De novo transcriptomic analysis of gonad of Strongylocentrotus nudus and gene discovery for biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:583-597. [PMID: 30830682 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strongylocentrotus nudus is an important cultured sea urchin species in north China, because its gonad is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, particularly long polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). These PUFAs play pleiotropic and crucial roles in a wide range of biological process. OBJECTIVE However, the genes contributing to biosynthesis PUFAs have not been elucidated yet, and the molecular mechanism relative to the difference in PUFA composition between male and female gonad as been revealed but the corresponding has not been understood. METHODS In this paper, solexa sequencing based transcriptomic approach was used to identify and characterize the key genes relative to PUFA synthesis and further conducted different expressed genes between male and female gonad. RESULTS A total of 130,124 transcripts and 189330 unigenes were de novo assembled from 64.32 Gb data. Next, these unigenes were subjected to functional annotation by mapping to six public databases, and this process revealed a lot of genes involving in lipid metabolism. In addition, three types of fatty acids front-end desaturase and three species of very long fatty acids elongase were identified and the pathway for PUFA biosynthesis was hypothesized. Last, comparative analysis revealed the higher expression level of Δ5 desaturase, Δ6 desaturase, ELOVL-4, -6 and -7 in male gonad compared with female. CONCLUSION This results could plausible explain the differ in composition of PUFAs between male and female gonad of sea urchin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Wei
- Biological Sciences Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zunchun Zhou
- Liaoning Key Lab of Marine Fishery Molecular Biology, Liaoning Ocean and Fisheries Science Research Institute, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Junxiao Xu
- Biological Sciences Department, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
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42
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Bouyanfif A, Jayarathne S, Koboziev I, Moustaid-Moussa N. The Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model Organism to Study Metabolic Effects of ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Obesity. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:165-178. [PMID: 30689684 PMCID: PMC6370270 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that is influenced by several factors, such as diet, physical activity, developmental stage, age, genes, and their interactions with the environment. Obesity develops as a result of expansion of fat mass when the intake of energy, stored as triglycerides, exceeds its expenditure. Approximately 40% of the US population suffers from obesity, which represents a worldwide public health problem associated with chronic low-grade adipose tissue and systemic inflammation (sterile inflammation), in part due to adipose tissue expansion. In patients with obesity, energy homeostasis is further impaired by inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. These pathologic conditions increase the risk of developing other chronic diseases including diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and certain forms of cancer. It is well documented that several bioactive compounds such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) are able to reduce adipose and systemic inflammation and blood triglycerides and, in some cases, improve glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in vertebrate animal models of obesity. A promising model organism that is gaining tremendous interest for studies of lipid and energy metabolism is the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This roundworm stores fats as droplets within its hypodermal and intestinal cells. The nematode's transparent skin enables fat droplet visualization and quantification with the use of dyes that have affinity to lipids. This article provides a review of major research over the past several years on the use of C. elegans to study the effects of ω-3 PUFAs on lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis relative to metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Bouyanfif
- Departments of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Shasika Jayarathne
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Iurii Koboziev
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Departments of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
- Obesity Research Cluster, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Rioux V, Legrand P. Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) Is a Specific ∆13-Desaturase of Ruminant trans-Vaccenic Acid. Lifestyle Genom 2019; 12:18-24. [PMID: 32911476 DOI: 10.1159/000502356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammalian species, the Fatty Acid Desaturase (FADS) gene cluster includes FADS1 (∆5-desaturase), FADS2 (∆6-desaturase), and a third gene member, named FADS3. According to its high degree of nucleotide sequence homology with both FADS1and FADS2, FADS3 was promptly suspected by researchers in the field to code for a new mammalian membrane-bound fatty acid desaturase. However, no catalytic activity was attributed to the FADS3 protein for a decade, until the rat FADS3 protein was shown in vitro to be able to catalyze the unexpected ∆13-desaturation of trans-vaccenic acid, producing the trans11,cis13-conjugated linoleic acid isomer. This review summarizes the recent investigations establishing the FADS3 enzyme as a reliable mammalian trans-vaccenate ∆13-desaturase in vivo and tries to identify further unresolved issues that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Rioux
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France,
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Nutrition Humaine, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
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Dellero Y, Cagnac O, Rose S, Seddiki K, Cussac M, Morabito C, Lupette J, Aiese Cigliano R, Sanseverino W, Kuntz M, Jouhet J, Maréchal E, Rébeillé F, Amato A. Proposal of a new thraustochytrid genus Hondaea gen. nov. and comparison of its lipid dynamics with the closely related pseudo-cryptic genus Aurantiochytrium. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Progress in the genetic engineering of cereals to produce essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biotechnol 2018; 284:115-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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46
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Garcia C, Guillocheau E, Richard L, Drouin G, Catheline D, Legrand P, Rioux V. Conversion of dietary trans-vaccenic acid to trans11,cis13-conjugated linoleic acid in the rat lactating mammary gland by Fatty Acid Desaturase 3-catalyzed methyl-end Δ13-desaturation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 505:385-391. [PMID: 30262139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, the rat Fatty Acid Desaturase 3 (FADS3) gene was shown to code for an enzyme able to catalyze the unexpected Δ13-desaturation of trans-vaccenic acid, producing the trans11,cis13-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer. FADS3 may therefore be the first methyl-end trans-vaccenate Δ13-desaturase functionally characterized in mammals, but the proof of this concept is so far lacking in vivo. The present study therefore aimed at investigating further the putative in vivo synthesis of trans11,cis13-CLA from dietary trans-vaccenic acid in rodents. During one week of pregnancy and two weeks post-partum, Sprague-Dawley female rats were fed two diets either high (10.0% of fatty acids and 3.8% of energy intake) or low (0.4% of fatty acids and 0.2% of energy intake) in trans-vaccenic acid. The trans11,cis13-CLA was specifically detected, formally identified and reproducibly quantified (0.06% of total fatty acids) in the mammary gland phospholipids of lactating female rats fed the high trans-vaccenic acid-enriched diet. This result was consistent with FADS3 mRNA expression being significantly higher in the lactating mammary gland than in the liver. Although the apparent metabolic conversion is low, this physiological evidence demonstrates the existence of this new pathway described in the lactating mammary gland and establishes the FADS3 enzyme as a reliable mammalian trans-vaccenate Δ13-desaturase in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrielle Garcia
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Etienne Guillocheau
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France; French Dairy Interbranch Organization (CNIEL), Technical and Scientific Department, Paris, France
| | - Léo Richard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Gaëtan Drouin
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Legrand
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Agrocampus Ouest, Rennes, France.
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Surm JM, Toledo TM, Prentis PJ, Pavasovic A. Insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of Fad and Elovl gene families in Actiniaria. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5323-5335. [PMID: 29938056 PMCID: PMC6010785 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs, ≥ C20) is reliant on the action of desaturase and elongase enzymes, which are encoded by the fatty acyl desaturase (Fad) and elongation of very long-chain fatty acid (Elovl) gene families, respectively. In Metazoa, research investigating the distribution and evolution of these gene families has been restricted largely to Bilateria. Here, we provide insights into the phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary histories of the Fad and Elovl gene families in Cnidaria, the sister phylum to Bilateria. Four model cnidarian genomes and six actiniarian transcriptomes were interrogated. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of a candidate cnidarian species, Actinia tenebrosa, was performed to determine the baseline profile of this species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed lineage-specific gene duplication in actiniarians for both the Fad and Elovl gene families. Two distinct cnidarian Fad clades clustered with functionally characterized Δ5 and Δ6 proteins from fungal and plant species, respectively. Alternatively, only a single cnidarian Elovl clade clustered with functionally characterized Elovl proteins (Elovl4), while two additional clades were identified, one actiniarian-specific (Novel ElovlA) and the another cnidarian-specific (Novel ElovlB). In actiniarians, selection analyses revealed pervasive purifying selection acting on both gene families. However, codons in the Elovl gene family show patterns of nucleotide variation consistent with the action of episodic diversifying selection following gene duplication events. Significantly, these codons may encode amino acid residues that are functionally important for Elovl proteins to target and elongate different precursor fatty acids. In A. tenebrosa, the fatty acid analysis revealed an absence of LC-PUFAs > C20 molecules and implies that the Elovl enzymes are not actively contributing to the elongation of these LC-PUFAs. Overall, this study has revealed that actiniarians possess Fad and Elovl genes required for the biosynthesis of some LC-PUFAs, and that these genes appear to be distinct from bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim M. Surm
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Tarik M. Toledo
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical InnovationQueensland University of TechnologyKelvin GroveAustralia
| | - Peter J. Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological SciencesScience and Engineering FacultyQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
- Institute for Future EnvironmentsQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ana Pavasovic
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of HealthQueensland University of TechnologyBrisbaneAustralia
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Ran Z, Xu J, Liao K, Li S, Chen S, Yan X. Biosynthesis of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Razor Clam Sinonovacula constricta: Characterization of Δ5 and Δ6 Fatty Acid Desaturases. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:4592-4601. [PMID: 29676149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the endogenous long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) biosynthetic ability in Sinonovacula constricta, fatty acid desaturases (Fads) of this bivalve, namely, Scfad5a, Scfad5b, and Scfad6, were cloned and characterized in the current study. Meanwhile, the tissue distributions of S. constricta Fads and fatty acids (FAs) were examined. Heterologous expression in yeasts confirmed that Scfad5a and Scfad5b were both Δ5 Fads, while Scfad6 was a Δ6 Fad. However, compared with Fads in other organisms, the desaturation activities of S. constricta Fads were relatively low (especially for Scfad6), indicating an adaptation to living conditions. S. constricta Fads were expressed in all tissues examined, and particularly high expressions were found in intestine and gonad. Moreover, FAs were differently distributed among tissues, which might be correlated with their corresponding physiological roles. Taken together, the results provided an insight into LC-PUFA biosynthesis in S. constricta. Notably, Scfad6 was the first functionally characterized Δ6 Fad in marine molluscs to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshou Ran
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology , Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture , Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , China
| | - Jilin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology , Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , China
| | - Kai Liao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology , Ningbo University, Ministry of Education of China , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , China
| | - Shuang Li
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315000 , China
| | - Shubing Chen
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315000 , China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-Efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture , Ningbo University , Ningbo , Zhejiang 315211 , China
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Poliner E, Pulman JA, Zienkiewicz K, Childs K, Benning C, Farré EM. A toolkit for Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779 enables gene stacking and genetic engineering of the eicosapentaenoic acid pathway for enhanced long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid production. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:298-309. [PMID: 28605577 PMCID: PMC5785352 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nannochloropsis oceanica is an oleaginous microalga rich in ω3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) content, in the form of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). We identified the enzymes involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis in N. oceanica CCMP1779 and generated multigene expression vectors aiming at increasing LC-PUFA content in vivo. We isolated the cDNAs encoding four fatty acid desaturases (FAD) and determined their function by heterologous expression in S. cerevisiae. To increase the expression of multiple fatty acid desaturases in N. oceanica CCMP1779, we developed a genetic engineering toolkit that includes an endogenous bidirectional promoter and optimized peptide bond skipping 2A peptides. The toolkit also includes multiple epitopes for tagged fusion protein production and two antibiotic resistance genes. We applied this toolkit, towards building a gene stacking system for N. oceanica that consists of two vector series, pNOC-OX and pNOC-stacked. These tools for genetic engineering were employed to test the effects of the overproduction of one, two or three desaturase-encoding cDNAs in N. oceanica CCMP1779 and prove the feasibility of gene stacking in this genetically tractable oleaginous microalga. All FAD overexpressing lines had considerable increases in the proportion of LC-PUFAs, with the overexpression of Δ12 and Δ5 FAD encoding sequences leading to an increase in the final ω3 product, EPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Poliner
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Cell and Molecular Biology ProgramMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Jane A. Pulman
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Krzysztof Zienkiewicz
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Plant BiochemistryAlbrecht‐von‐Haller‐Institute for Plant SciencesGeorg‐August‐UniversityGottingenGermany
| | - Kevin Childs
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Christoph Benning
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Eva M. Farré
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
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50
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Xie X, Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Functional analysis of the dehydratase domains of a PUFA synthase from Thraustochytrium in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:847-856. [PMID: 29177940 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8635-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Thraustochytrium sp. 26185, a unicellular marine protist, synthesizes docosahexaenoic acid, an omega-3 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFAs), by a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase comprising three large subunits with multiple catalytic dehydratase (DH) domains critical for introducing double bonds at the specific position of fatty acids. To investigate functions of these DH domains, one DH domain from subunit-A and two DH domains from subunit-C of the PUFA synthase were dissected and expressed as stand-alone enzymes in Escherichia coli. The results showed that all these DH domains could complement the defective phenotype of a E. coli FabA temperature sensitive mutant, despite they have only modest sequence similarity with FabA, indicating they can function as 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP dehydratase for the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids in E. coli. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis confirmed the authenticity of active site residues in these domains. In addition, overexpression of the three domains in a wild type E. coli strain resulted in the substantial alteration of fatty acid profiles including productions and ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. A combination of evidences from sequence comparison, functional expression, and mutagenesis analysis suggest that the DH domain from subunit-A is similar to DH domains from polyketide synthases, while the DH domains from subunit-C are more comparable to E. coli FabA in catalytic functions. Successful complementation and functional expression of the embedded DH domains from the PUFA synthase in E. coli is an important step towards for elucidating the molecular mechanism in the biosynthesis of VLC-PUFAs in Thraustochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Dauenpen Meesapyodsuk
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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