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Li L, Shou L. Prognostic and clinicopathological significance of the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score in patients with lymphoma: a meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e078320. [PMID: 38453197 PMCID: PMC10921528 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role of the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) scores in predicting the prognosis of lymphoma cases has been extensively explored, with no consistent results. The present meta-analysis focused on accurately evaluating whether CONUT could be used to predict the prognosis of lymphoma cases and its clinicopathological value. DESIGN The present meta-analysis was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The prognostic significance of CONUT to overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in lymphoma was estimated by calculating pooled HRs with 95% CIs. The relationship between CONUT and clinicopathological characteristics was measured based on pooled ORs with 95% CIs. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were comprehensively searched from inception through 24 March 2023. STATISTICAL METHODS Either a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model was selected depending on the level of heterogeneity among the included studies. RESULTS This meta-analysis enrolled seven articles, containing 2060 patients with lymphoma. According to the pooled analysis, a higher CONUT score significantly predicted poor OS (HR=1.94, 95% CI 1.46 to 2.57, p<0.001) as well as poorer PFS (HR=1.51, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.20, p=0.031). Furthermore, according to the combined analysis, a higher CONUT score was significantly associated with Ann Arbor stages III-IV (OR=3.75, 95% CI 2.96 to 4.75, p<0.001), an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2-4 (OR=5.14, 95% CI 3.97 to 6.65, p<0.001), high-intermediate/high National Comprehensive Cancer Network International Prognostic Index (OR=8.05, 95% CI 5.11 to 12.66, p<0.001), B symptoms (OR=4.97, 95% CI 2.89 to 8.52, p<0.001), extranodal disease (OR=3.25, 95% CI 2.24 to 4.70, p<0.001), bone marrow involvement (OR=4.86, 95% CI 3.25 to 7.27, p<0.001) and elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels (OR=3.21, 95% CI 2.37 to 4.34, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS According to our results, higher CONUT scores were significantly associated with poor OS and PFS in lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihong Shou
- Department of Hematology, Huzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Central Hospital of Huzhou University, The Fifth School of Clinical Medicine of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Khan Z, Nath N, Rauf A, Emran TB, Mitra S, Islam F, Chandran D, Barua J, Khandaker MU, Idris AM, Wilairatana P, Thiruvengadam M. Multifunctional roles and pharmacological potential of β-sitosterol: Emerging evidence toward clinical applications. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110117. [PMID: 35995256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, available therapeutic medications are both costly as well as not entirely promising in terms of potency. So, new candidates from natural resources are of research interest to find new alternative therapeutics. A well-known combination is a β-sitosterol, a plant-derived nutrient with anticancer properties against breast, prostate, colon, lung, stomach, and leukemia. Studies have shown that β-sitosterol interferes with multiple cell signaling pathways, including cell cycle, apoptosis, proliferation, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and antidiabetic effects have been discovered during pharmacological screening without significant toxicity. The pharmacokinetic profile of β-sitosterol has also been extensively investigated. However, a comprehensive review of the pharmacology, phytochemistry and analytical methods of β-sitosterol is desired. Because β-sitosterol is a significant component of most plant materials, humans use it for various reasons, and numerous β-sitosterol-containing products have been commercialized. To offset the low efficacy of β-sitosterol, designing β-sitosterol delivery for "cancer cell-specific" therapy holds great potential. Delivery of β-sitosterol via liposomes is a demonstration that has shown great promise. But further research has not progressed on the drug delivery of β-sitosterol or how it can enhance β-sitosterol mediated anti-inflammatory activity, thus making β-sitosterol an orphan nutraceutical. Therefore, extensive research on β-sitosterol as an anticancer nutraceutical is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zidan Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Nikhil Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, 4318, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 642109, India
| | - Jackie Barua
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 410 East Saint Mary Boulevard, Lafayette, LA, 70503, USA
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abubakr M Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia; Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600077, India.
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3
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The prognostic value of the Controlling Nutritional Status score on patients undergoing nephrectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma or renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2022; 128:217-224. [PMID: 34338171 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521002889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score has increasingly became an effective indicator associated with tumor prognosis. This study was conducted to synthesise data on the prognostic value of CONUT score on patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) or renal cell carcinoma (RCC) undergoing nephrectomy. We designed and performed a systematic analysis of studies that verified the correlation between preoperative CONUT score and prognosis for UTUC and RCC using PubMed, Web of Science and Embase. The conclusion was clarified by pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Subgroup analysis were further conducted in accordance with different primary tumor. Six studies involving 3529 patients were included in this evidence synthesis, which revealed that the CONUT score had a potential role to predict the survival of UTUC and RCC patients accepting surgery. Pooled analysis showed that the overall survival (OS, HR 2·32, p < 0·0001), cancer-specific survival (CSS, HR 2·68, p < 0·0001) and disease-free survival (DFS, HR 1·62, p < 0·00001) were inferior in the high CONUT score group when compared with low score group. Subgroup analysis revealed that this result was in line with UTUC (OS: HR 1·86, p = 0·02; CSS: HR 2·24, p = 0·01; DFS: HR 1·54, p < 0·00001) and RCC (OS: HR 3·05, p < 0·00001; CSS: HR 3·47, p < 0·00001; DFS: HR 2·21, p = 0·0005) patients respectively. Consequently, the CONUT score is a valuable preoperative index to predict the survival of patients with UTUC or RCC undergoing nephrectomy.
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Structures of the human cholecystokinin 1 (CCK1) receptor bound to Gs and Gq mimetic proteins provide insight into mechanisms of G protein selectivity. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001295. [PMID: 34086670 PMCID: PMC8208569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are critical regulators of cellular function acting via heterotrimeric G proteins as their primary transducers with individual GPCRs capable of pleiotropic coupling to multiple G proteins. Structural features governing G protein selectivity and promiscuity are currently unclear. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to determine structures of the cholecystokinin (CCK) type 1 receptor (CCK1R) bound to the CCK peptide agonist, CCK-8 and 2 distinct transducer proteins, its primary transducer Gq, and the more weakly coupled Gs. As seen with other Gq/11–GPCR complexes, the Gq–α5 helix (αH5) bound to a relatively narrow pocket in the CCK1R core. Surprisingly, the backbone of the CCK1R and volume of the G protein binding pocket were essentially equivalent when Gs was bound, with the Gs αH5 displaying a conformation that arises from “unwinding” of the far carboxyl-terminal residues, compared to canonically Gs coupled receptors. Thus, integrated changes in the conformations of both the receptor and G protein are likely to play critical roles in the promiscuous coupling of individual GPCRs. Cryo-EM structures of the G protein-coupled receptor CCK1R bound to the CCK peptide agonist CCK-8 and two distinct transducer proteins – its primary transducer Gq, and the more weakly coupled Gs – reveal unexpected modes of G protein interaction.
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Harikumar KG, Coudrat T, Desai AJ, Dong M, Dengler DG, Furness SGB, Christopoulos A, Wootten D, Sergienko EA, Sexton PM, Miller LJ. Discovery of a Positive Allosteric Modulator of Cholecystokinin Action at CCK1R in Normal and Elevated Cholesterol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:789957. [PMID: 34950108 PMCID: PMC8689142 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.789957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs useful in prevention/treatment of obesity could improve health. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a key regulator of appetite, working through the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R); however, full agonists have not stimulated more weight loss than dieting. We proposed an alternate strategy to target this receptor, while reducing likelihood of side effects and/or toxicity. Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) with minimal intrinsic agonist activity would enhance CCK action, while maintaining spatial and temporal characteristics of physiologic signaling. This could correct abnormal stimulus-activity coupling observed in a high-cholesterol environment observed in obesity. We utilized high-throughput screening to identify a molecule with this pharmacological profile and studied its basis of action. Compound 1 was a weak partial agonist, with PAM activity to enhance CCK action at CCK1R, but not CCK2R, maintained in both normal and high cholesterol. Compound 1 (10 µM) did not exhibit agonist activity or stimulate internalization of CCK1R. It enhanced CCK activity by slowing the off-rate of bound hormone, increasing its binding affinity. Computational docking of Compound 1 to CCK1R yielded plausible poses. A radioiodinatable photolabile analogue retained Compound 1 pharmacology and covalently labeled CCK1R Thr211, consistent with one proposed pose. Our study identifies a novel, selective, CCK1R PAM that binds to the receptor to enhance action of CCK-8 and CCK-58 in both normal and disease-mimicking high-cholesterol environments. This facilitates the development of compounds that target the physiologic spatial and temporal engagement of CCK1R by CCK that underpins its critical role in metabolic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Thomas Coudrat
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Aditya J. Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Daniela G. Dengler
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sebastian G. B. Furness
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eduard A. Sergienko
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- ARC (Australian Research Council) Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Laurence J. Miller,
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Miller LJ, Harikumar KG, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Roles of Cholecystokinin in the Nutritional Continuum. Physiology and Potential Therapeutics. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:684656. [PMID: 34149622 PMCID: PMC8206557 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.684656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone with important roles in metabolic physiology and the maintenance of normal nutritional status, as well as potential roles in the prevention and management of obesity, currently one of the dominant causes of direct or indirect morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the roles of this hormone and its receptors in maintaining nutritional homeostasis, with a particular focus on appetite control. Targeting this action led to the development of full agonists of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor that have so far failed in clinical trials for obesity. The possible reasons for clinical failure are discussed, along with alternative pharmacologic strategies to target this receptor for prevention and management of obesity, including development of biased agonists and allosteric modulators. Cellular cholesterol is a natural modulator of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor, with elevated levels disrupting normal stimulus-activity coupling. The molecular basis for this is discussed, along with strategies to overcome this challenge with a corrective positive allosteric modulator. There remains substantial scope for development of drugs to target the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor with these new pharmacologic strategies and such drugs may provide new approaches for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Laurence J. Miller,
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, United States
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology theme, Monash Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Wang HH, Portincasa P, Liu M, Tso P, Wang DQH. An Update on the Lithogenic Mechanisms of Cholecystokinin a Receptor (CCKAR), an Important Gallstone Gene for Lith13. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1438. [PMID: 33260332 PMCID: PMC7761502 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) is expressed predominantly in the gallbladder and small intestine in the digestive system, where it is responsible for CCK's regulation of gallbladder and small intestinal motility. The effect of CCKAR on small intestinal transit is a physiological response for regulating intestinal cholesterol absorption. The Cckar gene has been identified to be an important gallstone gene, Lith13, in inbred mice by a powerful quantitative trait locus analysis. Knockout of the Cckar gene in mice enhances cholesterol cholelithogenesis by impairing gallbladder contraction and emptying, promoting cholesterol crystallization and crystal growth, and increasing intestinal cholesterol absorption. Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that several variants in the CCKAR gene are associated with increased prevalence of cholesterol cholelithiasis in humans. Dysfunctional gallbladder emptying in response to exogenously administered CCK-8 is often found in patients with cholesterol gallstones, and patients with pigment gallstones display an intermediate degree of gallbladder motility defect. Gallbladder hypomotility is also revealed in some subjects without gallstones under several conditions: pregnancy, total parenteral nutrition, celiac disease, oral contraceptives and conjugated estrogens, obesity, diabetes, the metabolic syndrome, and administration of CCKAR antagonists. The physical-chemical, genetic, and molecular studies of Lith13 show that dysfunctional CCKAR enhances susceptibility to cholesterol gallstones through two primary mechanisms: impaired gallbladder emptying is a key risk factor for the development of gallbladder hypomotility, biliary sludge (the precursor of gallstones), and microlithiasis, as well as delayed small intestinal transit augments cholesterol absorption as a major source for the hepatic hypersecretion of biliary cholesterol and for the accumulation of excess cholesterol in the gallbladder wall that further worsens impaired gallbladder motor function. If these two defects in the gallbladder and small intestine could be prevented by the potent CCKAR agonists, the risk of developing cholesterol gallstones could be dramatically reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Piero Portincasa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Clinica Medica “A. Murri”, University of Bari “Aldo Moro” Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (M.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA; (M.L.); (P.T.)
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- Department of Medicine and Genetics, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
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Bao Z, Li Y, Guan B, Xiong G, Zhang L, Tang Q, Wang T, Li X, Fang D, Zhou L. High Preoperative Controlling Nutritional Status Score Predicts a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Localized Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer: A Propensity Score Matching Study in a Large Chinese Center. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:323-335. [PMID: 32021446 PMCID: PMC6970241 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s225711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to elucidate the prognostic value of the preoperative controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, a new index based on the total lymphocyte count, serum albumin concentration and total cholesterol concentration, in patients with localized upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC) after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) using propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 908 consecutive patients with localized UTUC who underwent RNU between 1999 and 2015. Patients were divided into two groups according to the optimal cutoff value of the preoperative CONUT score. Relationships between the CONUT score with clinicopathological characteristics, overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed before and after 1:1 PSM. Results A high preoperative CONUT score was significantly correlated with older age, low body mass index (BMI), poor American Statistical Association (ASA) score, advanced pathological T stage, and tumor squamous or glandular differentiation (all p<0.05). Kaplan-Meier curves showed poor OS, CSS, and DFS for patients with a high CONUT score before and after PSM (all p<0.001). Furthermore, multivariate analyses revealed that a high preoperative CONUT score was an independent risk factor for poor DFS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.418, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.132–1.776, p=0.002) before PSM and an independent risk factor for poor DFS (HR 1.333, 95% CI 1.010–1.760, p=0.042) and OS (HR 1.459, 95% CI 1.010–2.107, p=0.044) after PSM. Conclusion A high preoperative CONUT score is an independent prognostic factor for poor outcomes in patients with localized UTUC after RNU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Bao
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifan Li
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Guan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengyan Xiong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Fang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Andrology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing 100034, People's Republic of China
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Corradi V, Sejdiu BI, Mesa-Galloso H, Abdizadeh H, Noskov SY, Marrink SJ, Tieleman DP. Emerging Diversity in Lipid-Protein Interactions. Chem Rev 2019; 119:5775-5848. [PMID: 30758191 PMCID: PMC6509647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Membrane
lipids interact with proteins in a variety of ways, ranging
from providing a stable membrane environment for proteins to being
embedded in to detailed roles in complicated and well-regulated protein
functions. Experimental and computational advances are converging
in a rapidly expanding research area of lipid–protein interactions.
Experimentally, the database of high-resolution membrane protein structures
is growing, as are capabilities to identify the complex lipid composition
of different membranes, to probe the challenging time and length scales
of lipid–protein interactions, and to link lipid–protein
interactions to protein function in a variety of proteins. Computationally,
more accurate membrane models and more powerful computers now enable
a detailed look at lipid–protein interactions and increasing
overlap with experimental observations for validation and joint interpretation
of simulation and experiment. Here we review papers that use computational
approaches to study detailed lipid–protein interactions, together
with brief experimental and physiological contexts, aiming at comprehensive
coverage of simulation papers in the last five years. Overall, a complex
picture of lipid–protein interactions emerges, through a range
of mechanisms including modulation of the physical properties of the
lipid environment, detailed chemical interactions between lipids and
proteins, and key functional roles of very specific lipids binding
to well-defined binding sites on proteins. Computationally, despite
important limitations, molecular dynamics simulations with current
computer power and theoretical models are now in an excellent position
to answer detailed questions about lipid–protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Corradi
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Besian I Sejdiu
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Haydee Mesa-Galloso
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Haleh Abdizadeh
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Sergei Yu Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - D Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences , University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW , Calgary , Alberta T2N 1N4 , Canada
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Wang JH, Hu MJ, Shao XX, Wei D, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Cholesterol modulates the binding properties of human relaxin family peptide receptor 3 with its ligands. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 646:24-30. [PMID: 29601823 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3) is implicated in the regulation of food intake and stress response upon activation by its cognate agonist relaxin-3. As an A-class G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP3 is an integral plasma membrane protein with seven transmembrane domains, yet influence of the membrane lipids on its function remains unknown. In the present study, we disclosed that cholesterol, an essential membrane lipid for mammalian cells, modulated the binding properties of human RXFP3 with its ligands. We first demonstrated that depletion of cholesterol from host human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells by methyl-β-cyclodextrin altered ligand-binding properties of the overexpressed human RXFP3, such as increasing its binding potency with some antagonists and decreasing its binding affinity with a NanoLuc-conjugated R3/I5 tracer. Thereafter, we demonstrated that two B-chain residues, B5Tyr and B12Arg, were primarily responsible for the increased binding potency of these antagonists with human RXFP3 under the cholesterol depletion condition. Our results suggest that cell membrane cholesterol interacts with human RXFP3 and modulates its ligand-binding properties, providing new insights into the influence of membrane lipids on RXFP3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian Wei
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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11
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Desai AJ, Miller LJ. Changes in the plasma membrane in metabolic disease: impact of the membrane environment on G protein-coupled receptor structure and function. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:4009-4025. [PMID: 28691227 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug development targeting GPCRs often utilizes model heterologous cell expression systems, reflecting an implicit assumption that the membrane environment has little functional impact on these receptors or on their responsiveness to drugs. However, much recent data have illustrated that membrane components can have an important functional impact on intrinsic membrane proteins. This review is directed toward gaining a better understanding of the structure of the plasma membrane in health and disease, and how this organelle can influence GPCR structure, function and regulation. It is important to recognize that the membrane provides a potential mode of lateral allosteric regulation of GPCRs and can affect the effectiveness of drugs and their biological responses in various disease states, which can even vary among individuals across the population. The type 1 cholecystokinin receptor is reviewed as an exemplar of a class A GPCR that is affected in this way by changes in the plasma membrane. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of GPCRs. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.21/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Ishihara H, Kondo T, Yoshida K, Omae K, Takagi T, Iizuka J, Tanabe K. Preoperative controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score as a novel predictive biomarker of survival in patients with localized urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:539.e9-539.e16. [PMID: 28499734 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score and survival of patients with localized urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). METHODS AND MATERIALS We retrospectively enrolled 107 patients. CONUT score was calculated based on the serum albumin concentration, lymphocyte count, and total cholesterol concentration. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on CONUT score. Relapse-free survival (RFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) after RNU were compared between the 2 groups, and predictors of survival were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS For CONUT score, the area under the curve was 0.588 and the optimal cutoff value was 3. Twenty-four patients (22.4%) had high CONUT scores. The patients with high CONUT scores had significantly shorter 5-year RFS, CSS, and OS than did those with low CONUT scores (RFS: 50.1% vs. 66.0%; CSS: 28.1% vs. 71.7%; OS: 26.4% vs. 66.8%; all P<0.05). Results of the multivariable analysis, after adjustment for factors such as pT stage, pN stage, tumor grade, presence of lymphovascular invasion, and C-reactive protein level, revealed that CONUT score was an independent predictor of CSS (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.44, P = 0.0016) and OS (HR = 2.90, P = 0.0214) and showed marginal significance for predicting RFS (HR = 2.26, P = 0.0581). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative CONUT score helps predict survival in patients with localized urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract treated with RNU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ishihara
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsunenori Kondo
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Urology, Tokyo Women's Medical University Medical Center East, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Yoshida
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Omae
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Healthcare Epidemiology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine/School of Public Health, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Toshio Takagi
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junpei Iizuka
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanabe
- Department of Urology, Kidney Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Desai AJ, Dong M, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ. Cholecystokinin-induced satiety, a key gut servomechanism that is affected by the membrane microenvironment of this receptor. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2016; 6:S22-S27. [PMID: 28685026 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has a central role in nutritional homeostasis, as location for food ingestion, digestion and absorption, with the gut endocrine system responding to and regulating these events, as well as influencing appetite. One key GI hormone with the full spectrum of these activities is cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide released from neuroendocrine I cells scattered through the proximal intestine in response to fat and protein, with effects to stimulate gall bladder contraction and pancreatic exocrine secretion, to regulate gastric emptying and intestinal transit, and to induce satiety. There has been interest in targeting the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R) for drug development to provide non-caloric satiation as an aid to dieting and weight loss; however, there have been concerns about CCK1R agonists related to side effects and potential trophic impact on the pancreas. A positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of CCK action at this receptor without intrinsic agonist activity could provide a safer and more effective approach to long-term administration. In addition, CCK1R stimulus-activity coupling has been shown to be negatively affected by excess membrane cholesterol, a condition described in the metabolic syndrome, thereby potentially interfering with an important servomechanism regulating appetite. A PAM targeting this receptor could also potentially correct the negative impact of cholesterol on CCK1R function. We will review the molecular basis for binding natural peptide agonist, binding and action of small molecules within the allosteric pocket, and the impact of cholesterol. Novel strategies for taking advantage of this receptor for the prevention and management of obesity will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - M Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - K G Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - L J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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14
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Desai AJ, Dong M, Miller LJ. Beneficial effects of β-sitosterol on type 1 cholecystokinin receptor dysfunction induced by elevated membrane cholesterol. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:1374-1379. [PMID: 27016394 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) mediates the actions of CCK to support nutritional homeostasis, including post-cibal satiety. However, elevated levels of membrane cholesterol, such as have been observed in metabolic syndrome, interfere with CCK stimulus-activity coupling at the CCK1R, thereby disrupting this important servomechanism. We hypothesize that reversal of the negative impact of cholesterol on this receptor could be useful in the management of obesity. METHODS We have studied the effects of β-sitosterol, a phytosterol structurally related to cholesterol, on CCK receptor function. This included CCK binding and biological activity at wild type CCK1R and CCK2R, as well as at CCK1R in a high cholesterol environment, and at a CCK1R mutant, Y140A, which mimics the behavior of wild type receptor in high cholesterol. RESULTS β-sitosterol (100 μM and 10 μM) significantly improved the defective signaling of the CCK1R present in high cholesterol (p < 0.05), without affecting CCK binding affinity. This effect was absent at the CCK1R present in a normal cholesterol environment, as well as at the structurally-related CCK2R. Furthermore, the cholesterol-insensitive Y140A mutant of CCK1R was resistant to the effects of β-sitosterol. CONCLUSION These data suggest that β-sitosterol affects CCK1R function in high cholesterol by competing with cholesterol at a receptor cholesterol-binding site and may shift its conformation toward normal. This phytosterol extends our understanding of the structure-activity relationships for developing a drug that can target the external surface of CCK1R. Since the concentrations of β-sitosterol shown to be effective in this study are similar to serum levels of this compound achievable during oral administration, it may be worthwhile to study possible beneficial effects of β-sitosterol in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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15
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Lange Y, Steck TL. Active membrane cholesterol as a physiological effector. Chem Phys Lipids 2016; 199:74-93. [PMID: 26874289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Sterols associate preferentially with plasma membrane sphingolipids and saturated phospholipids to form stoichiometric complexes. Cholesterol in molar excess of the capacity of these polar bilayer lipids has a high accessibility and fugacity; we call this fraction active cholesterol. This review first considers how active cholesterol serves as an upstream regulator of cellular sterol homeostasis. The mechanism appears to utilize the redistribution of active cholesterol down its diffusional gradient to the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, where it binds multiple effectors and directs their feedback activity. We have also reviewed a broad literature in search of a role for active cholesterol (as opposed to bulk cholesterol or lipid domains such as rafts) in the activity of diverse membrane proteins. Several systems provide such evidence, implicating, in particular, caveolin-1, various kinds of ABC-type cholesterol transporters, solute transporters, receptors and ion channels. We suggest that this larger role for active cholesterol warrants close attention and can be tested easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lange
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, 1653 W. Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Theodore L Steck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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16
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Desai AJ, Lam PCH, Orry A, Abagyan R, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Miller LJ. Molecular Mechanism of Action of Triazolobenzodiazepinone Agonists of the Type 1 Cholecystokinin Receptor. Possible Cooperativity across the Receptor Homodimeric Complex. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9562-77. [PMID: 26654202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The type 1 cholecystokinin receptor (CCK1R) has multiple physiologic roles relating to nutrient homeostasis, including mediation of postcibal satiety. This effect has been central in efforts to develop agonists of this receptor as part of a program to manage and/or prevent obesity. While a number of small molecule CCK1R agonists have been developed, none have yet been approved for clinical use, based on inadequate efficacy, side effects, or the potential for toxicity. Understanding the molecular details of docking and mechanism of action of these ligands can be helpful in the rational refinement and enhancement of small molecule drug candidates. In the current work, we have defined the mechanism of binding and activity of two triazolobenzodiazepinones, CE-326597 and PF-04756956, which are reported to be full agonist ligands. To achieve this, we utilized receptor binding with a series of allosteric and orthosteric radioligands at structurally related CCK1R and CCK2R, as well as chimeric CCK1R/CCK2R constructs exchanging residues in the allosteric pocket, and assessment of biological activity. These triazolobenzodiazepinones docked within the intramembranous small molecule allosteric ligand pocket, with higher affinity binding to CCK2R than CCK1R, yet with biological activity exclusive to or greatly enhanced at CCK1R. These ligands exhibited cooperativity with benzodiazepine binding across the CCK1R homodimeric complex, resulting in their ability to inhibit only a fraction of the saturable binding of a benzodiazepine radioligand, unlike other small molecule antagonists and agonists of this receptor. This may contribute to the understanding of the unique short duration and reversible gallbladder contraction observed in vivo upon administration of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Polo C H Lam
- Molsoft LLC , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew Orry
- Molsoft LLC , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
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17
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Expression of cholecystokinin receptors in colon cancer and the clinical correlation in Taiwan. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:4579-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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18
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Resnik N, Repnik U, Kreft ME, Sepčić K, Maček P, Turk B, Veranič P. Highly Selective Anti-Cancer Activity of Cholesterol-Interacting Agents Methyl-β-Cyclodextrin and Ostreolysin A/Pleurotolysin B Protein Complex on Urothelial Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137878. [PMID: 26361392 PMCID: PMC4567298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol content can vary distinctly between normal and cancer cells, with elevated levels in cancer cells. Here, we investigated cholesterol sequestration with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD), and pore-formation with the ostreolysin A/pleurotolysin B (OlyA/PlyB) protein complex that binds to cholesterol/sphingomyelin-rich membrane domains. We evaluated the effects on viability of T24 invasive and RT4 noninvasive human urothelial cancer cells and normal porcine urothelial (NPU) cells. Cholesterol content strongly correlated with cancerous transformation, as highest in the T24 high-grade invasive urothelial cancer cells, and lowest in NPU cells. MCD treatment induced prominent cell death of T24 cells, whereas OlyA/PlyB treatment resulted in greatly decreased viability of the RT4 low-grade noninvasive carcinoma cells. Biochemical and transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed that MCD and OlyA/PlyB induce necrotic cell death in these cancer cells, while viability of NPU cells was not significantly affected by either treatment. We conclude that MCD is more toxic for T24 high-grade invasive urothelial cancer cells, and OlyA/PlyB for RT4 low-grade noninvasive urothelial cancer cells, and neither is toxic for NPU cells. The cholesterol and cholesterol/sphingomyelin-rich membrane domains in urothelial cancer cells thus constitute a selective therapeutic target for elimination of urothelial cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urška Repnik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Erdani Kreft
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Maček
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- * E-mail:
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19
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Desai AJ, Dong M, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ. Impact of ursodeoxycholic acid on a CCK1R cholesterol-binding site may contribute to its positive effects in digestive function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G377-86. [PMID: 26138469 PMCID: PMC4556949 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the type 1 cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor (CCK1R) as a result of increased gallbladder muscularis membrane cholesterol has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cholesterol gallstones. Administration of ursodeoxycholic acid, which is structurally related to cholesterol, has been shown to have beneficial effects on gallstone formation. Our aims were to explore the possible direct effects and mechanism of action of bile acids on CCK receptor function. We studied the effects of structurally related hydrophobic chenodeoxycholic acid and hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid in vitro on CCK receptor function in the setting of normal and elevated membrane cholesterol. We also examined their effects on a cholesterol-insensitive CCK1R mutant (Y140A) disrupting a key site of cholesterol action. The results show that, similar to the impact of cholesterol on CCK receptors, bile acid effects were limited to CCK1R, with no effects on CCK2R. Chenodeoxycholic acid had a negative impact on CCK1R function, while ursodeoxycholic acid had no effect on CCK1R function in normal membranes but was protective against the negative impact of elevated cholesterol on this receptor. The cholesterol-insensitive CCK1R mutant Y140A was resistant to effects of both bile acids. These data suggest that bile acids compete with the action of cholesterol on CCK1R, probably by interacting at the same site, although the conformational impact of each bile acid appears to be different, with ursodeoxycholic acid capable of correcting the abnormal conformation of CCK1R in a high-cholesterol environment. This mechanism may contribute to the beneficial effect of ursodeoxycholic acid in reducing cholesterol gallstone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J. Desai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Maoqing Dong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Kaleeckal G. Harikumar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Laurence J. Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
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20
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Desai AJ, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ. A type 1 cholecystokinin receptor mutant that mimics the dysfunction observed for wild type receptor in a high cholesterol environment. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18314-26. [PMID: 24825903 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.570200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the type 1 CCK receptor (CCK1R) to elicit satiety after a meal. Agonists with this activity, although potentially useful for treatment of obesity, can also have side effects and toxicities of concern, making the development of an intrinsically inactive positive allosteric modulator quite attractive. Positive allosteric modulators also have the potential to correct the defective receptor-G protein coupling observed in the high membrane cholesterol environment described in metabolic syndrome. Current model systems to study CCK1R in such an environment are unstable and expensive to maintain. We now report that the Y140A mutation within a cholesterol-binding motif and the conserved, class A G protein-coupled receptor-specific (E/D)RY signature sequence results in ligand binding and activity characteristics similar to wild type CCK1R in a high cholesterol environment. This is true for natural CCK, as well as ligands with distinct chemistries and activity profiles. Additionally, the Y140A construct also behaved like CCK1R in high cholesterol in regard to its internalization, sensitivity to a nonhydrolyzable GTP analog, and anisotropy of a bound fluorescent CCK analog. Chimeric CCK1R/CCK2R constructs that systematically changed the residues in the allosteric ligand-binding pocket were studied in the presence of Y140A. This established increased importance of unique residues within TM3 and reduced the importance of TM2 for binding in the presence of this mutation, with the agonist trigger likely pulled away from its Leu(356) target on TM7. The distinct conformation of this intramembranous pocket within Y140A CCK1R provides an opportunity to normalize this by using a small molecule allosteric ligand, thereby providing safe and effective correction of the coupling defect in metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya J Desai
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Laurence J Miller
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
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21
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Harikumar KG, Cawston EE, Lam PCH, Patil A, Orry A, Henke BR, Abagyan R, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM, Miller LJ. Molecular basis for benzodiazepine agonist action at the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21082-21095. [PMID: 23754289 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.480715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of drug action can facilitate development of more potent and selective drugs. Here, we explore the molecular basis for action of a unique small molecule ligand that is a type 1 cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor agonist and type 2 CCK receptor antagonist, GI181771X. We characterize its binding utilizing structurally related radioiodinated ligands selective for CCK receptor subtypes that utilize the same allosteric ligand-binding pocket, using wild-type receptors and chimeric constructs exchanging the distinct residues lining this pocket. Intracellular calcium assays were performed to determine biological activity. Molecular models for docking small molecule agonists to the type 1 CCK receptor were developed using a ligand-guided refinement approach. The optimal model was distinct from the previous antagonist model for the same receptor and was mechanistically consistent with the current mutagenesis data. This study revealed a key role for Leu(7.39) that was predicted to interact with the isopropyl group in the N1 position of the benzodiazepine that acts as a "trigger" for biological activity. The molecular model was predictive of binding of other small molecule agonists, effectively distinguishing these from 1065 approved drug decoys with an area under curve value of 99%. The model also selectively enriched for agonist compounds, with 130 agonists identified by ROC analysis when seeded in 2175 non-agonist ligands of the type 1 CCK receptor (area under curve 78%). Benzodiazepine agonists in this series docked in consistent pose within this pocket, with a key role played by Leu(7.39), whereas the role of this residue was less clear for chemically distinct agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleeckal G Harikumar
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | - Erin E Cawston
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | | | - Achyut Patil
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259
| | | | - Brad R Henke
- the Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Molsoft LLC, La Jolla, California 92037,; the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, and
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- the Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- the Department of Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- From the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259,.
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