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Tomoo K, Szramowski M, Pinal R, Meyer JM, Zhang Y, Murray-Kolb LE, Henderson GC. Albumin is an important factor in the control of serum free fatty acid flux in both male and female mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:1065-1075. [PMID: 38482577 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00894.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Albumin knockout (Alb-/-) mice exhibit a low plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, but it was not known if the suppressed concentration reflects a lower rate of appearance (Ra) of FFA in the circulation (i.e., lower FFA flux) or if the absence of albumin alters the relationship between FFA flux and concentration. For understanding the role of albumin in FFA transport through the bloodstream, it is not sufficient to rely on FFA concentration data alone. Therefore, we developed a method to study FFA kinetics in Alb-/- mice. Using an albumin-free formulation of [U-13C]palmitate tracer, serum FFA kinetics were tested in Alb-/- and wild-type (WT) mice. Results indicate that the flux of FFA in serum of Alb-/- mice was significantly lower than in WT mice (P < 0.05), while albumin deficiency did not alter the relationship between FFA flux and concentration. Next, to test if suppressed lipolysis might have also been involved in the suppressed FFA kinetics, gene expression of a lipolytic enzyme (adipose triglyceride lipase, Atgl) and a marker of lipolysis (phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase, p-HSL) were measured in adipose tissue. In contrast to the low FFA flux in Alb-/-, both Atgl gene expression and p-HSL protein were significantly higher in adipose tissue of Alb-/- than in WT mice (P < 0.05). Thus, the low FFA flux in Alb-/- appeared to be driven by the absence of albumin's FFA binding functions rather than through regulation of lipolysis, indicating that albumin is an important factor in determining the flux of FFA in circulation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To improve understanding of the albumin protein's function in vivo, we tested plasma free fatty acid kinetics in albumin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. Using a new tracer formulation strategy, it was discovered that the appearance rate of free fatty acids in serum is lower in albumin knockout mice than in wild-type mice. The results indicate that albumin is a major controller of free fatty acid kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Tomoo
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Mirandia Szramowski
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Rodolfo Pinal
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Juliauna M Meyer
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States
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Huang T, Liu C, Cui C, Zhang N, Cheung WH, Wong RMY. Potential of Fatty Acids in Treating Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:3613. [PMID: 37630803 PMCID: PMC10459935 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a systematic review of studies investigating the effects of fatty acid supplementation in potentially preventing and treating sarcopenia. PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords 'fatty acid' and 'sarcopenia'. Results: A total of 14 clinical and 11 pre-clinical (including cell and animal studies) studies were included. Of the 14 clinical studies, 12 used omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as supplements, 1 study used ALA and 1 study used CLA. Seven studies combined the use of fatty acid with resistant exercises. Fatty acids were found to have a positive effect in eight studies and they had no significant outcome in six studies. The seven studies that incorporated exercise found that fatty acids had a better impact on elderlies. Four animal studies used novel fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic acid, trans-fatty acid, and olive leaf extraction as interventions. Three animal and four cell experiment studies revealed the possible mechanisms of how fatty acids affect muscles by improving regenerative capacity, reducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunctions, and attenuating cell death. Conclusion: Fatty acids have proven their value in improving sarcopenia in pre-clinical experiments. However, current clinical studies show controversial results for its role on muscle, and thus the mechanisms need to be studied further. In the future, more well-designed randomized controlled trials are required to assess the effectiveness of using fatty acids in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Man Yeung Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (T.H.); (C.L.); (C.C.); (N.Z.); (W.H.C.)
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Abdollahi A, Dowden BN, Buhman KK, Zembroski AS, Henderson GC. Albumin knockout mice exhibit reduced plasma free fatty acid concentration and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15161. [PMID: 35238481 PMCID: PMC8892599 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating albumin is expected to play a significant role in the trafficking of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) between tissues, such as FFA transfer from adipose tissue to the liver. However, it was not yet known how disrupting FFA binding to albumin in circulation would alter lipid metabolism and any resulting impacts upon control of glycemia. To improve understanding of metabolic control, we aimed to determine whether lack of serum albumin would decrease plasma FFA, hepatic lipid storage, whole body substrate oxidation, and glucose metabolism. Male and female homozygous albumin knockout mice and C57BL/6J wild type controls, each on a standard diet containing a moderate fat content, were studied at 6-8 weeks of age. Indirect calorimetry, glucose tolerance testing, insulin tolerance testing, exercise performance, plasma proteome, and tissue analyses were performed. In both sexes of albumin knockout mice compared to the wild type mice, significant reductions (p < 0.05) were observed for plasma FFA concentration, hepatic triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol content, blood glucose during the glucose tolerance test, and blood glucose during the insulin tolerance test. Albumin deficiency did not reduce whole body fat oxidation over a 24-h period and did not alter exercise performance in an incremental treadmill test. The system-level phenotypic changes in lipid and glucose metabolism were accompanied by reduced hepatic perilipin-2 expression (p < 0.05), as well as increased expression of adiponectin (p < 0.05) and glucose transporter-4 (p < 0.05) in adipose tissue. The results indicate an important role of albumin and plasma FFA concentration in lipid metabolism and glucoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsoun Abdollahi
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Brianna N. Dowden
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Kimberly K. Buhman
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
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Bloomer SA, Wellen KE, Henderson GC. Sexual dimorphism in the hepatic protein response to a moderate trans fat diet in senescence-accelerated mice. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:243. [PMID: 29237473 PMCID: PMC5729490 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0639-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is characterized by increases in inflammation and oxidative stress, conditions that are exacerbated by environmental factors such as diet. In this study, we investigated the effects of a trans-fatty acid (TFA) diet on the liver in adult (25 wk) and old (60 wk) senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8 strain) of both sexes. Our goal was to assess the effects of the diet on protein markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver. METHODS Male and female mice were placed on life-long diets containing similar amounts of total fat (17%), with differing amounts of TFA: 2% (moderate TFA group) or 0.2% of total energy from TFA (control diet group). At the indicated ages, livers were harvested and evaluated for markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, as well as for enzymes of fat metabolism via immunoblotting. Relative densities of protein bands were determined and compared via a three-factor ANOVA. RESULTS Compared to males, females demonstrated significantly lower inflammatory protein expression (ICAM-1, MCP-1, COX-2), along with lower expression of the DNA damage marker, Gadd153, and the oxidative stress marker, HO-1. Female mice demonstrated higher expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1, SOD-2, and Ref-1) and lipogenic enzymes (FASN, ACLY) compared to male mice. While HO-1 was elevated in the female mice fed the TFA diet compared to controls, the diet did not affect other markers of oxidative stress or inflammation. However, the diet was associated with significant increases in FASN and ACLY in adult (25 wk) male mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest sexually dimorphic protein expression in the liver, with female mice demonstrating lower inflammation and increased oxidative stress defenses. Additionally, considering that FASN and ACLY contribute to hepatic lipogenesis, our results suggest a potential mechanism for the dyslipidemia in adult male mice that is associated with TFA diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Bloomer
- Division of Science and Engineering, Penn State University, Abington College, 1600 Woodland Rd, Abington, PA, 19001, USA.
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Flores-Sierra J, Arredondo-Guerrero M, Cervantes-Paz B, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Nielsen FC, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Zaina S, Lund G. The trans fatty acid elaidate affects the global DNA methylation profile of cultured cells and in vivo. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:75. [PMID: 27068706 PMCID: PMC4828757 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deleterious effects of dietary trans fatty acids (tFAs) on human health are well documented. Although significantly reduced or banned in various countries, tFAs may trigger long-term responses that would represent a valid human health concern, particularly if tFAs alter the epigenome. Methods Based on these considerations, we asked whether the tFA elaidic acid (EA; tC18:1) has any effects on global DNA methylation and the transcriptome in cultured human THP-1 monocytes, and whether the progeny of EA-supplemented dams during either pregnancy or lactation in mice (n = 20 per group) show any epigenetic change after exposure. Results EA induced a biphasic effect on global DNA methylation in THP-1 cells, i.e. hypermethylation in the 1–50 μM concentration range, followed by hypomethylation up to the 200 μM dose. On the other hand, the cis isomer oleic acid (OA), a fatty acid with documented beneficial effects on human health, exerted a distinct response, i.e. its effects were weaker and only partially overlapping with EA’s. The maximal differential response between EA and OA was observed at the 50 μM dose. Array expression data revealed that EA induced a pro-inflammatory and adipogenic transcriptional profile compared with OA, although with modest effects on selected (n = 9) gene promoter methylation. In mice, maternal EA supplementation in utero or via the breastmilk induced global adipose tissue DNA hypermethylation in the progeny, that was detectable postnatally at the age of 3 months. Conclusion We document that global DNA hypermethylation is a specific and consistent response to EA in cell culture and in mice, and that EA may exert long-term effects on the epigenome following maternal exposure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0243-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Flores-Sierra
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Martín Arredondo-Guerrero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Leon Campus, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Braulio Cervantes-Paz
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Dalia Rodríguez-Ríos
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Alvarado-Caudillo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katarzyna Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Kazimierz Wrobel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Exact Sciences, Guanajuato Campus, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, Leon Campus, University of Guanajuato, Leon, Gto., Mexico
| | - Gertrud Lund
- Department of Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Irapuato Unit, 36821, Irapuato, Gto., Mexico.
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Compared with that of MUFA, a high dietary intake of n-3 PUFA does not reduce the degree of pathology in mdx mice. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:1791-800. [PMID: 24524266 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe muscle disease that affects afflicted males from a young age, and the mdx mouse is an animal model of this disease. Although new drugs are in development, it is also essential to assess potential dietary therapies that could assist in the management of DMD. In the present study, we compared two diets, high-MUFA diet v. high-PUFA diet, in mdx mice. To generate the high-PUFA diet, a portion of dietary MUFA (oleic acid) was replaced with the dietary essential n-3 PUFA α-linolenic acid (ALA). We sought to determine whether ALA, compared with oleic acid, was beneficial in mdx mice. Consumption of the high-PUFA diet resulted in significantly higher n-3 PUFA content and reduced arachidonic acid content in skeletal muscle phospholipids (PL), while the high-MUFA diet led to higher oleate content in PL. Mdx mice on the high-MUFA diet exhibited 2-fold lower serum creatine kinase activity than those on the high-PUFA diet (P< 0·05) as well as a lower body fat percentage (P< 0·05), but no significant difference in skeletal muscle histopathology results. There was no significant difference between the dietary groups with regard to phosphorylated p65 (an inflammatory marker) in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, alteration of PL fatty acid (FA) composition by the high-PUFA diet made mdx muscle more susceptible to sarcolemmal leakiness, while the high-MUFA diet exhibited a more favourable impact. These results may be important for designing dietary treatments for DMD patients, and future work on dietary FA profiles, such as comparing other FA classes and dose effects, is needed.
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