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Furse S, Martel C, Yusuf A, Shearman GC, Koch H, Stevenson PC. Sterol composition in plants is specific to pollen, leaf, pollination and pollinator. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113800. [PMID: 37532086 PMCID: PMC10493607 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Sterols have several roles in planta, including as membrane components. Sterols are also essential nutrients for insects. Based on this, and the different functions of leaves and pollen, we tested the hypotheses that (a) the sterolome is different in leaves and pollen from the same plant, (b) pollens from wind- and insect pollinated plants comprise different sterols, and (c) sterol provision in pollen-rewarding angiosperms differs from nectar-rewarding species. A novel approach to sterolomics was developed, using LCMS to determine the sterol profile of leaf and pollen from a taxonomically diverse range of 36 plant species. Twenty-one sterols were identified unambiguously, with several more identified in trace amounts. C29 sterols dominated the sterolome in most plants. The sterol composition was significantly different in leaf and pollen and their main sterols evolved in different ways. The sterolome of pollen from animal- and wind-pollinated was also significantly different, but not between nectar- and pollen-rewarding species. Our results suggest that the sterol composition in different plant tissues is linked to their biological functions. Sterol composition in pollen might be driven by physical role rather than the nutrient needs of pollinating insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Carlos Martel
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Abdikarim Yusuf
- Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Gemma C Shearman
- Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hauke Koch
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK; Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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2
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Furse S, Koch H, Wright GA, Stevenson PC. Sterol and lipid metabolism in bees. Metabolomics 2023; 19:78. [PMID: 37644282 PMCID: PMC10465395 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bees provide essential pollination services for many food crops and are critical in supporting wild plant diversity. However, the dietary landscape of pollen food sources for social and solitary bees has changed because of agricultural intensification and habitat loss. For this reason, understanding the basic nutrient metabolism and meeting the nutritional needs of bees is becoming an urgent requirement for agriculture and conservation. We know that pollen is the principal source of dietary fat and sterols for pollinators, but a precise understanding of what the essential nutrients are and how much is needed is not yet clear. Sterols are key for producing the hormones that control development and may be present in cell membranes, where fatty-acid-containing species are important structural and signalling molecules (phospholipids) or to supply, store and distribute energy (glycerides). AIM OF THE REVIEW In this critical review, we examine the current general understanding of sterol and lipid metabolism of social and solitary bees from a variety of literature sources and discuss implications for bee health. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW We found that while eusocial bees are resilient to some dietary variation in sterol supply the scope for this is limited. The evidence of both de novo lipogenesis and a dietary need for particular fatty acids (FAs) shows that FA metabolism in insects is analogous to mammals but with distinct features. Bees rely on their dietary intake for essential sterols and lipids in a way that is dependent upon pollen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Furse
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Green, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
| | - Hauke Koch
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Green, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK
| | | | - Philip C Stevenson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Green, Kew, Surrey, TW9 3AB, UK.
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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3
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Nebauer CA, Schleifer MC, Ruedenauer FA, Leonhardt SD, Spaethe J. Perception, regulation, and fitness effects of pollen phytosterols in the bumble bee, Bombus terrestris. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2023:e16165. [PMID: 37071779 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Many flowering plants depend on insects for pollination and thus attract pollinators by offering rewards, mostly nectar and pollen. Bee pollinators rely on pollen as their main nutrient source. Pollen provides all essential micro- and macronutrients including substances that cannot be synthesized by bees themselves, such as sterols, which bees need for processes such as hormone production. Variations in sterol concentrations may consequently affect bee health and reproductive fitness. We therefore hypothesized that (1) these variations in pollen sterols affect longevity and reproduction in bumble bees and (2) can thus be perceived via the bees' antennae before consumption. METHODS We studied the effect of sterols on longevity and reproduction of Bombus terrestris workers in feeding experiments and investigated sterol perception using chemotactile proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning. RESULTS Workers could perceive several sterols (cholesterol, cholestenone, desmosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol) via their antennae but not differentiate between them. However, when sterols were presented in pollen, and not as a single compound, the bees were unable to differentiate between pollen differing in sterol content. Additionally, different sterol concentrations in pollen neither affected pollen consumption nor brood development or worker longevity. CONCLUSIONS Since we used both natural concentrations and concentrations higher than those found in pollen, our results indicate that bumble bees may not need to pay specific attention to pollen sterol content beyond a specific threshold. Naturally encountered concentrations might fully support their sterol requirements and higher concentrations do not seem to have negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen A Nebauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Marielle C Schleifer
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian A Ruedenauer
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Sara D Leonhardt
- Plant-Insect Interactions, Department of Life Science Systems, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Johannes Spaethe
- Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Stroppa N, Onelli E, Moreau P, Maneta-Peyret L, Berno V, Cammarota E, Ambrosini R, Caccianiga M, Scali M, Moscatelli A. Sterols and Sphingolipids as New Players in Cell Wall Building and Apical Growth of Nicotiana tabacum L. Pollen Tubes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:8. [PMID: 36616135 PMCID: PMC9824051 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes are tip-growing cells that create safe routes to convey sperm cells to the embryo sac for double fertilization. Recent studies have purified and biochemically characterized detergent-insoluble membranes from tobacco pollen tubes. These microdomains, called lipid rafts, are rich in sterols and sphingolipids and are involved in cell polarization in organisms evolutionarily distant, such as fungi and mammals. The presence of actin in tobacco pollen tube detergent-insoluble membranes and the preferential distribution of these domains on the apical plasma membrane encouraged us to formulate the intriguing hypothesis that sterols and sphingolipids could be a "trait d'union" between actin dynamics and polarized secretion at the tip. To unravel the role of sterols and sphingolipids in tobacco pollen tube growth, we used squalestatin and myriocin, inhibitors of sterol and sphingolipid biosynthesis, respectively, to determine whether lipid modifications affect actin fringe morphology and dynamics, leading to changes in clear zone organization and cell wall deposition, thus suggesting a role played by these lipids in successful fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Stroppa
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Onelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick Moreau
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lilly Maneta-Peyret
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Valeria Berno
- ALEMBIC Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy BioImaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT 1, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenia Cammarota
- ALEMBIC Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy BioImaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT 1, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Ambrosini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Politiche Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Scali
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Moscatelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Burciaga-Monge A, López-Tubau JM, Laibach N, Deng C, Ferrer A, Altabella T. Effects of impaired steryl ester biosynthesis on tomato growth and developmental processes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:984100. [PMID: 36247562 PMCID: PMC9557751 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.984100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Steryl esters (SE) are stored in cytoplasmic lipid droplets and serve as a reservoir of sterols that helps to maintain free sterols (FS) homeostasis in cell membranes throughout plant growth and development, and provides the FS needed to meet the high demand of these key plasma membrane components during rapid plant organ growth and expansion. SE are also involved in the recycling of sterols and fatty acids released from membranes during plant tissues senescence. SE are synthesized by sterol acyltransferases, which catalyze the transfer of long-chain fatty acid groups to the hydroxyl group at C3 position of FS. Depending on the donor substrate, these enzymes are called acyl-CoA:sterol acyltransferases (ASAT), when the substrate is a long-chain acyl-CoA, and phospholipid:sterol acyltransferases (PSAT), which use a phospholipid as a donor substrate. We have recently identified and preliminary characterized the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) SlASAT1 and SlPSAT1 enzymes. To gain further insight into the biological role of these enzymes and SE biosynthesis in tomato, we generated and characterized CRISPR/Cas9 single knock-out mutants lacking SlPSAT1 (slpsat1) and SlASAT1 (slasat1), as well as the double mutant slpsat1 x slasat1. Analysis of FS and SE profiles in seeds and leaves of the single and double mutants revealed a strong depletion of SE in slpsat1, that was even more pronounced in the slpsat1 x slasat1 mutant, while an increase of SE levels was observed in slasat1. Moreover, SlPSAT1 and SlASAT1 inactivation affected in different ways several important cellular and physiological processes, like leaf lipid bo1dies formation, seed germination speed, leaf senescence, and the plant size. Altogether, our results indicate that SlPSAT1 has a predominant role in tomato SE biosynthesis while SlASAT1 would mainly regulate the flux of the sterol pathway. It is also worth to mention that some of the metabolic and physiological responses in the tomato mutants lacking functional SlPSAT1 or SlASAT1 are different from those previously reported in Arabidopsis, being remarkable the synergistic effect of SlASAT1 inactivation in the absence of a functional SlPSAT1 on the early germination and premature senescence phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Burciaga-Monge
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Manel López-Tubau
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalie Laibach
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cuiyun Deng
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Altabella
- Plant Synthetic Biology and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lau P, Lesne P, Grebenok RJ, Rangel J, Behmer ST. Assessing pollen nutrient content: a unifying approach for the study of bee nutritional ecology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210510. [PMID: 35491590 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Poor nutrition and landscape changes are regularly cited as key factors causing the decline of wild and managed bee populations. However, what constitutes 'poor nutrition' for bees currently is inadequately defined. Bees collect and eat pollen: it is their only solid food source and it provides a broad suite of required macro- and micronutrients. Bees are also generalist foragers and thus the different pollen types they collect and eat can be highly nutritionally variable. Therefore, characterizing the multidimensional nutrient content of different pollen types is needed to fully understand pollen as a nutritional resource. Unfortunately, the use of different analytical approaches to assess pollen nutrient content has complicated between-studies comparisons and blurred our understanding of pollen nutrient content. In the current study, we start by reviewing the common methods used to estimate protein and lipids found in pollen. Next, using monofloral Brassica and Rosa pollen, we experimentally reveal biases in results using these methods. Finally, we use our collective data to propose a unifying approach for analysing pollen nutrient content. This will help researchers better study and understand the nutritional ecology-including foraging behaviour, nutrient regulation and health-of bees and other pollen feeders. This article is part of the theme issue 'Natural processes influencing pollinator health: from chemistry to landscapes'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lau
- Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Pierre Lesne
- Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Juliana Rangel
- Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Rozentsvet OA, Kotlova ER, Bogdanova ES, Nesterov VN, Senik SV, Shavarda AL. Balance of Δ 5-and Δ 7-sterols and stanols in halophytes in connection with salinity tolerance. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 198:113156. [PMID: 35248579 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sterols (STs) have a key role in regulating the fluidity and permeability of membranes in plants (phytosterols) that have wide structural diversity. We studied the effect of structural STs diversity on salt tolerance in halophytes. Specifically, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), including two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCxGC-MS), to assess the STs composition in leaves of 21 species of wild-growing halophytes from four families (Asteraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Plumbaginaceae, Tamaricaceae) and three ecological groups (Euhalophytes (Eu), recretophytes (Re), salt excluders (Ex)). Fifteen molecular species of STs from three main groups, Δ5-, Δ7-and Δ0- STs (stanols), were detected. Plants of the genus Artemisia were characterized by a high content of stigmasterol (30-49% of the total STs), while β-sitosterol was the major compound in two Limonium spp., where it comprised 84-92% of the total STs. Species of Chenopodiaceae were able to accumulate both Δ5-and Δ7-STs and stanols. The content of the predominant Δ5-STs decreased in the order Ex → Re → Eu. Molecular species with a saturated steroid nucleus were identified in Eu and Re, suggesting their special salt-accumulating and salt-releasing functions. The structural analogues of stigmasterol, having a double bond C-22, were stigmasta-7,22-dien-3β-ol (spinasterol) and stigmast-22-en-3β-ol (Δ7--sitosterol). The ratio of Δ5-stigmasterol/Δ5-β-sitosterol increased in Ex plants, and spinasterol/Δ7--sitosterol and 22-stigmastenol/sitostanol increased in Eu plants. These data support the well-known role of stigmasterol and its isomers in plant responses to abiotic and biotic factors. The variability in STs types and their ratios suggested some involvement of the sterol membrane components in plant adaptation to growth conditions. The balance of Δ5-, Δ7-and stanols, as well as the accumulation of molecular analogues of stigmasterol, was suggested to be associated with salt tolerance of the plant species in this investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Rozentsvet
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Komzin Street 10, 445003, Togliatti, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina R Kotlova
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Elena S Bogdanova
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Komzin Street 10, 445003, Togliatti, Russia
| | - Viktor N Nesterov
- Samara Federal Research Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Ecology of Volga River Basin, Russian Academy of Sciences, Komzin Street 10, 445003, Togliatti, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Senik
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Aleksey L Shavarda
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Professor Popov Street 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
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8
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Krawczyk HE, Rotsch AH, Herrfurth C, Scholz P, Shomroni O, Salinas-Riester G, Feussner I, Ischebeck T. Heat stress leads to rapid lipid remodeling and transcriptional adaptations in Nicotiana tabacum pollen tubes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:490-515. [PMID: 35302599 PMCID: PMC9157110 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
After reaching the stigma, pollen grains germinate and form a pollen tube that transports the sperm cells to the ovule. Due to selection pressure between pollen tubes, pollen grains likely evolved mechanisms to quickly adapt to temperature changes to sustain elongation at the highest possible rate. We investigated these adaptions in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) pollen tubes grown in vitro under 22°C and 37°C by a multi-omics approach including lipidomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic analysis. Both glycerophospholipids and galactoglycerolipids increased in saturated acyl chains under heat stress (HS), while triacylglycerols (TGs) changed less in respect to desaturation but increased in abundance. Free sterol composition was altered, and sterol ester levels decreased. The levels of sterylglycosides and several sphingolipid classes and species were augmented. Most amino acid levels increased during HS, including the noncodogenic amino acids γ-amino butyrate and pipecolate. Furthermore, the sugars sedoheptulose and sucrose showed higher levels. Also, the transcriptome underwent pronounced changes with 1,570 of 24,013 genes being differentially upregulated and 813 being downregulated. Transcripts coding for heat shock proteins and many transcriptional regulators were most strongly upregulated but also transcripts that have so far not been linked to HS. Transcripts involved in TG synthesis increased, while the modulation of acyl chain desaturation seemed not to be transcriptionally controlled, indicating other means of regulation. In conclusion, we show that tobacco pollen tubes are able to rapidly remodel their lipidome under HS likely by post-transcriptional and/or post-translational regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Elisa Krawczyk
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Alexander Helmut Rotsch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- NGS—Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Institute of Human Genetics, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas-Riester
- NGS—Integrative Genomics Core Unit (NIG), University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Institute of Human Genetics, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Service Unit for Metabolomics and Lipidomics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Green Biotechnology, Münster 48143, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Optimal nutrition is crucial for honey bee colony growth and robust immune systems. Honey bee nutrition is complex and depends on the floral composition of the landscape. Foraging behavior of honey bees depends on both colony environment and external environment. There are significant gaps in knowledge regarding honey bee nutrition, and hence no optimal diet is available for honey bees, as there is for other livestock. In this review, we discuss (1) foraging behavior of honey bees, (2) nutritional needs, (3) nutritional supplements used by beekeepers, (4) probiotics, and (5) supplemental forage and efforts integrating floral diversity into cropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Tsuruda
- University of Tennessee - Knoxville, 2505 E J Chapman Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Chakrabarti
- Mississippi State University, P.O. Box 5307, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Ramesh R Sagili
- Oregon State University, 4017 Agriculture and Life Science Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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10
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Zu P, Koch H, Schwery O, Pironon S, Phillips C, Ondo I, Farrell IW, Nes WD, Moore E, Wright GA, Farman DI, Stevenson PC. Pollen sterols are associated with phylogeny and environment but not with pollinator guilds. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:1169-1184. [PMID: 33484583 PMCID: PMC8653887 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are primary plant metabolites that have fundamental structural and regulatory functions. They are also essential nutrients for phytophagous insects, including pollinators, that cannot synthesize sterols. Despite the well-described composition and diversity in vegetative plant tissues, few studies have examined phytosterol diversity in pollen. We quantified 25 pollen phytosterols in 122 plant species (105 genera, 51 families) to determine their composition and diversity across plant taxa. We searched literature and databases for plant phylogeny, environmental conditions, and pollinator guilds of the species to examine the relationships with pollen sterols. 24-methylenecholesterol, sitosterol and isofucosterol were the most common and abundant pollen sterols. We found phylogenetic clustering of twelve individual sterols, total sterol content and sterol diversity, and of sterol groupings that reflect their underlying biosynthesis pathway (C-24 alkylation, ring B desaturation). Plants originating in tropical-like climates (higher mean annual temperature, lower temperature seasonality, higher precipitation in wettest quarter) were more likely to record higher pollen sterol content. However, pollen sterol composition and content showed no clear relationship with pollinator guilds. Our study is the first to show that pollen sterol diversity is phylogenetically clustered and that pollen sterol content may adapt to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Zu
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Department Fish Ecology and EvolutionSwiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and TechnologySeestrasse 79KastanienbaumCH‐6047Switzerland
| | - Hauke Koch
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Orlando Schwery
- New Mexico Consortium4200 W. Jemez Rd, Suite 301Los AlamosNM87544USA
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Charlotte Phillips
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Conservation Science DepartmentWakehurst PlaceArdinglyWest SussexRH17 6TNUK
| | - Ian Ondo
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Biodiversity Informatics and Spatial Analysis DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - Iain W. Farrell
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
| | - W. David Nes
- Department of Chemistry & BiochemistryTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTX79424USA
| | - Elynor Moore
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford11a Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3SZUK
| | | | - Dudley I. Farman
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichChatham, KentME4 4TBUK
| | - Philip C. Stevenson
- Royal Botanic GardensKew, Natural Capital and Plant Health DepartmentRichmondSurreyTW9 3ABUK
- Natural Resources InstituteUniversity of GreenwichChatham, KentME4 4TBUK
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Wang M, Li P, Ma Y, Nie X, Grebe M, Men S. Membrane Sterol Composition in Arabidopsis thaliana Affects Root Elongation via Auxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010437. [PMID: 33406774 PMCID: PMC7794993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant membrane sterol composition has been reported to affect growth and gravitropism via polar auxin transport and auxin signaling. However, as to whether sterols influence auxin biosynthesis has received little attention. Here, by using the sterol biosynthesis mutant cyclopropylsterol isomerase1-1 (cpi1-1) and sterol application, we reveal that cycloeucalenol, a CPI1 substrate, and sitosterol, an end-product of sterol biosynthesis, antagonistically affect auxin biosynthesis. The short root phenotype of cpi1-1 was associated with a markedly enhanced auxin response in the root tip. Both were neither suppressed by mutations in polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins nor by treatment with a PAT inhibitor and responded to an auxin signaling inhibitor. However, expression of several auxin biosynthesis genes TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1 (TAA1) was upregulated in cpi1-1. Functionally, TAA1 mutation reduced the auxin response in cpi1-1 and partially rescued its short root phenotype. In support of this genetic evidence, application of cycloeucalenol upregulated expression of the auxin responsive reporter DR5:GUS (β-glucuronidase) and of several auxin biosynthesis genes, while sitosterol repressed their expression. Hence, our combined genetic, pharmacological, and sterol application studies reveal a hitherto unexplored sterol-dependent modulation of auxin biosynthesis during Arabidopsis root elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Xiang Nie
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Zhang X, Lin K, Li Y. Highlights to phytosterols accumulation and equilibrium in plants: Biosynthetic pathway and feedback regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:637-649. [PMID: 32858426 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are a group of sterols exclusive to plants and fungi, but are indispensable to humans because of their medicinal and nutritional values. However, current raw materials used for phytosterols extraction add to the cost and waste in the process. For higher sterols production, major attention is drawn to plant materials abundant in phytosterols and genetic modification. To provide an insight into phytosterols metabolism, the research progress on key enzymes involved in phytosterols biosynthesis and conversions were summarized. CAS, SSR2, SMT, DWF1 and CYP710A, the enzymes participating in the biosynthetic pathway, and PSAT, ASAT and SGT, the enzymes involved in the conversion of free sterols to conjugated ones, were reviewed. Specifically, SMT and CYP710A were emphasized for their function on modulating the percentage composition of different kinds of phytosterols. The thresholds of sterol equilibrium and the resultant phytosterols accumulation, which vary in plant species and contribute to plasma membrane remodeling under stresses, were also discussed. By retrospective analysis of the previous researches, we proposed a feedback mechanism regulating sterol equilibrium underlying sterols metabolism. From a strategic perspective, we regard salt tolerant plant as an alternative to present raw materials, which will attain higher phytosterols production in combination with gene-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kangqi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
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13
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Hernández ML, Lima-Cabello E, Alché JDD, Martínez-Rivas JM, Castro AJ. Lipid Composition and Associated Gene Expression Patterns during Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Olive (Olea europaea L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1348-1364. [PMID: 32384163 PMCID: PMC7377348 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pollen lipids are essential for sexual reproduction, but our current knowledge regarding lipid dynamics in growing pollen tubes is still very scarce. Here, we report unique lipid composition and associated gene expression patterns during olive pollen germination. Up to 376 genes involved in the biosynthesis of all lipid classes, except suberin, cutin and lipopolysaccharides, are expressed in olive pollen. The fatty acid profile of olive pollen is markedly different compared with other plant organs. Triacylglycerol (TAG), containing mostly C12-C16 saturated fatty acids, constitutes the bulk of olive pollen lipids. These compounds are partially mobilized, and the released fatty acids enter the β-oxidation pathway to yield acetyl-CoA, which is converted into sugars through the glyoxylate cycle during the course of pollen germination. Our data suggest that fatty acids are synthesized de novo and incorporated into glycerolipids by the 'eukaryotic pathway' in elongating pollen tubes. Phosphatidic acid is synthesized de novo in the endomembrane system during pollen germination and seems to have a central role in pollen tube lipid metabolism. The coordinated action of fatty acid desaturases FAD2-3 and FAD3B might explain the increase in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids observed in germinating pollen. Continuous synthesis of TAG by the action of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme, but not phosphoplipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT), also seems plausible. All these data allow for a better understanding of lipid metabolism during the olive reproductive process, which can impact, in the future, on the increase in olive fruit yield and, therefore, olive oil production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Luisa Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville 41013, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Elena Lima-Cabello
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - Juan de D Alché
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
| | - José M Martínez-Rivas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant Products, Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Antonio J Castro
- Plant Reproductive Biology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada 18008, Spain
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14
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Chakrabarti P, Lucas HM, Sagili RR. Evaluating Effects of a Critical Micronutrient (24-Methylenecholesterol) on Honey Bee Physiology. ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 113:176-182. [PMID: 32410742 PMCID: PMC7212396 DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although poor nutrition is cited as one of the crucial factors in global pollinator decline, the requirements and role of several important nutrients (especially micronutrients) in honey bees are not well understood. Micronutrients, viz. phytosterols, play a physiologically vital role in insects as precursors of important molting hormones and building blocks of cellular membranes. There is a gap in comprehensive understanding of the impacts of dietary sterols on honey bee physiology. In the present study, we investigated the role of 24-methylenecholesterol-a key phytosterol-in honey bee nutritional physiology. Artificial diets with varying concentrations of 24-methylenecholesterol (0%, 0.1%. 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% dry diet weight) were formulated and fed to honey bees in a laboratory cage experiment. Survival, diet consumption, head protein content, and abdominal lipid contents were significantly higher in dietary sterol-supplemented bees. Our findings provide additional insights regarding the role of this important sterol in honey bee nutritional physiology. The insights gleaned from this study could also advance the understanding of sterol metabolism and regulation in other bee species that are dependent on pollen for sterols, and assist in formulation of a more complete artificial diet for honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah M Lucas
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Ramesh R Sagili
- Department of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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15
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Inhibition of Phytosterol Biosynthesis by Azasterols. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051111. [PMID: 32131509 PMCID: PMC7179204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of enzymes in essential cellular pathways are potent probes to decipher intricate physiological functions of biomolecules. The analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana sterol profiles upon treatment with a series of azasterols reveals a specific in vivo inhibition of SMT2, a plant sterol-C-methyltransferase acting as a branch point between the campesterol and sitosterol biosynthetic segments in the pathway. Side chain azasteroids that modify sitosterol homeostasis help to refine its particular function in plant development.
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16
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Forestier E, Romero-Segura C, Pateraki I, Centeno E, Compagnon V, Preiss M, Berna A, Boronat A, Bach TJ, Darnet S, Schaller H. Distinct triterpene synthases in the laticifers of Euphorbia lathyris. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4840. [PMID: 30886213 PMCID: PMC6423090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia lathyris was proposed about fifty years ago as a potential agroenergetic crop. The tremendous amounts of triterpenes present in its latex has driven investigations for transforming this particular biological fluid into an industrial hydrocarbon source. The huge accumulation of terpenes in the latex of many plant species represent a challenging question regarding cellular homeostasis. In fact, the enzymes, the mechanisms and the controllers that tune the amount of products accumulated in specialized compartments (to fulfill ecological roles) or deposited at important sites (as essential factors) are not known. Here, we have isolated oxidosqualene cyclases highly expressed in the latex of Euphorbia lathyris. This triterpene biosynthetic machinery is made of distinct paralogous enzymes responsible for the massive accumulation of steroidal and non-steroidal tetracyclic triterpenes. More than eighty years after the isolation of butyrospermol from shea butter (Heilbronn IM, Moffet GL, and Spring FS J. Chem. Soc. 1934, 1583), a butyrospermol synthase is characterized in this work using yeast and in folia heterologous expression assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Forestier
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Carmen Romero-Segura
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Centeno
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vincent Compagnon
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Myriam Preiss
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Anne Berna
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Albert Boronat
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Bellaterra, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France
| | - Sylvain Darnet
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hubert Schaller
- Plant Isoprenoid Biology team, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UPR2357 du CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, Strasbourg cedex, 67084, France.
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17
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Metabolism and Biological Activities of 4-Methyl-Sterols. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030451. [PMID: 30691248 PMCID: PMC6385002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
4,4-Dimethylsterols and 4-methylsterols are sterol biosynthetic intermediates (C4-SBIs) acting as precursors of cholesterol, ergosterol, and phytosterols. Their accumulation caused by genetic lesions or biochemical inhibition causes severe cellular and developmental phenotypes in all organisms. Functional evidence supports their role as meiosis activators or as signaling molecules in mammals or plants. Oxygenated C4-SBIs like 4-carboxysterols act in major biological processes like auxin signaling in plants and immune system development in mammals. It is the purpose of this article to point out important milestones and significant advances in the understanding of the biogenesis and biological activities of C4-SBIs.
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18
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Kobayashi K, Suzuki M, Muranaka T, Nagata N. The mevalonate pathway but not the methylerythritol phosphate pathway is critical for elaioplast and pollen coat development in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:381-385. [PMID: 31892826 PMCID: PMC6905213 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0702a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pollen coat components are derived from tapetum cells, which contain elaioplasts derived from plastids and tapetosome derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. In Brassica napus, the main neutral lipids in the elaioplast and tapetosome have been reported to be sterol ester and triacylglycerol, respectively. Isopentenyl pyrophosphate, the structural component of sterol, is produced via the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) and plastidic methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Although these two pathways are compartmentalized, partial cross-talk between them has been reported. To investigate the contribution of these two pathways in elaioplast formation, we characterized mutant pollen of these two pathways. We observed the anthers of male sterile hmg1-1 and atipi1 atipi2 mutants ultrastructurally, which were deficient in MVA pathway enzymes. hmg1-1 and atipi1atipi2 showed a shrunken elaioplast inner granule at the bicellular pollen stage. Conversely, in the cla1-1 mutant, which showed a defective MEP pathway, elaioplast development was normal. The pollen of hmg1-1 and atipi1atipi2 was coatless, whereas cla1-1 had a pollen coat. These results indicate that the MVA pathway but not the MEP pathway is critical for elaioplast development though the organelle is derived from plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
| | - Masashi Suzuki
- Plant Science Center, Riken, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- The Chemical Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Plant Science Center, Riken, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduation School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Noriko Nagata
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women’s University, 2-8-1 Mejirodai, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 112-8681, Japan
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Abstract
Honey bees feed on floral nectar and pollen that they store in their colonies as honey and bee bread. Social division of labor enables the collection of stores of food that are consumed by within-hive bees that convert stored pollen and honey into royal jelly. Royal jelly and other glandular secretions are the primary food of growing larvae and of the queen but are also fed to other colony members. Research clearly shows that bees regulate their intake, like other animals, around specific proportions of macronutrients. This form of regulation is done as individuals and at the colony level by foragers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine A Wright
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom;
| | - Susan W Nicolson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Sharoni Shafir
- Department of Entomology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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20
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Rotsch AH, Kopka J, Feussner I, Ischebeck T. Central metabolite and sterol profiling divides tobacco male gametophyte development and pollen tube growth into eight metabolic phases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:129-146. [PMID: 28685881 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
While changes in the transcriptome and proteome of developing pollen have been investigated in tobacco and other species, the metabolic consequences remain rather unclear. Here, a broad range of metabolites was investigated in close succession of developmental stages. Thirteen stages of tobacco male gametophyte development were collected, ranging from tetrads to pollen tubes. Subsequently, the central metabolome and sterol composition were analyzed by GC-mass spectrometry (MS), monitoring 77 metabolites and 29 non-identified analytes. The overall results showed that development and tube growth could be divided into eight metabolic phases with the phase including mitosis I being most distinct. During maturation, compounds such as sucrose and proline accumulated. These were degraded after rehydration, while γ-aminobutyrate transiently increased, possibly deriving from proline breakdown. Sterol analysis revealed that tetrads harbor similar sterols as leaves, but throughout maturation unusual sterols increased. Lastly, two further sterols exclusively accumulated in pollen tubes. This study allows a deeper look into metabolic changes during the development of a quasi-single cell type. Metabolites accumulating during maturation might accelerate pollen germination and tube growth, protect from desiccation, and feed pollinators. Future studies of the underlying processes orchestrating the changes in metabolite levels might give valuable insights into cellular regulation of plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Rotsch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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Ferrer A, Altabella T, Arró M, Boronat A. Emerging roles for conjugated sterols in plants. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 67:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Conte G, Benelli G, Serra A, Signorini F, Bientinesi M, Nicolella C, Mele M, Canale A. Lipid characterization of chestnut and willow honeybee-collected pollen: Impact of freeze-drying and microwave-assisted drying. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Somme L, Moquet L, Quinet M, Vanderplanck M, Michez D, Lognay G, Jacquemart AL. Food in a row: urban trees offer valuable floral resources to pollinating insects. Urban Ecosyst 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-016-0555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Lipids in pollen - They are different. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1315-1328. [PMID: 27033152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
During evolution, the male gametophyte of Angiosperms has been severely reduced to the pollen grain, consisting of a vegetative cell containing two sperm cells. This vegetative cell has to deliver the sperm cells from the stigma through the style to the ovule. It does so by producing a pollen tube and elongating it to many centimeters in length in some species, requiring vast amounts of fatty acid and membrane lipid synthesis. In order to optimize this polar tip growth, a unique lipid composition in the pollen has evolved. Pollen tubes produce extraplastidial galactolipids and store triacylglycerols in lipid droplets, probably needed as precursors of glycerolipids or for acyl editing. They also possess special sterol and sphingolipid moieties that might together form microdomains in the membranes. The individual lipid classes, the proteins involved in their synthesis as well as the corresponding Arabidopsis knockout mutant phenotypes are discussed in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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