Contemporary mechanical circulatory support therapy for postcardiotomy shock

Relationship between indexed surgery and postcardiotomy extracorporeal life support outcomes

OBJECTIVES

Veno-arterial extracorporeal life support (V-A ECLS) is increasingly being utilized for postcardiotomy shock (PCS), though data describing the relationship between type of indexed operation and outcomes are limited. This study compared V-A ECLS outcomes across four major cardiovascular surgical procedures.

METHODS

This was a single-center retrospective study of patients who required V-A ECLS for PCS between 2015 and 2022. Patients were stratified by the type of indexed operation, which included aortic surgery (AoS), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve surgery (Valve), and combined CABG and valve surgery (CABG + Valve). Factors associated with postoperative outcomes were assessed using logistic regression.

RESULTS

Among 149 PCS patients who received V-A ECLS, there were 35 AoS patients (23.5%), 29 (19.5%) CABG patients, 59 (39.6%) Valve patients, and 26 (17.4%) CABG + Valve patients. Cardiopulmonary bypass times were longest in the AoS group (p < 0.01). Regarding causes of PCS, AoS patients had a greater incidence of ventricular failure, while the CABG group had a higher incidence of ventricular arrhythmia (p = 0.04). Left ventricular venting was most frequently utilized in the Valve group (p = 0.07). In-hospital mortality was worst among CABG + Valve patients (p < 0.01), and the incidence of acute kidney injury was highest in the AoS group (p = 0.03). In multivariable logistic regression, CABG + Valve surgery (odds ratio (OR) 4.20, 95% confidence interval 1.30-13.6, p = 0.02) and lactate level at ECLS initiation (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06-1.29; p < 0.01) were independently associated with mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

We demonstrate that indications, management, and outcomes of V-A ECLS for PCS vary by type of indexed cardiovascular surgery.

Impact of Impella Support on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Postcardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock

PURPOSE

This study aimed to elucidate the strategy of an effective Impella support for better clinical outcomes in patients with a postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS).

METHODS

This single-center retrospective observational study enrolled 31 patients with PCCS undergoing an elective open-heart surgery followed by Impella support between November 2018 and February 2022 for further analysis.

RESULTS

The preoperative Euroscore II and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction were 9.1 ± 10.4 and 35.7% ± 12.6%, respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate was 51.6% (n = 16). In survivors (n = 15), the mean Impella support time was 6.9 ± 3.5 days. Patients were discharged on the postoperative day 24.9 ± 16.4. Regarding LV remodeling, LV end-diastolic diameter was significantly decreased after Impella support (59.2 ± 6.0 mm vs. 54.4 ± 4.7 mm, p = 0.01, preoperative vs. postoperative). In-hospital mortality rates were comparable with small (CP, n = 6) or large (5.0, n = 25) Impella systems (33.3% [n = 2] vs. 56.0% [n = 14], p = 0.39). However, a lower in-hospital mortality rate was observed in the group with early initiation (i.e., intraoperative) of Impella support (n = 14) than that with delayed Impella initiation (i.e., in the postoperative course) (n = 11) (28.6% [n = 4] vs. 90.9% [n = 10], p = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS

Impella support contributes to LV remodeling in PCCS patients. In-hospital mortality was comparable in different Impella sizes and lower in early Impella initiation.

Cardiogenic Shock: Pathogenesis, Classification, and Management

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is a life-threatening circulatory failure syndrome which can progress rapidly to irreversible multiorgan failure through self-perpetuating pathophysiological processes. Recent developments in CS classification have highlighted its etiologic, mechanistic, and hemodynamic heterogeneity. Optimal CS management depends on early recognition, rapid reversal of the underlying cause, and prompt initiation of hemodynamic support.

Hospital characteristics associated with failure to rescue in cardiac surgery

Objective

The study objective was to examine the association between hospital processes of care and failure to rescue in a diverse, multi-institutional cardiac surgery network.

Methods

Failure to rescue was defined as an operative mortality after 1 or more of 4 complications: prolonged ventilation, stroke, renal failure, and unplanned reoperation. Society of Thoracic Surgeons data from 20,950 consecutive patients in the Columbia HeartSource network who underwent 1 of 7 cardiac operations-coronary artery bypass grafting, aortic valve replacement ± coronary artery bypass grafting, mitral valve repair or replacement ± coronary artery bypass grafting-were analyzed to calculate failure to rescue rates. Hospital-specific characteristics were ascertained by survey method. Multivariable mixed-effects logistic models assessed the association of these hospital characteristics with failure to rescue while adjusting for patient-related factors known to be associated with mortality.

Results

Failure to rescue rates at affiliate hospitals ranged from 5.45% to 21.74% (median, 12.5%; interquartile range, 6.9%). When controlling for Society of Thoracic Surgeons-predicted risk of mortality with hospital as a random effect, 4 hospital characteristics were found to be associated with lower failure to rescue rates; the presence of cardiac-trained anesthesiologists (odds ratio, 0.41; CI, 0.31-0.55, P < .001), availability of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation mechanical circulatory support (odds ratio, 0.41; CI, 0.31-0.54, P < .001), ratio of intensive care unit beds to intensivists (odds ratio, 0.87; CI, 0.76-0.99, P = .039), and total number of intensive care unit beds (odds ratio, 0.97; CI, 0.96-0.99, P = .002).

Conclusions

In a diverse multi-institutional cardiac surgical network, we were able to identify specific hospital processes of care associated with failure to rescue, even when adjusting for patient-related predictors of operative mortality.

Temporary Mechanical Circulatory Support in Cardiogenic Shock Patients after Cardiac Procedures: Selection Algorithm and Weaning Strategies

Mechanical circulatory support has proven effective in managing postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock by stabilizing patients' hemodynamics and ensuring adequate organ perfusion. Among the available device modalities, the combination of extracorporeal life support and a microaxial flow pump for left ventricular unloading has emerged as a valuable tool in the surgical armamentarium. In this publication, we provide recommendations for the application and weaning of temporary mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock patients, derived from a consensus among leading cardiac centers in German-speaking countries.

Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock: The impact of cannulation strategy on survival

BACKGROUND

The optimal venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) cannulation strategy in patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock is still debatable. Studies evaluating the effect of cannulation strategy on long-term survival are scarce.

OBJECTIVES

We investigated the impact of central versus peripheral cannulation strategy for ECMO insertion on hospital outcomes and survival in postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock patients.

METHODS

This retrospective study involved 101 patients who had either central or peripheral ECMO due to postcardiotomy shock between June 2009 and December 2020. Study endpoints were limb ischemia, bleeding, blood transfusion, wound infection, and overall survival.

RESULTS

Eighty-four patients received central (c) ECMO, and 17 patients had peripheral (p) ECMO. In the group of pECMO, limb ischemia was significantly higher (5 [29.41%] vs 6 [7.14%]; p = .01). Other endpoints were similar in both groups. Thirty-day mortality was nonsignificantly different between both cohorts (cECMO 34 [41.67%] vs pECMO 10 [58.82%]; p = .29). However, overall survival was better with cECMO (Log-rank p = .02). Patients' age [HR: 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.06); p = .001], pECMO [HR: 1.98 (95% CI: 1.11-3.55), p = .002] and presence of infective endocarditis [HR: 3.54 (95% CI: 1.52-8.24), p = .03] were significant predictors of overall mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Peripheral ECMO was associated with an increased risk of limb ischemia; however, bleeding, blood transfusion, infection, and 30-day mortality were comparable to central ECMO. Central cannulation was associated with a better 1-year survival rate. Therefore, central cannulation might be the preferred strategy for patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock.

Extracorporeal Blood Purification with CytoSorb in 359 Critically Ill Patients

INTRODUCTION

Critically ill patients with inflammatory dysregulation and organ disfunction may benefit from blood purification, although the use of this technique has not been described in large case series. We evaluated clinical outcomes and survival in high-risk intensive care unit (ICU) patients who underwent extracorporeal blood purification.

METHODS

359 consecutive ICU patients treated with CytoSorb were included.

RESULTS

Main admission diagnoses were 120 (34%) refractory cardiac arrest under mechanical chest compression; 101 (28%) profound cardiogenic shock; 81 (23%) post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock; and 37 (10%) respiratory failure. Fifteen patients (4%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We observed 49% 30-day mortality, 57% ICU mortality, and 62% hospital mortality, all lower than the 71% mortality predicted by SAPS II and 68% predicted by SOFA score. Parameters of shock and organ failure, above all vasoactive inotropic score, reduced during CytoSorb treatment. Multivariable analysis identified SAPS II, lactate dehydrogenase, ICU stay duration, vasoactive inotropic score, lactates, intra-aortic counterpulsation on top of VA-ECMO, and total bilirubin as predictors of mortality. No CytoSorb-related complications occurred.

CONCLUSION

CytoSorb treatment was effective in reducing laboratory parameters of shock and vasoactive inotropic score with possible survival implications in a large population of critically ill patients.

Temporary circulatory support with surgically implanted microaxial pumps in postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock following coronary artery bypass surgery

Objectives

Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery may develop postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock. In these cases, implantation of an Impella 5.0 or 5.5 microaxial pump offers full hemodynamic support while simultaneously unloading of the left ventricle.

Methods

Preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative data of all patients receiving postoperative support with an Impella 5.0 or 5.5 after CABG surgery between September 2017 and October 2022 were retrospectively collected. Cohort built-up was performed according to the timing of Impella implantation, either simultaneous during CABG surgery or delayed.

Results

A total of n = 42 patients received postoperative Impella support, of whom 27 patients underwent simultaneous Impella implantation during CABG surgery and 15 patients underwent delayed Impella therapy. Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction was similarly low in both groups (26.7 ± 0.7% vs 24.8 ± 11.3%; P = .32). In the delayed cohort, Impella implantation was performed after a median of 1 (1; 2) days after CABG surgery. Survival after 30 days (75.6% vs 47.6%, P = .04) and 1 year (69.4% vs 29.8%, P = .03) was better in the cohort receiving simultaneous Impella implantation.

Conclusions

The combined advantages of hemodynamic support and LV unloading with microaxial pumps may lead to a favorable survival in patients with left ventricular failure following CABG surgery. Early implantation during the initial surgery shows a trend toward a more favorable survival as compared with patients receiving delayed support.

Quantitative evaluation of hemodynamic parameters by echocardiography in patients with post-cardiotomy cardiac shock supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

BACKGROUND

When drugs fail to reverse post-cardiotomy cardiac shock (PCS), extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is considered the most effective adjuvant strategy. Transthoracic echocardiography is a useful imaging modality for monitoring of cardiac hemodynamics. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of echocardiography for monitoring the left and right heart hemodynamics in PCS patients before, during, and after weaning from ECMO.

METHODS

Fifty-two patients were divided into successful weaning group (group A, n = 23) and non-successful weaning group (group B, n = 29). Hemodynamic parameters measured by echocardiography were collected before, during, and after ECMO. The intra-group changes and inter-group differences were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

In group A, the central venous pressure (CVP), proximal right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), velocity of tricuspid valve (TVDV), and systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus ([Formula: see text]) during ECMO were significantly lower than those before ECMO. After ECMO, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), systolic velocity of mitral annulus ([Formula: see text]), and velocity-time integral of LV outflow tract (LVOT-VTI) were higher than pre-ECMO levels, and CVP, LVEF, [Formula: see text], LVOT-VTI, RVOT, TAPSE, TVDV and [Formula: see text] were higher than those during ECMO (all P < 0.05). In group B, compared to pre-ECMO, subjects exhibited decreased CVP, RVOT, TAPSE, TVDV and [Formula: see text] during ECMO. TAPSE, TVDV, and [Formula: see text] were continuously lower after ECMO, while CVP and RVOT increased after ECMO (all P < 0.05). After ECMO, LVEF, [Formula: see text], LVOT-VTI, TAPSE, TVDV and [Formula: see text] in group A were higher than those in group B (all P < 0.05). Inter-group comparison showed the LVEF and RV Tei indices of group A were significantly different than those of group B before, during, and after ECMO.

CONCLUSION

Quantitative assessment of both LV and RV by echocardiography is important for ECMO weaning. Patients with better LVEF and lower RV Tei index may have a better chance of successful weaning from ECMO.

Prophylactic LVAD for high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND

Postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCS) is associated with poor prognosis. Medical therapy with afterload reduction, contractility optimization and systemic vasopressors often fails, and mechanical support is required. The aim of this study was to propose a strategy of prophylactic left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for high-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

METHODS

Between 2013 and 2019, 12 consecutive patients at high risk for PCS underwent cardiac surgery (valve surgery and/or coronary artery bypass grafting) with preplanned, prophylactic implantation of LVAD (CentriMag or Rotaflow). We reviewed patient characteristics and outcomes.

RESULTS

Eight patients underwent a valve corrective surgery and seven patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. Eleven of 12 patients had successful LVAD insertion, support and wean, and survival to hospital discharge. Left ventricular function was stable perioperatively and improved at follow-up. Patients required low doses of inotropic support and no patients required extracorporeal membranous oxygenation. Major complications included, prolonged mechanical ventilation (n = 7), intra-aortic balloon pump (n = 1), temporary dialysis (n = 2), stroke (n = 1), bleeding requiring reoperation (n = 3), infection requiring mediastinal washout (n = 1). At a mean follow-up of, 660 ± 460.6 days all patients had either NYHA Class 1 (n = 6) or 2 (n = 4). There were two late mortalities (after 1 year).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic LVAD is a viable technique in select cardiac surgery patients who are high-risk for postcardiotomy shock. Further prospective study is warranted.

Concomitant Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping Significantly Reduces Left Ventricular Pressure during Central Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation-Results from a Large Animal Model

(1) Introduction: Simultaneous ECMO and IABP therapy is frequently used. Haemodynamic changes responsible for the success of the concomitant mechanical circulatory support system approach are rarely investigated. In a large-animal model, we analysed haemodynamic parameters before and during ECMO therapy, comparing central and peripheral ECMO circulation with and without simultaneous IABP support. (2) Methods: Thirty-three female pigs were divided into five groups: (1) SHAM, (2) (peripheral)ECMO(-)IABP, (3) (p)ECMO(+)IABP, (4) (central)ECMO(-)IABP, and (5) (c)ECMO(+)IABP. Pigs were cannulated in accordance with the group and supported with ECMO (±IABP) for 10 h. Systemic haemodynamics, cardiac index (CI), and coronary and carotid artery blood flow were determined before, directly after, and at five and ten hours on extracorporeal support. Systemic inflammation (IL-6; IL-10; TNFα; IFNγ), immune response (NETs; cf-DNA), and endothelial injury (ET-1) were also measured. (3) Results: IABP support during antegrade ECMO circulation led to a significant reduction of left ventricular pressure in comparison to retrograde flow in (p)ECMO(-)IABP and (p)ECMO(+)IABP. Blood flow in the left anterior coronary and carotid artery was not affected by extracorporeal circulation. (4) Conclusions: Concomitant central ECMO and IABP therapy leads to significant reduction of intracavitary cardiac pressure, reduces cardiac work, and might therefore contribute to improved recovery in ECMO patients.

Benefits of Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Support in Patients with Postcardiotomy Shock Requiring Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation

Background: The benefit of the combined use of an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) for postcardiotomy shock remains unclear. We aimed to analyse the potential benefits and safety of combining these two devices. Methods: We enrolled 200 patients treated with either VA-ECMO only or in combination with IABP (ECMO-I group) between January 2012 and January 2021. To adjust the patients’ backgrounds, we used propensity score matching for additional analyses, resulting in 57 pairs. The primary endpoint was 30-day survival. Secondary endpoints included successful weaning and complication rates. We also analysed hemodynamic parameters in both groups. Results: After propensity score matching, 30-day survival was better in the ECMO-I group (log-rank p = 0.004). The ECMO-I and ECMO-only groups differed regarding the secondary endpoints, including successful weaning (50.9% and 26.3%, respectively; p = 0.012) and the need for continuous renal replacement therapy (28.1% and 50.9%, p = 0.021). Complication rates were not statistically different between the two groups. Conclusion: Compared to VA-ECMO alone, the combined use of VA-ECMO and IABP is beneficial regarding 30-day survival in selected patients with postcardiotomy shock; successful ECMO weaning and freedom from renal replacement therapy is more common in patients supported with VA-ECMO plus IABP.

Postcardiotomy Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Narrative Review Navigating the Ethical Issues

Postcardiotomy shock (PCS) is an uncommon and life-threatening surgical complication. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is the first line of mechanical circulatory support for treating PCS when medical therapies are insufficient. Reaching a "therapeutic ceiling" or a "bridge to nowhere" is a common clinical scenario in which medical avenues for recovery have been exhausted. These situations pose emotional and ethical challenges for patients, their surrogates, and clinicians. To shed light on these ethically challenging situations in PCS and potential approaches, the authors conducted a narrative review of the literature. Publications were utilized to describe current trends in the diagnosis and management of the patient with PCS, with particular emphasis on the therapeutic ceiling for life support. Most of the recommendations came from practice parameters or expert opinions to support specific interventions. The authors proposed a stepwise multidisciplinary approach to reduce PCS-associated ethical and emotional challenges. Their proposed algorithm was based on the likelihood of the need for ECMO support based on the mortality risk stratification of cardiac surgery. They suggested focused discussions around the commencement of ECMO or other life-sustaining therapies-ideally preoperatively at the time of consent-through shared decision-making and, subsequently, proactive multidisciplinary education and updates to the surrogate decision-makers relying on realistic prognosis and consideration of the patient wishes during the ECMO run.

Rupture of Papillary Muscle and Chordae Tendinae Complicating STEMI: A Call for Action

Papillary muscle rupture (PMR) or chordae tendinae rupture (CTR) is a rare but lethal complication after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Due to the rarity of this condition, there are limited studies defining its epidemiology and outcomes. This is a retrospective study from Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2002 to 2014 of patients with STEMI and PMR/CTR. Outcomes of interest were incidence of in-hospital mortality, cardiogenic shock (CS), utilization of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices and mitral valve procedures (MVPs) among patients with and without rupture. We also performed simulation using the cardiovascular model to better understand the hemodynamics of severe mitral regurgitation and effects of different medications and device therapy. We identified 1,888 patients with STEMI complicated with PMR/CTR. Most of the patients were >65 years of age (65.3%), male (63.6%), and white (82.3%). They had significantly higher incidence of CS, cardiac arrest, and utilization of MCS devices. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with rupture (41% vs. 7.40%, p < 0.001) which remained unchanged over the study period. Hospitalization cost and length of stay was also higher in them. MVP and revascularization led to better survival rates (27.9% vs. 60.6%, adjusted OR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.10-0.19; p < 0.001). Despite significant advancement in the revascularization strategy, PMR/CTR after STEMI continues to portend poor prognosis with high inpatient mortality. Cardiogenic shock is a common presentation and is associated with significantly inpatient mortality. Future studies are needed determine the best strategies to improve outcomes in patients with STEMI with PMR/CTR and CS.

Analysis of the 2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS Expert Guidelines on the Management of Adult Postcardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS), also known as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), increasingly is used in postcardiotomy (PC) shock to facilitate a bridge to sustained recovery, long-term mechanical support, or heart transplantation. Given increasing prevalence and complexity of PC-ECLS, a joint expert consensus guideline was created in 2020 for management of adult PC-ECLS by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO), the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS), and the American Association of Thoracic Surgery (AATS). The aim of this analysis was to comprehensively review the expert consensus guidelines, with particular emphasis on PC-ECLS candidacy, timing, cannula configuration, left ventricular distention, anticoagulation, ECLS weaning, and intensive care unit complications. This analysis finds the expert consensus guideline to be timely, pertinent, and clinically valuable, although there remains the need for larger clinical trials to codify best practices.

2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS Expert Consensus on Post-cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support in Adult Patients

Post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (PC-ECLS) in adult patients has been used only rarely but recent data have shown a remarkable increase in its use, almost certainly due to improved technology, ease of management, growing familiarity with its capability and decreased costs. Trends in worldwide in-hospital survival, however, rather than improving, have shown a decline in some experiences, likely due to increased use in more complex, critically ill patients rather than to suboptimal management. Nevertheless, PC-ECLS is proving to be a valuable resource for temporary cardiocirculatory and respiratory support in patients who would otherwise most likely die. Because a comprehensive review of PC-ECLS might be of use for the practitioner, and possibly improve patient management in this setting, the authors have attempted to create a concise, comprehensive and relevant analysis of all aspects related to PC-ECLS, with a particular emphasis on indications, technique, management and avoidance of complications, appraisal of new approaches and ethics, education and training.

Central Versus Peripheral Arterial Cannulation for Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Post-Cardiotomy Patients

Different arterial cannulation strategies are feasible for veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in postcardiotomy shock. We aimed to analyze potential benefits and safety of different arterial cannulation strategies. We identified 158 patients with postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock requiring VA-ECMO between 01/10 and 01/19. Eighty-eight patients were cannulated via axillary or femoral artery (group P), and 70 centrally via the ascending aorta directly or through an 8 mm vascular graft anastomosed to the ascending aorta (group C). Demographics and operative parameters were similar. Change of cannulation site for Harlequin's syndrome or hyperperfusion of an extremity occurred in 13 patients in group P but never in group C (p = 0.001). Surgical revision of cannulation site was also encountered more often in group P than C. The need for left ventricular (LV) unloading was similar between groups, whereas surgical venting was more often implemented in group C (11.4% vs. 2.3, p = 0.023). Stroke rates, renal failure, and peripheral ischemia were similar. Weaning rate from ECMO (52.9% vs. 52.3%, p = NS) was similar. The 30 day mortality was higher in group P (60% vs. 76.1%, p = 0.029). Central cannulation for VA-ECMO provides antegrade flow without Harlequin's syndrome, changes of arterial cannula site, and better 30 day survival. Complication rates regarding need for reexploration and transfusion requirements were similar.

Concomitant ECMO And IABP Support in Postcardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock Patients

OBJECTIVES

Simultaneous mechanical circulatory support (MCS) with intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is common in postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCS). This study aimed to analyse the effect of concomitant ECMO and IABP therapy on the short-term outcomes of patients with PCS.

METHODS

Between March 2006 and March 2017, 172 consecutive patients with central (c) or peripheral (p) veno-arterial ECMO therapy due to PCS were identified at the current institution and included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were divided into ECMO+IABP and ECMO alone groups. Further, the impact of ECMO flow direction was analysed for the groups.

RESULTS

A total of 129 patients received ECMO+IABP support and 43 patients were treated with ECMO alone. Median ECMO duration did not differ between the groups (68 [34; 95] hours ECMO+IABP vs 44 [20; 103] hours ECMO; p=0.151). However, a trend toward a higher weaning rate was evident in ECMO+IABP patients (75 [58%] ECMO+IABP vs 18 [42%] ECMO; p=0.078). Concomitant IABP support with either cECMO (73% [n=24] cECMO+IABP vs 50% [n=11] ECMO; p=0.098) or pECMO (57% [n=55] ECMO+IABP vs 33% [n=7] ECMO; p=0.056) was also associated with a trend toward a higher weaning rate off ECMO. In-hospital mortality did not differ between the groups.

CONCLUSION

This analysis found that, independent of ECMO type, additional IABP support might increase ECMO weaning; however, it did not influence survival in PCS patients. Larger studies are necessary to further analyse the impact of this concomitant MSC therapy on clinical outcomes.

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Special reference for use in 'post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock' - A review with an Indian perspective

The ultimate goals of cardiovascular physiology are to ensure adequate end-organ perfusion to satisfy the local metabolic demand, to maintain homeostasis and achieve 'milieu intérieur'. Cardiogenic shock is a state of pump failure which results in tissue hypoperfusion and its associated complications. There are a wide variety of causes which lead to this deranged physiology, and one such important and common scenario is the post-cardiotomy state which is encountered in cardiac surgical units. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is an important modality of managing post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock with variable outcomes which would otherwise be universally fatal. VA-ECMO is considered as a double-edged sword with the advantages of luxurious perfusion while providing an avenue for the failing heart to recover, but with the problems of anticoagulation, inflammatory and adverse systemic effects. Optimal outcomes after VA-ECMO are heavily reliant on a multitude of factors and require a multi-disciplinary team to handle them. This article aims to provide an insight into the pathophysiology of VA-ECMO, cannulation techniques, commonly encountered problems, monitoring, weaning strategies and ethical considerations along with a literature review of current evidence-based practices.

2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS expert consensus on post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support in adult patients

Post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (PC-ECLS) in adult patients has been used only rarely but recent data have shown a remarkable increase in its use, almost certainly due to improved technology, ease of management, growing familiarity with its capability and decreased costs. Trends in worldwide in-hospital survival, however, rather than improving, have shown a decline in some experiences, likely due to increased use in more complex, critically ill patients rather than to suboptimal management. Nevertheless, PC-ECLS is proving to be a valuable resource for temporary cardiocirculatory and respiratory support in patients who would otherwise most likely die. Because a comprehensive review of PC-ECLS might be of use for the practitioner, and possibly improve patient management in this setting, the authors have attempted to create a concise, comprehensive and relevant analysis of all aspects related to PC-ECLS, with a particular emphasis on indications, technique, management, and avoidance of complications, appraisal of new approaches and ethics, education, and training.

Bleeding and Thrombotic Events During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Postcardiotomy Shock

BACKGROUND

Anticoagulation therapy management during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is particularly difficult in postcardiotomy shock patients given a significant bleeding risk. We sought to determine the effect of anticoagulation treatment on bleeding and thrombosis risk for postcardiotomy shock patients on ECMO.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed patients who received ECMO for postcardiotomy shock from July 2007 through July 2019. Characteristics of patients who had bleeding and thrombosis were investigated, and risk factors were assessed by multilevel logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 152 patients who received ECMO for postcardiotomy shock, 33 (23%) had 40 thrombotic events and 64 (45%) had 86 bleeding events. Predictors of bleeding were intraoperative packed red blood cell transfusion (odds ratio [OR] 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.09), platelet transfusion (OR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.16), international normalized ratio (OR 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.37), and activated partial thromboplastin time greater than 60 seconds (OR 2.32; 95% CI, 1.14 to 4.73). Predictors of thrombosis were anticoagulant use (OR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.79), surgical venting (OR 3.07; 95% CI, 1.29 to 7.31), hemoglobin (OR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.79), and central cannulation (OR 2.06; 95% CI, 1.03 to 4.11). The daily predicted probability of thrombosis was between 0.075 and 0.038 for patients who did not receive anticoagulation and decreased to between 0.030 and 0.013 for patients who received anticoagulation treatment at activated partial thromboplastin times between 25 and 80 seconds.

CONCLUSIONS

Anticoagulation therapy can reduce thromboembolic events in postcardiotomy shock patients on ECMO, but bleeding risk may outweigh this benefit at activated partial thromboplastin times greater than 60 seconds.

Autologous mitochondrial transplantation for cardiogenic shock in pediatric patients following ischemia-reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVES

To report outcomes in a pilot study of autologous mitochondrial transplantation (MT) in pediatric patients requiring postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for severe refractory cardiogenic shock after ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI).

METHODS

A single-center retrospective study of patients requiring ECMO for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock following IRI between May 2002 and December 2018 was performed. Postcardiotomy IRI was defined as coronary artery compromise followed by successful revascularization. Patients undergoing revascularization and subsequent MT were compared with those undergoing revascularization alone (Control).

RESULTS

Twenty-four patients were included (MT, n = 10; Control, n = 14). Markers of systemic inflammatory response and organ function measured 1 day before and 7 days following revascularization did not differ between groups. Successful separation from ECMO-defined as freedom from ECMO reinstitution within 1 week after initial separation-was possible for 8 patients in the MT group (80%) and 4 in the Control group (29%) (P = .02). Median circumferential strain immediately following IRI but before therapy was not significantly different between groups. Immediately following separation from ECMO, ventricular strain was significantly better in the MT group (-23.0%; range, -20.0% to -28.8%) compared with the Control group (-16.8%; range, -13.0% to -18.4%) (P = .03). Median time to functional recovery after revascularization was significantly shorter in the MT group (2 days vs 9 days; P = .02). Cardiovascular events were lower in the MT group (20% vs 79%; P < .01). Cox regression analysis showed higher composite estimated risk of cardiovascular events in the Control group (hazard ratio, 4.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 20.9; P = .04) CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, MT was associated with successful separation from ECMO and enhanced ventricular strain in patients requiring postcardiotomy ECMO for severe refractory cardiogenic shock after IRI.

Neurologic Injury in Patients Treated With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Postcardiotomy Cardiogenic Shock

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the frequency, predictors, and outcomes of neurologic injury in adults treated with postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (PC-ECMO).

DESIGN

A retrospective multicenter registry study.

SETTING

Twenty-one European institutions where cardiac surgery is performed.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 781 adult patients who required PC-ECMO during 2010 to 2018 were divided into patients with neurologic injury (NI) and patients without neurologic injury (NNI).

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Baseline and operative data, in-hospital outcomes, and long-term survival were compared between the NI and the NNI groups. Predictors of neurologic injury were identified. A subgroup analysis according to the type of neurologic injury was performed. Overall, NI occurred in 19% of patients in the overall series, but the proportion of patients with NI ranged from 0% to 65% among the centers. Ischemic stroke occurred in 84 patients and hemorrhagic stroke in 47 patients. Emergency procedure was the sole independent predictor of NI. In-hospital mortality was higher in the NI group than in the NNI group (79% v 61%, p < 0.001). The one-year survival was lower in the NI group (17%) compared with the NNI group (37%). Long-term survival did not differ between patients with ischemic stroke and those with hemorrhagic stroke.

CONCLUSION

Neurologic injury during PC-ECMO is common and associated with a dismal prognosis. There is considerable interinstitutional variation in the proportion of neurologic injury in PC-ECMO-treated adults. Well-known risk factors for stroke are not associated with neurologic injury in this setting.

2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS expert consensus on post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support in adult patients

Post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (PC-ECLS) in adult patients has been used only rarely but recent data have shown a remarkable increase in its use, almost certainly due to improved technology, ease of management, growing familiarity with its capability and decreased costs. Trends in worldwide in-hospital survival, however, rather than improving, have shown a decline in some experiences, likely due to increased use in more complex, critically ill patients rather than to suboptimal management. Nevertheless, PC-ECLS is proving to be a valuable resource for temporary cardiocirculatory and respiratory support in patients who would otherwise most likely die. Because a comprehensive review of PC-ECLS might be of use for the practitioner, and possibly improve patient management in this setting, the authors have attempted to create a concise, comprehensive and relevant analysis of all aspects related to PC-ECLS, with a particular emphasis on indications, technique, management and avoidance of complications, appraisal of new approaches and ethics, education and training.

2020 EACTS/ELSO/STS/AATS Expert Consensus on Post-Cardiotomy Extracorporeal Life Support in Adult Patients

Post-cardiotomy extracorporeal life support (PC-ECLS) in adult patients has been used only rarely but recent data have shown a remarkable increase in its use, almost certainly due to improved technology, ease of management, growing familiarity with its capability and decreased costs. Trends in worldwide in-hospital survival, however, rather than improving, have shown a decline in some experiences, likely due to increased use in more complex, critically ill patients rather than to suboptimal management. Nevertheless, PC-ECLS is proving to be a valuable resource for temporary cardiocirculatory and respiratory support in patients who would otherwise most likely die. Because a comprehensive review of PC-ECLS might be of use for the practitioner, and possibly improve patient management in this setting, the authors have attempted to create a concise, comprehensive and relevant analysis of all aspects related to PC-ECLS, with a particular emphasis on indications, technique, management and avoidance of complications, appraisal of new approaches and ethics, education and training.

Prosthetic valve thrombosis during extracorporeal life support for postcardiotomy shock

Postcardiotomy shock is a complication after open-heart surgery that may be alleviated with extracorporeal life support (ECLS). Postcardiotomy shock patients on ECLS with prosthetic valves are at a high risk of valve thrombosis. We retrospectively reviewed patients supported with ECLS after the development of postcardiotomy shock at our centre, 90 of which had prosthetic valves. Nine patients developed prosthetic valve thrombosis, an incidence of 10%. Patients who developed prosthetic valve thrombosis were more often supported via central cannulation (78% vs 38%, P = 0.034) and had a higher median initial flow (4.4 vs 3.2 l/min, P = 0.018). Central cannulation was associated with valve thrombosis by multivariable logistic regression (odds ratio 7.56; 95% confidence interval 1.12–149.87). Central cannulation with high flow is thought to reduce intracardiac blood flow, thereby increasing the risk of stasis and thrombus formation. Patients with prosthetic valve thrombosis were treated with anticoagulation or surgical intervention and 4 patients (44%) survived to discharge.

Post-operative renal failure management in mechanical circulatory support patients

Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs commonly in patients requiring mechanical circulatory support (MCS) after cardiothoracic surgery. The prognostic implications of AKI in this patient group relate closely to the pathophysiology and risk factors associated with the underlying disease; pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative variables; hemodynamic factors; and type of support device used. General approaches to AKI management, including prevention strategies, medical management, and hemodynamic support, are also applicable in patients requiring MCS. Approaches to renal replacement therapy vary depend on patient factors, device-specific factors, and local preferences and experience. In this invited narrative review, we discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, and prognostic implications of AKI in post-operative adult patients following institution of MCS. Management strategies for AKI are presented with a focus on those supported with either extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or a ventricular assist device.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock in adult patients: predictors of in-hospital mortality and failure to be weaned from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock (PCCS) is a rare clinical entity associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by heart failure that results in an inability to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients with PCCS and to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality and failure to be weaned from ECMO. From January 2002 to August 2016, 3248 patients underwent cardiac surgery in our hospital. Of these, 29 patients (0.89%) required ECMO because of an inability to be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass. The median duration of ECMO support was 144 h (340-52 h) (range 17-818 h). Sixteen patients (55.2%) were weaned from ECMO, and 6 (20.7%) survived to hospital discharge. The multivariate analysis revealed that reoperation [odds ratio (OR): 13.667, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.999-187.056, p = 0.05] and ECMO support duration > 130 h (OR: 17.688, 95% CI: 1.324-236.233, p = 0.03) were independent predictors of failure to be weaned from ECMO. Temporarily being weaned from CPB > 15 min (OR: 0.027, 95% CI: 0.001-0.586, p = 0.02) was found to be a protective factor. The multivariate analysis revealed that CPB time > 270 min (OR: 12.503, 95% CI: 1.058-147.718, p = 0.05) and ECMO support duration > 60 h (OR: 12.503, 95% CI: 1.058-147.718, p = 0.05) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. ECMO is an acceptable technique for treating PCCS in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Our data suggest a reevaluation of therapeutic strategies after 60 h and again after 130 h of ECMO support.

Structured review of post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: part 1-Adult patients

Cardiogenic shock, cardiac arrest, acute respiratory failure, or a combination of such events, are all potential complications after cardiac surgery which lead to high mortality. Use of extracorporeal temporary cardio-circulatory and respiratory support for progressive clinical deterioration can facilitate bridging the patient to recovery or to more durable support. Over the last decade, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emerged as the preferred temporary artificial support system in such circumstances. Many factors have contributed to widespread ECMO use, including the relative ease of implantation, effectiveness, versatility, low cost relative to alternative devices, and potential for full, not just partial circulatory support. While there have been numerous publications detailing the short and midterm outcomes of ECMO support, specific reports about post-cardiotomy ECMO (PC-ECMO), are limited, single-center experiences. Etiology of cardiorespiratory failure leading to ECMO implantation, associated ECMO complications, and overall patient outcomes may be unique to the PC-ECMO population. Despite the rise in PC-ECMO use over the past decade, short-term survival has not improved. This report, therefore, aims to present a comprehensive overview of the literature with respect to the prevalence of ECMO use, patient characteristics, ECMO management, and in-hospital and early post-discharge patient outcomes for those treated for post-cardiotomy heart, lung, or heart-lung failure.

Baseline surgical status and short-term mortality after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for post-cardiotomy shock: a meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

While reported mortality rates on post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation vary from center to center, impact of baseline surgical status (elective/urgent/emergency/salvage) on mortality is still unknown.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement using PubMed/Medline databases until March 2018 using the keywords "postcardiotomy," "cardiogenic shock," "extracorporeal membrane oxygenation," and "extracorporeal life support." Relevant articles were scrutinized and included in the meta-analysis only if reporting in-hospital/30-day mortality and baseline surgical status. The correlations between mortality and percentage of elective/urgent/emergency cases were investigated. Inference analysis of baseline status and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation complications was conducted as well.

RESULTS

Twenty-two studies (conducted between 1993 and 2017) enrolling N = 2,235 post-cardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients were found. Patients were mostly of non-emergency status (65.2%). Overall in-hospital/30-day mortality event rate (95% confidence intervals) was 66.7% (63.3-69.9%). There were no differences in in-hospital/30-day mortality with respect to baseline surgical status in the subgroup analysis (test for subgroup differences; p = 0.406). Similarly, no differences between mortality in studies enrolling <50 versus ⩾50% of emergency/salvage cases was found: respective event rates were 66.9% (63.1-70.4%) versus 64.4% (57.3-70.8%); p = 0.525. Yet, there was a significant positive association between increasing percentage of emergency/salvage cases and rates of neurological complications (p < 0.001), limb complications (p < 0.001), and bleeding (p = 0.051). Incidence of brain death (p = 0.099) and sepsis (p = 0.134) was increased as well.

CONCLUSION

Other factors than baseline surgical status may, to a higher degree, influence the mortality in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock. Baseline status, however, strongly influences the complication occurrence while on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Impact of preoperative extracorporeal life support on left ventricular assist device outcomes: A comparative study

Background:

To investigate whether preoperative short-term extracorporeal life support therapy in patients undergoing continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation has an impact on the outcome regarding survival and adverse events.

Methods:

Between January 2011 and May 2018, 100 consecutive patients received HeartMate II, HeartWare, or HeartMate III for end-stage heart failure. Mean age was 64.2 ± 10.3 years. Three patient groups were identified: without preoperative extracorporeal life support (non-extracorporeal life support group, n = 80), with preoperative extracorporeal life support due to postcardiotomy shock after conventional cardiac surgery (postcardiotomy shock group, n = 9), and with preoperative extracorporeal life support without previous surgery (non-postcardiotomy shock group, n = 11). The primary endpoint was overall survival after device implantation. Secondary endpoints were adverse events during the follow-up period.

Results:

Survival was significantly different between the groups (p < 0.05): 30-day, 6-month, and 1-year survival rates were 85%, 68%, and 61% for non-extracorporeal life support group; 44%, 22%, and 22% for postcardiotomy shock group; and 45%, 27%, and 24% for non-postcardiotomy shock group, respectively. Furthermore, in both extracorporeal life support groups (postcardiotomy shock and non-postcardiotomy shock), there were a higher incidence (p < 0.05) of postoperative right heart failure (30% vs 66.7% vs 54.5%), acute renal failure requiring dialysis (20% vs 77.8% vs 54.5%), and respiratory failure (31.3% vs 88.9% vs 81.8%).

Conclusion:

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation with prior extracorporeal life support appears to have a worse outcome regarding survival, right heart failure, renal and respiratory dysfunction (p < 0.05). Future studies have to be done to evaluate the outcome after extracorporeal life support bridge pre-left ventricular assist device, especially as ultima ratio in postcardiotomy shock patients.

The Starling Relationship and Veno-Arterial ECMO: Ventricular Distension Explained

The use of veno-arterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to support patients with acute heart failure has been associated with ventricular distension and pulmonary edema, the mechanism of which is not fully understood. This study examined the impact of VA ECMO on left ventricular (LV) Starling curves to elaborate a framework for anticipating and treating LV distension. A previously developed and validated model of the cardiovascular system was used to generate pressure-volume (PV) loops and Starling curves while holding mean arterial pressure (mABP) constant at a range of values either by adjusting systemic resistance or by adding VA ECMO support. It was found that under all conditions of similar mAPB, the Starling curve was unchanged; therefore, the degree of LV distension is obligated by the mAPB (irrespective of whether controlled pharmacologically with or without ECMO support and independent of heart rate), LV contractility, and target stroke volume. The Starling relationship provides a conceptual framework for understanding the risk and treatment of LV distension during VA ECMO support.

Three consecutive cases of fatal intraoperative intracardiac thrombosis associated with the initiation of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the presence of aprotinin

Central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been used since the 1970s to support patients with cardiogenic shock following cardiac surgery. Despite this, in-hospital mortality is still high, and although rare, thrombus within the cardiac chambers or within the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit is often fatal. Aprotinin is an antifibrinolytic available in Europe and Canada, though not currently in the United States. Due to historical safety concerns, use of aprotinin is generally limited and is commonly reserved for patients with the highest bleeding risk. Given the limited availability of aprotinin over the last decade, it is not surprising to find a complete absence of literature describing the use of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the presence of aprotinin. We present three consecutive cases of rapid fatal intraoperative intracardiac thrombosis associated with post-cardiotomy central venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients receiving aprotinin.

Catastrophic Left Ventricular Thrombosis Complicating Extra-corporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Report

A massive left ventricular thrombosis represents a rare however, catastrophic complication of a central veno-arterial extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. We report a case of such complication in a patient with severe left ventricular dysfunction after cardiac surgery. Its management and preventive measures are described and discussed.

Cardiac Support: Emphasis on Venoarterial ECMO

Major advances have been made in mechanical circulatory support in recent years. Venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides both pulmonary and circulatory support for critically ill patients with hemodynamic compromise, serving as a bridge to recovery or definitive therapy in the form of transplant or a durable ventricular assist device. In the past, VA ECMO support was used in cases of cardiogenic shock or failure to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass; however, the technology is now being applied to an ever-expanding list of conditions, including massive pulmonary embolism, cardiac arrest, drug overdose, and hypothermia.

The ICM research agenda on extracorporeal life support

PURPOSE

This study aimed to concisely describe the current standards of care, major recent advances, common beliefs that have been contradicted by recent trials, areas of uncertainty, and clinical studies that need to be performed over the next decade and their expected outcomes with regard to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

METHODS

Narrative review based on a systematic analysis of the medical literature, national and international guidelines, and expert opinion.

RESULTS

The use of venovenous ECMO (VV-ECMO) is increasing in the most severe forms of acute lung injury. In patients with cardiogenic shock, short-term veno-arterial ECMO (VA-ECMO) provides both pulmonary and circulatory support. Technological improvements and recently published studies suggest that ECMO is able to improve patients' outcomes. There are, however, many uncertainties regarding the real benefits of this technique both in hemodynamic and respiratory failure, the territorial organization to deliver ECMO, the indications and the use of concomitant treatments.

CONCLUSIONS

Although there have been considerable advances regarding the use of ECMO in critically ill patients, the risk/benefit ratio remains underinvestigated. ECMO indications, organization of ECMO delivery, and use of adjuvant therapeutics need also to be explored. Ongoing and future studies may be able to resolve these issues.

Cannulation strategies in adult veno-arterial and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Techniques, limitations, and special considerations

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) refers to specific mechanical devices used to temporarily support the failing heart and/or lung. Technological advances as well as growing collective knowledge and experience have resulted in increased ECMO use and improved outcomes. Veno-arterial (VA) ECMO is used in selected patients with various etiologies of cardiogenic shock and entails either central or peripheral cannulation. Central cannulation is frequently used in postcardiotomy cardiogenic shock and is associated with improved venous drainage and reduced concern for upper body hypoxemia as compared to peripheral cannulation. These concerns inherent to peripheral VA ECMO may be addressed through so-called triple cannulation approaches. Veno-venous (VV) ECMO is increasingly employed in selected patients with respiratory failure refractory to more conventional measures. Newer dual lumen VV ECMO cannulas may facilitate extubation and mobilization. In summary, the pathology being addressed impacts the ECMO approach that is deployed, and each ECMO implementation has distinct virtues and drawbacks. Understanding these considerations is crucial to safe and effective ECMO use.