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Cheng R, Xia JC, Shen LJ, Shen ZP, Shi L, Zheng X, Zheng JZ. Effect of humic acid on visible light photocatalytic inactivation of bacteriophage f2 with electrospinning Cu-TiO 2 nanofibers: insight into the mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:30212-30227. [PMID: 38602633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33119-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic disinfection is a promising technology with low cost and high efficiency. However, most of the current studies on photocatalytic disinfection ignore the widespread presence of natural organic matter (NOM) in water bodies, so the incomplete conclusions obtained may not be applicable. Herein, this paper systematically studied the influence of humic acid (HA), one of the most important components of NOM, on the photocatalytic inactivation of bacteriophage f2 with electrospinning Cu-TiO2 nanofibers. We found that with the addition of HA, the light transmittance of the solution at 550 nm decreased from 94 to 60%, and the band gap of the photocatalyst was increased from 2.96 to 3.05 eV. Compared with reacting without HA, the degradation amount of RNA of f2 decreased by 88.7% after HA was added, and the RNA concentration increased from 1.95 to 4.38 ng·μL-1 after the reaction. Hence, we propose mechanisms of the effect of HA on photocatalytic disinfection: photo-shielding, passivation of photocatalysts, quenching of free radicals, and virus protection. Photo-shielding and photocatalyst passivation lead to the decrease of photocatalyst activity, and the reactive oxygen species (ROSs) (·OH, ·O2-, 1O2, H2O2) are further trapped by HA. The HA in water also can protect the shape of phage f2 and reduce the leakage of protein and the destruction of ribonucleic acid (RNA). This work provides an insight into the mechanisms for the influence of HA in photocatalytic disinfection process and a theoretical basis for its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cheng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Jin-Cheng Xia
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Liang-Jie Shen
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
- Shougang Environment Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100041, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Shen
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Xiang Zheng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
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Xu B, Gao W, Liao B, Bai H, Qiao Y, Turek W. A Review of Temperature Effects on Membrane Filtration. MEMBRANES 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 38248695 PMCID: PMC10819527 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Membrane technology plays a vital role in drinking water and wastewater treatments. Among a number of factors affecting membrane performance, temperature is one of the dominant factors determining membrane performance. In this review, the impact of temperature on membrane structure, fouling, chemical cleaning, and membrane performance is reviewed and discussed with a particular focus on cold temperature effects. The findings from the literature suggest that cold temperatures have detrimental impacts on membrane structure, fouling, and chemical cleaning, and thus could negatively affect membrane filtration operations and performance, while warm and hot temperatures might expand membrane pores, increase membrane flux, improve membrane chemical cleaning efficiency, and interfere with biological processes in membrane bioreactors. The research gaps, challenges, and directions of temperature effects are identified and discussed indepth. Future studies focusing on the impact of temperature on membrane processes used in water and wastewater treatment and the development of methods that could reduce the adverse effect of temperature on membrane operations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochao Xu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Wa Gao
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada;
| | - Baoqiang Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (H.B.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yuhang Qiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada; (H.B.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Walter Turek
- Environment Division, City of Thunder Bay, Victoriaville Civic Centre, 111 Syndicate Ave S., Thunder Bay, ON P7E 6S4, Canada;
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Alexpandi R, Abirami G, Murugesan B, Durgadevi R, Swasthikka RP, Cai Y, Ragupathi T, Ravi AV. Tocopherol-assisted magnetic Ag-Fe 3O 4-TiO 2 nanocomposite for photocatalytic bacterial-inactivation with elucidation of mechanism and its hazardous level assessment with zebrafish model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130044. [PMID: 36179621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many endeavours have been prompted with photocatalytic nanomaterials by the need to eradicate pathogenic microorganisms from water bodies. Herein, a tocopherol-assisted Ag-Fe3O4-TiO2 nanocomposite (TAFTN) was synthesized for photocatalytic bacterial inactivation. The prepared TAFTN became active under sunlight due to its narrowed bandgap, inactivating the bacterial contaminants via photo-induced ROS stress. The ROS radicals destroy bacteria by creating oxidative stress, which damages the cell membrane and cellular components such as nucleic acids and proteins. For the first time, the nano-LC-MS/MS-based quantitative proteomics reveals that the disrupted proteins are involved in a variety of cellular functions; the most of these are involved in the metabolic pathway, eventually leading to bacterial death during TAFTN-photocatalysis under sunlight. Furthermore, the toxicity analysis confirmed that the inactivated bacteria seemed to have no detrimental impact on zebrafish model, showing that the disinfected water via TAFTN-photocatalysis is enormously safe. Furthermore, the TAFTN-photocatalysis successfully killed the bacterial cells in natural seawater, indicating the consistent photocatalytic efficacy when recycled repeatedly. The results of this work demonstrate that the produced nanocomposite might be a powerful recyclable and sunlight-active photocatalyst for environmental water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaiah Alexpandi
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Gurusamy Abirami
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Balaji Murugesan
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Ravindran Durgadevi
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Roshni Prithiviraj Swasthikka
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Yurong Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Thennarasu Ragupathi
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India
| | - Arumugam Veera Ravi
- Lab in Microbiology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, India.
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Niu B, Yang L, Meng S, Liang D, Liu H, Yang L, Shen L, Zhao Q. Time-dependent analysis of polysaccharide fouling by Hermia models: Reveal the structure of fouling layer. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li Y, Yu M, Meng X, Fan W, Liang D, Liu H, Yang L, Shen L, Zhao Q, Meng S. An effective way in application of coagulants for more accurate fouling control via transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) determination. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Song W, Li J, Zhang X, Fu C, Wang Z, Wang Z. Algae-containing raw water treatment and by-products control based on ClO 2 preoxidation-assisted coagulation/precipitation process. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3837-3851. [PMID: 34713368 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophication has become a great concern in recent years with the algae blooms in source water resulting in a serious threat posing to the safety of drinking water. Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) has been served as an alternative oxidant for preoxidation or disinfection during drinking water treatment process due to its high oxidation efficiency and low risk of organic by-products formation. However, the generation of inorganic by-products including chlorite (ClO2-) and chlorate (ClO3-) has become a potential problem when applied in drinking water treatment. In this study, ClO2 preoxidation-assisted coagulation/precipitation process was applied to improve the raw water quality, especially algae, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), and UV254, and explore the formation mechanisms of inorganic by-products. It was found that the polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) and ClO2 have shown the best raw water treatment performance with the optimal dosage of 10 mg/L and 0.8 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, the initial pH also has exhibited a notable influence on pollutants treatment and by-products generation. Due to the adverse influence of algae and natural organic matters (NOM) and the generation of by-products, it was significant to investigate their inhibition effect on the water quality and the production of ClO2- and ClO3- in the ClO2 preoxidation-assisted coagulation/precipitation process. Moreover, it was applicable of this process to apply for the algae-containing raw water (calculated as Chl.a lower than 50 μg/L) treatment with the ClO2 dosage of less than 0.8 mg/L to achieve optimum treatment performance and minimum by-products generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Caixia Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuoyue Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water Resource Application and Environmental Pollution Control, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Li Y, Wang H, Xu C, Sun SH, Xiao K, Huang X. Two strategies of stubborn biofouling strains surviving from NaClO membrane cleaning: EPS shielding and/or quorum sensing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156421. [PMID: 35660590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The declined performance of repeated chemically-enhanced-backwashing (CEB) seriously hampered the sustainable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR) in long-term, and could be partially attributed to the strengthened anti-cleaning properties of residual stubborn microbes. Although plenty of research has been done towards either the model strains or the whole post-CEB microbial community, little was known about the resisting behavior of practical stubborn strains when confronting oxidative stresses induced by NaClO. Hence, this study isolated 21 strains from samples in a large-scale MBR plant with routine CEB treatment. To unravel how they survive and affect membrane fouling, their anti-oxidation ability, fouling potential and quorum sensing (QS) effect before and after NaClO stimuli were evaluated. The composition and molecular weight distribution of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) were also investigated to understand their roles during the anti-CEB process. It was found that typical stubborn strains tended to secrete more EPS as protective shields, where polysaccharides (especially the ones >1 kDa) made major contribution. However, sometimes EPS could not well resist the stimuli, with consequent low survival rate and high intracellular ROS level. Under such circumstances, stubborn strains would rather choose to be sensitive with surged QS level and quick population regrowth to maintain vitality under the oxidative stresses. Both strategies aggravated biofouling and eventually enhanced the anti-cleaning properties of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing OriginWater Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., Product and Technology Center, Beijing 101407, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shih-Han Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Beijing Yanshan Earth Critical Zone National Research Station, College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China.
| | - Xia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Research and Application Center for Membrane Technology, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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8
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Sun R, Jin Y. Pilot Scale Application of a Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor for Treating High-Salinity Oil Production Wastewater. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050473. [PMID: 35629800 PMCID: PMC9144106 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The offshore oil extraction process generates copious amounts of high-salinity oil-bearing wastewater; at present, treating such wastewater in an efficient and low-consumption manner is a major challenge. In this study, a flat ceramic membrane bioreactor (C−MBR) process combining aerobic microbial treatment technology and ceramic membrane filtration technology was used to treat oil-bearing wastewater. The pilot test results demonstrated the remarkable performance of the combined sequential batch reactor (SBR) and C-MBR process, wherein the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH4+−N) removal rates reached 93% and 98.9%, respectively. Microbial analysis indicated that the symbiosis between Marinobacterium, Marinobacter, and Nitrosomonas might have contributed to simultaneously removing NH4+−N and reducing COD, and the increased enrichment of Nitrosomonas significantly improved the nitrogen removal efficiency. Cleaning ceramic membranes with NaClO solution reduces membrane contamination and membrane cleaning frequency. The combined SBR and C−MBR process is an economical and feasible solution for treating high-salinity oil-bearing wastewater. Based on the pilot application study, the capital expenditure for operating the full-scale combined SBR and C−MBR process was estimated to be 251,717 USD/year, and the unit wastewater treatment cost was 0.21 USD/m3, which saved 62.5% of the energy cost compared to the conventional MBR process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yue Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Theory & Technology for Environmental Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China;
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-773-589-6340
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9
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Terán Hilares R, Singh I, Tejada Meza K, Colina Andrade GJ, Pacheco Tanaka DA. Alternative methods for cleaning membranes in water and wastewater treatment. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10708. [PMID: 35365970 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Membrane fouling is caused by foulant deposition or adsorption through physical or chemical interactions on the membrane surface, causing the reduction of flux through the membrane. The main drawbacks of chemical agents used for cleaning are cost, damage caused on the membrane, and waste stream making the process unattractive. Alternative, methods such as ultrasound, enzymatic process, and osmotic backwashing were explored for membrane cleaning. Among all mentioned methods, micronanobubbles have been reported as a promising and emergent method for membrane surface cleaning; unfortunately, the information is limited, but preliminary studies have shown it as an efficient, cheap, and environmentally friendly technique. Other methods like electrically and vibratory-enhanced membrane cleaning also could be interesting but currently are unexplored and information is limited. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Chemical cleaning is an efficient option; however, from an environmental point of view, it is not attractive, and high concentrations could cause damage to the membrane. Micronanobubbles are an emergent and suitable technology for membrane and surface cleaning. Membrane modification and functionalization avoid membrane fast fouling, and the cleaning process is easier, but the manufacture cost could be expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruly Terán Hilares
- Departamento de Ciencias e Ingenierías Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María (UCSM), Arequipa, Peru
| | - Imman Singh
- Rauschert Industries, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin Tejada Meza
- Departamento de Ciencias e Ingenierías Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María (UCSM), Arequipa, Peru
| | - Gilberto J Colina Andrade
- Departamento de Ciencias e Ingenierías Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María (UCSM), Arequipa, Peru
| | - David Alfredo Pacheco Tanaka
- Departamento de Ciencias e Ingenierías Biológicas y Químicas, Universidad Católica de Santa María (UCSM), Arequipa, Peru
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Cheng X, Wang S, Huang W, Wang F, Fang S, Ge R, Zhang Q, Zhang L, Du W, Fang F, Feng Q, Cao J, Luo J. Current status of hypochlorite technology on the wastewater treatment and sludge disposal: Performance, principals and prospects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150085. [PMID: 34525771 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As cost-effective and high-efficient oxidants, the hypochlorite chemicals have been widely utilized for bleaching and disinfection. However, its potential applications in wastewater treatment and sludge disposal were less concerned. This paper mainly summarized the state-of-the-art applications of hypochlorite technology in wastewater and sludge treatment based on the main influencing factors and potential mechanisms of hypochlorite treatment. The results indicated that the hypochlorite approaches were not only effective in pollutants removal and membrane fouling mitigation for wastewater treatment, but also contributed to sludge dewatering and resource recovery for sludge disposal. The ClO- and large generated free active radicals (i.e., reactive chlorine species and reactive oxygen species), which possessed strong oxidative ability, were the primary contributors to the pollutants decomposition, and colloids/microbes flocs disintegration during the hypochlorite treatment process. The performance of hypochlorite treatment was highly associated with various factors (i.e., pH, temperature, hypochlorite types and dosage). In combination with the reasonable activators (i.e., Fe2+ and ultraviolet), auxiliary agents, and innovative processes (i.e., hydrothermal and electro-oxidation), the operational performance of hypochlorite technology could be further enhanced. Finally, the feasibility and benefits of hypochlorite application for wastewater and sludge treatment were analyzed, and the existing challenges and future research efforts that need to be made have also prospected. The review can hopefully provide a theoretical basis and technical guidance to extend the application of hypochlorite technology for wastewater treatment and sludge disposal on large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Suna Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wenxuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Shiyu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ran Ge
- College of Harbor, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jiashun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jingyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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