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Gouel-Chéron A, Dejoux A, Lamanna E, Bruhns P. Animal Models of IgE Anaphylaxis. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:931. [PMID: 37508362 PMCID: PMC10376466 DOI: 10.3390/biology12070931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Allergies and atopy have emerged as significant public health concerns, with a progressively increasing incidence over the last two decades. Anaphylaxis is the most severe form of allergic reactions, characterized by a rapid onset and potentially fatal outcome, even in healthy individuals. Due to the unpredictable nature and potential lethality of anaphylaxis and the wide range of allergens involved, clinical studies in human patients have proven to be challenging. Diagnosis is further complicated by the lack of reliable laboratory biomarkers to confirm clinical suspicion. Thus, animal models have been developed to replicate human anaphylaxis and explore its pathophysiology. Whereas results obtained from animal models may not always be directly translatable to humans, they serve as a foundation for understanding the underlying mechanisms. Animal models are an essential tool for investigating new biomarkers that could be incorporated into the allergy workup for patients, as well as for the development of novel treatments. Two primary pathways have been described in animals and humans: classic, predominantly involving IgE and histamine, and alternative, reliant on IgG and the platelet-activating factor. This review will focus essentially on the former and aims to describe the most utilized IgE-mediated anaphylaxis animal models, including their respective advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Gouel-Chéron
- Université Paris Cité, 75010 Paris, France
- Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Department, DMU Parabol, Bichat-Claude Bernard Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Alice Dejoux
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, 75015 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emma Lamanna
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, 75015 Paris, France
- Neovacs SA, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, 75015 Paris, France
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Kameda K, Takahashi E, Kimoto T, Morita R, Sakai S, Nagao M, Fujisawa T, Kido H. A Murine Model of Food Allergy by Epicutaneous Adjuvant-Free Allergen Sensitization Followed by Oral Allergen Challenge Combined with Aspirin for Enhanced Detection of Hypersensitivity Manifestations and Immunotherapy Monitoring. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030757. [PMID: 36771462 PMCID: PMC9920581 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is one of the major existing health problems, but no effective treatment is available. In the current work, a murine model that closely mimics pathogenesis of human food allergy and its quantifiable diagnostic parameter design, even for mild hypersensitivity reactions, were established. BALB/c mice were epicutaneously sensitized with 1 mg chicken egg ovomucoid (OVM) or cow's milk casein, free of adjuvants, five times a week for two consecutive weeks. Eleven days later, allergen-specific IgG1 and IgE in serum were measured by ELISA. On day 25, 20 mg OVM or 12 mg α-casein was administered orally, and allergic reactions such as the fall in rectal temperature, symptom scores during 90-120 min, serum mast cell protease-1 and cytokine levels were monitored. The detection of mild allergic reactions due to adjuvant-free allergen sensitization and oral allergen challenge routes was amplified by the combination of oral allergen and aspirin administration simultaneously or aspirin administration within 15-30 min before an allergen challenge. Quantification of the maximum symptom score and the frequency of symptoms during the monitoring period improved evaluation accuracy of food allergy signals. Based on these results, efficacy of casein oral immunotherapy for cow's milk allergies, which are generally difficult to detect, was monitored adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kameda
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Allergy Center and Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu 514-0125, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoko Morita
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Satoko Sakai
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mizuho Nagao
- Allergy Center and Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu 514-0125, Japan
| | - Takao Fujisawa
- Allergy Center and Institute for Clinical Research, Mie National Hospital, Tsu 514-0125, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-88-633-7423
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Benedé S, Berin MC. Applications of Mouse Models to the Study of Food Allergy. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2223:1-17. [PMID: 33226583 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1001-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models of allergic disease offer numerous advantages when compared to the models of other animals. However, selection of appropriate mouse models is critical to advance the field of food allergy by revealing mechanisms of allergy and for testing novel therapeutic approaches. All current mouse models for food allergy have weaknesses that may limit their applicability to human disease. Aspects such as the genetic predisposition to allergy or tolerance from the strain of mouse used, allergen dose, route of exposure (oral, intranasal, intraperitoneal, or epicutaneous), damage of the epithelial barrier, use of adjuvants, food matrix effects, or composition of the microbiota should be considered prior to the selection of a specific murine model and contemplated according to the intended purpose of the study. This chapter reviews our current knowledge on the application of mouse models to food allergy research and the variables that may influence the successful development of each type of model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Benedé
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Nutten S, Schuh S, Dutter T, Heine RG, Kuslys M. Design, quality, safety and efficacy of extensively hydrolyzed formula for management of cow's milk protein allergy: What are the challenges? ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2020; 93:147-204. [PMID: 32711862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergies in infancy. Clinical food allergy guidelines recommend an extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) as the first-line treatment in nonbreastfed infants with CMPA. Designing and commercializing EHF poses both technical and regulatory challenges. Each manufacturing step, from sourcing of raw materials to release of the final product, needs to be managed in accordance with comprehensive quality systems. To avoid cross-contamination via externally sourced ingredients, suppliers should be carefully selected based on quality requirements. Strict zoning of the manufacturing areas according to contamination risk and air flow control are effective strategies to prevent accidental allergen contamination. Furthermore, dedicated manufacturing lines for hypoallergenic products are used to prevent potential cross-contamination from other products produced on the same line. The enzymatic hydrolysis, heat treatment and ultrafiltration used are specific to each manufacturer. Consequently, EHF are a heterogenous group of products with differences in the molecular weight profile of peptides, content of residual immunogenic cow's milk allergens, and residual in-vitro allergenicity. These differences are likely to affect clinical efficacy and safety. As not all commercialized EHF products have undergone formal testing in the laboratory and clinical trials, there is a need to develop guidelines for minimum technical and regulatory requirements for EHF products, including validated assays for ongoing quality control. Clinical trials assessing new EHF products for their hypoallergenicity and ability to support normal growth remain the definitive proof of efficacy and safety in infants and young children with CMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susanne Schuh
- Nestlé Research and Development, Konolfingen, Switzerland
| | - Thibaut Dutter
- Nestlé Research and Development, Konolfingen, Switzerland
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Ladics GS. Assessment of the potential allergenicity of genetically-engineered food crops. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 16:43-53. [PMID: 30409058 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1533904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive safety assessment process exists for genetically-engineered (GE) crops. The assessment includes an evaluation of the introduced protein as well as the crop containing the protein with the goal of demonstrating the GE crop is "as-safe-as" non-GE crops in the food supply. One of the evaluations for GE crops is to assess the expressed protein for allergenic potential. Currently, no single factor is recognized as a predictor for protein allergenicity. Therefore, a weight-of-the-evidence approach, which accounts for a variety of factors and approaches for an overall assessment of allergenic potential, is conducted. This assessment includes an evaluation of the history of exposure and safety of the gene(s) source; protein structure (e.g. amino acid sequence identity to human allergens); stability of the protein to pepsin digestion in vitro; heat stability of the protein; glycosylation status; and when appropriate, specific IgE binding studies with sera from relevant clinically allergic subjects. Since GE crops were first commercialized over 20 years ago, there is no proof that the introduced novel protein(s) in any commercialized GE food crop has caused food allergy.
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Bøgh KL, van Bilsen J, Głogowski R, López-Expósito I, Bouchaud G, Blanchard C, Bodinier M, Smit J, Pieters R, Bastiaan-Net S, de Wit N, Untersmayr E, Adel-Patient K, Knippels L, Epstein MM, Noti M, Nygaard UC, Kimber I, Verhoeckx K, O'Mahony L. Current challenges facing the assessment of the allergenic capacity of food allergens in animal models. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:21. [PMID: 27313841 PMCID: PMC4910256 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health problem of increasing concern. The insufficiency of protein sources for human nutrition in a world with a growing population is also a significant problem. The introduction of new protein sources into the diet, such as newly developed innovative foods or foods produced using new technologies and production processes, insects, algae, duckweed, or agricultural products from third countries, creates the opportunity for development of new food allergies, and this in turn has driven the need to develop test methods capable of characterizing the allergenic potential of novel food proteins. There is no doubt that robust and reliable animal models for the identification and characterization of food allergens would be valuable tools for safety assessment. However, although various animal models have been proposed for this purpose, to date, none have been formally validated as predictive and none are currently suitable to test the allergenic potential of new foods. Here, the design of various animal models are reviewed, including among others considerations of species and strain, diet, route of administration, dose and formulation of the test protein, relevant controls and endpoints measured.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Iván López-Expósito
- Department of Bioactivity and Food Analysis, Institute for Food Science Research (CIAL) (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raymond Pieters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Bastiaan-Net
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Wit
- Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karine Adel-Patient
- UMR-INRA-CEA, Service de Pharmacologie et d'Immunoanalyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leon Knippels
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands ; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M Epstein
- Experimental Allergy Laboratory, DIAID, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Noti
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos Platz, Switzerland
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Abstract
The present review examines the pig as a model for physiological studies in human subjects related to nutrient sensing, appetite regulation, gut barrier function, intestinal microbiota and nutritional neuroscience. The nutrient-sensing mechanisms regarding acids (sour), carbohydrates (sweet), glutamic acid (umami) and fatty acids are conserved between humans and pigs. In contrast, pigs show limited perception of high-intensity sweeteners and NaCl and sense a wider array of amino acids than humans. Differences on bitter taste may reflect the adaptation to ecosystems. In relation to appetite regulation, plasma concentrations of cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 are similar in pigs and humans, while peptide YY in pigs is ten to twenty times higher and ghrelin two to five times lower than in humans. Pigs are an excellent model for human studies for vagal nerve function related to the hormonal regulation of food intake. Similarly, the study of gut barrier functions reveals conserved defence mechanisms between the two species particularly in functional permeability. However, human data are scant for some of the defence systems and nutritional programming. The pig model has been valuable for studying the changes in human microbiota following nutritional interventions. In particular, the use of human flora-associated pigs is a useful model for infants, but the long-term stability of the implanted human microbiota in pigs remains to be investigated. The similarity of the pig and human brain anatomy and development is paradigmatic. Brain explorations and therapies described in pig, when compared with available human data, highlight their value in nutritional neuroscience, particularly regarding functional neuroimaging techniques.
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9
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Ott H. Nahrungsmittelanaphylaxie im Kindesalter. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-014-3133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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A BALB/c mouse model for assessing the potential allergenicity of proteins: comparison of allergen dose, sensitization frequency, timepoint and sex. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:41-7. [PMID: 23969083 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present study was to investigate the possibility of using the BALB/c mouse as an animal model for assessing the potential allergenicity of proteins. Specific IgE and IgG1 against ovalbumin were induced by dosing BALB/c mice via intraperitoneal injection (absence of adjuvant). The effects of various allergen doses (5 mg, 0.5 mg or 0.05 mg OVA), sensitization times (twice or five times), timepoints (day 14 or day 28) and sex (male or female) were studied. IL-4, IFN-γ, OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A general finding was that mice treated with 0.05 mg OVA had the highest OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, statistically significant higher specific IgE and IgG1 were observed in groups sensitized five times than twice, OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 on day 28 were statistically higher than day 14, and higher IL-4 was observed in OVA-allergic mice than control mice. These results demonstrate that the BALB/c mouse model treated with 0.05 mg OVA intraperitoneally on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 might be used for further experiments. OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 should be detected on day 28. Further studies including reproducibility and other conditions were required before using the BALB/c mouse model for assessing the potential allergenicity of proteins.
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12
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Van Gramberg JL, de Veer MJ, O'Hehir RE, Meeusen ENT, Bischof RJ. Use of animal models to investigate major allergens associated with food allergy. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:635695. [PMID: 23690797 PMCID: PMC3649177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an emerging epidemic that affects all age groups, with the highest prevalence rates being reported amongst Western countries such as the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia. The development of animal models to test various food allergies has been beneficial in allowing more rapid and extensive investigations into the mechanisms involved in the allergic pathway, such as predicting possible triggers as well as the testing of novel treatments for food allergy. Traditionally, small animal models have been used to characterise immunological pathways, providing the foundation for the development of numerous allergy models. Larger animals also merit consideration as models for food allergy as they are thought to more closely reflect the human allergic state due to their physiology and outbred nature. This paper will discuss the use of animal models for the investigation of the major food allergens; cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut/other tree nuts, highlight the distinguishing features of each of these models, and provide an overview of how the results from these trials have improved our understanding of these specific allergens and food allergy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Van Gramberg
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J. de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Els N. T. Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Peanut Allergenicity and Cross-Reactivity with Pea Proteins in the In Vivo Model. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/v10222-012-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Oda S, Uchida K, Wang X, Lee J, Shimada Y, Tominaga M, Kadowaki M. TRPM2 contributes to antigen-stimulated Ca²⁺ influx in mucosal mast cells. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1023-30. [PMID: 23371039 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy (FA) is a common allergic disease without any currently available effective drug therapies. Mucosal mast cells (MMCs) play a particularly important role in FA, and the increase in their cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) is considered to be a principal component of the degranulation process. However, the mechanisms governing Ca(2+) influx remain poorly understood in MMCs. Recent reports have highlighted the functions of the transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channel in immunocytes, including its role in monocyte chemokine production and macrophage phagocytic activity. Although TRPM2 gene expression has been demonstrated in mast cells, the significance of such expression remains virtually unknown. In this study, we found that antigen-stimulated degranulation was significantly reduced in mucosal-type bone marrow-derived mast cells (mBMMCs) prepared from TRPM2-knockout (TRPM2-KO) mice (TRPM2-KO mBMMCs) and was suppressed following the administration of three TRPM2 inhibitors with different chemical structures, including econazole, flufenamic acid (FFA), and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate. Furthermore, the antigen-stimulated increase in [Ca(2+)]cyt was significantly decreased in TRPM2-KO mBMMCs and was also suppressed by the TRPM2 inhibitors econazole and FFA. In addition, thapsigargin-induced increase in [Ca(2+)]cyt was significantly decreased in TRPM2-KO mBMMCs. These results suggest that TRPM2 may participate in antigen-induced extracellular Ca(2+) influx and subsequent degranulation. In addition, TRPM2 inhibitors were shown to improve food allergic reactions in a mouse model. Together, these results suggest that TRPM2 inhibitors suppress MMC degranulation via regulation of the increase in [Ca(2+)]cyt. Thus, TRPM2 may play a key role in degranulation by modulating intracellular Ca(2+) in MMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Oda
- Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Schmidt B, Mulder IE, Musk CC, Aminov RI, Lewis M, Stokes CR, Bailey M, Prosser JI, Gill BP, Pluske JR, Kelly D. Establishment of normal gut microbiota is compromised under excessive hygiene conditions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28284. [PMID: 22164261 PMCID: PMC3229561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early gut colonization events are purported to have a major impact on the incidence of infectious, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in later life. Hence, factors which influence this process may have important implications for both human and animal health. Previously, we demonstrated strong influences of early-life environment on gut microbiota composition in adult pigs. Here, we sought to further investigate the impact of limiting microbial exposure during early life on the development of the pig gut microbiota. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Outdoor- and indoor-reared animals, exposed to the microbiota in their natural rearing environment for the first two days of life, were transferred to an isolator facility and adult gut microbial diversity was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. From a total of 2,196 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences, 440 phylotypes were identified in the outdoor group and 431 phylotypes in the indoor group. The majority of clones were assigned to the four phyla Firmicutes (67.5% of all sequences), Proteobacteria (17.7%), Bacteroidetes (13.5%) and to a lesser extent, Actinobacteria (0.1%). Although the initial maternal and environmental microbial inoculum of isolator-reared animals was identical to that of their naturally-reared littermates, the microbial succession and stabilization events reported previously in naturally-reared outdoor animals did not occur. In contrast, the gut microbiota of isolator-reared animals remained highly diverse containing a large number of distinct phylotypes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results documented here indicate that establishment and development of the normal gut microbiota requires continuous microbial exposure during the early stages of life and this process is compromised under conditions of excessive hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schmidt
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Imke E. Mulder
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Corran C. Musk
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Rustam I. Aminov
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Lewis
- Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R. Stokes
- Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Bailey
- Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Immunity, School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Prosser
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Bhupinder P. Gill
- Agricultural and Horticultural Development Board, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Denise Kelly
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Husain M, Boermans HJ, Karrow NA. Mesenteric lymph node transcriptome profiles in BALB/c mice sensitized to three common food allergens. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:12. [PMID: 21211037 PMCID: PMC3023748 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food allergy is a serious health concern among infants and young children. Although immunological mechanism of food allergy is well documented, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in food allergen sensitization have not been well characterized. Therefore, the present study analyzed the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) transcriptome profiles of BALB/c mice in response to three common food allergens. Results Microarray analysis identified a total of 1361, 533 and 488 differentially expressed genes in response to β-lactoglobulin (BLG) from cow's milk, ovalbumin (OVA) from hen's egg white and peanut agglutinin (PNA) sensitizations, respectively (p < 0.05). A total of 150 genes were commonly expressed in all antigen sensitized groups. The expression of seven representative genes from microarray experiment was validated by real-time RT-PCR. All allergens induced significant ear swelling and serum IgG1 concentrations, whereas IgE concentrations were increased in BLG- and PNA-treated mice (p < 0.05). Treatment with OVA and PNA significantly induced plasma histamine concentrations (p < 0.05). The PCA demonstrated the presence of allergen-specific IgE in the serum of previously sensitized and challenged mice. Conclusions Immunological profiles indicate that the allergen dosages used are sufficient to sensitize the BALB/c mice and to conduct transcriptome profiling. Microarray studies identified several differentially expressed genes in the sensitization phase of the food allergy. These findings will help to better understand the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of food allergen sensitizations and may be useful in identifying the potential biomarkers of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mainul Husain
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Application of food and feed safety assessment principles to evaluate transgenic approaches to gene modulation in crops. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1773-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ladics G, Knippels L, Penninks A, Bannon G, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C. Review of animal models designed to predict the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in genetically modified crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:212-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
A brief historical perspective of immunotoxicology is presented describing the early development of predictive screening tests to identify xenobiotics that may cause immunosuppression or skin sensitization. This includes a discussion of the evolution of the discipline to support a better understanding of basic -science and improvement of human risk assessment. The last section describes the need for additional validated screening tests and recent efforts to address this gap in the other areas of immunotoxicology including food and respiratory allergy, autoimmunity and immunostimulation.
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Aldemir H, Bars R, Herouet-Guicheney C. Murine models for evaluating the allergenicity of novel proteins and foods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:S52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Herouet-Guicheney C, Aldemir H, Bars R, de Barbeyrac D, Kennel P, Rouquié D, Stahl BU, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Inter-laboratory comparisons of assessment of the allergenic potential of proteins in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:141-8. [PMID: 18937215 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of the potential allergenicity of novel proteins, including those expressed in genetically modified plants, is an important issue. In previous studies, we have shown that the IgE measurement induced by systemic exposure of BALB/c mice to a range of proteins correlates broadly with what is known of their allergenic potential in humans. The approach used a homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay that reflects IgE-dependent biological activity and is of sufficient sensitivity to detect IgE production in the absence of adjuvant. In previous studies, the immunization phase was conducted independently in two separate facilities, and the subsequent analytical work (PCA) conducted in a single facility. The purpose here was to further evaluate the transferability of this approach. To this end, BALB/c mice were exposed to a range of doses of peanut agglutinin or ovalbumin, allergenic proteins of peanut and hen's egg, respectively, in two independent laboratories. Serial doubling dilutions of serum pooled for each treatment group were analyzed for specific IgE. At higher doses of allergen very similar, or identical, IgE titers were achieved in both laboratories, although at lower doses, responses were somewhat more variable. These data demonstrate that, although technically demanding, the measurement of protein allergen-induced IgE antibody production in mice using PCA is relatively robust and is transferable and reproducible between laboratories. This approach may provide a useful tool for the safety assessment of novel proteins and suggests that continued evaluation of the approach with a wider range of protein allergens and non-sensitising proteins is justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Herouet-Guicheney
- Bayer CropScience, BP153, 355 rue Dostoïevski, 06130 Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Thomas K, MacIntosh S, Bannon G, Herouet-Guicheney C, Holsapple M, Ladics G, McClain S, Vieths S, Woolhiser M, Privalle L. Scientific advancement of novel protein allergenicity evaluation: an overview of work from the HESI Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee (2000-2008). Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1041-50. [PMID: 19425225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The safety assessment of genetically modified crops includes the evaluation for potential allergenicity. The current 'state-of-the-science' utilizes a weight of evidence approach, as outlined by the Codex Alimentarius commission (Alinorm 03/34 A), recognizing no single endpoint is predictive of the allergenic potential of a novel protein. This approach evaluates: whether the gene source is allergenic, sequence similarity to known allergens, and protein resistance to pepsin in vitro. If concerns are identified, serological studies may be necessary to determine if a protein has IgE binding similar to known allergens. Since there was a lack of standardized/validated methods to conduct the allergenicity assessment, a committee was assembled under the International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute to address this issue. Over the last eight years, the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee has convened workshops and symposia with allergy experts and government authorities to refine methods that underpin the assessment for potential protein allergenicity. This publication outlines this ongoing effort, summarizing workshops and formal meetings, referencing publications, and highlighting outreach activities. The purpose is to (1) outline 'the state-of-the-science' in predicting protein allergenicity in the context of current international recommendations for novel protein safety assessment, and (2) identify approaches that can be improved and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karluss Thomas
- International Life Sciences Institute, Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth Street, NW, Second Floor, Washington, DC 20005, United States
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Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Animal models of protein allergenicity: potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:458-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Utility of animal models for predicting human allergenicity. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:S46-51. [PMID: 19186207 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical characterization of protein structures has led to a better understanding of allergens, their structure/function relationship, and can be very powerful in identifying protein sequences with significant structural similarity to known allergens. However, for scientists, regulators and food manufacturers there exists a need for acquiring additional data on potential allergenicity of proteins, particularly, biotechnology derived molecules in food products for which minimal or no prior human exposure information is available. Since human exposure testing, while direct, is unacceptable, understanding allergy in animals has been used to investigate the allergic response on a molecular level as well as test the potential in vivo allergenicity of food proteins. Rodents seem to be the most likely candidate for assessing allergenicity. For development of an animal test system for allergenicity characterization and testing, a number of criteria are required for qualification for a model of human allergy including acceptable immunization protocols, allergic response measurements, and for standardization and validation of materials and procedures. If an animal test system can minimally provide a basis for measuring the relative physiological response to known allergens, this should be enough to establish a model that produces a relative measure of potential allergenicity. Our article will consider development of an adequate animal model for allergenicity determination that can be validated as a tool in safety assessments.
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Yang M, Mine Y. Novel T-cell epitopes of ovalbumin in BALB/c mouse: potential for peptide-immunotherapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 378:203-8. [PMID: 19022223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of food allergen T-cell epitopes provides a platform for the development of novel immunotherapies. Despite extensive knowledge of the physicochemical properties of hen ovalbumin (OVA), a major egg allergen, the complete T-cell epitope map of OVA has surprisingly not been defined in the commonly used BALB/c mouse model. In this study, spleen cells obtained from OVA-sensitized mice were incubated in the presence of 12-mer overlapping synthetic peptides, constructed using the SPOTS((R)) synthesis method. Proliferative activity was assessed by 72-h in vitro assays with use of the tetrazolium salt WST-1 and led to identification of four mitogenic sequences, i.e., A39R50, S147R158, K263E274, and A329E340. ELISA analyses of interferon (IFN)-gamma and interleukin (IL)-4 productions in cell culture supernatants upon stimulation with increasing concentrations of peptides confirmed their immunogenicity. Knowledge of the complete T-cell epitope map of OVA opens the way to a number of experimental investigations, including the exploration of peptide-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 435 Gordon Street, Building 38, Room 228, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G2W1
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Identifying food proteins with allergenic potential: evolution of approaches to safety assessment and research to provide additional tools. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 54:S2-6. [PMID: 19028539 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A safety assessment process exists for genetically engineered crops that includes the evaluation of the expressed protein for allergenic potential. The objectives of this evaluation are twofold: (1) to protect allergic consumers from exposure to known allergenic or cross-reactive proteins, and (2) protect the general population from risks associated with the introduction of genes encoding proteins that are likely to become food allergens. The first systematic approach to address these concerns was formulated by Metcalfe et al. [Metcalfe, D.D., Astwood, J.D., Townsend, R., Sampson, H.A., Taylor, S.L., and Fuchs, R.L. 1996. Assessment of the allergenic potential of foods from genetically engineered crop plants. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 36(5), 165-186.] and subsequently Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) [FAO/WHO, 2001. Evaluation of allergenicity of genetically modified foods. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Allergenicity of Foods Derived from Biotechnology. January 22-25, 2001. Rome, Italy]. More recently, Codex [Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2003. Alinorm 03/34: Joint FAO/WHO Food Standard Programme, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Twenty-Fifth Session, Rome, Italy, 30 June-5 July, 2003. Appendix III, Guideline for the conduct of food safety assessment of foods derived from recombinant-DNA plants, and Appendix IV, Annex on the assessment of possible allergenicity. pp. 47-60], noting that no single factor is recognized as an identifier for protein allergenicity, suggested a weight of evidence approach be conducted that takes into account a variety of factors and approaches for an overall assessment of allergenic potential. These various recommendations are based on what is known about allergens, including the history of exposure and safety of the gene(s) source; amino acid sequence identity to human allergens; stability to pepsin digestion in vitro; protein abundance in the crop and processing effects; and when appropriate, specific IgE binding studies or skin-prick testing. Similarities and differences between these various suggested recommendations, as well as data gaps, are discussed. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Office of Research and Development (ORD) has initiated a targeted research effort to address data gaps and improve the various recommended methods/endpoints for assessing the allergenic risks associated with plant incorporated pesticides (PIPs) through both intramural and extramural (grant supported) research. The areas of primary focus for EPA include: (1) development and evaluation of animal models; (2) targeted or specific serological assays; and (3) structure-activity relationships. Details on the current as well as proposed EPA funded research are discussed. More recently US EPA has partnered with the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health to support research in areas of mutual interest with respect to food allergy.
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Dose-dependent food allergy induction against ovalbumin under acid-suppression: a murine food allergy model. Immunol Lett 2008; 121:45-51. [PMID: 18824031 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal models are essential for analyzing the allergenic potential of food proteins and for investigating mechanisms underlying food allergy. Based on previous studies revealing acid-suppression medication as risk factor for food allergy induction, we aimed to establish a mouse model mimicking the natural route of sensitization in patients. METHODS The effect of acid-suppressing medication on murine gastric pH was assessed by intragastric pH measurements after two injections of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). To investigate dose-dependency, mice were fed different concentrations of ovalbumin (OVA; 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0mg) either with or without anti-ulcer medication. Additionally, different routes of exposure (i.p. vs. oral) were compared in a second immunization experiment. Sera were screened for OVA-specific antibody titers (IgG1, IgG2a and IgE) in ELISA and RBL assay. Clinical reactivity was evaluated by measuring rectal temperature after oral challenge and by type I skin tests. RESULTS Two intravenous injections of PPI significantly elevated the gastric pH from 2.97 to 5.3. Only oral immunization with 0.2mg OVA under anti-acid medication rendered elevated IgG1, IgG2a and IgE titers compared to all other concentrations. Protein feeding alone altered antibody titers only marginally. Even though also i.p. immunizations induced high levels of specific IgE, only oral immunizations under anti-acids induced anaphylactic reactions evidenced by a significant decrease of body temperature. CONCLUSION Only low-dosage ovalbumin feedings under anti-acid medication resulted in IgE mediated food allergy. Based on this knowledge we have established a suitable food allergy model for further investigations of food adverse reactions.
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Thomas K, Herouet-Guicheney C, Ladics G, McClain S, MacIntosh S, Privalle L, Woolhiser M. Current and future methods for evaluating the allergenic potential of proteins: international workshop report 23-25 October 2007. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46:3219-25. [PMID: 18656521 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The International Life Science Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute's Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee hosted an international workshop October 23-25, 2007, in Nice, France, to review and discuss existing and emerging methods and techniques for improving the current weight-of-evidence approach for evaluating the potential allergenicity of novel proteins. The workshop included over 40 international experts from government, industry, and academia. Their expertise represented a range of disciplines including immunology, chemistry, molecular biology, bioinformatics, and toxicology. Among participants, there was consensus that (1) current bioinformatic approaches are highly conservative; (2) advances in bioinformatics using structural comparisons of proteins may be helpful as the availability of structural data increases; (3) proteomics may prove useful for monitoring the natural variability in a plant's proteome and assessing the impact of biotechnology transformations on endogenous levels of allergens, but only when analytical techniques have been standardized and additional data are available on the natural variation of protein expression in non-transgenic bred plants; (4) basophil response assays are promising techniques, but need additional evaluation around specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility; (5) additional research is required to develop and validate an animal model for the purpose of predicting protein allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karluss Thomas
- International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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Goodman RE, Vieths S, Sampson HA, Hill D, Ebisawa M, Taylor SL, van Ree R. Allergenicity assessment of genetically modified crops—what makes sense? Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:73-81. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Chapter 2: Recent Developments in the Safety and Nutritional Assessment of Nutritionally Improved Foods and Feeds. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2007.00029_4.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 7:288-90. [PMID: 17489050 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3281fbd52a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fujita M, Baba R, Shimamoto M, Sakuma Y, Fujimoto S. Molecular morphology of the digestive tract; macromolecules and food allergens are transferred intact across the intestinal absorptive cells during the neonatal-suckling period. Med Mol Morphol 2007; 40:1-7. [PMID: 17384982 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-006-0346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Food allergies represent an important medical problem throughout the developed world. The epithelium of the digestive tract is an important area of contact between the organism and its external environment. Accordingly, we must reconsider the transport of intestinal transepithelial macromolecules, including food allergens, in vivo. The intestinal epithelium of the neonatal-suckling rat is a useful model system for studies into endocytosis and transcytosis. Macromolecules and food allergens can be transferred intact with maternal immunoglobulins across the absorptive cells of duodenum and jejunum during the neonatal-suckling period. This review summarizes these observations as well as our recent molecular morphological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Fujita
- Graduate School of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Nakamura Gakuen University, 5-7-1 Befu, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0198, Japan.
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Lunney JK. Advances in swine biomedical model genomics. Int J Biol Sci 2007; 3:179-84. [PMID: 17384736 PMCID: PMC1802015 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is a short update on the diversity of swine biomedical models and the importance of genomics in their continued development. The swine has been used as a major mammalian model for human studies because of the similarity in size and physiology, and in organ development and disease progression. The pig model allows for deliberately timed studies, imaging of internal vessels and organs using standard human technologies, and collection of repeated peripheral samples and, at kill, detailed mucosal tissues. The ability to use pigs from the same litter, or cloned or transgenic pigs, facilitates comparative analyses and genetic mapping. The availability of numerous well defined cell lines, representing a broad range of tissues, further facilitates testing of gene expression, drug susceptibility, etc. Thus the pig is an excellent biomedical model for humans. For genomic applications it is an asset that the pig genome has high sequence and chromosome structure homology with humans. With the swine genome sequence now well advanced there are improving genetic and proteomic tools for these comparative analyses. The review will discuss some of the genomic approaches used to probe these models. The review will highlight genomic studies of melanoma and of infectious disease resistance, discussing issues to consider in designing such studies. It will end with a short discussion of the potential for genomic approaches to develop new alternatives for control of the most economically important disease of pigs, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), and the potential for applying knowledge gained with this virus for human viral infectious disease studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan K Lunney
- APDL, BARC, ARS, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Mine Y, Yang M. Epitope characterization of ovalbumin in BALB/c mice using different entry routes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1774:200-12. [PMID: 17236828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovalbumin (OVA) is known as a major allergen in egg white. A number of studies have reported the partial T and B cell epitope mapping of OVA using murine models and allergic patients' sera. Recently, we have reported the IgE-binding regions of the entire OVA molecule using egg allergic patients' sera. However, the entire epitope mapping of OVA in a murine model has not been completed yet. In the present study, BALB/c mice were administered a solution of OVA using three different entry routes (oral, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) with their respective adjuvant (cholera toxin, aluminum hydroxide and Freund's adjuvant). Two nitrocellulose membranes containing 188 overlapping synthetic peptides (with a length of 12 amino acids and an offset of two amino acids) covering the primary sequence of OVA, were probed with the three different BALB/c mice antisera. Antisera obtained from orally challenged mice identified eight IgE epitope regions, i.e. I53D60; V77R84; S103E108; G127T136; E275V280; G301F306; I323A332 and A375S384, while sera raised by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections exhibited two (K55D60 and K277L282) and five (K55R58; G127T136; K279L282; T303S308 and I323A332) IgE binding sequences, respectively. The residues critical for the epitope-paratope interactions were finely characterized using the oral immunization serum. Analysis of IgE binding epitopes in mice provides us with potential strategies for design of specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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