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Yu P, Chen W, Jiang L, Jia Y, Xu X, Shen W, Jin N, Du H. Olfactory dysfunction and the role of stem cells in the regeneration of olfactory neurons. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29948. [PMID: 38694081 PMCID: PMC11058886 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of COVID-19 has drawn increasing attention to olfactory dysfunction among researchers. Olfactory dysfunction manifests in various clinical types, influenced by numerous pathogenic factors. Despite this diversity, the underlying pathogenesis remains largely elusive, contributing to a lack of standardized treatment approaches. However, the potential regeneration of olfactory neurons within the nasal cavity presents a promising avenue for addressing olfactory dysfunction effectively. Our review aims to delve into the current research landscape and treatment modalities concerning olfactory dysfunction, emphasizing etiology, pathogenesis, clinical interventions, and the role of stem cells in regenerating olfactory nerves. Through this comprehensive examination, we aim to provide valuable insights into understanding the onset, progression, and treatment of olfactory dysfunction diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiguan Chen
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Jiang
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yufeng Jia
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiye Shen
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ni Jin
- Operating Room, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongjie Du
- Department of Otolaryngology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, China
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2
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Rueda-García V, Rondón-Barragán IS. Molecular Characterization of Neurogranin (NRGN) Gene from Red‑Bellied Pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2620-2630. [PMID: 37922064 PMCID: PMC11043121 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurogranin (NRGN) is a small brain protein expressed in various telencephalic areas and plays an essential role in synaptic plasticity by regulating the availability of calmodulin (CaM). The study aims to characterize the neurogranin gene in Colombian native fish, red-bellied pacu, Piaractus brachypomus, its basal tissue expression and differential expression in brain injury and sublethal toxicity by organophosphates. NRGN gene contains an open reading frame of 183 nucleotides encoding for 60 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed an IQ motif necessary in the interaction with CaM. NRGN mRNA was detected in tissues with higher expression in brain, gills, and head kidney. In brain regions, NRGN showed high expression in the telencephalon (TE) and olfactory bulb (OB). In the sublethal toxicity experiment, NRGN mRNA was upregulated in individuals under organophosphate exposure in the OB and optic chiasm (OC). In brain injury experiment, NRGN showed upregulation at 14 days in OC and at 24 h and 7 days in TE. These findings demonstrate the differential expression of NRGN under different experimental conditions which make it a candidate for a biomarker in the brain of P. brachypomus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Rueda-García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Building 33 L105, 730002, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Tolima, Building 33 L105, 730002, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia.
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Vance DE, Del Bene VA, Kamath V, Frank JS, Billings R, Cho DY, Byun JY, Jacob A, Anderson JN, Visscher K, Triebel K, Martin KM, Li W, Puga F, Fazeli PL. Does Olfactory Training Improve Brain Function and Cognition? A Systematic Review. Neuropsychol Rev 2024; 34:155-191. [PMID: 36725781 PMCID: PMC9891899 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09573-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory training (OT), or smell training,consists of repeated exposure to odorants over time with the intended neuroplastic effect of improving or remediating olfactory functioning. Declines in olfaction parallel declines in cognition in various pathological conditions and aging. Research suggests a dynamic neural connection exists between olfaction and cognition. Thus, if OT can improve olfaction, could OT also improve cognition and support brain function? To answer this question, we conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine whether there is evidence that OT translates to improved cognition or altered brain morphology and connectivity that supports cognition. Across three databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, & Embase), 18 articles were identified in this systematic review. Overall, the reviewed studies provided emerging evidence that OT is associated with improved global cognition, and in particular, verbal fluency and verbal learning/memory. OT is also associated with increases in the volume/size of olfactory-related brain regions, including the olfactory bulb and hippocampus, and altered functional connectivity. Interestingly, these positive effects were not limited to patients with smell loss (i.e., hyposmia & anosmia) but normosmic (i.e., normal ability to smell) participants benefitted as well. Implications for practice and research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Vance
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Victor A Del Bene
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vidyulata Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Sandson Frank
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Billings
- UAB Libraries, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, University of Alabama at Birmingham, & Division of Otolaryngology, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jun Y Byun
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexandra Jacob
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joseph N Anderson
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristina Visscher
- Department of Neurobiology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kristen Triebel
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karli M Martin
- School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Frank Puga
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pariya L Fazeli
- School of Nursing, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1701 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, USA
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4
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Chen Y, Ren P, He X, Yan F, Gu R, Bai J, Zhang X. Olfactory bulb neurogenesis depending on signaling in the subventricular zone. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11102-11111. [PMID: 37746807 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is a crucial sense that is essential for the well-being and survival of individuals. Olfactory bulb (OB) is the first olfactory relay station, and its function depends on newly generated neurons from the subventricular zone (SVZ). These newly born neurons constantly migrate through the rostral migratory stream to integrate into existing neural networks within the OB, thereby contributing to olfactory information processing. However, the mechanisms underlying the contribution of SVZ adult neurogenesis to OB neurogenesis remain largely elusive. Adult neurogenesis is a finely regulated multistep process involving the proliferation of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) and neural precursor cells, as well as the migration and differentiation of neuroblasts, and integration of newly generated neurons into preexisting neuronal circuitries. Recently, extensive studies have explored the mechanism of SVZ and OB neurogenesis. This review focused on elucidating various molecules and signaling pathways associated with OB neurogenesis dependent on the SVZ function. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the OB neurogenesis on the adult brain is an attractive prospect to induce aNSCs in SVZ to generate new neurons to ameliorate olfactory dysfunction that is involved in various diseases. It will also contribute to developing new strategies for the human aNSCs-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Ren
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiongjie He
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fang Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Rou Gu
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xianwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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5
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Han SA, Kim JK, Cho DY, Patel ZM, Rhee CS. The Olfactory System: Basic Anatomy and Physiology for General Otorhinolaryngologists. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 16:308-316. [PMID: 37669740 PMCID: PMC10710919 DOI: 10.21053/ceo.2023.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfaction is one of the five basic human senses, and it is known to be one of the most primitive senses. The sense of olfaction may have been critical for human survival in prehistoric society, and although many believe its importance has diminished over time, it continues to have an impact on human interaction, bonding, and propagation of the species. Even if we are unaware of it, the sense of smell greatly affects our lives and is closely related to overall quality of life and health. Nonetheless, olfaction has been neglected from a scientific perspective compared to other senses. However, olfaction has recently received substantial attention since the loss of smell and taste has been noted as a key symptom of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Studies investigating olfaction loss in association with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have revealed that olfactory dysfunction can be both conductive and sensorineural, possibly causing structural changes in the brain. Olfactory training is an effective treatment for olfactory dysfunction, suggesting the reorganization of neural associations. A reduced ability to smell may also alert suspicion for neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders. Here, we summarize the basic knowledge that we, as otorhinolaryngologists, should have about the sense of smell and the peripheral and central olfactory pathways for managing and helping patients with olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun A Han
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kook Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Cho
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Zara M. Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chae-Seo Rhee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Sensory Organ Research Institute and Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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6
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De Luca R, Bonanno M, Rifici C, Quartarone A, Calabrò RS. Post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction: a scoping review of assessment and rehabilitation approaches. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1193406. [PMID: 37521284 PMCID: PMC10374209 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1193406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction (PTOD) consists of a complete or partial loss of olfactory function that may occur after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). PTOD may be linked to some neuropsychiatric features, such as social, cognitive and executive dysfunction, as well as behavioral symptoms, especially when TBI involves the orbito-frontal cortex. The diagnosis of PTOD is based on medical history and clinical data and it is supported by psychometric tests (i.e., subjective tools) as well as electrophysiological and neuroimaging measures (i.e., objective methods). The assessment methods allow monitoring the changes in olfactory function over time and help to establish the right therapeutic and rehabilitative approach. In this context, the use of the olfactory training (OT), which is a non-pharmacological and non-invasive treatment option, could promote olfactory function through top-down (central) and bottom-up (peripheral) processes. To better manage patients with TBI, PTOD should be detected early and properly treated using the various therapeutic rehabilitative possibilities, both conventional and advanced, also taking into consideration the emerging neuromodulation approach.
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Takahashi K, Tsuji M, Nakagawasai O, Katsuyama S, Hong L, Miyagawa K, Kurokawa K, Mochida-Saito A, Takeda H, Tadano T. Donepezil prevents olfactory dysfunction and α-synuclein aggregation in the olfactory bulb by enhancing autophagy in zinc sulfate-treated mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 438:114175. [PMID: 36309244 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with marked olfactory dysfunction observed in the early stages. Clinical studies reported that acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil (DNP) attenuated this deficit; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to examine the effects and underlying mechanisms of DNP on olfactory deficits in zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) nasal-treated mice, which were used as a model of reversible olfactory impairment. We evaluated olfactory function using the buried food finding test and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) using immunohistochemistry. Finally, we measured the expression of doublecortin (DCX), neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN), olfactory marker protein, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), tryptophan hydroxylase 2, glutamic acid decarboxylase 67, p-α-synuclein (Ser129), α-synuclein, p-AMPK, p-p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) (Thr389), LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ, and p-p62 in the olfactory bulb (OB) by western blotting. On day 7 after treatment, ZnSO4-treated mice exhibited prolonged time to find the buried food, cell proliferation enhancement in the SVZ, increased NeuN, p-α-synuclein (Ser129), and α-synuclein levels, and decreased DCX and TH levels in the OB; except for TH, these changes normalized on day 14 after treatment. Repeated administration of DNP prevented the ZnSO4-induced changes on day 7 after treatment. Moreover, DNP increased p-AMPK and LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ, and decreased p-p70S6K and p-p62 (Ser351) levels in the OB, suggesting that DNP enhances autophagy in the OB. These findings indicate that DNP may help prevent olfactory dysfunction by autophagy that reduces α-synuclein aggregation via the AMPK/mTOC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan.
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan
| | - Soh Katsuyama
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmaceutics, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, 10281 Komuro, Kitaadachigun Inamachi, Saitama 362-0806, Japan
| | - Lihua Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Miyagawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kurokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Atsumi Mochida-Saito
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy at Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, 137-1 Enokizu, Okawa, Fukuoka 831-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tadano
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 981-8558, Japan; Department of Environment and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
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Konstantinidis I. Managing Post-traumatic Olfactory Disorders. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-022-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose of Review
This study aims to summarize and critically review recent literature on management of post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction (PTOD) with emphasis on the diagnostic procedure and treatment options.
Recent Findings
Magnetic resonance imaging and olfactory testing are the basis of the diagnostic procedure. Time of diagnosis is critical as the most improvement occurs within the first year after trauma. Olfactory training and oral steroids seem to be a relatively evidence-based therapeutic option but with non-optimal results. Surgery has a limited place in the management of PTOD. Promising future options could be the development of olfactory implants and transplantation of olfactory epithelium or stem cells.
Summary
PTOD management is challenging as it has several pathogenetic mechanisms and relatively poor prognosis. Patients with olfactory impairment and head trauma have diminished quality of life, and increased risk for harmful events and development of depression. Thus, clinicians should not only focus to therapeutic options but equally to appropriate counseling to their patients in order to decrease risks of personal injury and improve their daily life.
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Marin C, Fuentes M, Alobid I, Tubita V, Rojas-Lechuga MJ, Mullol J. Olfactory Bulb Excitotoxicity as a Gap-Filling Mechanism Underlying the Link Between Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Secondary Neuronal Degeneration and Parkinson's Disease-Like Pathology. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:1025-1036. [PMID: 35067829 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing preclinical and clinical data supporting a potential association between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been suggested that the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity underlying TBI secondary neuronal degeneration (SND) might be associated with further development of PD. Interestingly, an accumulation of extracellular glutamate and olfactory dysfunction are both sharing pathological conditions in TBI and PD. The possible involvement of glutamate excitotoxicity in olfactory dysfunction has been recently described, however, the role of olfactory bulbs (OB) glutamate excitotoxicity as a possible mechanism involved in the association between TBI and PD-related neurodegeneration has not been investigated yet. We examined the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons (TH +), nigral α-synuclein expression, the striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) expression, and motor performance after bilateral OB N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxic lesions in rodents. Bulbar NMDA administration induced a decrease in the number of correct choices in the discrimination tests one week after lesions (p < 0.01) and a significant decrease in the number of nigral DAergic neurons (p < 0.01) associated with an increase in α-synuclein expression (p < 0.01). No significant striatal changes in DAT expression or motor alterations were observed. Our results show an association between TBI-induced SND and PD-related neurodegeneration suggesting that the OB excitotoxicity occurring in TBI SND may be a filling gap mechanism underlying the link between TBI and PD-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valeria Tubita
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Rojas-Lechuga
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), IDIBAPS-CELLEX, Department 2B, Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain. .,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Olfactory dysfunction is a prevalent condition affecting 5–15% of the general population, with significant impact on quality of life. This review summarizes the most recent and relevant literature in the treatment of olfactory dysfunction. Recent Findings Current evidence supports the short-term use of topical corticosteroids and systemic therapy. These treatments may occur in conjunction with olfactory training, which is well supported by the literature. While there are several additional treatments currently under investigation, meaningful conclusions are not yet able to be made regarding their efficacy. Summary The treatment of olfactory dysfunction is targeted at the suspected etiology when possible. After normal aging, chronic rhinosinusitis, post-infectious sequelae including as a result SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19), and head trauma are the most common causes. Current evidence supports the short-term use of topical corticosteroids and systemic therapy. Several additional treatments are under investigation but recommendations for their use cannot currently be made. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jafari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology and Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-6515, USA.
| | - Eric H Holbrook
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Huang T, Wei Y, Wu D. Effects of olfactory training on posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2021; 11:1102-1112. [PMID: 33486898 PMCID: PMC8358954 DOI: 10.1002/alr.22758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction is a clinical challenge due to refractory characteristics and limited therapeutic options. Olfactory training has been proved to be effective for olfactory dysfunction with varied etiologies. We pooled existing studies to evaluate the effects of olfactory training in patients with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction. METHODS A systematic literature review using PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted to identify studies assessing olfactory change in patients with posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction after olfactory training. RESULTS Of the initial 812 abstracts reviewed, 13 full-text articles were included. Clinically significant results after olfactory training were defined as an improvement of threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) score ≥6 or University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) score ≥4. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis, 36.31% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.28 to 0.45) of posttraumatic patients would achieve clinically significant results after olfactory training with a mean increase of TDI score of 4.61. CONCLUSION Olfactory training might be a promising modality for the treatment of posttraumatic olfactory dysfunction. More high-quality studies with controls are needed to clarify the effect of olfactory training on total olfactory performance and subcomponents of olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhao Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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12
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Mathis S, Le Masson G, Soulages A, Duval F, Carla L, Vallat JM, Solé G. Olfaction and anosmia: From ancient times to COVID-19. J Neurol Sci 2021; 425:117433. [PMID: 33848701 PMCID: PMC9755649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Olfaction, one of our five main qualitative sensory abilities, is the action of smelling or the capacity to smell. Olfactory impairment can be a sign of a medical problem, from a benign nasal/sinus problem up to a potentially serious brain injury. However, although clinicians (neurologists or not) usually test the olfactory nerves in specific clinical situations (for example, when a neurodegenerative disorder is suspected), they may omit such tests in many other situations. With the recent COVID-19 pandemic, the resurgence of anosmia has reminded us of the importance of testing this sensorineural function. We retrace here the main historical steps and discoveries concerning olfaction and anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Mathis
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Gwendal Le Masson
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Neurocentre François Magendie, Unité INSERM 1215, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Antoine Soulages
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; ALS Center, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Duval
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Louis Carla
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Michel Vallat
- Department and Laboratory of Neurology, National Reference Center for 'Rare Peripheral Neuropathies', University Hospital of Limoges (CHU Limoges), Dupuytren Hospital, 2 avenue Martin Luther King, 87042 Limoges, France
| | - Guilhem Solé
- Department of Neurology (Nerve-Muscle Unit), University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Grand Sud-Ouest' National Reference Center for neuromuscular disorders, University Hospital of Bordeaux (CHU Bordeaux), Pellegrin Hospital, 1 place Amélie Raba-Léon, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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13
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Su B, Bleier B, Wei Y, Wu D. Clinical Implications of Psychophysical Olfactory Testing: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment Outcome. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:646956. [PMID: 33815048 PMCID: PMC8012732 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.646956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose of Review Olfactory dysfunction dramatically impairs quality of life with a prevalence of 20% in the general adult population. Psychophysical olfactory testing has been widely used to evaluate the ability to smell due to its validated utility and feasibility in clinic. This review summarizes the current literature regarding psychophysical olfactory testing and the clinical relevance of the olfactory testing with different components. Furthermore, the review highlights the diagnosis and treatment value of olfactory subtests in patients with olfactory dysfunction. Recent Findings With the accumulation of studies of psychophysical olfactory testing in olfactory disorders, the clinical relevance of olfactory testing with different components is expanding. Different olfactory domains present with distinct olfactory processing and cortical activity. Psychophysical assessment of olfaction with three domains reveals different levels of olfactory processing and might assist with analyzing the pathophysiologic mechanism of the various olfactory disorders. Furthermore, olfactory thresholds provided the largest amount of non-redundant information to the olfactory diagnosis. Sinonasal olfactory dysfunction and non-sinonasal-related olfactory dysfunction are emerging classifications of smell disorders with certain characteristics of olfactory impairment and different responses to the therapy including steroids, sinus surgery, and olfactory training. Summary These recent advancements should promote the understanding of psychophysical olfactory testing, the association between individual subcomponents and neurophysiological processes, and pave the way for precision assessment and treatment of the olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihan Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Benjamin Bleier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Smell and Taste Center, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Almeida RF, Nonose Y, Ganzella M, Loureiro SO, Rocha A, Machado DG, Bellaver B, Fontella FU, Leffa DT, Pettenuzzo LF, Venturin GT, Greggio S, da Costa JC, Zimmer ER, Elisabetsky E, Souza DO. Antidepressant-Like Effects of Chronic Guanosine in the Olfactory Bulbectomy Mouse Model. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:701408. [PMID: 34421682 PMCID: PMC8371253 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.701408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) leads to pervasive changes in the health of afflicted patients. Despite advances in the understanding of MDD and its treatment, profound innovation is needed to develop fast-onset antidepressants with higher effectiveness. When acutely administered, the endogenous nucleoside guanosine (GUO) shows fast-onset antidepressant-like effects in several mouse models, including the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) rodent model. OBX is advocated to possess translational value and be suitable to assess the time course of depressive-like behavior in rodents. This study aimed at investigating the long-term behavioral and neurochemical effects of GUO in a mouse model of depression induced by bilateral bulbectomy (OBX). Mice were submitted to OBX and, after 14 days of recovery, received daily (ip) administration of 7.5 mg/kg GUO or 40 mg/kg imipramine (IMI) for 45 days. GUO and IMI reversed the OBX-induced hyperlocomotion and recognition memory impairment, hippocampal BDNF increase, and redox imbalance (ROS, NO, and GSH levels). GUO also mitigated the OBX-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10). Brain microPET imaging ([18F]FDG) shows that GUO also prevented the OBX-induced increase in hippocampal FDG metabolism. These results provide additional evidence for GUO antidepressant-like effects, associated with beneficial neurochemical outcomes relevant to counteract depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Farina Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Yasmine Nonose
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Neurobiology Department, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Samanta Oliveira Loureiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rocha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniele Guilhermano Machado
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bellaver
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Urruth Fontella
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Douglas T Leffa
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Outpatient Program & Development Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ferreira Pettenuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gianina Teribele Venturin
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Preclinical Imaging Center, Brain Institute (Brains) of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departament of Pharmacology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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