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Duranova H, Kuzelova L, Borotova P, Simora V, Fialkova V. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells as a Versatile Cellular Model System in Diverse Experimental Paradigms: An Ultrastructural Perspective. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2024; 30:419-439. [PMID: 38817111 DOI: 10.1093/mam/ozae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are primary cells isolated from the vein of an umbilical cord, extensively used in cardiovascular studies and medical research. These cells, retaining the characteristics of endothelial cells in vivo, serve as a valuable cellular model system for understanding vascular biology, endothelial dysfunction, pathophysiology of diseases such as atherosclerosis, and responses to different drugs or treatments. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been a cornerstone in revealing the detailed architecture of multiple cellular model systems including HUVECs, allowing researchers to visualize subcellular organelles, membrane structures, and cytoskeletal elements. Among them, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and nucleus can be meticulously examined to recognize alterations indicative of cellular responses to various stimuli. Importantly, Weibel-Palade bodies are characteristic secretory organelles found in HUVECs, which can be easily distinguished in the TEM. These distinctive structures also dynamically react to different factors through regulated exocytosis, resulting in complete or selective release of their contents. This detailed review summarizes the ultrastructural features of HUVECs and highlights the utility of TEM as a pivotal tool for analyzing HUVECs in diverse research frameworks, contributing valuable insights into the comprehension of HUVEC behavior and enriching our knowledge into the complexity of vascular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Duranova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Kuzelova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Institute of Biotechnology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Borotova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simora
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Fialkova
- AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Boonruangkan J, Farrokhi H, Rohith TM, Kwok S, Carney TJ, Su PC, Kim YJ. Label-free quantitative measurement of cardiovascular dynamics in a zebrafish embryo using frequency-comb-referenced-quantitative phase imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210182RR. [PMID: 34773396 PMCID: PMC8589177 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.11.116004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Real-time monitoring of the heart rate and blood flow is crucial for studying cardiovascular dysfunction, which leads to cardiovascular diseases. AIM This study aims at in-depth understanding of high-speed cardiovascular dynamics in a zebrafish embryo model for various biomedical applications via frequency-comb-referenced quantitative phase imaging (FCR-QPI). APPROACH Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) has emerged as a powerful technique in the field of biomedicine but has not been actively applied to the monitoring of circulatory/cardiovascular parameters, due to dynamic speckles and low frame rates. We demonstrate FCR-QPI to measure heart rate and blood flow in a zebrafish embryo. FCR-QPI utilizes a high-speed photodetector instead of a conventional camera, so it enables real-time monitoring of individual red blood cell (RBC) flow. RESULTS The average velocity of zebrafish's RBCs was measured from 192.5 to 608.8 μm / s at 24 to 28 hour-post-fertilization (hpf). In addition, the number of RBCs in a pulsatile blood flow was revealed to 16 cells/pulse at 48 hpf. The heart rates corresponded to 94 and 142 beats-per-minute at 24 and 48 hpf. CONCLUSIONS This approach will newly enable in-depth understanding of the cardiovascular dynamics in the zebrafish model and possible usage for drug discovery applications in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeranan Boonruangkan
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Singapore
| | - Hamid Farrokhi
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Singapore
| | - Thazhe M. Rohith
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Singapore
| | - Samuel Kwok
- Nanyang Technological University, Lee Kong Chian, School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Tom J. Carney
- Nanyang Technological University, Lee Kong Chian, School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Pei-Chen Su
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Singapore
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Singapore
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Satterfield BA, Dikilitas O, Safarova MS, Clarke SL, Tcheandjieu C, Zhu X, Bastarache L, Larson EB, Justice AE, Shang N, Rosenthal EA, Shah AS, Namjou-Khales B, Urbina EM, Wei WQ, Feng Q, Jarvik GP, Hebbring SJ, de Andrade M, Manolio TA, Assimes TL, Kullo IJ. Associations of Genetically Predicted Lp(a) (Lipoprotein [a]) Levels With Cardiovascular Traits in Individuals of European and African Ancestry. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2021; 14:e003354. [PMID: 34282949 PMCID: PMC8634549 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.120.003354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lp(a) (lipoprotein [a]) levels are higher in individuals of African ancestry (AA) than in individuals of European ancestry (EA). We examined associations of genetically predicted Lp(a) levels with (1) atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease subtypes: coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, and abdominal aortic aneurysm and (2) nonatherosclerotic cardiovascular disease phenotypes, stratified by ancestry. METHODS We performed (1) Mendelian randomization analyses for previously reported cardiovascular associations and (2) Mendelian randomization-phenome-wide association analyses for novel associations. Analyses were stratified by ancestry in electronic Medical Records and Genomics, United Kingdom Biobank, and Million Veteran Program cohorts separately and in a combined cohort of 804 507 EA and 103 580 AA participants. RESULTS In Mendelian randomization analyses using the combined cohort, a 1-SD genetic increase in Lp(a) level was associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease subtypes in EA-odds ratio and 95% CI for coronary heart disease 1.28 (1.16-1.41); cerebrovascular disease 1.14 (1.07-1.21); peripheral artery disease 1.22 (1.11-1.34); abdominal aortic aneurysm 1.28 (1.17-1.40); in AA, the effect estimate was lower than in EA and nonsignificant for coronary heart disease 1.11 (0.99-1.24) and cerebrovascular disease 1.06 (0.99-1.14) but similar for peripheral artery disease 1.16 (1.01-1.33) and abdominal aortic aneurysm 1.34 (1.11-1.62). In EA, a 1-SD genetic increase in Lp(a) level was associated with aortic valve disorders 1.34 (1.10-1.62), mitral valve disorders 1.18 (1.09-1.27), congestive heart failure 1.12 (1.05-1.19), and chronic kidney disease 1.07 (1.01-1.14). In AA, no significant associations were noted for aortic valve disorders 1.08 (0.94-1.25), mitral valve disorders 1.02 (0.89-1.16), congestive heart failure 1.02 (0.95-1.10), or chronic kidney disease 1.05 (0.99-1.12). Mendelian randomization-phenome-wide association analyses identified novel associations in EA with arterial thromboembolic disease, nonaortic aneurysmal disease, atrial fibrillation, cardiac conduction disorders, and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Many cardiovascular associations of genetically increased Lp(a) that were significant in EA were not significant in AA. Lp(a) was associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in four major arterial beds in EA but only with peripheral artery disease and abdominal aortic aneurysm in AA. Additionally, novel cardiovascular associations were detected in EA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozan Dikilitas
- Dept of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Shoa L. Clarke
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford Univ School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Catherine Tcheandjieu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Medicine, Stanford Univ School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
- Dept of Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford Univ School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Xiang Zhu
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto
- Dept of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park, PA
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State Univ, University Park, PA
- Dept of Statistics, Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA
| | - Lisa Bastarache
- Dept of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN
| | - Eric B. Larson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institutes, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Ning Shang
- Dept of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia Univ, New York, NY
| | | | - Amy Sanghavi Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Univ of Cincinnati
| | - Bahram Namjou-Khales
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Dept of Pediatrics, Univ of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Elaine M. Urbina
- Division of Endocrinology, Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & Univ of Cincinnati
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Dept of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, TN
| | - QiPing Feng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Dept of Medicine, Vanderbilt Univ Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Division of Medical Genetics, Dept of Medicine, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Scott J. Hebbring
- Center for Precision Medicine, Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, WI
| | - Mariza de Andrade
- Dept of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Teri A. Manolio
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Iftikhar J. Kullo
- Dept of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Dept of Cardiovascular Medicine, Gonda Vascular Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Gonçalves RC, Banfi A, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. Strategies for re-vascularization and promotion of angiogenesis in trauma and disease. Biomaterials 2020; 269:120628. [PMID: 33412374 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of a healthy vascular system is essential to ensure the proper function of all organs of the human body. While macrovessels have the main role of blood transportation from the heart to all tissues, microvessels, in particular capillaries, are responsible for maintaining tissues' functionality by providing oxygen, nutrients and waste exchanges. Occlusion of blood vessels due to atherosclerotic plaque accumulation remains the leading cause of mortality across the world. Autologous vein and artery grafts bypassing are the current gold standard surgical procedures to substitute primarily obstructed vascular structures. Ischemic scenarios that condition blood supply in downstream tissues may arise from blockage phenomena, as well as from other disease or events leading to trauma. The (i) great demand for new vascular substitutes, arising from both the limited availability of healthy autologous vessels, as well as the shortcomings associated with small-diameter synthetic vascular grafts, and (ii) the challenging induction of the formation of adequate and stable microvasculature are current driving forces for the growing interest in the development of bioinspired strategies to ensure the proper function of vasculature in all its dimensional scales. Here, a critical review of well-established technologies and recent biotechnological advances to substitute or regenerate the vascular system is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel C Gonçalves
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andrea Banfi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland; Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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van Kuijk K, Kuppe C, Betsholtz C, Vanlandewijck M, Kramann R, Sluimer JC. Heterogeneity and plasticity in healthy and atherosclerotic vasculature explored by single-cell sequencing. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1705-1715. [PMID: 31350876 PMCID: PMC6873093 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular characteristics and their adjustment to a state of disease have become more evident due to recent advances in imaging, fluorescent reporter mice, and whole genome RNA sequencing. The uncovered cellular heterogeneity and/or plasticity potentially complicates experimental studies and clinical applications, as markers derived from whole tissue 'bulk' sequencing is unable to yield a subtype transcriptome and specific markers. Here, we propose definitions on heterogeneity and plasticity, discuss current knowledge thereof in the vasculature and how this may be improved by single-cell sequencing (SCS). SCS is emerging as an emerging technique, enabling researchers to investigate different cell populations in more depth than ever before. Cell selection methods, e.g. flow assisted cell sorting, and the quantity of cells can influence the choice of SCS method. Smart-Seq2 offers sequencing of the complete mRNA molecule on a low quantity of cells, while Drop-seq is possible on large numbers of cells on a more superficial level. SCS has given more insight in heterogeneity in healthy vasculature, where it revealed that zonation is crucial in gene expression profiles among the anatomical axis. In diseased vasculature, this heterogeneity seems even more prominent with discovery of new immune subsets in atherosclerosis as proof. Vascular smooth muscle cells and mesenchymal cells also share these plastic characteristics with the ability to up-regulate markers linked to stem cells, such as Sca-1 or CD34. Current SCS studies show some limitations to the number of replicates, quantity of cells used, or the loss of spatial information. Bioinformatical tools could give some more insight in current datasets, making use of pseudo-time analysis or RNA velocity to investigate cell differentiation or polarization. In this review, we discuss the use of SCS in unravelling heterogeneity in the vasculature, its current limitations and promising future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim van Kuijk
- Pathology Department, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, MUMC Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Christer Betsholtz
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Vanlandewijck
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Judith C Sluimer
- Pathology Department, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, MUMC Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences (CVS), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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"Inflammaging" as a Druggable Target: A Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype-Centered View of Type 2 Diabetes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1810327. [PMID: 27340505 PMCID: PMC4908264 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1810327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex phenomenon driven by a variety of molecular alterations. A relevant feature of aging is chronic low-grade inflammation, termed “inflammaging.” In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), many elements of aging appear earlier or are overrepresented, including consistent inflammaging. T2DM patients have an increased death rate, associated with an incremented inflammatory score. The source of this inflammation is debated. Recently, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) has been proposed as the main origin of inflammaging in both aging and T2DM. Different pathogenic mechanisms linked to T2DM progression and complications development have been linked to senescence and SASP, that is, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here we review the latest data connecting oxidative and ER stress with the SASP in the context of aging and T2DM, with emphasis on endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, since current medical practice is insufficient to completely suppress the increased death rate of diabetic patients, we propose a SASP-centered view of T2DM as a futuristic therapeutic option, possibly opening new prospects by moving the attention from one-organ studies of diabetes complications to a wider targeting of the aging process.
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Francis M, Xu N, Zhou C, Stevens T. Transient Receptor Potential Channel 4 Encodes a Vascular Permeability Defect and High-Frequency Ca(2+) Transients in Severe Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1701-9. [PMID: 27083517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The canonical transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPC4) comprises an endothelial store-operated Ca(2+) entry channel, and TRPC4 inactivation confers a survival benefit in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Endothelial Ca(2+) signals mediated by TRPC4 enhance vascular permeability in vitro, but the contribution of TRPC4-dependent Ca(2+) signals to the regulation of endothelial permeability in PAH is poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that TRPC4 increases vascular permeability and alters the frequency of endothelial Ca(2+) transients in PAH. We measured permeability in isolated lungs, and found that TRPC4 exaggerated permeability responses to thapsigargin in Sugen/hypoxia-treated PAH rats. We compared endothelial Ca(2+) activity of wild-type with TRPC4-knockout rats using confocal microscopy, and evaluated how Ca(2+) signals were influenced in response to thapsigargin and sequential treatment with acetylcholine. We found that thapsigargin-stimulated Ca(2+) signals were increased in PAH, and recovered by TRPC4 inactivation. Store depletion revealed bimodal Ca(2+) responses to acetylcholine, with both short- and long-duration populations. Our results show that TRPC4 underlies an exaggerated endothelial permeability response in PAH. Furthermore, TRPC4 increased the frequency of endothelial Ca(2+) transients in severe PAH, suggesting that TRPC4 provides a Ca(2+) source associated with endothelial dysfunction in the pathophysiology of PAH. This phenomenon represents a new facet of the etiology of PAH, and may contribute to PAH vasculopathy by enabling inflammatory mediator flux across the endothelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Francis
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Ningyong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama; Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama.
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Campia U, Matuskey LA, Tesauro M, Cardillo C, Panza JA. PPARγ activation does not affect endothelin activity in non-diabetic patients with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2014; 234:436-40. [PMID: 24769306 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tested the hypothesis that pioglitazone reduces endothelin-1 activity in the forearm vasculature in non-diabetic patients with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia and variable degrees of insulin resistance. METHODS We conducted a single center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial in 80 patients with either hypertension or hypercholesterolemia and further classified as insulin-sensitive or insulin-resistant based on a published insulin sensitivity index. Participants received pioglitazone 45 mg daily or matching placebo for eight weeks. The main endpoint was the change in forearm vascular endothelin-1 activity, as assessed by intra-arterial infusion of the endothelin type A receptor blocker BQ-123, measured at the end of each 8-week treatment period. RESULTS Pioglitazone lowered plasma insulin (P < 0.001), improved insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001), increased HDL (P < 0.001), and reduced triglycerides (P = 0.003), free fatty acids (P = 0.005), and C-reactive protein (P = 0.001). However, pioglitazone did not affect the vasodilator response to BQ-123 in the whole group (P = 0.618) and in the diagnosis or insulin sensitivity subgroups. Hence, in non-diabetic patients with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, PPARγ activation with pioglitazone does not affect endothelin-1 activity, despite enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing plasma insulin and C-reactive protein levels. CONCLUSIONS In non-diabetic patients with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia, pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and inflammation but does not affect endothelin activity. Our data suggest that the determinants of endothelin-1 vascular activity in vivo may differ and/or be more complex than those suggested by the results of previous in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umberto Campia
- MedStar Cardiovascular Research Network, MedStar Heart Institute, 110 Irving Street NW, Room NA-1041, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Linda A Matuskey
- MedStar Cardiovascular Research Network, MedStar Heart Institute, 110 Irving Street NW, Room NA-1041, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- System Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Viale Oxford, 81, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- Internal Medicine, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Julio A Panza
- Westchester Medical Center, 100 Woods Road, Macy Pavilion, Room 102, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Long DS, Zhu H, Friedman MH. Microscope-based near-infrared stereo-imaging system for quantifying the motion of the murine epicardial coronary arteries in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:096013. [PMID: 24057233 PMCID: PMC3779146 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.9.096013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of mortality in industrialized countries. In addition to "traditional" systemic risk factors for atherosclerosis, the geometry and motion of coronary arteries may contribute to individual susceptibility to the development and progression of disease in these vessels. To be able to test this, we have developed a high-speed (∼40 frames per second) microscope-based stereo-imaging system to quantify the motion of epicardial coronary arteries of mice. Using near-infrared nontargeted quantum dots as an imaging contrast agent, we synchronously acquired paired images of a surgically exposed murine heart, from which the three-dimensional geometry of the coronary arteries was reconstructed. The reconstructed geometry was tracked frame by frame through the cardiac cycle to quantify the in vivo motion of the vessel, from which displacements, curvature, and torsion parameters were derived. Illustrative results for a C57BL/6J mouse are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Long
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708
- University of Auckland, Auckland Bioengineering Institute, 70 Symonds Street, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hui Zhu
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - Morton H. Friedman
- Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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Javanmard SH, Dana N. The effect of interferon γ on endothelial cell nitric oxide production and apoptosis. Adv Biomed Res 2012; 1:69. [PMID: 23326799 PMCID: PMC3544124 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.102973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in maintaining endothelial survival and normal function. It is a unique mediator, which may promote or suppress both inflammation and apoptosis. Endothelial cell (EC) injury, dysfunction, and death in response to cytokines, especially interferon gamma (IFN-γ), represent the critical event for the initiation of several inflammatory diseases. Objective(s): EC injury or death result in endothelial dysfunction that precedes the development of atherosclerosis and its subsequent vascular events. We examine the effect of different concentrations of IFN-γ on human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) NO production and apoptosis. Materials and Methods: HUVECs were cultured at 37°C for 24 h in the absence (control) or presence of 10, 100, and 1000 μg IFN-γ, respectively. The apoptotic cells were determined as annexin V-positive propidium iodide (PI)-negative cells by flow cytometry. Total nitrite concentration was measured in cell cultures supernatant by Griess method. Results: A comparison of the effect of IFN-γ on EC NO production with untreated cells showed that pretreatment of HUVEC with IFN-γ failed to have a significant effect on NO production by these cells at 10 and 100 U/mL, whereas it led to a significant decreased NO production at 1000 U/mL (P < 0.05). The cells stimulated with IFN-γ showed significantly higher apoptotic cells (PI negative and annexin V-positive cells) after 24 h, compared with cells with no stimulations (P < 0.05). Conclusion: IFN-γ has detrimental effects on ECs in high doses. This might be due to inducible NO synthase activation.
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Watkins SC, Maniar S, Mosher M, Roman BL, Tsang M, St Croix CM. High resolution imaging of vascular function in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44018. [PMID: 22952858 PMCID: PMC3431338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale The role of the endothelium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease is an emerging field of study, necessitating the development of appropriate model systems and methodologies to investigate the multifaceted nature of endothelial dysfunction including disturbed barrier function and impaired vascular reactivity. Objective We aimed to develop and test an optimized high-speed imaging platform to obtain quantitative real-time measures of blood flow, vessel diameter and endothelial barrier function in order to assess vascular function in live vertebrate models. Methods and Results We used a combination of cutting-edge optical imaging techniques, including high-speed, camera-based imaging (up to 1000 frames/second), and 3D confocal methods to collect real time metrics of vascular performance and assess the dynamic response to the thromboxane A2 (TXA2) analogue, U-46619 (1 µM), in transgenic zebrafish larvae. Data obtained in 3 and 5 day post-fertilization larvae show that these methods are capable of imaging blood flow in a large (1 mm) segment of the vessel of interest over many cardiac cycles, with sufficient speed and sensitivity such that the trajectories of individual erythrocytes can be resolved in real time. Further, we are able to map changes in the three dimensional sizes of vessels and assess barrier function by visualizing the continuity of the endothelial layer combined with measurements of extravasation of fluorescent microspheres. Conclusions We propose that this system-based microscopic approach can be used to combine measures of physiologic function with molecular behavior in zebrafish models of human vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Salony Maniar
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mackenzie Mosher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Beth L. Roman
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Tsang
- Department of Developmental Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Claudette M. St Croix
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Padilla J, Simmons GH, Davis JW, Whyte JJ, Zderic TW, Hamilton MT, Bowles DK, Laughlin MH. Impact of exercise training on endothelial transcriptional profiles in healthy swine: a genome-wide microarray analysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H555-64. [PMID: 21622830 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00065.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While the salutary effects of exercise training on conduit artery endothelial cells have been reported in animals and humans with cardiovascular risk factors or disease, whether a healthy endothelium is alterable with exercise training is less certain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of exercise training on transcriptional profiles in normal endothelial cells using a genome-wide microarray analysis. Brachial and internal mammary endothelial gene expression was compared between a group of healthy pigs that exercise trained for 16-20 wk (n = 8) and a group that remained sedentary (n = 8). We found that a total of 130 genes were upregulated and 84 genes downregulated in brachial artery endothelial cells with exercise training (>1.5-fold and false discovery rate <15%). In contrast, a total of 113 genes were upregulated and 31 genes downregulated in internal mammary artery endothelial cells using the same criteria. Although there was an overlap of 66 genes (59 upregulated and 7 downregulated with exercise training) between the brachial and internal mammary arteries, the identified endothelial gene networks and biological processes influenced by exercise training were distinctly different between the brachial and internal mammary arteries. These data indicate that a healthy endothelium is indeed responsive to exercise training and support the concept that the influence of physical activity on endothelial gene expression is not homogenously distributed throughout the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, E102 Veterinary Medicine, 1600 E. Rollins Rd., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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13
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Wu X, Zou Y, Liang Y, Zhou Q, Gong H, Sun A, Yuan L, Wang K, Ge J. COUP-TFII switches responses of venous endothelium to atherosclerotic factors through controlling the profile of various inherent genes expression. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:256-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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14
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Padilla J, Newcomer SC, Simmons GH, Kreutzer KV, Laughlin MH. Long-term exercise training does not alter brachial and femoral artery vasomotor function and endothelial phenotype in healthy pigs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H379-85. [PMID: 20511414 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00294.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Although the beneficial effects of exercise training on conduit artery endothelial function are well-established in animals and humans with compromised basal function, whether exercise exerts favorable effects on a healthy endothelium is inconclusive. We sought to determine whether long-term exercise training enhances endothelial function in peripheral conduit arteries of healthy pigs. Using a retrospective analysis of data collected in our laboratory (n = 127), we compared in vitro brachial and femoral artery endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation between a group of pigs that exercise-trained for 16-20 wk and a group that remained sedentary. No differences in vasomotor function were found between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). Additionally, in a subset of pigs (n = 16), expression levels of 18 proteins that are typically associated with the atherosclerotic process were measured by immunoblot analysis of endothelial cell scrapes obtained from the brachial and femoral arteries. We found no differences (P > 0.05) in endothelial gene expression between these exercise-trained and sedentary healthy pigs. These results indicate that pigs exhibiting the classic training-induced adaptations do not demonstrate enhanced endothelium-dependent dilation nor reveal a more atheroprotected endothelial cell phenotype in their brachial and femoral arteries than their sedentary but otherwise healthy counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Padilla
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, W102 Veterinary Medicine, 1600 E. Rollins Rd., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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15
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Eagle KA, Ginsburg GS, Musunuru K, Aird WC, Balaban RS, Bennett SK, Blumenthal RS, Coughlin SR, Davidson KW, Frohlich ED, Greenland P, Jarvik GP, Libby P, Pepine CJ, Ruskin JN, Stillman AE, Van Eyk JE, Tolunay HE, McDonald CL, Smith SC. Identifying patients at high risk of a cardiovascular event in the near future: current status and future directions: report of a national heart, lung, and blood institute working group. Circulation 2010; 121:1447-54. [PMID: 20351302 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.109.904029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Eagle
- University of Michigan Cardiovascular Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5852, USA.
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Chen YH, Guh JY, Chuang TD, Chen HC, Chiou SJ, Huang JS, Yang YL, Chuang LY. High glucose decreases endothelial cell proliferation via the extracellular signal regulated kinase/p15INK4b pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 465:164-71. [PMID: 17597576 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High glucose inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. Thus, we studied cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p15(INK4b) in high glucose-induced effects in human umbilical endothelial cells at 24h. High glucose decreased cell proliferation while arresting cells in G(0)/G(1) phase of the cell cycle. High glucose increased phospho-extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, p15(INK4b) protein and mRNA expression. High glucose-inhibited cell proliferation was attenuated by antisense p15(INK4b) oligonucleotide. Moreover, PD98059 attenuated high glucose-induced p15(INK4b) protein expression. High glucose increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) gene transcriptional activity and mRNA expression. However, neither SB431542 (type I TGF-beta receptor blocker) nor TGF-beta1 antibody affected high glucose-induced p15(INK4b) protein expression. Additionally, N-acetylcysteine (an antioxidant) attenuated high glucose-induced growth arrest and p15(INK4b) protein expression. Thus, high glucose-induced growth arrest is dependent on p15(INK4b) and oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Moreover, high glucose-induced p15(INK4b) protein expression is dependent on ERK1/2 and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Abstract
Hemostasis represents a finely tuned balance between procoagulant and anticoagulant forces. An imbalance of these forces may lead to clinically significant disease, including arterial, venous and/or microvascular thrombosis. The vast majority of hypercoagulable states are associated with local thrombus formation. The goal of this review is to discuss the mechanisms underlying site-specific thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Aird
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Endothelial cells, which form the inner cellular lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, display remarkable heterogeneity in structure and function. This is the second of a 2-part review on the phenotypic heterogeneity of blood vessel endothelial cells. The first part discusses the scope, the underlying mechanisms, and the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of phenotypic heterogeneity. Here, these principles are applied to an understanding of organ-specific phenotypes in representative vascular beds including arteries and veins, heart, lung, liver, and kidney. The goal is to underscore the importance of site-specific properties of the endothelium in mediating homeostasis and focal vascular pathology, while at the same time emphasizing the value of approaching the endothelium as an integrated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Aird
- Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02215, USA.
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