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Aloke C, Iwuchukwu EA, Achilonu I. Exploiting Copaifera salikounda compounds as treatment against diabetes: An insight into their potential targets from a computational perspective. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 104:107851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2023.107851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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de Albuquerque P, De Marco V, Vendramini THA, Amaral AR, Catanozi S, Santana KG, Nunes VS, Nakandakare ER, Brunetto MA. Supplementation of omega-3 and dietary factors can influence the cholesterolemia and triglyceridemia in hyperlipidemic Schnauzer dogs: A preliminary report. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258058. [PMID: 34665804 PMCID: PMC8525743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hyperlipidaemia in Schnauzer is characterized by increased plasma triglycerides (TG) and/or total cholesterol (TC) concentration and is associated with an increased risk of developing pancreatitis, insulin resistance and seizures. In humans, omega-3 fatty acids in addition to a low-fat diet can be used to reduce TG and TC. This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids associated to a diet management with two different fat content in Schnauzer with primary hyperlipidaemia. Eighteen dogs with primary hyperlipidaemia were divided into two groups: group 1, n = 10, 8 females, 2 males, age (mean ± standard deviation) of 7.13 ± 2.70 years and body weight (BW) (mean ± standard deviation) of 7.25 ± 1.22 kg were treated with fish oil (approximately 730 mg/day of omega-3) associated with a low-fat and low-calorie diet (approximately 24g of fat/1000 kcal) for 90 days (T90); and group 2, n = 8 dogs, 6 females, 2 males, with 7.0 ± 1.77 years old and average BW of 8.36 ± 1.51 kg, treated with fish oil (approximately 730 mg/day of omega-3) and maintenance diet with moderate amount of fat (approximately 33g of fat/1000 kcal) for 90 days. Plasma TG and TC concentrations and lipoprotein (LP) profile (VLDL, LDL, HDL) were evaluated before and after treatment. TG and TC serum concentrations, expressed in mg/dL (mean ± standard deviation), before and after treatment in group 1 were: TG = 391.30 ± 487.86 (T0) and 118.7 ± 135.21 (T90); TC = 308.2 ± 63.06 (T0) and 139 ± 36.91 (T90). As for group 2, TG = 391.63 ± 336.89 (T0) and 250.75 ± 211.56 (T90); TC = 257.25 ± 92.88 (T0) and 207.25 ± 63.79 (T90). A reduction (p<0.05) of TG and TC was observed in both groups. The distribution of TG and TC among LP was not different between the pre (T0) and post treatment (T90) periods. After 90 days of treatment, the administration of omega-3 fatty acids, associated with a low-fat or maintenance diet reduced triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia without altering LP profile. The current investigation shows that both therapies were effective in reducing plasma TC and TG concentrations without altering LP profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviani De Marco
- Universidade de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Centro de Pesquisa em Nutrologia de Cães e Gatos, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andressa Rodrigues Amaral
- Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM—10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratorio de Lipides (LIM—10), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Borin-Crivellenti S, Crivellenti LZ, de Oliveira FR, Costa PB, Alvarenga AWO, Rezende LR, Gouvêa FN, Assef ND, Branco LDO. Effect of phytosterols on reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in dogs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106610. [PMID: 33607308 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is described as an increase in serum and/or plasma levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, or both. This disturbance can be primary in some cases, or combined with other comorbidities such as endocrinopathies, liver diseases, or specific drug use. Among the various ways to control dyslipidemia are specific diets, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, or hypolipemiant treatment. Herbal medicine has been used in the human clinical routine to reduce cholesterol circulation. With an aim to expand its application in veterinary medicine, we analyzed the use of phytosterols in dogs as a potential alternative to control hypercholesterolemia. We performed lipidogram analysis in healthy dogs to examine the possible adverse effects during the treatment. Eight Beagle dogs received orally two 650 mg capsules of phytosterols (Collestra, Aché), for 15 consecutive d, along with the 2 usual meals. All animals remained clinically stable during the trial. There were significant alterations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels during the trial. LDL was reduced (86.8 ± 29.89 mg/dL [D0], 74.45 ± 31.58 mg/dL [D8], and 58.91 ± 18.65 mg/dL [D15]; P = 0.0442) and HDL was elevated (83.40 ± 12.05 mg/dL [D0], 86.46 ± 13.05 mg/dL [D8], and 101.5 ± 10.52 [D15]; P = 0.0141), while total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations remained constant and within the normal range for canine species. Thus, a 1300 mg dose of phytosterols, administrated orally and fractionated along with the 2 usual meals, was capable of reducing LDL and increasing HDL concentration in healthy nondyslipidemic dogs, which makes them candidates to be included on the list of hypolipemiant drugs for clinical use in dogs with hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Borin-Crivellenti
- Professor at College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV) and Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Z Crivellenti
- Professor at College of Veterinary Medicine (FAMEV) and Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Paula B Costa
- Graduate student of Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Luara R Rezende
- Practicing Veterinary Clinician, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda N Gouvêa
- Graduate student of Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Najla D Assef
- Practicing Veterinary Clinician, Campos do Jordão, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luana de O Branco
- Graduate student of Graduate Program in Veterinary Science (PPGCVET), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Wong ND, Toth PP, Amsterdam EA. Most important advances in preventive cardiology during this past decade: Viewpoint from the American Society for Preventive Cardiology. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019; 31:49-56. [PMID: 31882264 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly expanding field of preventive cardiology has brought with it several major advances in the past decade. Changes in guidelines for cholesterol mangement focusing on the identification of "statin eligible groups" and removal of actual low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets, in particular, as well as lower targets for blood pressure in updated hypertension guidelines, have made a major impact on healthcare. The availability of the sodium glucose transport protein-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide -1 receptor antagonists (GLP1-RA) for managing diabetes have shifted our focus in diabetes care beyond glucose lowering to addressing cardiovascular risk reduction. While many prior trials of fish oil therapy have failed to show benefit, the recent Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With EPA - Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT) testing the efficacy of icosapent ethyl has shown dramatic benefit in further addressing residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk beyond statin therapy not only in those with known ASCVD, but also in diabetic patients with multiple risk factors. The past decade also ushered in confirmation of the inflammation hypothesis of atherosclerosis with the Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS) using canakinumab, despite the fact the therapy was not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for cardiovascular risk reduction. Also, to improve our understanding of heart disease in women, the emergence of novel concepts of ischemia or myocardial infarction in those with normal or nonobstructive atherosclerotic disease has been a major advance. Moreover, the past decade brought the emergence of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibody therapy and the cardiovascular risk reduction benefits seen in the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research with PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects with Elevated Risk (FOURIER) and Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab (ODYSSEY OUTCOMES) trials, providing further evidence-based therapy for additional reduction of ASCVD risk beyond statin therapy. The PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies have facilitated the attainment of LDL-C levels never previously thought possible. Finally with the mRNA interference therapy inclisiran in development, we may soon have a "vaccine-like" approach for addressing dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, C240 Medical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4079, United States.
| | - Peter P Toth
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ezra A Amsterdam
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States
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Zhao X, Zhu J, Wang L, Li Y, Zhao T, Chen X, Sun Y, Dai Y, Wei G, Altamirano A, Zhang T, Yan Z. U. diffracta extract mitigates high fat diet and VD3-induced atherosclerosis and biochemical changes in the serum liver and aorta of rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 120:109446. [PMID: 31542617 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Usnea diff ;racta Vain. (U. diffracta) belonging to the Usnea genus, is widely used as a folk medicine for the treatment of ulcer, abdominal pain, diarrhea, malaria and so on. However, the antiatherogenic effect of U. diffracta has not yet been reported. This study aims to investigate the antiatherogenic effects of the ethanol extract of U. diffracta and its mechanism. METHOD A high fat diet and VD3 were used to establish the atherosclerotic rat model, with 0.004 g/kg/d of simvastatin as a positive control, fed with 0.7, 1.4, and 2.8 g/kg/d of Usnea ethanol extract for 21 days. The blood, liver, and aorta samples from each rat were collected after the last administration. Pharmacodynamic effects were evaluated. The inflammation related factors, the gene expressions of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were detected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Compared with the model group, simvastatin and ethanol extract of U. diffracta can significantly reduce the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Ca2+, AST, ALT, the liver contents of total cholesterol (TC), TG, AI and liver index, as well as significantly increase the contents of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) both in serum and liver (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). The serum level of ox-LDL can be significantly reduced by simvastatin, low and medium U. diffracta ethanol extract doses (p < 0.01). In addition, simvastatin and low dosage of U. diffracta ethanol extract can significantly reduce the liver content of LDL-C (p < 0.01). U. diffracta ethanol extract shows a positive antiatherogenic effect. Furthermore, the mechanism may be related to promoting the expression of serum IL-10 and inhibition of TLR5/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Liwen Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Yongbiao Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Xiu Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Yong Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Yaolan Dai
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Guihua Wei
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China
| | - Alvin Altamirano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Tiane Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, PR China.
| | - Zhiyong Yan
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, PR China.
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Sathiyakumar V, Kapoor K, Jones SR, Banach M, Martin SS, Toth PP. Novel Therapeutic Targets for Managing Dyslipidemia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:733-747. [PMID: 29970260 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed nations. Therapeutic modulation of dyslipidemia by inhibiting 3'-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase is standard practice throughout the world. However, based on findings from Mendelian studies and genetic sequencing in prospective longitudinal cohorts from around the world, novel therapeutic targets regulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, such as apoprotein C3, angiopoietin-like proteins 3 and 4, and lipoprotein(a), have been identified. These targets may provide additional avenues to prevent and treat atherosclerotic disease. We therefore review these novel molecular targets by addressing available Mendelian and observational data, therapeutic agents in development, and early outcomes results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasanth Sathiyakumar
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Karan Kapoor
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven R Jones
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Seth S Martin
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter P Toth
- Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, CGH Medical Center, Sterling, IL, USA.
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7
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Kudinov VA, Zakharova TS, Torkhovskaya TI, Ipatova OM, Archakov AI. [Pharmacological targets for dislipidemies correction. Opportunities and prospects of therapeutic usage]. BIOMEDITSINSKAIA KHIMIIA 2018; 64:66-83. [PMID: 29460837 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20186401066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Literature data on influence of existing and new groups of drug preparations for dyslipidemias correction are systemized, and molecular mechanisms of their effects are reviewed. The results of experimental and clinical investigations aimed at revealing of new pharmacological targets of dyslipidemias correction were analyzed. The approaches for activation of high density lipoproteins functionality are described. The implementation of alternative preparations with new alternative mechanisms of action may be suggested to improve the effectiveness of traditional treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Kudinov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - O M Ipatova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Archakov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Zhu J, Zhang X, Chen X, Sun Y, Dai Y, Chen C, Zhang T, Yan Z. Studies on the regulation of lipid metabolism and the mechanism of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Usnea. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 94:930-936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Xenoulis PG, Steiner JM. Canine hyperlipidaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:595-605. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Xenoulis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessally; Trikalon 224, Karditsa 43100, Greece and Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267 15451 Athens Greece
| | - J. M. Steiner
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Thessally; Trikalon 224, Karditsa 43100, Greece and Animal Medical Center of Athens, Mesogeion 267 15451 Athens Greece
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843 USA
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Han JM, Lee JS, Kim HG, Seol IC, Im HJ, Cho JH, Son CG. Synergistic effects of Artemisia iwayomogi and Curcuma longa radix on high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in a mouse model. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 173:217-224. [PMID: 26212022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
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11
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Ku CS, Kim B, Pham TX, Yang Y, Weller CL, Carr TP, Park YK, Lee JY. Hypolipidemic Effect of a Blue-Green Alga (Nostoc commune) Is Attributed to Its Nonlipid Fraction by Decreasing Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption in C57BL/6J Mice. J Med Food 2015; 18:1214-22. [PMID: 26161942 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2014.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that Nostoc commune var. sphaeroids Kützing (NO), a blue-green alga (BGA), exerts a hypolipidemic effect in vivo and its lipid extract regulates the expression of genes involved in cholesterol and lipid metabolism in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the hypolipidemic effect of NO is attributed to an algal lipid or a delipidated fraction in vivo compared with Spirulina platensis (SP). Male C57BL/6J mice were fed an AIN-93M diet containing 2.5% or 5% of BGA (w/w) or a lipid extract equivalent to 5% of BGA for 4 weeks to measure plasma and liver lipids, hepatic gene expression, intestinal cholesterol absorption, and fecal sterol excretion. Plasma total cholesterol (TC) was significantly lower in 2.5% and 5% NO-fed groups, while plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were decreased in the 5% NO group compared with controls. However, neither NO organic extract (NOE) nor SP-fed groups altered plasma lipids. Hepatic mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α, and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 were induced in 5% NO-fed mice, while there were no significant changes in hepatic lipogenic gene expression between groups. NO, but not NOE and SP groups, significantly decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption. When HepG2 cells and primary mouse hepatocytes were incubated with NOE and SP organic extract (SPE), there were marked decreases in protein levels of HMGR, low-density lipoprotein receptor, and fatty acid synthase. In conclusion, the nonlipid fraction of NO exerts TC and TG-lowering effects primarily by inhibiting intestinal cholesterol absorption and by increasing hepatic fatty acid oxidation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chai Siah Ku
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bohkyung Kim
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tho X Pham
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yue Yang
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Curtis L Weller
- 2 Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Timothy P Carr
- 3 Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Young-Ki Park
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- 1 Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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12
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Clinical and economic outcomes in a real-world population of patients with elevated triglyceride levels. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:790-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Marini BL, Choi SW, Byersdorfer CA, Cronin S, Frame DG. Treatment of dyslipidemia in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 21:809-20. [PMID: 25459644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As survival rates in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) continue to improve, attention to long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease, becomes a major concern. Cardiovascular disease and dyslipidemia are a common, yet often overlooked occurrence post-HSCT that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Also, increasing evidence shows that several anti-hyperlipidemia medications, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in particular, may have a role in modulating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). However, factors such as drug-drug interactions, adverse effect profiles, and the relative efficacy in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels must be taken into account when choosing safe and effective lipid-lowering therapy in this setting. This review seeks to provide guidance to the clinician in the management of dyslipidemia in the allogeneic HSCT population, taking into account the recently published American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines on hyperlipidemia management, special considerations in this challenging population, and the evidence for each agent's potential role in modulating GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Lawrence Marini
- Department of Pharmacy Services and Clinical Sciences, University of Michigan Health System and College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Sung Won Choi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Craig Alan Byersdorfer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Simon Cronin
- Department of Pharmacy, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - David G Frame
- Department of Pharmacy Services and Clinical Sciences, University of Michigan Health System and College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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14
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Tiwari V, Khokhar M. Mechanism of action of anti-hypercholesterolemia drugs and their resistance. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:156-70. [PMID: 25151024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the significant causes of this disease is hypercholesterolemia which is the result of various genetic alterations that are associated with the accumulation of specific classes of lipoprotein particles in plasma. A number of drugs are used to treat hypercholesterolemia like statin, fibrate, bile acid sequestrants, niacin, ezetimibe, omega-3 fatty acids and natural extracts. It has been observed that these drugs show diverse response in different individuals. The present review explains the mechanism of action of these drugs as well as mechanism of its lesser effectiveness or resistance in some individuals. There are various identified genetic variations that are associated with diversity in the drugs response. Therefore, present study helps to understand the ethiology of drug mechanism and resistance developed against drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishvanath Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Manoj Khokhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305801, Rajasthan, India
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15
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Gu M, Zhang Y, Fan S, Ding X, Ji G, Huang C. Extracts of Rhizoma polygonati odorati prevent high-fat diet-induced metabolic disorders in C57BL/6 mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81724. [PMID: 24312343 PMCID: PMC3843710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygonatum odoratum (Mill.) Druce belongs to the genus Polygonatum family of plants. In traditional Chinese medicine, the root of Polygonatum odoratum, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati, is used both for food and medicine to prevent and treat metabolic disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, there is no solid experimental evidence to support these applications, and the underlying mechanism is also needed to be elucidated. Here, we examined the effect of the extract of Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati (ER) on metabolic disorders in diet-induced C57BL/6 obese mice. In the preventive experiment, the ER blocked body weight gain, and lowered serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and fasting blood glucose, improved glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), reduced the levels of serum insulin and leptin, and increased serum adiponectin levels in mice fed with a high-fat diet significantly. In the therapeutic study, we induced obesity in the mice and treated the obese mice with ER for two weeks. We found that ER treatments reduced serum TG and fasting blood glucose, and improved glucose tolerance in the mice. Gene expression analysis showed that ER increased the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) γ and α and their downstream target genes in mice livers, adipose tissues and HepG2 cells. Our data suggest that ER ameliorates metabolic disorders and enhances the mRNA expression of PPARs in obese C57BL/6 mice induced by high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountainous Regions, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang Ji
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Boschetti E, Bacon JR, Meyer F, Tugnoli V, Bordoni A, Kroon PA. Comparison between single-cell cultures and tissue cultures as model systems for evaluating the modulation of gene expression by food bioactives. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2012; 64:194-201. [PMID: 23025340 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2012.728200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought the use of cultured human abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) tissue to investigate the transcriptional effects of some bioactives, whose role in the prevention of atherosclerotic plaque development through the regulation of gene expression has been hypothesized. After supplementation with n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or epigallocatechin-3-gallate, the expression of five genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was assessed in cultures of AAA tissue obtained during elective open surgery, and compared to the results obtained in a single-cell culture model (HepG2 cells). All bioactives modulated gene expression in HepG2 cells, while no effects were observed in the tissue culture due to the shortcomings of the tissue model, which showed high within-patient variations and high between-patient variations in gene expression. Results herein reported underline that the choice of the model system is a critical point in the evaluation of the transcriptional effects of bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Boschetti
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK.
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Norata GD. Established and emerging approaches for the management of dyslipidaemia. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:482423. [PMID: 24278703 PMCID: PMC3820450 DOI: 10.6064/2012/482423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The key role of dyslipidaemia in determining cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been proved beyond reasonable doubt, and therefore several dietary and pharmacological approaches have been developed. The discovery of statins has provided a very effective approach in reducing cardiovascular risk as documented by the results obtained in clinical trials and in clinical practice. The current efficacy of statins or other drugs, however, comes short of providing the benefit that could derive from a further reduction of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in high-risk and very high risk patients. Furthermore, experimental data clearly suggest that other lipoprotein classes beyond LDL play important roles in determining cardiovascular risk. For these reasons a number of new potential drugs are under development in this area. Aim of this review is to discuss the available and the future pharmacological strategies for the management of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano 20122 Milan, Italy
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Società Italiana Studio Aterosclerosi, Ospedale Bassini, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
- Centre for Diabetes, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London E12AT, UK
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18
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A Patient with moderate hypertriglyceridemia resistant to omega-3 fatty acid. Int J Cardiol 2011; 152:e55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dayspring TD. Understanding hypertriglyceridemia in women: clinical impact and management with prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters. Int J Womens Health 2011; 3:87-97. [PMID: 21445284 PMCID: PMC3061852 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s16702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Elevated triglycerides (TGs) are a common lipid disorder in the US and are associated with comorbidities such as pancreatitis, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. TGs are generally elevated in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women. Meta-analysis has shown that elevated TGs are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Objective: This article provides a general overview of TG metabolism and reviews data on the epidemiology and risk of elevated TGs in women, as pregnancy and menopause, in particular, have been associated with unfavorable changes in the lipoprotein profile, including elevations in TGs. In addition, this review seeks to explain the recommended TG goals and treatment options for hypertriglyceridemia with an emphasis on severe hypertriglyceridemia (TGs ≥ 500 mg/dL) and its respective treatment with prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters (P-OM3). Methods: MedLine was searched for articles published through August 2009 using the terms “hypertriglyceridemia” and “dyslipidemia”, with subheadings for “prevalence”, “women”, “treatment”, “guidelines”, “risk”, and “omega-3 fatty acids”. Publications discussing the epidemiology of hypertriglyceridemia, CHD risk, treatment guidelines for lipid management, or clinical trials involving P-OM3 were selected for review. The reference lists of relevant articles were also examined for additional citations. Results: Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased CHD risk. Women, especially those with polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes, or who are postmenopausal, should be monitored regularly for the impact of hypertriglyceridemia on their lipid profile. Cardiovascular risk of TGs can be indirectly assessed by monitoring non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels. There are multiple sets of guidelines providing recommendations for desirable low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG, and non-HDL-C levels. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia includes lifestyle interventions and, if needed, pharmacologic therapy. In patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, P-OM3 can reduce TGs by up to 45%. Conclusion: Physicians should regularly monitor the lipid profile of their female patients. Any lipid abnormality should be managed promptly according to established guidelines. P-OM3 provide a well-tolerated option for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia.
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Abstract
Mammalian sterol and lipid metabolism depends on a large number of highly evolved biochemical and histological processes responsible for the absorption, distribution and steady-state anabolic/catabolic handling of these substances. Lipoproteins are complex polymolecular assemblies comprising phospholipids, cholesterol and cholesterol esters, triglycerides and a variety of apolipoproteins. The primary function of lipoproteins is to facilitate the systemic distribution of sterols and lipids. Abnormalities in lipoprotein metabolism are quite common and are attributable to a large number of genetic mutations, metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance or thyroid dysfunction, and excess availability of cholesterol and fat from dietary sources. Dyslipidaemic states facilitate endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Dyslipidaemia is recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in both men and women, and people of all racial and ethnic groups throughout the world. Dyslipidaemia is modifiable with dietary change and the use of medications that impact on lipid metabolism through a variety of mechanisms. Reducing atherogenic lipoprotein burden in serum is associated with significant and meaningful reductions in risk for a variety of cardiovascular endpoints, including myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, development of peripheral arterial disease and mortality. This review provides an overview on how to best position lipid-lowering drugs when attempting to normalize serum lipid profiles and reduce risk for cardiovascular disease. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) are widely accepted to be the agents of choice for reducing serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in both the primary and secondary prevention settings. Ezetimibe and bile acid sequestrants are both effective agents for reducing LDL-C, either used alone or in combination with statins. The statins, fibric acid derivatives (fibrates) and niacin raise high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to different extents depending upon genetic and metabolic background. Fibrates, niacin and omega-3 fish oils are efficacious therapies for reducing serum triglycerides. Combinations of these drugs are frequently required for normalizing mixed forms of dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Toth
- Preventive Cardiology, Sterling Rock Falls Clinic, Sterling, Illinois 61081, USA.
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Impact of triglycerides on lipid and lipoprotein biology in women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:189-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genm.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Toth PP. Clinical insights from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes study: a community practice perspective. Int J Clin Pract 2009; 63:903-11. [PMID: 19490201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving adequate control of cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is crucially important; however, the atherogenic dyslipidaemia (including low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertriglyceridaemia) typically encountered in type 2 DM is often managed inadequately. Evidence from the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes study suggests that fenofibrate reduces the risk of long-term macrovascular and microvascular type 2 diabetic complications, especially in patients demonstrating features of the metabolic syndrome. Fenofibrate represents a useful treatment option for controlling cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes patients in the community setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Toth
- Preventive Cardiology, Sterling Rock Falls Clinic, Ltd, Sterling, IL 61081, USA.
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