1
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Whinnery CD, Nie Y, Boskovic DS, Soriano S, Kirsch WM. CD59 Protects Primary Human Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Cytolytic Membrane Attack Complex. Brain Sci 2024; 14:601. [PMID: 38928601 PMCID: PMC11202098 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by a weakening of the small- and medium-sized cerebral arteries, as their smooth muscle cells are progressively replaced with acellular amyloid β, increasing vessel fragility and vulnerability to microhemorrhage. In this context, an aberrant overactivation of the complement system would further aggravate this process. The surface protein CD59 protects most cells from complement-induced cytotoxicity, but expression levels can fluctuate due to disease and varying cell types. The degree to which CD59 protects human cerebral vascular smooth muscle (HCSM) cells from complement-induced cytotoxicity has not yet been determined. To address this shortcoming, we selectively blocked the activity of HCSM-expressed CD59 with an antibody, and challenged the cells with complement, then measured cellular viability. Unblocked HCSM cells proved resistant to all tested concentrations of complement, and this resistance decreased progressively with increasing concentrations of anti-CD59 antibody. Complete CD59 blockage, however, did not result in a total loss of cellular viability, suggesting that additional factors may have some protective functions. Taken together, this implies that CD59 plays a predominant role in HCSM cellular protection against complement-induced cytotoxicity. The overexpression of CD59 could be an effective means of protecting these cells from excessive complement system activity, with consequent reductions in the incidence of microhemorrhage. The precise extent to which cellular repair mechanisms and other complement repair proteins contribute to this resistance has yet to be fully elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson D. Whinnery
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.D.W.); (D.S.B.); (W.M.K.)
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Training and Education, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Ying Nie
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Training and Education, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Danilo S. Boskovic
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.D.W.); (D.S.B.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Salvador Soriano
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Wolff M. Kirsch
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (C.D.W.); (D.S.B.); (W.M.K.)
- Neurosurgery Center for Research, Training and Education, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
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2
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Abyadeh M, Gupta V, Paulo JA, Mahmoudabad AG, Shadfar S, Mirshahvaladi S, Gupta V, Nguyen CTO, Finkelstein DI, You Y, Haynes PA, Salekdeh GH, Graham SL, Mirzaei M. Amyloid-beta and tau protein beyond Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1262-1276. [PMID: 37905874 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.386406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aggregation of amyloid-beta peptide and tau protein dysregulation are implicated to play key roles in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and are considered the main pathological hallmarks of this devastating disease. Physiologically, these two proteins are produced and expressed within the normal human body. However, under pathological conditions, abnormal expression, post-translational modifications, conformational changes, and truncation can make these proteins prone to aggregation, triggering specific disease-related cascades. Recent studies have indicated associations between aberrant behavior of amyloid-beta and tau proteins and various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as retinal neurodegenerative diseases like Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Additionally, these proteins have been linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, traumatic brain injury, and diabetes, which are all leading causes of morbidity and mortality. In this comprehensive review, we provide an overview of the connections between amyloid-beta and tau proteins and a spectrum of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sina Shadfar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shahab Mirshahvaladi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Veer Gupta
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine T O Nguyen
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul A Haynes
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem H Salekdeh
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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3
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Whinnery C, Nie Y, Boskovic DS, Soriano S, Kirsch WM. CD59 Protects Primary Human Cerebrovascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Cytolytic Membrane Attack Complex. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4165045. [PMID: 38645247 PMCID: PMC11030535 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4165045/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is characterized by a weakening of the small and medium sized cerebral arteries, as their smooth muscle cells are progressively replaced with acellular amyloid β, increasing vessel fragility and vulnerability to microhemorrhage. In this context, an aberrant overactivation of the complement system would further aggravate this process. The surface protein CD59 protects most cells from complement-induced cytotoxicity, but expression levels can fluctuate due to disease and vary between cell types. The degree to which CD59 protects human cerebral vascular smooth muscle (HCSM) cells from complement-induced cytotoxicity has not yet been determined. To address this shortcoming, we selectively blocked the activity of HCSM-expressed CD59 with an antibody and challenged the cells with complement, then measured cellular viability. Unblocked HCSM cells proved resistant to all tested concentrations of complement, and this resistance decreased progressively with increasing concentrations of anti-CD59 antibody. Complete CD59 blockage, however, did not result in total loss of cellular viability, suggesting that additional factors may have some protective functions. Taken together, this implies that CD59 plays a predominant role in HCSM cellular protection against complement-induced cytotoxicity. Over-expression of CD59 could be an effective means of protecting these cells from excessive complement system activity, with consequent reduction in the incidence of microhemorrhage. The precise extent to which cellular repair mechanisms and other complement repair proteins contribute to this resistance has yet to be fully elucidated.
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4
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Maeda T, Shimamori K, Kurita H, Tokuraku K, Kuragano M. Amyloid β interferes with wound healing of brain microvascular endothelial cells by disorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. Exp Cell Res 2024; 436:113958. [PMID: 38325585 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a disease in which amyloid β (Aβ) is deposited in the cerebral blood vessels, reducing compliance, tearing and weakening of vessel walls, leading to cerebral hemorrhage. The mechanisms by which Aβ leads to focal wall fragmentation and intimal damage are not well understood. We analyzed the motility of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) in real-time using a wound-healing assay. We observed the suppression of cell migration by visualizing Aβ aggregation using quantum dot (QD) nanoprobes. In addition, using QD nanoprobes and a SiR-actin probe, we simultaneously observed Aβ aggregation and F-actin organization in real-time for the first time. Aβ began to aggregate at the edge of endothelial cells, reducing cell motility. In addition, Aβ aggregation disorganized the actin cytoskeleton and induced abnormal actin aggregation. Aβ aggregated actively in the anterior group, where cell motility was active. Our findings may be a first step toward explaining the mechanism by which Aβ causes vascular wall fragility, bleeding, and rebleeding in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Maeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Ohkawara Neurosurgical Hospital, Hokkaido, 050-0082, Japan; Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Keiya Shimamori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurita
- Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Tokuraku
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kuragano
- Graduate School of Engineering, Muroran Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, 050-8585, Japan.
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5
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Wheeler KV, Irimia A, Braskie MN. Using Neuroimaging to Study Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Its Relationship to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1479-1502. [PMID: 38306032 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by amyloid-β aggregation in the media and adventitia of the leptomeningeal and cortical blood vessels. CAA is one of the strongest vascular contributors to Alzheimer's disease (AD). It frequently co-occurs in AD patients, but the relationship between CAA and AD is incompletely understood. CAA may drive AD risk through damage to the neurovascular unit and accelerate parenchymal amyloid and tau deposition. Conversely, early AD may also drive CAA through cerebrovascular remodeling that impairs blood vessels from clearing amyloid-β. Sole reliance on autopsy examination to study CAA limits researchers' ability to investigate CAA's natural disease course and the effect of CAA on cognitive decline. Neuroimaging allows for in vivo assessment of brain function and structure and can be leveraged to investigate CAA staging and explore its associations with AD. In this review, we will discuss neuroimaging modalities that can be used to investigate markers associated with CAA that may impact AD vulnerability including hemorrhages and microbleeds, blood-brain barrier permeability disruption, reduced cerebral blood flow, amyloid and tau accumulation, white matter tract disruption, reduced cerebrovascular reactivity, and lowered brain glucose metabolism. We present possible areas for research inquiry to advance biomarker discovery and improve diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koral V Wheeler
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Andrei Irimia
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Corwin D. Denney Research Center, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meredith N Braskie
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA
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6
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Wang L, Liu Q, Yue D, Liu J, Fu Y. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: An Undeniable Small Vessel Disease. J Stroke 2024; 26:1-12. [PMID: 38326703 PMCID: PMC10850457 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2023.01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) has been proven to be the most common pathological change in cerebral small vessel disease except arteriosclerosis. In recent years, with the discovery of imaging technology and new imaging markers, the diagnostic rate of CAA has greatly improved. CAA plays an important role in non-hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage and cognitive decline. This review comprehensively describes the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical features, imaging manifestations, imaging markers, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of CAA to facilitate its diagnosis and treatment and reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litao Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqi Yue
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Davidson CG, Woodford SJ, Mathur S, Valle DB, Foster D, Kioutchoukova I, Mahmood A, Lucke-Wold B. Investigation into the vascular contributors to dementia and the associated treatments. EXPLORATION OF NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:224-237. [PMID: 37981945 PMCID: PMC10655228 DOI: 10.37349/en.2023.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
As the average lifespan has increased, memory disorders have become a more pressing public health concern. However, dementia in the elderly population is often neglected in light of other health priorities. Therefore, expanding the knowledge surrounding the pathology of dementia will allow more informed decision-making regarding treatment within elderly and older adult populations. An important emerging avenue in dementia research is understanding the vascular contributors to dementia. This review summarizes potential causes of vascular cognitive impairment like stroke, microinfarction, hypertension, atherosclerosis, blood-brain-barrier dysfunction, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Also, this review address treatments that target these vascular impairments that also show promising results in reducing patient's risk for and experience of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shreya Mathur
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | - Devon Foster
- University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | | | - Arman Mahmood
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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8
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Ullah R, Lee EJ. Advances in Amyloid-β Clearance in the Brain and Periphery: Implications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:216-246. [PMID: 37749925 PMCID: PMC10569141 DOI: 10.5607/en23014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of impaired amyloid-β clearance in the accumulation of amyloid-β in the brain and the periphery, which is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The molecular mechanism underlying amyloid-β accumulation is largely unknown, but recent evidence suggests that impaired amyloid-β clearance plays a critical role in its accumulation. The review provides an overview of recent research and proposes strategies for efficient amyloid-β clearance in both the brain and periphery. The clearance of amyloid-β can occur through enzymatic or non-enzymatic pathways in the brain, including neuronal and glial cells, blood-brain barrier, interstitial fluid bulk flow, perivascular drainage, and cerebrospinal fluid absorption-mediated pathways. In the periphery, various mechanisms, including peripheral organs, immunomodulation/immune cells, enzymes, amyloid-β-binding proteins, and amyloid-β-binding cells, are involved in amyloid-β clearance. Although recent findings have shed light on amyloid-β clearance in both regions, opportunities remain in areas where limited data is available. Therefore, future strategies that enhance amyloid-β clearance in the brain and/or periphery, either through central or peripheral clearance approaches or in combination, are highly encouraged. These strategies will provide new insight into the disease pathogenesis at the molecular level and explore new targets for inhibiting amyloid-β deposition, which is central to the pathogenesis of sporadic AD (amyloid-β in parenchyma) and CAA (amyloid-β in blood vessels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahat Ullah
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eun Jeong Lee
- Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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9
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Tabaee Damavandi P, Storti B, Fabin N, Bianchi E, Ferrarese C, DiFrancesco JC. Epilepsy in cerebral amyloid angiopathy: an observational retrospective study of a large population. Epilepsia 2023; 64:500-510. [PMID: 36515439 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a major cause of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in older adults. Epilepsy represents a possible sequela of the disease. To date, studies on epilepsy in CAA are lacking, and the few data available mainly focus on CAA-related inflammation (CAA-ri), the inflammatory form of the disease. METHODS In this retrospective observational study, we consecutively recruited CAA patients observed over a time span of 10 years, collecting demographic, clinical, and instrumental data. Significant baseline characteristics were evaluated as potential risk factors for the development of epilepsy in the CAA population, and in the subgroups of CAA-ri and CAA without inflammatory reaction (CAA-nri). The effect of potential risk factors for epilepsy was measured as odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Within 96 recruited CAA cases, 33 (34.4%) developed epilepsy during follow-up (median = 13.5 months). The prevalent type of seizure was focal (81.3%); 12.1% of the epileptic patients presented status epilepticus, and 6.1% developed drug-resistant epilepsy. Electroencephalographic traces revealed slow and epileptic discharge activity in the majority of epileptic patients, but also in those without epilepsy. The presence of focal or disseminated cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) was associated with an increased risk of epilepsy in the CAA-nri group, and the association with CAA-ri and epilepsy was present in the overall population. SIGNIFICANCE Epilepsy is a common manifestation during the course of CAA, where CAA-ri and cSS represent predisposing factors for the development of seizures. These data suggest the importance of a deep characterization of CAA patients, to better select those more prone to develop epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payam Tabaee Damavandi
- Department of Neurology, ASST San Gerardo Hospital, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Storti
- Department of Neurology, ASST San Gerardo Hospital, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Natalia Fabin
- Laboratory of Epidemiological and Clinical Cardiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianchi
- Neurological Disorders, Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Department of Neurology, ASST San Gerardo Hospital, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jacopo C DiFrancesco
- Department of Neurology, ASST San Gerardo Hospital, School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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10
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Abstract
Dementias encompass a range of debilitating neurologic conditions. Here, we summarize the neuropathology of common forms of dementia, focusing on Alzheimer disease (AD) and related dementias. AD is part of a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases that consists of various protein inclusions (ie, proteinopathies) but other brain abnormalities are also related to dementia. Beta-amyloid and tau aggregates are hallmarks of AD. Other tissue substrates include Lewy bodies, TDP-43 inclusions, vascular brain lesions, and mixed pathologies. This review highlights the complexity of neurodegenerative and other disease substrates and summarizes topography of these lesions and concepts of mixed brain pathologies, resistance, and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupal I Mehta
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, 1750 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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11
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Ambi A, Stanisavljevic A, Victor TW, Lowery AW, Davis J, Van Nostrand WE, Miller LM. Evaluation of Copper Chelation Therapy in a Transgenic Rat Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:378-388. [PMID: 36651175 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the accumulation of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein in blood vessels and leads to hemorrhages, strokes, and dementia in elderly individuals. Recent reports have shown elevated copper levels colocalized with vascular amyloid in human CAA and Alzheimer's disease patients, which have been suggested to contribute to cytotoxicity through the formation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we treated a transgenic rat model of CAA (rTg-DI) with the copper-specific chelator, tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), via intraperitoneal (IP) administration for 6 months to determine if it could lower copper content in vascular amyloid deposits and modify CAA pathology. Results showed that TTM treatment led to elevated Aβ load in the hippocampus of the rTg-DI rats and increased microbleeds in the wild type (WT) animals. X-ray fluorescence microscopy was performed to image the distribution of copper and revealed a surprising increase in copper colocalized with Aβ aggregates in TTM-treated rTg-DI rats. Unexpectedly, we also found an increase in the copper content in unaffected vessels of both rTg-DI and WT animals. These results show that IP administration of TTM was ineffective in removing copper from vascular Aβ aggregates in vivo and increased the development of disease pathology in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Ambi
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Aleksandra Stanisavljevic
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States.,Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Tiffany W Victor
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Adam W Lowery
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Judianne Davis
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States.,Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States.,Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Lisa M Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States.,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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12
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Agrawal S, Schneider JA. Vascular pathology and pathogenesis of cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 3:100148. [PMID: 36324408 PMCID: PMC9616381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2022.100148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is well recognized that brains of older people often harbor cerebrovascular disease pathology including vessel disease and vascular-related tissue injuries and that this is associated with vascular cognitive impairment and contributes to dementia. Here we review vascular pathologies, cognitive impairment, and dementia. We highlight the importance of mixed co-morbid AD/non-AD neurodegenerative and vascular pathology that has been collected in multiple clinical pathologic studies, especially in community-based studies. We also provide an update of vascular pathologies from the Rush Memory and Aging Project and Religious Orders Study cohorts with special emphasis on the differences across age in persons with and without dementia. Finally, we discuss neuropathological perspectives on the interpretation of clinical-pathological studies and emerging data in community-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Jelke Building, 1750 W. Harrison Street, Chicago 60612, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Jelke Building, 1750 W. Harrison Street, Chicago 60612, IL, USA
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Rajpoot J, Crooks EJ, Irizarry BA, Amundson A, Van Nostrand WE, Smith SO. Insights into Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Type 1 and Type 2 from Comparisons of the Fibrillar Assembly and Stability of the Aβ40-Iowa and Aβ40-Dutch Peptides. Biochemistry 2022; 61:1181-1198. [PMID: 35666749 PMCID: PMC9219409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two distinct diseases are associated with the deposition of fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the human brain in an age-dependent fashion. Alzheimer's disease is primarily associated with parenchymal plaque deposition of Aβ42, while cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is associated with amyloid formation of predominantly Aβ40 in the cerebral vasculature. In addition, familial mutations at positions 22 and 23 of the Aβ sequence can enhance vascular deposition in the two major subtypes of CAA. The E22Q (Dutch) mutation is associated with CAA type 2, while the D23N (Iowa) mutation is associated with CAA type 1. Here we investigate differences in the formation and structure of fibrils of these mutant Aβ peptides in vitro to gain insights into their biochemical and physiological differences in the brain. Using Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we measure the relative propensities of Aβ40-Dutch and Aβ40-Iowa to form antiparallel structure and compare these propensities to those of the wild-type Aβ40 and Aβ42 isoforms. We find that both Aβ40-Dutch and Aβ40-Iowa have strong propensities to form antiparallel β-hairpins in the first step of the fibrillization process. However, there is a marked difference in the ability of these peptides to form elongated antiparallel structures. Importantly, we find marked differences in the stability of the protofibril or fibril states formed by the four Aβ peptides. We discuss these differences with respect to the mechanisms of Aβ fibril formation in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitika Rajpoot
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | - Elliot J Crooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | - Brandon A Irizarry
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | - Ashley Amundson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
| | | | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Structural Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, United States
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14
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Wakayama E, Kuzu T, Tachibana K, Hirayama R, Okada Y, Kondoh M. Modifying the blood-brain barrier by targeting claudin-5: Safety and risks. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1514:62-69. [PMID: 35508916 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a major obstacle to the delivery of drugs to the central nervous system. In the blood-brain barrier, the spaces between adjacent brain microvascular endothelial cells are sealed by multiprotein complexes known as tight junctions. Among the many components of the tight junction, claudin-5 has received the most attention as a target for loosening the tight-junction seal and allowing drugs to be delivered to the brain. In mice, transient knockdown of claudin-5 and the use of claudin-5 binders have been shown to enhance the permeation of small molecules from the blood into the brain without apparent adverse effects. However, sustained knockdown of claudin-5 in mice is lethal within 40 days, and administration of an anti-claudin-5 antibody induced convulsions in a nonhuman primate. Here, we review the safety concerns of claudin-5-targeted technologies with respect to their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Wakayama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taiki Kuzu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tachibana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshiaki Okada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masuo Kondoh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Vargas-George S, Dave KR. Models of cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related intracerebral hemorrhage. BRAIN HEMORRHAGES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hest.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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16
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Tachida Y, Miura S, Muto Y, Takuwa H, Sahara N, Shindo A, Matsuba Y, Saito T, Taniguchi N, Kawaguchi Y, Tomimoto H, Saido T, Kitazume S. Endothelial expression of human amyloid precursor protein leads to amyloid β in the blood and induces cerebral amyloid angiopathy in knock-in mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101880. [PMID: 35367207 PMCID: PMC9144051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) in blood vessels of the brain, known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is observed in most Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Compared with the pathology of CAA in humans, the pathology in most mouse models of AD is not as evident, making it difficult to examine the contribution of CAA to the pathogenesis of AD. On the basis of biochemical analyses that showed blood levels of soluble amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) in rats and mice were markedly lower than those measured in human samples, we hypothesized that endothelial APP expression would be markedly lower in rodents, and subsequently generated mice that specifically express human wild type APP (APP770) in endothelial cells. The resulting EC-APP770+ mice exhibited increased levels of serum Aβ and sAPP, indicating that endothelial APP makes a critical contribution to blood Aβ levels. Even though aged EC-APP770+ mice did not exhibit Aβ deposition in the cortical blood vessels, crossing these animals with APP knock-in mice (AppNL-F/NL-F) led to an expanded CAA pathology, as evidenced by increased amounts of amyloid accumulated in the cortical blood vessels. These results highlight an overlooked interplay between neuronal and endothelial APP in brain vascular Aβ deposition. We propose that these EC-APP770+:AppNL-F/NL-F mice may be useful to study the basic molecular mechanisms behind the possible breakdown of the blood-brain barrier upon administration of anti-Aβ antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Tachida
- Disease Glycomics Team, Glycobiology Research Group, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Saori Miura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yui Muto
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takuwa
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Functional Brain Imaging Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiro Shindo
- Departmen of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan; Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, Glycobiology Research Group, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Tomimoto
- Departmen of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Takaomi Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shinobu Kitazume
- Disease Glycomics Team, Glycobiology Research Group, Global Research Cluster, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.
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17
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Stanisavljevic A, Schrader JM, Zhu X, Mattar JM, Hanks A, Xu F, Majchrzak M, Robinson JK, Van Nostrand WE. Impact of Non-pharmacological Chronic Hypertension on a Transgenic Rat Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:811371. [PMID: 35368255 PMCID: PMC8964963 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.811371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a common comorbidity of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is a cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) characterized by deposition of fibrillar amyloid β (Aβ) in blood vessels of the brain and promotes neuroinflammation and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Hypertension, a prominent non-amyloidal CSVD, has been found to increase risk of dementia, but clinical data regarding its effects in CAA patients is controversial. To understand the effects of hypertension on CAA, we bred rTg-DI transgenic rats, a model of CAA, with spontaneously hypertensive, stroke prone (SHR-SP) rats producing bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP and non-transgenic SHR-SP littermates. At 7 months (M) of age, cohorts of both rTg-DI/SHR-SP and SHR-SP littermates exhibit elevated systolic blood pressures. However, transgene human amyloid β-protein (Aβ) precursor and Aβ peptide levels, as well as behavioral testing showed no changes between bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP and rTg-DI rats. Subsequent cohorts of rats were aged further to 10 M where bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP and SHR-SP littermates exhibit elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Vascular amyloid load in hippocampus and thalamus was significantly decreased, whereas pial surface vessel amyloid increased, in bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP rats compared to rTg-DI rats suggesting a redistribution of vascular amyloid in bigenic animals. There was activation of both astrocytes and microglia in rTg-DI rats and bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP rats not observed in SHR-SP rats indicating that glial activation was likely in response to the presence of vascular amyloid. Thalamic microbleeds were present in both rTg-DI rats and bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP rats. Although the number of thalamic small vessel occlusions were not different between rTg-DI and bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP rats, a significant difference in occlusion size and distribution in the thalamus was found. Proteomic analysis of cortical tissue indicated that bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP rats largely adopt features of the rTg-DI rats with enhancement of certain changes. Our findings indicate that at 10 M of age non-pharmacological hypertension in rTg-DI rats causes a redistribution of vascular amyloid and significantly alters the size and distribution of thalamic occluded vessels. In addition, our findings indicate that bigenic rTg-DI/SHR-SP rats provide a non-pharmacological model to further study hypertension and CAA as co-morbidities for CSVD and VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Stanisavljevic
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Joseph M. Schrader
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Mattar
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Ashley Hanks
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Mark Majchrzak
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - John K. Robinson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
| | - William E. Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, United States
- *Correspondence: William E. Van Nostrand,
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18
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Davis J, Xu F, Zhu X, Van Nostrand WE. rTg-D: A novel transgenic rat model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy Type-2. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2022; 3:100133. [PMID: 36324401 PMCID: PMC9616389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2022.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is common disorder of the elderly, a prominent comorbidity of Alzheimer's disease, and causes vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Previously, we generated a transgenic rat model of capillary CAA type-1 that develops many pathological features of human disease. However, a complementary rat model of larger vessel CAA type-2 disease has been lacking. Methods A novel transgenic rat model (rTg-D) was generated that produces human familial CAA Dutch E22Q mutant amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in brain and develops larger vessel CAA type-2. Quantitative biochemical and pathological analyses were performed to characterize the progression of CAA and associated pathologies in aging rTg-D rats. Results rTg-D rats begin to accumulate Aβ in brain and develop varying levels of larger vessel CAA type-2, in the absence of capillary CAA type-1, starting around 18 months of age. Larger vessel CAA was mainly composed of the Aβ40 peptide and most prominent in surface leptomeningeal/pial vessels and arterioles of the cortex and thalamus. Cerebral microbleeds and small vessel occlusions were present mostly in the thalamic region of affected rTg-D rats. In contrast to capillary CAA type-1 the amyloid deposited within the walls of larger vessels of rTg-D rats did not promote perivascular astrocyte and microglial responses or accumulate the Aβ chaperone apolipoprotein E. Conclusion Although variable in severity, the rTg-D rats specifically develop larger vessel CAA type-2 that reflects many of the pathological features of human disease and provide a new model to investigate the pathogenesis of this condition.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- Amyloid β protein
- ApoE, Apolipoprotein E
- Aβ, Amyloid β-protein
- AβPP, Amyloid β-protein precursor
- CAA, Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- Dutch mutation
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- ICH, Intracerebral hemorrhage
- Iba-1, Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1
- Microbleed
- Small vessel disease
- Transgenic rat
- VCID, Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia
- WT, Wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Judianne Davis
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Xiaoyue Zhu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - William E. Van Nostrand
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
- Department of Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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19
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Chan AWS, Cho IK, Li CX, Zhang X, Patel S, Rusnak R, Raper J, Bachevalier J, Moran SP, Chi T, Cannon KH, Hunter CE, Martin RC, Xiao H, Yang SH, Gumber S, Herndon JG, Rosen RF, Hu WT, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Smith Y, Walker LC. Cerebral Aβ deposition in an Aβ-precursor protein-transgenic rhesus monkey. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100044. [PMID: 36589695 PMCID: PMC9802652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ultimate goal of developing a more representative animal model of Alzheimer's disease (AD), two female amyloid-β-(Aβ) precursor protein-transgenic (APPtg) rhesus monkeys were generated by lentiviral transduction of the APP gene into rhesus oocytes, followed by in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer. The APP-transgene included the AD-associated Swedish K670N/M671L and Indiana V717F mutations (APPSWE/IND) regulated by the human polyubiquitin-C promoter. Overexpression of APP was confirmed in lymphocytes and brain tissue. Upon sacrifice at 10 years of age, one of the monkeys had developed Aβ plaques and cerebral Aβ-amyloid angiopathy in the occipital, parietal, and caudal temporal neocortices. The induction of Aβ deposition more than a decade prior to its usual emergence in the rhesus monkey supports the feasibility of creating a transgenic nonhuman primate model for mechanistic analyses and preclinical testing of treatments for Alzheimer's disease and cerebrovascular amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W S Chan
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - In Ki Cho
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Chun-Xia Li
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Sudeep Patel
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca Rusnak
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jessica Raper
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jocelyne Bachevalier
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Psychology, Emory College, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sean P Moran
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Tim Chi
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Katherine H Cannon
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Carissa E Hunter
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ryan C Martin
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Hailian Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shang-Hsun Yang
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - James G Herndon
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Rebecca F Rosen
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James J Lah
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Allan I Levey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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20
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Gireud-Goss M, Mack AF, McCullough LD, Urayama A. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Neuroscientist 2021; 27:668-684. [PMID: 33238806 PMCID: PMC9853919 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420954811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral hemorrhage, a devastating subtype of stroke, is often caused by hypertension and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Pathological evidence of CAA is detected in approximately half of all individuals over the age of 70 and is associated with cortical microinfarcts and cognitive impairment. The underlying pathophysiology of CAA is characterized by accumulation of pathogenic amyloid β (Aβ) fragments of amyloid precursor protein in the cerebral vasculature. Vascular deposition of Aβ damages the vessel wall, results in blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakiness, vessel occlusion or rupture, and leads to hemorrhages and decreased cerebral blood flow that negatively affects vessel integrity and cognitive function. Currently, the main hypothesis surrounding the mechanism of CAA pathogenesis is that there is an impaired clearance of Aβ peptides, which includes compromised perivascular drainage as well as dysfunction of BBB transport. Also, the immune response in CAA pathogenesis plays an important role. Therefore, the mechanism by which Aβ vascular deposition occurs is crucial for our understanding of CAA pathogenesis and for the development of potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gireud-Goss
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexis F. Mack
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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21
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Maniskas ME, Mack AF, Morales-Scheihing D, Finger C, Zhu L, Paulter R, Urayama A, McCullough LD, Manwani B. Sex differences in a murine model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100260. [PMID: 34589766 PMCID: PMC8474688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is one of the common causes of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) in the aging population. Increased amyloid plaque deposition within cerebral blood vessels, specifically the smooth muscle layer, is linked to increased cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and impaired cognition in CAA. Studies in Alzheimer's disease (AD) have shown that amyloid plaque pathology is more prevalent in the brains of elderly women (2/3rd of the dementia population) compared with men, however, there is a paucity of studies on sex differences in CAA. The objective of this study was to discern the sexual dichotomies in CAA. We utilized male and female Tg-SwDI mice (mouse model of CAA) at 12-14 months of age for this study. We evaluated sex differences in CMBs, cognitive function and inflammation. Cognition was assessed using Y-maze (spatial working memory) and Fear Conditioning (contextual memory). CMBs were quantified by ex vivo brain MRI scans. Inflammatory cytokines in brain were quantified using ELISA. Our results demonstrated that aging Tg-SwDI female mice had a significantly higher burden of CMBs on MRI as compared to males. Interestingly, these aging Tg-SwDI female mice also had significantly impaired spatial and contextual memory on Y maze and Fear Conditioning respectively. Furthermore, female mice had significantly lower circulating inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-9, and IFN-γ, as compared to males. Our results demonstrate that aging female Tg-SwDI mice are more cognitively impaired and have higher number of CMBs, as compared to males at 12-14 months of age. This may be secondary to reduced levels of neural repair cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-9 and IFN-γ) involved in sex specific inflammatory signaling in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Maniskas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexis F. Mack
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diego Morales-Scheihing
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carson Finger
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Robia Paulter
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akihiko Urayama
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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22
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Alber J, Arthur E, Goldfarb D, Drake J, Boxerman JL, Silver B, Ott BR, Johnson LN, Snyder PJ. The relationship between cerebral and retinal microbleeds in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA): A pilot study. J Neurol Sci 2021; 423:117383. [PMID: 33684655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard in vivo diagnostic imaging technique for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is costly and thereby of limited utility for point-of-care diagnosis and monitoring of treatment efficacy. Recent recognition that retinal changes may reflect cerebral changes in neurodegenerative disease provides an ideal opportunity for development of accessible and cost-effective biomarkers for point-of-care use in the detection and monitoring of CAA. In this pilot study, we examined structural and angiographic retinal changes in CAA patients relative to a control group, and compared retinal and cerebral pathology in a group of CAA patients. METHODS We used spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to image the retina and compared retinal microbleeds to both cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in CAA patients, as seen on MRI. We compared retinal angiographic changes, along with structural retinal neuronal layer changes in CAA patients and cognitively normal older adults, and examined the relationship between retinal and cerebral microbleeds and cognition in CAA patients. RESULTS We found a trend level correlation between retinal and cerebral microbleeds in CAA patients. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between retinal microbleeds and episodic memory performance in CAA patients. There were no significant group differences between CAA patients and cognitively normal older adults on retinal angiographic or structural measurements. CONCLUSION Retinal microbleeds may reflect degree of cerebral microbleed burden in CAA. This picture was complicated by systolic hypertension in the CAA group, which is a confounding factor for the interpretation of these data. Our results stimulate motivation for pursuit of a more comprehensive prospective study to determine the feasibility of retinal biomarkers in CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alber
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Memory & Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Edmund Arthur
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Memory & Aging Program, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Drake
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jerrold L Boxerman
- Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Brian Silver
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Brian R Ott
- Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lenworth N Johnson
- Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter J Snyder
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA; Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Department of Surgery (Ophthalmology), Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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23
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Xia Y, Wang Y, Yang L, Wang Y, Liang X, Zhao Q, Wu J, Chu S, Liang Z, Ding H, Ding D, Cheng X, Dong Q. Incident cerebral microbleeds and hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA Guidelines. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:314. [PMID: 33708941 PMCID: PMC7944264 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-5142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The cut-off for hypertension was lowered to blood pressure (BP) over 130/80 mmHg in the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline. Whether the new definition of hypertension remains a potent risk factor of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) is uncertain. We aimed to analyze the relationship between the new definition of hypertension and incident CMBs in a 7-year longitudinal community study. Methods This study is a sub-study of the Shanghai Aging Study (SAS). A total of 317 participants without stroke or dementia were included at baseline (2009–2011), and were invited to repeated clinical examinations and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at follow-up (2016–2018). CMBs at baseline and follow-up were evaluated on T2*-weighted gradient recalled echo (GRE) and susceptibility-weighted angiography (SWAN) sequence of MRI. We classified baseline BP into four categories: normal BP, elevated systolic BP, stage 1 hypertension and stage 2 hypertension according to the ACC/AHA guideline. We assessed the associations between BP categories and incident CMBs by generalized linear models. Results A total of 159 participants (median age, 67 years) completed follow–up examinations with a mean interval of 6.9 years. Both stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension at baseline were significantly related with a higher risk of incident CMBs (IRR 2.77, 95% CI, 1.11–6.91, P=0.028; IRR 3.04, 95% CI, 1.29–7.16, P=0.011, respectively), indicating dose-response effects across BP categories. Participants with ≥5 incident CMBs or incident CMBs in the deep locations all had baseline stage 1 and 2 hypertension. Conclusions Participants with baseline stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension had a significantly higher risk of incident CMBs in this 7-year longitudinal community cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Xia
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lumeng Yang
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Wu
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Neurology, Jing'an District Center Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Chu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghui Liang
- Department of Radiology, Jing'an District Center Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hansheng Ding
- Shanghai Health Development Research Center (Shanghai Medical Information Center), Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology, National Clinical Research Centre for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Fu Z, Van Nostrand WE, Smith SO. Anti-Parallel β-Hairpin Structure in Soluble Aβ Oligomers of Aβ40-Dutch and Aβ40-Iowa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031225. [PMID: 33513738 PMCID: PMC7865275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are associated with two prominent diseases in the brain, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Aβ42 is the dominant component of cored parenchymal plaques associated with AD, while Aβ40 is the predominant component of vascular amyloid associated with CAA. There are familial CAA mutations at positions Glu22 and Asp23 that lead to aggressive Aβ aggregation, drive vascular amyloid deposition and result in degradation of vascular membranes. In this study, we compared the transition of the monomeric Aβ40-WT peptide into soluble oligomers and fibrils with the corresponding transitions of the Aβ40-Dutch (E22Q), Aβ40-Iowa (D23N) and Aβ40-Dutch, Iowa (E22Q, D23N) mutants. FTIR measurements show that in a fashion similar to Aβ40-WT, the familial CAA mutants form transient intermediates with anti-parallel β-structure. This structure appears before the formation of cross-β-sheet fibrils as determined by thioflavin T fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy and occurs when AFM images reveal the presence of soluble oligomers and protofibrils. Although the anti-parallel β-hairpin is a common intermediate on the pathway to Aβ fibrils for the four peptides studied, the rate of conversion to cross-β-sheet fibril structure differs for each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziao Fu
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - William E. Van Nostrand
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA;
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Steven O. Smith
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-631-632-1210
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25
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Xiong L, Charidimou A, Pasi M, Boulouis G, Pongpitakmetha T, Schirmer MD, Singh S, Benson E, Gurol EM, Rosand J, Greenberg SM, Biffi A, Viswanathan A. Predictors for Late Post-Intracerebral Hemorrhage Dementia in Patients with Probable Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 71:435-442. [PMID: 31403947 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) accounts for the majority of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH); however, the risk factors for dementia conversion after ICH occurrence in CAA patients are unknown, especially in the long-term period after ICH. Therefore, we aimed to unravel the predictors for late post-ICH dementia (6 months after ICH event) in probable CAA patients. METHODS From a large consecutive MRI prospective cohort of spontaneous ICH (2006-2017), we identified probable CAA patients (modified Boston criteria) without dementia 6 months post-ICH. Cognitive outcome during follow-up was determined based on the information from standardized clinical visit notes. We used Cox regression analysis to investigate the association between baseline demographic characteristics, past medical history, MRI biomarkers, and late post-ICH dementia conversion (dementia occurred after 6 months). RESULTS Among 97 non-demented lobar ICH patients with probable CAA, 25 patients (25.8%) developed dementia during a median follow-up time of 2.5 years (IQR 1.5-3.8 years). Pre-existing mild cognitive impairment, increased white matter hyperintensities (WMH) burden, the presence of disseminated cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), and higher total small vessel disease score for CAA were all independent predictors for late dementia conversion. CONCLUSION In probable CAA patients presenting with lobar ICH, high WMH burden and presence of disseminated cSS are useful neuroimaging biomarkers for dementia risk stratification. These findings have implications for clinical practice and future trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Pasi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregoire Boulouis
- Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Thanakit Pongpitakmetha
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Markus D Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Population Health Sciences, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Germany
| | - Sanjula Singh
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Benson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edip M Gurol
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alessandro Biffi
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital Stroke Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Cerebral amyloid angiopathy-linked β-amyloid mutations promote cerebral fibrin deposits via increased binding affinity for fibrinogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14482-14492. [PMID: 32518112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921327117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), where beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits around cerebral blood vessels, is a major contributor of vascular dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. However, the molecular mechanism underlying CAA formation and CAA-induced cerebrovascular pathology is unclear. Hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy (HCAA) is a rare familial form of CAA in which mutations within the (Aβ) peptide cause an increase in vascular deposits. Since the interaction between Aβ and fibrinogen increases CAA and plays an important role in cerebrovascular damage in AD, we investigated the role of the Aβ-fibrinogen interaction in HCAA pathology. Our work revealed the most common forms of HCAA-linked mutations, Dutch (E22Q) and Iowa (D23N), resulted in up to a 50-fold stronger binding affinity of Aβ for fibrinogen. In addition, the stronger interaction between fibrinogen and mutant Aβs led to a dramatic perturbation of clot structure and delayed fibrinolysis. Immunofluorescence analysis of the occipital cortex showed an increase of fibrin(ogen)/Aβ codeposition, as well as fibrin deposits in HCAA patients, compared to early-onset AD patients and nondemented individuals. Our results suggest the HCAA-type Dutch and Iowa mutations increase the interaction between fibrinogen and Aβ, which might be central to cerebrovascular pathologies observed in HCAA.
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27
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Zhu X, Victor TW, Ambi A, Sullivan JK, Hatfield J, Xu F, Miller LM, Van Nostrand WE. Copper accumulation and the effect of chelation treatment on cerebral amyloid angiopathy compared to parenchymal amyloid plaques. Metallomics 2020; 12:539-546. [PMID: 32104807 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of fibrillar amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in parenchymal plaques and in blood vessels of the brain, the latter condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), are hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related disorders. Cerebral amyloid deposits have been reported to accumulate various metals, most notably copper and zinc. Here we show that, in human AD, copper is preferentially accumulated in amyloid-containing brain blood vessels compared to parenchymal amyloid plaques. In light of this observation, we evaluated the effects of reducing copper levels in Tg2576 mice, a transgenic model of AD amyloid pathologies. The copper chelator, tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), was administered to twelve month old Tg2576 mice for a period of five months. Copper chelation treatment significantly reduced both CAA and parenchymal plaque load in Tg2576 mice. Further, copper chelation reduced parenchymal plaque copper content but had no effect on CAA copper levels in this model. These findings indicate that copper is associated with both CAA deposits and parenchymal amyloid plaques in humans, but less in Tg2576 mice. TTM only reduces copper levels in plaques in Tg2576 mice. Reducing copper levels in the brain may beneficially lower amyloid pathologies associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayoue Zhu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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28
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Zhu X, Xu F, Hoos MD, Lee H, Benveniste H, Van Nostrand WE. Reduced Levels of Cerebrospinal Fluid/Plasma Aβ40 as an Early Biomarker for Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy in RTg-DI Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21010303. [PMID: 31906317 PMCID: PMC6982234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of fibrillar amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in blood vessels of the brain, the condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is a common small vessel disease that promotes cognitive impairment and is strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Presently, the clinical diagnosis of this condition relies on neuroimaging markers largely associated with cerebral macro/microbleeds. However, these are markers of late-stage disease detected after extensive cerebral vascular amyloid accumulation has become chronic. Recently, we generated a novel transgenic rat model of CAA (rTg-DI) that recapitulates multiple aspects of human CAA disease with the progressive accumulation of cerebral vascular amyloid, largely composed of Aβ40, and the consistent emergence of subsequent microbleeds. Here, we investigated the levels of Aβ40 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma of rTg-DI rats as CAA progressed from inception to late stage disease. The levels of Aβ40 in CSF and plasma precipitously dropped at the early onset of CAA accumulation at three months of age and continued to decrease with the progression of disease. Notably, the reduction in CSF/plasma Aβ40 levels preceded the emergence of cerebral microbleeds, which first occurred at about six months of age, as detected by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and histological staining of brain tissue. These findings support the concept that reduced CSF/plasma levels of Aβ40 could serve as a biomarker for early stage CAA disease prior to the onset of cerebral microbleeds for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Zhu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (X.Z.); (F.X.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Feng Xu
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (X.Z.); (F.X.); (M.D.H.)
| | - Michael D. Hoos
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (X.Z.); (F.X.); (M.D.H.)
- Enzo Life Sciences, 10 Executive Blvd, Farmingdale, NY 11735, USA
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (H.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; (H.L.); (H.B.)
| | - William E. Van Nostrand
- George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (X.Z.); (F.X.); (M.D.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-401-874-2363
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29
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From Stroke to Dementia: a Comprehensive Review Exposing Tight Interactions Between Stroke and Amyloid-β Formation. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:601-614. [PMID: 31776837 PMCID: PMC7340665 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are cerebral pathologies with high socioeconomic impact that can occur together and mutually interact. Vascular factors predisposing to cerebrovascular disease have also been specifically associated with development of AD, and acute stroke is known to increase the risk to develop dementia. Despite the apparent association, it remains unknown how acute cerebrovascular disease and development of AD are precisely linked and act on each other. It has been suggested that this interaction is strongly related to vascular deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ), i.e., cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Furthermore, the blood–brain barrier (BBB), perivascular space, and the glymphatic system, the latter proposedly responsible for the drainage of solutes from the brain parenchyma, may represent key pathophysiological pathways linking stroke, Aβ deposition, and dementia. In this review, we propose a hypothetic connection between CAA, stroke, perivascular space integrity, and dementia. Based on relevant pre-clinical research and a few clinical case reports, we speculate that impaired perivascular space integrity, inflammation, hypoxia, and BBB breakdown after stroke can lead to accelerated deposition of Aβ within brain parenchyma and cerebral vessel walls or exacerbation of CAA. The deposition of Aβ in the parenchyma would then be the initiating event leading to synaptic dysfunction, inducing cognitive decline and dementia. Maintaining the clearance of Aβ after stroke could offer a new therapeutic approach to prevent post-stroke cognitive impairment and development into dementia.
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30
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Weldon Furr J, Morales-Scheihing D, Manwani B, Lee J, McCullough LD. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Alzheimer's Disease and MicroRNA: miRNA as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Neuromolecular Med 2019; 21:369-390. [PMID: 31586276 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-019-08568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The protein molecules must fold into unique conformations to acquire functional activity. Misfolding, aggregation, and deposition of proteins in diverse organs, the so-called "protein misfolding disorders (PMDs)", represent the conformational diseases with highly ordered assemblies, including oligomers and fibrils that are linked to neurodegeneration in brain illnesses such as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have revealed several aspects of brain pathology in CAA and AD, but both the classification and underlying mechanisms need to be further refined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Increasing evidence with the advent of RNA sequencing technology suggests possible links between miRNAs and these neurodegenerative disorders. To provide insights on the small RNA-mediated regulatory circuitry and the translational significance of miRNAs in PMDs, this review will discuss the characteristics and mechanisms of the diseases and summarize circulating or tissue-resident miRNAs associated with AD and CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weldon Furr
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diego Morales-Scheihing
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bharti Manwani
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Louise D McCullough
- BRAINS Research Laboratory, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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31
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Kamara DM, Gangishetti U, Gearing M, Willis-Parker M, Zhao L, Hu WT, Walker LC. Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy: Similarity in African-Americans and Caucasians with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 62:1815-1826. [PMID: 29614657 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) of the Aβ type is variably present in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). CAA contributes to cognitive decline and increases the risk of lobar hemorrhage; because both AD-typical dementia and lobar hemorrhage are more common in African-Americans than in Caucasians, we postulated that African-Americans with AD might be particularly susceptible to CAA. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed CAA histopathologically in the large vessels and capillaries of autopsy-derived frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital cortical samples from African-Americans (n = 18) and Caucasians (n = 19) with end-stage AD. In the combined cohort of 37 subjects, 22% of the subjects had severe CAA in large vessels, and 11% had severe CAA in capillaries. However, the prevalence and histopathologic characteristics of CAA were similar in the African-Americans and Caucasians. This conclusion was substantiated in an independent sample from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database, in which the degree of CAA was comparable in 1,554 Caucasians and 68 African-Americans with end-stage AD. These findings support a growing consensus that the fundamental histopathologic features of AD are largely impartial to the race of the afflicted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Umesh Gangishetti
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica Willis-Parker
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liping Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lary C Walker
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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32
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Kuramatsu JB, Huttner HB. Management of oral anticoagulation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 2019; 14:238-246. [PMID: 30762497 DOI: 10.1177/1747493019828555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most recent years have significantly expanded knowledge regarding risks and benefits of resuming oral anticoagulation (OAC) after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). No randomized data is yet available, though several large observational studies and meta-analyses have investigated the impact of resuming OAC on thromboembolic versus hemorrhagic complications in these high-risk patients after ICH. AIMS The present review will summarize the most important studies conducted over the last years and will focus on relevant factors help guiding on decision-making on whether to start OAC after ICH. SUMMARY OF REVIEW Several important factors (demographic, co-morbidities, clinical characteristics) need to be considered before individual decision-making for or against OAC is employed. Existing observational data suggest that patients after ICH with indication for long-term oral anticoagulation benefit from OAC given significant reductions of thromboembolic events without significantly increasing bleeding complications. Studies even suggest that thereby also clinical outcomes may be improved. Prospective trials currently recruiting patients will clarify whether OAC after ICH - or left atrial appendage closure as a meaningful alternative - is of clinical net-benefit. CONCLUSIONS Large sized and well-executed investigations (moderate quality of evidence) are showing that OAC resumption after ICH decreases thromboembolic complications and long-term mortality without significantly increasing bleeding complications. Further, data suggest that resumption may be safer in non-lobar ICH compared to lobar ICH, but overall, thoughtful selection, strict blood pressure control, and precise communication are paramount before starting a patient on OAC after ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji B Kuramatsu
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hagen B Huttner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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33
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Shaaban CE, Jorgensen DR, Gianaros PJ, Mettenburg J, Rosano C. Cerebrovascular disease: Neuroimaging of cerebral small vessel disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 165:225-255. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Mouse models of Alzheimer's disease cause rarefaction of pial collaterals and increased severity of ischemic stroke. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:263-279. [PMID: 30519973 PMCID: PMC6475514 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9655-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction contributes to the progression and severity of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Patients with AD also sustain larger infarctions after ischemic stroke; however, the responsible mechanisms are unknown. Pial collaterals are the primary source of protection in stroke. Unfortunately, natural aging and other vascular risk factors cause a decline in collateral number and diameter (rarefaction) and an increase in stroke severity. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that AD accelerates age-induced collateral rarefaction and examined potential underlying mechanisms. Triple and double transgenic mouse models of AD both sustained collateral rarefaction by 8 months of age, well before the onset of rarefaction caused by aging alone (16 months of age). Rarefaction, which did not progress further at 18 months of age, was accompanied by a twofold increase in infarct volume after MCA occlusion. AD did not induce rarefaction of similarly sized pial arterioles or penetrating arterioles. Rarefaction was minimal and occurred only at 18 months of age in a parenchymal vascular amyloid-beta model of AD. Rarefaction was not associated with amyloid-beta deposition on collaterals or pial arteries, nor was plaque burden or CD11b+ cell density greater in brain underlying the collateral zones versus elsewhere. However, rarefaction was accompanied by increased markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and aging of collateral endothelial and mural cells. Moreover, rarefaction was lessened by deletion of CX3CR1 and prevented by overexpression of eNOS. These findings demonstrate that mouse models of AD promote rarefaction of pial collaterals and implicate inflammation-induced accelerated aging of collateral wall cells. Strategies that reduce vascular inflammation and/or increase nitric oxide may preserve collateral function.
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Davis J, Xu F, Hatfield J, Lee H, Hoos MD, Popescu D, Crooks E, Kim R, Smith SO, Robinson JK, Benveniste H, Van Nostrand WE. A Novel Transgenic Rat Model of Robust Cerebral Microvascular Amyloid with Prominent Vasculopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 188:2877-2889. [PMID: 30446159 PMCID: PMC6334267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of fibrillar amyloid β protein in blood vessels of the brain, a condition known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), is a common pathology of elderly individuals, a prominent comorbidity of Alzheimer disease, and a driver of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Although several transgenic mouse strains have been generated that develop varying levels of CAA, consistent models of associated cerebral microhemorrhage and vasculopathy observed clinically have been lacking. Reliable preclinical animal models of CAA and microhemorrhage are needed to investigate the molecular pathogenesis of this condition. Herein, we describe the generation and characterization of a novel transgenic rat (rTg-DI) that produces low levels of human familial CAA Dutch/Iowa E22Q/D23N mutant amyloid β protein in brain and faithfully recapitulates many of the pathologic aspects of human small-vessel CAA. rTg-DI rats exhibit early-onset and progressive accumulation of cerebral microvascular fibrillar amyloid accompanied by early-onset and sustained behavioral deficits. Comparable to CAA in humans, the cerebral microvascular amyloid in rTg-DI rats causes capillary structural alterations, promotes prominent perivascular neuroinflammation, and produces consistent, robust microhemorrhages and small-vessel occlusions that are readily detected by magnetic resonance imaging. The rTg-DI rats provide a new model to investigate the pathogenesis of small-vessel CAA and microhemorrhages, to develop effective biomarkers for this condition and to test therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judianne Davis
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Feng Xu
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Joshua Hatfield
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael D Hoos
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Dominique Popescu
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Elliot Crooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Regina Kim
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Steven O Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - John K Robinson
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island; Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- George and Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.
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Saliba W, Rennert HS, Barnett-Griness O, Gronich N, Molad J, Rennert G, Auriel E. Association of statin use with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A cohort study. Neurology 2018; 91:e400-e409. [PMID: 29970405 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000005907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the association between statin exposure in a dose-dependent manner and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in a large nationwide study. METHODS The computerized database of the largest health care provider in Israel was used to identify diagnosed ICH among new users of statins, who started statin treatment between 2005 and 2010. We assessed a dose-response relationship between ICH and statins, using the average atorvastatin equivalent daily dose (AAEDD). Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models, adjusted for baseline disease risk score, were applied to estimate the hazard ratio of ICH. RESULTS Of the 345,531 included patients, 1,304 were diagnosed with ICH during a median follow-up of 9.5 years (interquartile range 7.6-11.0). Overall, 75.3% of patients had AAEDD <10 mg/d, 19.0% had AAEDD 0-19.9 mg/d, and 5.7% had AAEDD ≥20 mg/d. The corresponding proportions were 81.0%, 15.0%, 4.0% among ICH cases, and 75.3%, 19.0%, 5.7% among non-ICH cases. Compared to those with AAEDD <10 mg/d (reference), the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for ICH was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58-0.79) in those with AAEDD 10-19.9 mg/d, and 0.62 (0.47-0.81) in those with AAEDD ≥20 mg/d. Compared to the lowest baseline total cholesterol quartile, the adjusted HR for ICH was 0.71 (95% CI 0.62-0.82), 0.55 (0.47-0.64), and 0.57 (0.49-0.67) in those in the second, third, and highest quartiles, respectively. The results were similar and robust among highly persistent statin users and after controlling for the change in cholesterol level. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that the risk of ICH decreases with increasing cholesterol levels, but suggests that statin use might be associated with decreased risk of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Saliba
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Hedy S Rennert
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Ofra Barnett-Griness
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Naomi Gronich
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Jeremy Molad
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Gad Rennert
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel
| | - Eitan Auriel
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology (W.S., H.S.R., O.B.-G., N.G., G.R.), Statistical Unit (O.B.-G.), Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit (N.G.), and Department of Neurology (E.A.), Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine (W.S., G.R., E.A.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa; and Department of Neurology (J.M.), Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel.
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Sharma R, Dearaugo S, Infeld B, O'Sullivan R, Gerraty RP. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: Review of clinico-radiological features and mimics. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2018; 62:451-463. [PMID: 29604173 DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an important cause of lobar intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) in the elderly, but has other clinico-radiological manifestations. In the last two decades, certain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences, namely gradient-recalled echo imaging and the newer and more sensitive susceptibility-weighted imaging, have been utilised to detect susceptibility-sensitive lesions such as cerebral microbleeds and cortical superficial siderosis. These can be utilised sensitively and specifically by the Modified Boston Criteria to make a diagnosis of CAA without the need for 'gold-standard' histopathology from biopsy. However, recently, other promising MRI biomarkers of CAA have been described which may further increase precision of radiological diagnosis, namely chronic white matter ischaemia, cerebral microinfarcts and lobar lacunes, cortical atrophy, and increased dilated perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale. However, the radiological manifestations of CAA, as well as their clinical correlates, may have other aetiologies and mimics. It is important for the radiologist to be aware of these clinico-radiological features and mimics to accurately diagnose CAA. This is increasingly important in a patient demographic that has a high prevalence for use of antiplatelet and antithrombotic medications for other comorbidities which inherently carries an increased risk of ICH in patients with CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Sharma
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephanie Dearaugo
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bernard Infeld
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard O'Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Healthcare Imaging Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard P Gerraty
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Epworth HealthCare, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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Ionizing radiation reduces ADAM10 expression in brain microvascular endothelial cells undergoing stress-induced senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 9:1248-1268. [PMID: 28437250 PMCID: PMC5425125 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is associated with aging and is considered a potential contributor to age-associated neurodegenerative disease. Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of developing premature neurovascular degeneration and dementia but also induces premature senescence. As cells of the cerebrovascular endothelium are particularly susceptible to radiation and play an important role in brain homeostasis, we investigated radiation-induced senescence in brain microvascular endothelial cells (EC). Using biotinylation to label surface proteins, streptavidin enrichment and proteomic analysis, we analyzed the surface proteome of stress-induced senescent EC in culture. An array of both recognized and novel senescence-associated proteins were identified. Most notably, we identified and validated the novel radiation-stimulated down-regulation of the protease, a disintegrin and metalloprotease 10 (ADAM10). ADAM10 is an important modulator of amyloid beta protein production, accumulation of which is central to the pathologies of Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Concurrently, we identified and validated increased surface expression of ADAM10 proteolytic targets with roles in neural proliferation and survival, inflammation and immune activation (L1CAM, NEO1, NEST, TLR2, DDX58). ADAM10 may be a key molecule linking radiation, senescence and endothelial dysfunction with increased risk of premature neurodegenerative diseases normally associated with aging.
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Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) associated with inflammation is a rare form of a potentially reversible encephalopathy in a subgroup of patients with CAA. The cerebral amyloid deposition can in isolated cases induce an inflammation predominantly of the cerebral blood vessels and a multifocal edema of the cerebral white matter. The courses can occur as monophasic, relapsing remitting and primarily progressive forms. We present seven cases with different courses of the disease and give an overview of the pathophysiology, clinical aspects and treatment of the disease with reference to the current literature. The cases presented show a very different and often difficult differential diagnostic clinical picture and all showed a significant improvement under steroid medication without signs of recurrence of the disease during the course. The recognition and early consistent treatment of inflammatory forms of CAA with and without direct inflammatory involvement of vessels can be decisive for successful treatment.
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Louveau A, Plog BA, Antila S, Alitalo K, Nedergaard M, Kipnis J. Understanding the functions and relationships of the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3210-3219. [PMID: 28862640 PMCID: PMC5669566 DOI: 10.1172/jci90603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries of the glymphatic system and of meningeal lymphatic vessels have generated a lot of excitement, along with some degree of skepticism. Here, we summarize the state of the field and point out the gaps of knowledge that should be filled through further research. We discuss the glymphatic system as a system that allows CNS perfusion by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF). We also describe the recently characterized meningeal lymphatic vessels and their role in drainage of the brain ISF, CSF, CNS-derived molecules, and immune cells from the CNS and meninges to the peripheral (CNS-draining) lymph nodes. We speculate on the relationship between the two systems and their malfunction that may underlie some neurological diseases. Although much remains to be investigated, these new discoveries have changed our understanding of mechanisms underlying CNS immune privilege and CNS drainage. Future studies should explore the communications between the glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics in CNS disorders and develop new therapeutic modalities targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Louveau
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Benjamin A. Plog
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Salli Antila
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
- Center of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Landen JW, Cohen S, Billing CB, Cronenberger C, Styren S, Burstein AH, Sattler C, Lee JH, Jack CR, Kantarci K, Schwartz PF, Duggan WT, Zhao Q, Sprenger K, Bednar MM, Binneman B. Multiple-dose ponezumab for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease: Safety and efficacy. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2017; 3:339-347. [PMID: 29067341 PMCID: PMC5651443 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple intravenous doses of ponezumab, an anti-amyloid antibody, were evaluated in subjects with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS In part A, 77 subjects were randomized to ponezumab 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg (75 treated) and 26 to placebo (24 treated). In part B, 63 subjects were randomized and treated with ponezumab 3 or 8.5 mg/kg and 32 with placebo. Subjects received 10 infusions over 18 months and were followed for 6 months thereafter. RESULTS Ponezumab was generally safe and well tolerated. Most common adverse events were fall (16.7% ponezumab, 21.4% placebo), headache (13.8%, 21.4%), and cerebral microhemorrhage (13.8%, 19.6%). Plasma ponezumab increased dose-dependently with limited accumulation. Cerebrospinal fluid penetration was low. Plasma Aβ1-x and Aβ1-40 showed robust increases, but cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers showed no dose response. Ponezumab had no effects on cognitive/functional outcomes or brain volume. CONCLUSIONS Multiple-dose ponezumab was generally safe, but not efficacious, in mild-to-moderate AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Cohen
- Toronto Memory Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jae-Hong Lee
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Kejal Kantarci
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Xiong L, Davidsdottir S, Reijmer YD, Shoamanesh A, Roongpiboonsopit D, Thanprasertsuk S, Martinez-Ramirez S, Charidimou A, Ayres AM, Fotiadis P, Gurol E, Blacker DL, Greenberg SM, Viswanathan A. Cognitive Profile and its Association with Neuroimaging Markers of Non-Demented Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Patients in a Stroke Unit. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 52:171-8. [PMID: 27060947 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is increasingly recognized as a cause of cognitive impairment in the elderly, but the cognitive profile in patients with the disease has not been well characterized. OBJECTIVE To characterize the neuropsychological profile of CAA patients without dementia and to determine the association between cognitive performance in different domains and neuroimaging lesions characteristic of CAA. METHODS Fifty-eight non-demented CAA patients were compared to 138 cognitively normal subjects using a standard neuropsychological test battery. Total brain volume (TBV), white matter hyperintensities, number of lobar cerebral microbleeds, hippocampal volume, and cortical superficial siderosis in all CAA patients were assessed. The association between these neuroimaging markers and neuropsychological performance in different cognitive domains in the CAA group were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with CAA had significantly worse performance on all individual neuropsychological domains tested, when compared to the cognitive normal group. The cognitive decline of CAA patients was most noticeable in tests for processing speed with a Z score of -1.92±1.56 (mean±SD), then followed by executive function (-0.93±1.01), episodic memory (-0.87±1.29), semantic fluency (-0.73±1.06), and attention (-0.42±0.98). TBV of the CAA patients was correlated with processing speed (β= 0.335, p = 0.03) and executive function (β= 0.394, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Non-demented patients with CAA had cognitive deficits in multiple areas. Lower TBV was related to slower processing speed and worse executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sigurros Davidsdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yael D Reijmer
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashkan Shoamanesh
- Department of Neurology, McMaster University / Population Health Research Institute, Canada
| | - Duangnapa Roongpiboonsopit
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | - Sergi Martinez-Ramirez
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas Charidimou
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison M Ayres
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Panagiotis Fotiadis
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edip Gurol
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah L Blacker
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand Viswanathan
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Bulwa ZB, Ward GC, Kramer ON, Rao B, Wichter M. Rapidly Sequential and Fatal Hemorrhaging in a Case of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:860-863. [PMID: 27853131 PMCID: PMC5115614 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.900498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is an increasingly recognized cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cognitive impairment in the aging population. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cerebral microbleeds is the most reliable option for clinical diagnosis of suspected CAA. The pathophysiology of microbleeds and ICH in CAA is not well understood, but it is thought to be the result of vessel weakening and rupture secondary to amyloid deposition. Little evidence has been established pertaining to the time course of recurrent CAA-related microbleeds or larger hemorrhages. Although several risk factors have been associated with an increased risk of ICH in CAA, there are no current treatment guidelines for recurrent hemorrhaging in CAA. CASE REPORT We present a rare case of rapidly sequential and fatal lobar hemorrhaging in the setting of suspected CAA, diagnosed by numerous microbleeds on MRI, compounded by the use of subcutaneous heparin in a 63-year-old female patient. CONCLUSIONS This case broadens our understanding of a rarely identified progression of CAA and illustrates the need for further investigation of the use of subcutaneous heparin in the setting of probable CAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary B. Bulwa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Chicago – NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL, U.S.A
| | - G. Carter Ward
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A
| | - Owen N. Kramer
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Birju Rao
- Department of Neurology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A
| | - Melvin Wichter
- Department of Neurology, Advocate Christ Medical Center, Oak Lawn, IL, U.S.A
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Kido Y, Takahashi M, Fukuma N, Kawata T, Tanaka A, Hayashi A, Shibahara J, Daimon M, Morita H, Akazawa H, Komuro I. Heart Failure Complicated by Alveolar Hemorrhage due to Vascular Collapse and Amyloid Deposits in Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloidosis. Cardiology 2016; 135:216-220. [PMID: 27522614 DOI: 10.1159/000446513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The main clinical manifestations of wild-type transthyretin (TTR)-related amyloidosis are progressive heart failure and neuropathy. There have been some reports on cerebral hemorrhage due to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in patients with TTR-related amyloidosis, but little is known about the vascular involvement in other organs. A 77-year-old woman experienced heart failure and was admitted for deteriorating heart failure status. Echocardiography showed diffuse hypokinesis of the left ventricle with biventricular wall thickness. On the 12th hospital day, the blood oxygen saturation level suddenly dropped and, despite oxygen supplementation and intensive care, the patient died. An autopsy revealed systemic deposition of amyloids which were immunolabeled by an anti-TTR antibody. Furthermore, gene-sequencing analysis showed no evidence of TTR gene mutations. The patient was diagnosed postmortem with wild-type TTR-related amyloidosis. Pathological findings revealed alveolar hemorrhage of the lung. Massive amyloid deposits were present in the vessels, and collapsed internal elastic laminae with lymphocyte infiltration were observed at the site of amyloid deposits in the bronchial artery, suggesting that deposits with inflammation might cause the collapse of the bronchial artery and lead to hemorrhage. In amyloidosis patients who suffer heart failure, there is the potential for vascular collapse caused by the accumulation of amyloid deposits with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutoshi Kido
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is one of the most frequent causes of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The deposition of beta amyloid leads to vascular fragility due to degeneration of vessel walls, formation of microaneurysms particularly in cortical blood vessels and fibrinoid vessel wall necrosis. The Congo red positive amyloid deposits are biochemically similar to the material comprising senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Recurrent or multiple simultaneous hemorrhages particularly in older patients should raise the suspicion of CAA. Gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sensitive, non-invasive technique for identifying even very small hemorrhages and superficial siderosis, which may cause transient symptoms in CAA. There is also a correlation between CAA, microbleeding and cognitive decline. Inflammatory variants of CAA must be suspected whenever patients present with progressive dementia, headache and multifocal symptoms in association with CAA findings in MRI. Histopathologically, a distinction is made between CAA-related inflammation (CAA-ri) with perivascular inflammatory infiltrates and amyloid beta-related angiitis (ABRA) with histological detection of transmural vasculitis. Inflammatory variants should be treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants.
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Case of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy-Related Inflammation – Is the Absence of Cerebral Microbleeds A Good Prognostic Sign? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:e319-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Keaney J, Walsh DM, O’Malley T, Hudson N, Crosbie DE, Loftus T, Sheehan F, McDaid J, Humphries MM, Callanan JJ, Brett FM, Farrell MA, Humphries P, Campbell M. Autoregulated paracellular clearance of amyloid-β across the blood-brain barrier. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500472. [PMID: 26491725 PMCID: PMC4610013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis and protecting neural tissue from damaging blood-borne agents. The barrier is characterized by endothelial tight junctions that limit passive paracellular diffusion of polar solutes and macromolecules from blood to brain. Decreased brain clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is a central event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas transport of Aβ across the BBB can occur via transcellular endothelial receptors, the paracellular movement of Aβ has not been described. We show that soluble human Aβ(1-40) monomers can diffuse across the paracellular pathway of the BBB in tandem with a decrease in the tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin in the cerebral vascular endothelium. In a murine model of AD (Tg2576), plasma Aβ(1-40) levels were significantly increased, brain Aβ(1-40) levels were decreased, and cognitive function was enhanced when both claudin-5 and occludin were suppressed. Furthermore, Aβ can cause a transient down-regulation of claudin-5 and occludin, allowing for its own paracellular clearance across the BBB. Our results show, for the first time, the involvement of the paracellular pathway in autoregulated Aβ movement across the BBB and identify both claudin-5 and occludin as potential therapeutic targets for AD. These findings also indicate that controlled modulation of tight junction components at the BBB can enhance the clearance of Aβ from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keaney
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dominic M. Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiernan O’Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darragh E. Crosbie
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Teresa Loftus
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Florike Sheehan
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jacqueline McDaid
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marian M. Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John J. Callanan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | | | | | - Peter Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Yu L, Boyle PA, Nag S, Leurgans S, Buchman AS, Wilson RS, Arvanitakis Z, Farfel JM, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. APOE and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in community-dwelling older persons. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2946-2953. [PMID: 26341746 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Both cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease pathology involve abnormal β-amyloid processing. We aim to elucidate the relationship of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes with amyloid angiopathy in the presence of variable amounts of Alzheimer's pathology. Data came from 1062 autopsied subjects from 2 community-based studies of aging. Common neuropathologies including Alzheimer's disease and amyloid angiopathy were assessed using uniform methods. APOE was genotyped by sequencing the 2 polymorphisms in codons 112 and 158 of exon 4. We examined the associations of APOE with amyloid angiopathy using ordinal logistic regression analyses, controlling for demographics and subsequently Alzheimer's and other common pathologies. Moderate to severe amyloid angiopathy was identified in 35.2% (n = 374) of the subjects; 15.3% (n = 162) of the subjects were APOE ε2 carriers; and 26.1% (n = 277) ε4 carriers. Adjusting for demographics, the presence of ε4 allele, but not ε2, was associated with more severe amyloid angiopathy. After further adjustment for Alzheimer's pathology, both ε2 (odds ratio 1.707, 95% confidence interval 1.236-2.358, p = 0.001) and ε4 (odds ratio 2.284, 95% confidence interval 1.730-3.014, p < 0.001) were independently associated with amyloid angiopathy. The results were confirmed by path analysis. Furthermore, APOE ε4 carriers, but not ε2 carriers, were more likely to have capillary amyloid angiopathy. Accounting for capillary involvement did not alter the APOE associations with amyloid angiopathy. We conclude that both APOE ε2 and ε4 alleles are associated with more severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and the direct effect of ε2 is masked by the allele's negative association with comorbid Alzheimer's pathology. APOE ε4, but not ε2, is associated with capillary amyloid angiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Patricia A Boyle
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sukriti Nag
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sue Leurgans
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aron S Buchman
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert S Wilson
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zoe Arvanitakis
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose M Farfel
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Geriatrics, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is an important cause of cognitive dysfunction and dementia. The term vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is used to describe the entire spectrum of cognitive dysfunction-ranging from mild impairment to dementia-attributable to all forms of cerebrovascular disease. Accurate assessment and management of vascular risk factors are a top priority in the treatment of VCI, particularly early in the disease when prevention strategies may prove to be more effective. There are limited treatment options to improve cognition and function in VCI. Several acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine have been studied in large, well-designed trials. These agents are safe and provide modest cognitive benefits in vascular dementia (VaD) but have demonstrated inconsistent efficacy on functional measures. Other therapies, such as aspirin, calcium channel blockers, and vitamin supplementation, have less evidence to support their use in improving cognition in VCI. Although primary prevention trials suggest that treatment of hypertension, adherence to a Mediterranean diet, physical activity, and smoking cessation may reduce the risk of cognitive decline, there is limited evidence regarding these interventions in helping improve cognition in VCI. The pathophysiology and treatment of cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts (CADASIL), cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), and subcortical white matter disease (SWMD) deserves special consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Ritter
- Department of Neurology, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic, 888 West Bonneville Avenue, Las Vegas, NV, 89106, USA,
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50
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Keep RF, Zhou N, Xiang J, Andjelkovic AV, Hua Y, Xi G. Vascular disruption and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in intracerebral hemorrhage. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:18. [PMID: 25120903 PMCID: PMC4130123 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the initial hemorrhage and secondary blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in primary spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in adults. Multiple etiologies are associated with ICH, for example, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, vascular malformations and coagulopathies (genetic or drug-induced). After the initial bleed, there can be continued bleeding over the first 24 hours, so-called hematoma expansion, which is associated with adverse outcomes. A number of clinical trials are focused on trying to limit such expansion. Significant progress has been made on the causes of BBB dysfunction after ICH at the molecular and cell signaling level. Blood components (e.g. thrombin, hemoglobin, iron) and the inflammatory response to those components play a large role in ICH-induced BBB dysfunction. There are current clinical trials of minimally invasive hematoma removal and iron chelation which may limit such dysfunction. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the initial hemorrhage and secondary BBB dysfunction in ICH is vital for developing methods to prevent and treat this devastating form of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA ; Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Ningna Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA ; Department of Pharmacology, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | | | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
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