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Corey TM, Illanes O, Lawrence M, Perez SE, Liddie S, Callanan JJ. Naturally occurring histological findings and Alzheimer's-like pathology in the brain of aging African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabaeus). J Comp Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37279778 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are important to study the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease and evaluate therapies targeting the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding the age-associated incidence of natural CNS pathology in a given NHP species is critical to assess the safety of potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). We describe background and age-related neuropathology in the St. Kitts African green monkey (AGM), a recognized translational model for neurodegenerative research, additionally defining the age progression of AD-associated neuropathology in this species. Seventy-one AGM brains were examined, representing age groups of 3-6 years (n = 20), 7-9 years (n = 20), 10-15 years (n = 20), and >15 years (n = 11). A subset of brains (n = 31) was assessed immunohistochemically for AD-related pathology, including expressions of Aβ, tau, and GFAP. Age-related microscopic findings included hemosiderosis, spheroid formation, neuronal lipofuscinosis and neuromelanosis, white matter and neuropil vacuolation, astrocytosis, and focal microgliosis. Non-age-related findings included perivascular ceroid-laden macrophages, meningeal melanosis, and vascular mineralization. Immunohistochemistry revealed 4G8-immunopositive Aβ plaques and vascular deposits in the prefrontal, frontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of nine animals over 15 years of age, with associated increase in GFAP expression. In 12 animals, 11 over the age of 10 years, phosphorylated tau CP13-immunoreactive neurons, neuropil, and oligodendrocyte-like cells were seen in the prefrontal, frontal, cingulate, orbital, temporal, and entorhinal cortices as well as the hippocampus; no neurofibrillary tangles were observed. AD-related pathology showed an age-related development in cognitive-associated areas in the AGM, highlighting the value of the AGM as a natural model for these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M Corey
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Virscio, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Oscar Illanes
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University College of Veterinary Medicine, Brookville, New York, USA
| | - Matthew Lawrence
- Virscio, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Sylvia E Perez
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Shervin Liddie
- Virscio, Inc., New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - John J Callanan
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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Brabazon DC, Callanan JJ, Nolan CM. Imprinting of canine IGF2 and H19. Anim Genet 2021; 53:108-118. [PMID: 34676575 DOI: 10.1111/age.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting occurs in therian mammals and is a phenomenon whereby the two alleles of a gene are differentially expressed, based on the sex of the parent from whom the alleles were inherited. The allelic differences in expression are the consequence of different epigenetic modifications that are established in the sperm or oocyte during gametogenesis and transmitted at fertilization to offspring. A small minority of genes is regulated in this way but they have important biological functions, and aberrant regulation of imprinted genes contributes to disease aetiology in humans and other animals. The factors driving the evolution of imprinted genes are also of considerable interest, as these genes appear to forego the benefits of diploidy. To broaden the phylogenetic analysis of genomic imprinting, we began a study of imprinted genes in the domestic dog, Canis familiaris. In this report, we show that canine IGF2 and H19 are imprinted, with parent-of origin-dependent monoallelic expression patterns in neonatal umbilical cord. We identify a putative imprint control region associated with the genes, and provide evidence for differential methylation of this region in a somatic tissue (umbilical cord) and for its hypermethylation in the male germline. Canis familiaris is fast becoming a highly informative system for elucidating disease processes and evolution, and the study of imprinted genes in this species may help in understanding how these genes contribute to the generation of morphological and behavioral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Brabazon
- University College Dublin School of Biology and Environmental Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J J Callanan
- University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C M Nolan
- University College Dublin School of Biology and Environmental Science, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Rowan SC, Jahns H, Mthunzi L, Piouceau L, Cornwell J, Doody R, Frohlich S, Callanan JJ, McLoughlin P. Gremlin 1 depletion in vivo causes severe enteropathy and bone marrow failure. J Pathol 2020; 251:117-122. [PMID: 32297672 PMCID: PMC7384058 DOI: 10.1002/path.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is perpetually renewed from a stem cell niche in the base of crypts to maintain a healthy bowel mucosa. Exit from this niche and maturation of epithelial cells requires tightly controlled gradients in BMP signalling, progressing from low BMP signalling at the crypt base to high signalling at the luminal surface. The BMP antagonist gremlin 1 (Grem1) is highly expressed by subepithelial myofibroblasts adjacent to the intestinal crypts but its role in regulating the stem cell niche and epithelial renewal in vivo has not been explored. To explore the effects of Grem1 loss in adulthood following normal growth and development, we bred mice (ROSA26CreER‐Grem1flx/flx) in which Grem1 could be deleted by tamoxifen administration. While Grem1 remained intact, these mice were healthy, grew normally, and reproduced successfully. Following Grem1 depletion, the mice became unwell and were euthanised (at 7–13 days). Post‐mortem examination revealed extensive mucosal abnormalities throughout the small and large intestines with failure of epithelial cell replication and maturation, villous atrophy, and features of malabsorption. Bone marrow hypoplasia was also observed with associated early haematopoietic failure. These results demonstrate an essential homeostatic role for gremlin 1 in maintaining normal bowel epithelial function in adulthood, suggesting that abnormalities in gremlin 1 expression can contribute to enteropathies. We also identified a previously unsuspected requirement for gremlin 1 in normal haematopoiesis. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Rowan
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hanne Jahns
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liberty Mthunzi
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lucie Piouceau
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joanna Cornwell
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Róisín Doody
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John J Callanan
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul McLoughlin
- University College Dublin, School of Medicine and Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
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Rattigan R, O’Doherty JV, Vigors S, Ryan MT, Sebastiano RS, Callanan JJ, Thornton K, Rajauria G, Margassery LM, Dobson ADW, O’Leary ND, Sweeney T. The Effects of the Marine-Derived Polysaccharides Laminarin and Chitosan on Aspects of Colonic Health in Pigs Challenged with Dextran Sodium Sulphate. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18050262. [PMID: 32429425 PMCID: PMC7281012 DOI: 10.3390/md18050262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with laminarin or chitosan on colonic health in pigs challenged with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Weaned pigs were assigned to: (1) a basal diet (n = 22); (2) a basal diet + laminarin (n = 10); and (3) a basal diet + chitosan (n = 10). On d35, the basal group was split, creating four groups: (1) the basal diet (control); (2) the basal diet + DSS; (3) the basal diet + laminarin + DSS; and (4) the basal diet + chitosan + DSS. From d39-42, the pigs were orally challenged with DSS. On d44, colonic tissue/digesta samples were collected. The basal DSS group had reduced growth, higher pathology score and an increased expression of MMP1, IL13 and IL23 compared with the controls (p < 0.05); these parameters were similar between the DSS-challenged groups (p > 0.05). In the basal DSS group, the relative abundance of beneficial taxa including Prevotella and Roseburia were reduced while Escherichia/Shigella were increased, compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella was reduced and the molar proportions of acetate were increased in the laminarin DSS group compared with the basal DSS group (p < 0.01), suggesting that laminarin has potential to prevent pathogen proliferation and enhance the volatile fatty acid profile in the colon in a porcine model of colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rattigan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (R.R.); (J.V.O.); (S.V.); (G.R.)
| | - John V. O’Doherty
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (R.R.); (J.V.O.); (S.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Stafford Vigors
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (R.R.); (J.V.O.); (S.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Marion T. Ryan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (M.T.R.); (R.S.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Rocco S. Sebastiano
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (M.T.R.); (R.S.S.); (K.T.)
| | - John J. Callanan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies;
| | - Kevin Thornton
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (M.T.R.); (R.S.S.); (K.T.)
| | - Gaurav Rajauria
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (R.R.); (J.V.O.); (S.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Lekha M. Margassery
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland; (L.M.M.); (A.D.W.D.); (N.D.O.)
| | - Alan D. W. Dobson
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland; (L.M.M.); (A.D.W.D.); (N.D.O.)
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Niall D. O’Leary
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland; (L.M.M.); (A.D.W.D.); (N.D.O.)
- Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork City T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Torres Sweeney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland; (M.T.R.); (R.S.S.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-(0)17166244
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Shokry IM, Shields CJ, Callanan JJ, Ma Z, Tao R. Differential role of dose and environment in initiating and intensifying neurotoxicity caused by MDMA in rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 20:47. [PMID: 31383036 PMCID: PMC6683525 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-019-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MDMA causes serotonin (5-HT) syndrome immediately after administration and serotonergic injury in a few days or weeks. However, a serotonin syndrome is not always followed by serotonergic injury, indicating different mechanisms responsible for two adverse effects. The goal of present study was to determine causes for two adverse events and further test that dose and environment have a differential role in initiating and intensifying MDMA neurotoxicity. METHODS Initiation and intensification were examined by comparing neurotoxic effects of a high-dose (10 mg/kg × 3 at 2 h intervals) with a low-dose (2 mg/kg × 3) under controlled-environmental conditions. Initiation of a serotonin syndrome was estimated by measuring extracellular 5-HT, body-core temperature, electroencephalogram and MDMA concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid, while intensification determined in rats examined under modified environment. Initiation and intensification of the serotonergic injury were assessed in rats by measuring tissue 5-HT content, SERT density and functional integrity of serotonergic retrograde transportation. RESULTS Both low- and high-dose could cause increases in extracellular 5-HT to elicit a serotonin syndrome at the same intensity. Modification of environmental conditions, which had no impact on MDMA-elicited increases in 5-HT levels, markedly intensified the syndrome intensity. Although either dose would cause the severe syndrome under modified environments, only the high-dose that resulted in high MDMA concentrations in the brain could cause serotonergic injury. CONCLUSION Our results reveal that extracellular 5-HT is the cause of a syndrome and activity of postsynaptic receptors critical for the course of syndrome intensification. Although the high-dose has the potential to initiate serotonergic injury due to high MDMA concentrations present in the brain, whether an injury is observed depends upon the drug environment via the levels of reactive oxygen species generated. This suggests that brain MDMA concentration is the determinant in the injury initiation while reactive oxygen species generation associated with the injury intensification. It is concluded that the two adverse events utilize distinctly different mediating molecules during the toxic initiation and intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Shokry
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Connor J. Shields
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - John J. Callanan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA
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6
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Miller BA, Brewer A, Nanni P, Lim JJ, Callanan JJ, Grossmann J, Kunz L, de Almeida AM, Meade KG, Chapwanya A. Characterization of circulating plasma proteins in dairy cows with cytological endometritis. J Proteomics 2019; 205:103421. [PMID: 31233901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cattle is currently requires invasive techniques and specialist expertise. The goal of this study is to utilize a gel-free mass-spectrometry based proteomics approach to compare the plasma proteome of dairy cattle with cytological endometritis to those without. Blood samples were collected from cows (N = 112) seven days postpartum (DPP). Plasma samples from a cohort of 20 animals with cytological endometritis (n = 10) and without (n = 10) as classified 21 DPP were selected for proteomic analysis. Differential abundances of proteins between the two animal groups were determined using both fold change (≥1.5 fold change) and statistical significance threshold (p < .05). A total of 181 non-redundant proteins were quantified, and 25 proteins were found with differential abundance. These include 4 binding protein alpha and mannose binding lectin 2 involved in immune responses. Differentially abundant proteins between the animals were then processed using PANTHER for gene ontology. Gene ontology included associations with innate immune processes, acute phase responses and immune regulation. A potential marker for disease identified here is the "uncharacterized protein G5E513," a protein previously defined by RNA-transcripts. These proteins may form the basis for endometritis prognosis, the development of which is proceeded by systemic changes in immune function. SIGNIFICANCE: Endometritis is a costly reproductive disease of lactating dairy cows that warrants timely diagnosis. We utilized a gel-free mass-spectrometry based proteomics approach to compare the plasma proteome of dairy cattle with cytological endometritis to those without, for the characterization of changes in the proteomic profile associated with uterine disease postpartum. Furthermore, we compared the plasma proteome of healthy and affected cows in the same physiological status of production to better understand the relationship between changes in expression of circulating proteins and to unravel essential biological mechanisms involved in bovine cytological endometritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake A Miller
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Amy Brewer
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Paolo Nanni
- Functional Genomics Centre of Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joseph J Lim
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Centre of Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Kunz
- Functional Genomics Centre of Zurich, University of Zurich/ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal and Bioscience Research Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Ireland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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Bolfa P, Callanan JJ, Ketzis J, Marchi S, Cheng T, Huynh H, Lavinder T, Boey K, Hamilton C, Kelly P. Infections and pathology of free-roaming backyard chickens on St. Kitts, West Indies. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:343-349. [PMID: 30973088 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719843638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Free-roaming chickens on Caribbean islands are important sentinels for local avian diseases and those introduced by birds migrating through the Americas. We studied 81 apparently healthy unvaccinated free-roaming chickens from 9 parishes on St. Kitts, an eastern Caribbean island. Using commercial ELISAs, no chickens had antibodies against avian influenza virus, West Nile virus, or Salmonella Enteritidis, although seropositivity was high to infectious bursal disease virus (86%), infectious bronchitis virus (84%), Mycoplasma (37%), and avian avulavirus 1 (Newcastle disease virus, 31%). Examination of small and large intestinal contents revealed cestodes in 79% and nematodes in 75% of the chickens. Although ectoparasites and endoparasites were common (74% and 79%, respectively), only a few chickens had lesions at postmortem examination, mainly intestinal serosal nodules (12%) and feather loss (6%). Histologic examination of 18 organs from each bird revealed lesions in high percentages of organs, mainly the liver (86%), lung (75%), spleen (60%), small intestine (56%), skin (42%), and kidney (40%). Lesions included degenerative, reactive, inflammatory, and neoplastic, and were not correlated with the serologic status of the chickens except in one case of infectious bursal disease. Microscopically, Paratanaisia bragai was seen in the kidneys of 3 chickens and intestinal coccidiasis in 1 chicken. Pulmonary silicate aggregates were common, were present in intestinal serosal nodules, and were suggestive of environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pompei Bolfa
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - John J Callanan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Jenifer Ketzis
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Silvia Marchi
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Trista Cheng
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Hieuhanh Huynh
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Tiffany Lavinder
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Kenneth Boey
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Clare Hamilton
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
| | - Patrick Kelly
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences (Bolfa, Callanan, Ketzis, Marchi, Cheng, Huynh, Lavinder, Boey).,Clinical Sciences (Kelly), Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK (Hamilton)
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Shokry IM, DeSuza K, Callanan JJ, Shim G, Ma Z, Tao R. Individuals with Hyperthyroidism are More Susceptible to having a Serious Serotonin Syndrome Following MDMA (Ecstasy) Administration in Rats. Ann Forensic Res Anal 2018; 5:1052. [PMID: 31172032 PMCID: PMC6548465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In a recreational use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "Ecstasy"), some but not all users are stricken with a serious serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This raises a question as to whether there exist subpopulations that are more susceptible to MDMA intoxication. The hypothesis was tested with hyperthyroid versus euthyroid rats by measuring changes in body-core temperature (T cor) and 5-HT in the hypothalamus. In the euthyroid rats, injection of MDMA at a recreationally relevant dose had no serious effect on T cor. In contrast, the same dose was sufficient to evoke life-threatening hyperthermia in hyperthyroid rats. Neurochemical studies revealed that there was greater 5-HT efflux in the hyperthyroid than the euthyroid rats. These effects were blocked by pretreatment with M100907, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that individuals with hyperthyroidism are more susceptible to having a serious serotonin syndrome following MDMA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Shokry
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Indies
| | - Kayla DeSuza
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | | | - Giselle Shim
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | - Rui Tao
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
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9
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Nolan CM, Shiel RE, Buchan JG, O'Sullivan FM, Callanan JJ. Canine MAS1: monoallelic expression is suggestive of an imprinted gene. Anim Genet 2018; 49:438-446. [PMID: 30062832 DOI: 10.1111/age.12705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Imprinted genes are epigenetically modified in a parent-of-origin dependent manner and as a consequence are differentially expressed, with one allele typically expressed while the other is repressed. In canine, the insulin like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) is imprinted with predominant expression of the maternally inherited allele. Because imprinted genes usually occur in clusters, we examined the allelic expression pattern of the gene encoding the canine Mas receptor (MAS1), which is located upstream of IGF2R on canine chromosome 1 and is highly conserved in mammals. In this report we describe monoallelic expression of canine MAS1 in the neonatal umbilical cord of several individuals and we identify the expressed allele as maternally inherited. These data suggest that canine MAS1 is an imprinted gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Nolan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - R E Shiel
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J G Buchan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F M O'Sullivan
- UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, Science Centre West, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - J J Callanan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Coker KE, Lim JJ, Schleisman RL, Vosloo C, French HM, Samper JC, Callanan JJ, Gilbert RO, Sithole F, Yao C, Chapwanya A. Freedom from Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cattle in St. Kitts. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1171-1173. [PMID: 29430608 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1537-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonosis is an endemic disease in cattle that are reared under extensive conditions and bred by natural mating. It causes profound economic losses to the producers by increasing calving interval, increasing embryo losses, and decreasing pregnancy rates. The aim of this study was to determine whether Tritrichomonas foetus infections were absent from cattle in St. Kitts. Using the modified hypergeometric method, preputial samples from bulls (n = 78) were tested using the InPouch™ culture for presence of T. foetus. Results highlighted an absence of trichomoniasis in bulls on St. Kitts with a 95% confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly E Coker
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Joseph J Lim
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Rebecca L Schleisman
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Christopher Vosloo
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Hilari M French
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Juan C Samper
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Robert O Gilbert
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Fortune Sithole
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University School Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
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11
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Tao R, Shokry IM, Callanan JJ. Environment Influencing Serotonin Syndrome Induced by Ecstasy Abuse. Ann Forensic Res Anal 2017; 4:1039. [PMID: 29732414 PMCID: PMC5931730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ecstasy is a recreational drug containing 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). In the U.S., there are several millions of lifetime users, and millions each year added to the list as new users. Only several thousand every year show signs of severe toxicity and require emergency intervention. The illness is known as serotonin (5-HT) syndrome, which can be mild, moderate or severe. The relationship between mild, moderate and severe syndromes appears to be interchangeable, but the severe syndrome is life-threatening. The serotonergic mechanisms of how the mild or moderate syndrome becomes severe and life-threatening have attracted considerable attention in the last few years as an effort to explore new treatments potentially to manage illness and prevent death of patients. High levels of extracellular 5-HT in the brain produced by large doses of MDMA are not always necessary to cause a severe serotonin syndrome. Additional mechanisms may be more important. Recent research has demonstrated that environmental conditions (i.e., non-drug factors) are more critical in determining the severity of MDMA-induced serotonin syndrome than the drug dose. The purpose of the current article was to review available evidence regarding the effect of non-drug factors on serotonergic extrasynaptic receptor responsivity and the severity of MDMA-induced serotonin syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Shokry
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, USA
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Indies
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12
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Tam LCS, Reina-Torres E, Sherwood JM, Cassidy PS, Crosbie DE, Lütjen-Drecoll E, Flügel-Koch C, Perkumas K, Humphries MM, Kiang AS, O'Callaghan J, Callanan JJ, Read AT, Ethier CR, O'Brien C, Lawrence M, Campbell M, Stamer WD, Overby DR, Humphries P. Enhancement of Outflow Facility in the Murine Eye by Targeting Selected Tight-Junctions of Schlemm's Canal Endothelia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40717. [PMID: 28091584 PMCID: PMC5238500 DOI: 10.1038/srep40717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The juxtacanalicular connective tissue of the trabecular meshwork together with inner wall endothelium of Schlemm’s canal (SC) provide the bulk of resistance to aqueous outflow from the anterior chamber. Endothelial cells lining SC elaborate tight junctions (TJs), down-regulation of which may widen paracellular spaces between cells, allowing greater fluid outflow. We observed significant increase in paracellular permeability following siRNA-mediated suppression of TJ transcripts, claudin-11, zonula-occludens-1 (ZO-1) and tricellulin in human SC endothelial monolayers. In mice claudin-11 was not detected, but intracameral injection of siRNAs targeting ZO-1 and tricellulin increased outflow facility significantly. Structural qualitative and quantitative analysis of SC inner wall by transmission electron microscopy revealed significantly more open clefts between endothelial cells treated with targeting, as opposed to non-targeting siRNA. These data substantiate the concept that the continuity of SC endothelium is an important determinant of outflow resistance, and suggest that SC endothelial TJs represent a specific target for enhancement of aqueous movement through the conventional outflow system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence C S Tam
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ester Reina-Torres
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Paul S Cassidy
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darragh E Crosbie
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Marian M Humphries
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anna-Sophia Kiang
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey O'Callaghan
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - A Thomas Read
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - C Ross Ethier
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Colm O'Brien
- Ophthalmology, Mater Hospital, UCD School of Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Matthew Campbell
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pete Humphries
- Neurovascular Genetics, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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13
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Abstract
Brains from 100 horses, aged 2-25 years, were systematically examined by histopathology at 46 different neuroanatomical sites. The horses were sourced from a slaughterhouse (group A, n = 57), from a kennel that collected dead animals, and from 2 diagnostic laboratories (group B, n = 43). All horses from group A and 26 horses from group B were examined by a veterinarian in the period before death. None of the horses were known to exhibit clinical signs suggestive of neurologic disease. Among the main changes identified were vacuolation in the neuropil ( n = 73), neurons ( n = 32), white matter ( n = 31), and focal perivascular lymphoid cell infiltrates ( n = 35). Spheroids were frequently seen ( n = 91), and 10 horses each had more than 10 spheroids in the cuneate or gracile nucleus. Statistically significant age-related changes noted included intraneuronal ( n = 97) and glial or extracellular lipofuscin deposition ( n = 41), hemosiderin deposition around blood vessels ( n = 60), and calcium depositions ( n = 24). One horse had low-grade nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis; Alzheimer type II cells were detected in the brains of 2 horses. Hyalinized vessel walls in the cerebellum were observed in 1 horse. It was concluded that some histopathologic changes are a frequent feature in equine brains, which has implications for the pathologists involved in equine neurology and disease surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jahns
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston Campus, Young's Cross, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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14
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Shokry IM, Callanan JJ, Sousa J, Tao R. New Insights on Different Response of MDMA-Elicited Serotonin Syndrome to Systemic and Intracranial Administrations in the Rat Brain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155551. [PMID: 27192423 PMCID: PMC4871448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the fact that systemic administration of MDMA elicits serotonin syndrome, direct intracranial administration fails to reproduce the effect. To reconcile these findings, it has been suggested that the cause of serotonin syndrome is attributed mainly to MDMA hepatic metabolites, and less likely to MDMA itself. Recently, however, this explanation has been challenged, and alternative hypotheses need to be explored. Here, we tested the hypothesis that serotonin syndrome is the result of excessive 5HT simultaneously in many brain areas, while MDMA administered intracranially fails to cause serotonin syndrome because it produces only a localized effect at the delivery site and not to other parts of the brain. This hypothesis was examined using adult male Sprague Dawley rats by comparing 5HT responses in the right and left hemispheric frontal cortices, right and left hemispheric diencephalons, and medullar raphe nucleus. Occurrence of serotonin syndrome was confirmed by measuring change in body temperature. Administration routes included intraperitoneal (IP), intracerebroventricular (ICV) and reverse microdialysis. First, we found that IP administration caused excessive 5HT in all five sites investigated and induced hypothermia, suggesting the development of the serotonin syndrome. In contrast, ICV and reverse microdialysis caused excessive 5HT only in regions of delivery sites without changes in body-core temperature, suggesting the absence of the syndrome. Next, chemical dyes were used to trace differences in distribution and diffusion patterns between administration routes. After systemic administration, the dyes were found to be evenly distributed in the brain. However, the dyes administered through ICV or reverse microdialysis injection still remained in the delivery sites, poorly diffusing to the brain. In conclusion, intracranial MDMA administration in one area has no or little effect on other areas, which must be considered a plausible reason for the difference in MDMA-elicited serotonin syndrome between systemic and intracranial administrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Shokry
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - John Sousa
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rui Tao
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, United States of America
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15
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Besenhard MO, Jarzabek M, O'Farrell AC, Callanan JJ, Prehn JH, Byrne AT, Huber HJ. Modelling tumour cell proliferation from vascular structure using tissue decomposition into avascular elements. J Theor Biol 2016; 402:129-43. [PMID: 27155046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Computer models allow the mechanistically detailed study of tumour proliferation and its dependency on nutrients. However, the computational study of large vascular tumours requires detailed information on the 3-dimensional vessel network and rather high computation times due to complex geometries. This study puts forward the idea of partitioning vascularised tissue into connected avascular elements that can exchange cells and nutrients between each other. Our method is able to rapidly calculate the evolution of proliferating as well as dead and quiescent cells, and hence a proliferative index, from a given amount and distribution of vascularisation of arbitrary complexity. Applying our model, we found that a heterogeneous vessel distribution provoked a higher proliferative index, suggesting increased malignancy, and increased the amount of dead cells compared to a more static tumour environment when a homogenous vessel distribution was assumed. We subsequently demonstrated that under certain amounts of vascularisation, cell proliferation may even increase when vessel density decreases, followed by a subsequent decrease of proliferation. This effect was due to a trade-off between an increase in compensatory proliferation for replacing dead cells and a decrease of cell population due to lack of oxygen supply in lowly vascularised tumours. Findings were illustrated by an ectopic colorectal cancer mouse xenograft model. Our presented approach can be in the future applied to study the effect of cytostatic, cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic chemotherapy and is ideally suited for translational systems biology, where rapid interaction between theory and experiment is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian O Besenhard
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Research Centre Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Jarzabek
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alice C O'Farrell
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John J Callanan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Jochen Hm Prehn
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Annette T Byrne
- Centre for Systems Medicine and Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; UCD School of Biomolecular & Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Heinrich J Huber
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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16
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Valentine MJ, Porter S, Chapwanya A, Callanan JJ. Uterine prolapse with endometrial eversion in association with an unusual diffuse, polypoid, fibrosing perimetritis and parametritis in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116915626166. [PMID: 28491407 PMCID: PMC5362861 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915626166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY This case describes a young non-pregnant cat that presented with uterine prolapse in association with an unusual diffuse, polypoid, fibrosing perimetritis and parametritis. Following ovariohysterectomy the cat recovered fully. No intra-abdominal complications were seen on ultrasound examination 3 months postsurgery. At the time of writing, the cat remains healthy. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION Uterine prolapse in the cat is relatively rare and usually associated with the periparturient period. Inflammatory polypoid perimetritis and parametritis have not previously been documented in cats, and in dogs have only been reported in association with the administration of oestrogenic compounds. The polypoid inflammation affecting the uterus and parametrium may have contributed to increased laxity of the uterine ligaments and predisposed to the development of uterine prolapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Valentine
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Susan Porter
- James Cook University Emergency and Referral Hospital, Douglas, Australia
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts, West Indies
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17
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Foley C, Chapwanya A, Callanan JJ, Whiston R, Miranda-CasoLuengo R, Lu J, Meijer WG, Lynn DJ, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Erratum to: 'Integrated analysis of the local and systemic changes preceding the development of post-partum cytological endometritis'. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:1050. [PMID: 26653414 PMCID: PMC4674933 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona Foley
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co., Meath, Ireland.,Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, Basseterre, West Indies, Dominica
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, Basseterre, West Indies, Dominica.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ronan Whiston
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co., Meath, Ireland.,Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Raúl Miranda-CasoLuengo
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Junnan Lu
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J Lynn
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co., Meath, Ireland.,South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, , SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Flinders, 5042, , SA, Australia
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co., Meath, Ireland.
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18
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Foley C, Chapwanya A, Callanan JJ, Whiston R, Miranda-CasoLuengo R, Lu J, Meijer WG, Lynn DJ, O' Farrelly C, Meade KG. Integrated analysis of the local and systemic changes preceding the development of post-partum cytological endometritis. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:811. [PMID: 26482908 PMCID: PMC4617749 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of endometrial inflammation has important consequences for the resumption of bovine fertility postpartum. All cows experience bacterial influx into the uterus after calving; however a significant proportion fail to clear infection leading to the development of cytological endometritis (CE) and compromised fertility. We hypothesised that early immunological changes could not only act as potential prognostic biomarkers for the subsequent development of disease but also shed light on the pathogenesis of endometritis in the postpartum dairy cow. METHODS Endometrial biopsy RNA was extracted from 15 cows at 7 and 21 days postpartum (DPP), using the Qiagen RNeasy(®) Plus Mini kit and quality determined using an Agilent 2100 bioanalyser. Disease status was determined by histpathology based on inflammatory cell infiltrate. RNA-seq of both mRNA and miRNA libraries were performed on an Illumina® HiSeq(™) 2000. Paired reads were aligned to the bovine genome with Bowtie2 and differentially expressed genes were identified using EdgeR. Significantly over-represented Gene Ontology terms were identified using GO-seq, and pathway analysis was performed using KEGG. Quanititative real-time PCR was also performed for validation (ABI 7500 fast). Haematology was assessed using an automated ADVIA 2120 analyser. Serum proteins were evaluated by ELISA and metabolite analysis was performed using a Beckman Coulter AU 400 clinical analyser. Terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to obtain fingerprints of the microbial communities present. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing from endometrial biopsies taken at 7 DPP identified significant induction of inflammatory gene expression in all cows. Despite the common inflammatory profile and enrichment of the Toll-like receptor and NFκB pathways, 73 genes and 31 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between healthy cows (HC, n = 9) and cows which subsequently developed CE at 7 DPP (n = 6, FDR < 0.1). While significant differential expression of 4197 genes in the transcriptome of healthy cows between 7 and 21 DPP showed the transition from a proinflammatory to tissue profliferation and repair, only 31 genes were differentially expressed in cows with CE (FDR < 0.1), indicating the arrest of such a transition. A link betwene the dysregulated inflammatory response and the composition of the uterine microbial communities was suggested by the presence of significant differences in uterine bacterial tRFLP profiles between HC and CE groups. Furthermore, inflammatory activity was not confined to the uterus; decreased circulating granulocytes and increased Acute Phase Protein (SAA and HP) expression levels were detected in plasma at 7 DPP in cows that developed CE. CONCLUSION Our data suggests that the IL1 and IL17 inflammatory cascade activated early postpartum is resolved thereby restoring homeostasis in healthy cows by 21 DPP, but this transition fails to occur in cows which develop CE. Despite a common early inflammatory profile, elevated and differential expression of specific immune genes may identify cows at risk of prolonged inflammation and the development of CE postpartum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona Foley
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Dominica
| | - John J Callanan
- Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, West Indies, Dominica.,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ronan Whiston
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Raúl Miranda-CasoLuengo
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research. University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Junnan Lu
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research. University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research. University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David J Lynn
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.,South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.,School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Flinders, 5042, SA, Australia
| | - Cliona O' Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran G Meade
- Animal & Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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19
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Shokry IM, Callanan JJ, Sousa J, Tao R. Rapid In Situ Hybridization using Oligonucleotide Probes on Paraformaldehyde-prefixed Brain of Rats with Serotonin Syndrome. J Vis Exp 2015. [PMID: 26437182 DOI: 10.3791/53165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) toxicity may cause region-specific changes in serotonergic mRNA expression due to acute serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) syndrome. This hypothesis can be tested using in situ hybridization to detect the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor gene htr2a. In the past, such procedures, utilizing radioactive riboprobe, were difficult because of the complicated workflow that needs several days to perform and the added difficulty that the technique required the use of fresh frozen tissues maintained in an RNase-free environment. Recently, the development of short oligonucleotide probes has simplified in situ hybridization procedures and allowed the use of paraformaldehyde-prefixed brain sections, which are more widely available in laboratories. Here, we describe a detailed protocol using non-radioactive oligonucleotide probes on the prefixed brain tissues. Hybridization probes used for this study include dapB (a bacterial gene coding for dihydrodipicolinate reductase), ppiB (a housekeeping gene coding for peptidylprolyl isomerase B), and htr2a (a serotonin gene coding for 5-HT2A receptors). This method is relatively simply, cheap, reproducible and requires less than two days to complete.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Sousa
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University
| | - Rui Tao
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University;
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20
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Keaney J, Walsh DM, O’Malley T, Hudson N, Crosbie DE, Loftus T, Sheehan F, McDaid J, Humphries MM, Callanan JJ, Brett FM, Farrell MA, Humphries P, Campbell M. Autoregulated paracellular clearance of amyloid-β across the blood-brain barrier. Sci Adv 2015; 1:e1500472. [PMID: 26491725 PMCID: PMC4610013 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for maintaining brain homeostasis and protecting neural tissue from damaging blood-borne agents. The barrier is characterized by endothelial tight junctions that limit passive paracellular diffusion of polar solutes and macromolecules from blood to brain. Decreased brain clearance of the neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is a central event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Whereas transport of Aβ across the BBB can occur via transcellular endothelial receptors, the paracellular movement of Aβ has not been described. We show that soluble human Aβ(1-40) monomers can diffuse across the paracellular pathway of the BBB in tandem with a decrease in the tight junction proteins claudin-5 and occludin in the cerebral vascular endothelium. In a murine model of AD (Tg2576), plasma Aβ(1-40) levels were significantly increased, brain Aβ(1-40) levels were decreased, and cognitive function was enhanced when both claudin-5 and occludin were suppressed. Furthermore, Aβ can cause a transient down-regulation of claudin-5 and occludin, allowing for its own paracellular clearance across the BBB. Our results show, for the first time, the involvement of the paracellular pathway in autoregulated Aβ movement across the BBB and identify both claudin-5 and occludin as potential therapeutic targets for AD. These findings also indicate that controlled modulation of tight junction components at the BBB can enhance the clearance of Aβ from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Keaney
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dominic M. Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiernan O’Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Natalie Hudson
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Darragh E. Crosbie
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Teresa Loftus
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Florike Sheehan
- Department of Neuropathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jacqueline McDaid
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marian M. Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John J. Callanan
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | | | | | - Peter Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Lincoln Place Gate, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Abstract
Guinea pigs represent an important model for a number of infectious and non-infectious pulmonary diseases. The guinea pig genome has recently been sequenced to full coverage, opening up new research avenues using genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics techniques in this species. In order to further annotate the guinea pig genome and to facilitate future pulmonary proteomics in this species we constructed a 2-D guinea pig proteome map including 486 protein identifications and post translational modifications (PTMs). The map has been up-loaded to the UCD 2D-PAGE open access database (http://proteomics-portal.ucd.ie/). Transit peptides, N-terminal acetylations and other PTMs are available via Peptideatlas (ftp://PASS00619:NM455hi@ftp.peptideatlas.org/). This dataset is associated with a research article published in the Journal of Proteomics [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schuller
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - John J Callanan
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Conway Institute for Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Conway Institute for Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland ; Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, 50010, United States
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Schuller S, Callanan JJ, Worrall S, Francey T, Schweighauser A, Kohn B, Klopfleisch R, Posthaus H, Nally JE. Immunohistochemical detection of IgM and IgG in lung tissue of dogs with leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 40:47-53. [PMID: 25963899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS) is a severe form of leptospirosis. Pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. Lung tissues from 26 dogs with LPHS, 5 dogs with pulmonary haemorrhage due to other causes and 6 healthy lungs were labelled for IgG (n=26), IgM (n=25) and leptospiral antigens (n=26). Three general staining patterns for IgG/IgM were observed in lungs of dogs with LPHS with most tissues showing more than one staining pattern: (1) alveolar septal wall staining, (2) staining favouring alveolar surfaces and (3) staining of intra-alveolar fluid. Healthy control lung showed no staining, whereas haemorrhagic lung from dogs not infected with Leptospira showed staining of intra-alveolar fluid and occasionally alveolar septa. Leptospiral antigens were not detected. We conclude that deposition of IgG/IgM is demonstrable in the majority of canine lungs with naturally occurring LPHS, similar to what has been described in other species. Our findings suggest involvement of the host humoral immunity in the pathogenesis of LPHS and provide further evidence to support the dog as a natural disease model for human LPHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schuller
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland; Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - John J Callanan
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts, West Indies
| | - Sheila Worrall
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thierry Francey
- Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Barbara Kohn
- FU Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Horst Posthaus
- Vetsuisse Faculty Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Dublin, Ireland
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Nally JE, Mullen W, Callanan JJ, Mischak H, Albalat A. Detection of urinary biomarkers in reservoir hosts of leptospirosis by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:543-51. [PMID: 25736478 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathogenic leptospires colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts of infection and are excreted via urine into the environment. Asymptomatic reservoir hosts include a wide range of domestic and wild animal species and include cattle, dogs, and rats that can persistently excrete large numbers of pathogenic leptospires over many months. A similar presentation has been observed in humans categorized as "long-term asymptomatic individuals" as they excreted leptospires in the absence of any clinical symptoms or positive serology. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the current study, the urine of experimentally infected rats, which showed no clinical signs or positive serology, was analyzed by CE-MS to identify urinary biomarkers of chronic infection. RESULTS A discriminating peptide pattern of 43 polypeptides provided a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 83%, and an accuracy of 90% for the identification of urine from chronically infected rats (p < 0.05, AUC > 90%). The majority of discriminating peptides were decreased in abundance in urine of chronically infected rats, including a peptide derived from neprilysin, a membrane metalloendopeptidase, the expression of which has previously been shown to be diminished in infected urine. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results highlight the diagnostic capabilities of urinary biomarkers to identify reservoir hosts of leptospirosis using CE coupled to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarlath E Nally
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Mullen
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Harald Mischak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Mosaiques diagnostics, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amaya Albalat
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
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24
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Tao R, Shokry IM, Callanan JJ, Adams HD, Ma Z. Mechanisms and environmental factors that underlying the intensification of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)-induced serotonin syndrome in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1245-60. [PMID: 25300903 PMCID: PMC4361258 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Illicit use of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) may cause a mild or severe form of the serotonin syndrome. The syndrome intensity is not just influenced by drug doses but also by environmental factors. OBJECTIVES Warm environmental temperatures and physical activity are features of raves. The purpose of this study was to assess how these two factors can potentially intensify the syndrome. METHODS Rats were administered MDMA at doses of 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg and examined in the absence or presence of warm temperature and physical activity. The syndrome intensity was estimated by visual scoring for behavioral syndrome and also instrumentally measuring changes in symptoms of the syndrome. RESULTS Our results showed that MDMA at 3 mg/kg, but not 0.3 or 1 mg/kg, caused a mild serotonin syndrome in rats. Each environmental factor alone moderately intensified the syndrome. When the two factors were combined, the intensification became more severe than each factor alone highlighting a synergistic effect. This intensification was blocked by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist M100907, competitive N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist CGS19755, autonomic ganglionic blocker hexamethonium, and the benzodiazepine-GABAA receptor agonist midazolam but not by the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY100635 or nicotinic receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that, in the absence of environmental factors, the MDMA-induced syndrome is mainly mediated through the serotonergic transmission (5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)-dependent mechanism) and therefore is relatively mild. Warm temperature and physical activity facilitate serotonergic and other neural systems such as glutamatergic and autonomic transmissions, resulting in intensification of the syndrome (non-5HT mechanisms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA,
| | - Ibrahim M. Shokry
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - John J. Callanan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - H. Daniel Adams
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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25
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Schuller S, Sergeant K, Renaut J, Callanan JJ, Scaife C, Nally JE. Comparative proteomic analysis of lung tissue from guinea pigs with leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS) reveals a decrease in abundance of host proteins involved in cytoskeletal and cellular organization. J Proteomics 2015; 122:55-72. [PMID: 25818725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS) is a particularly severe form of leptospirosis. LPHS is increasingly recognized in both humans and animals and is characterized by rapidly progressive intra-alveolar haemorrhage leading to high mortality. The pathogenic mechanisms of LPHS are poorly understood which hampers the application of effective treatment regimes. In this study a 2-D guinea pig proteome lung map was created and used to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of LPHS. Comparison of lung proteomes from infected and non-infected guinea pigs via differential in-gel electrophoresis revealed highly significant differences in abundance of proteins contained in 130 spots. Acute phase proteins were the largest functional group amongst proteins with increased abundance in LPHS lung tissue, and likely reflect a local and/or systemic host response to infection. The observed decrease in abundance of proteins involved in cytoskeletal and cellular organization in LPHS lung tissue further suggests that infection with pathogenic Leptospira induces changes in the abundance of host proteins involved in cellular architecture and adhesion contributing to the dramatically increased alveolar septal wall permeability seen in LPHS. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The recent completion of the complete genome sequence of the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) provides innovative opportunities to apply proteomic technologies to an important animal model of disease. In this study, the comparative proteomic analysis of lung tissue from experimentally infected guinea pigs with leptospiral pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome (LPHS) revealed a decrease in abundance of proteins involved in cellular architecture and adhesion, suggesting that loss or down-regulation of cytoskeletal and adhesion molecules plays an important role in the pathogenesis of LPHS. A publically available guinea pig lung proteome map was constructed to facilitate future pulmonary proteomics in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schuller
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 128, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation" (ERIN) department, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation" (ERIN) department, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - John J Callanan
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute for Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- Conway Institute for Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jarlath E Nally
- University College Dublin, School of Veterinary Medicine, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Conway Institute for Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Stritch C, Naulty F, Zintl A, Callanan JJ, McCullough M, Deane D, Marnell F, McMahon BJ. Squirrelpox virus reservoir expansion on the east coast of Ireland. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0909-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Aisa
- Department of Small Animal SurgeryUniversity of Glasgow464 Bearsden Road, BearsdenGlasgowG61 1BDUK
| | - Jean‐Guillaume Grand
- Department of SurgeryClinique vétérinaire Aquivet, Zac MermozAvenue de la ForêtEysines33320France
| | - Sabela Atencia
- University College DublinUCD Veterinary HospitalBelfield CampusDublin 4Ireland
| | - Micaela Zarelli
- University College DublinUCD Veterinary HospitalBelfield CampusDublin 4Ireland
| | - John J Callanan
- Department of Veterinary PathologyUniversity College DublinBelfieldDublin 4Ireland
- Ross School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSt KittsSaint Kitts and Nevis
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Tynan GA, Hearnden CH, Oleszycka E, Lyons CL, Coutts G, O'Connell J, Corrigan MA, Lynch L, Campbell M, Callanan JJ, Mok KH, Geoghegan J, O'Farrelly C, Allan SM, Roche HM, O'Shea DB, Lavelle EC. Endogenous oils derived from human adipocytes are potent adjuvants that promote IL-1α-dependent inflammation. Diabetes 2014; 63:2037-50. [PMID: 24458363 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by chronic inflammation associated with neutrophil and M1 macrophage infiltration into white adipose tissue. However, the mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. Based on the ability of oil-based adjuvants to induce immune responses, we hypothesized that endogenous oils derived from necrotic adipocytes may function as an immunological "danger signal." Here we show that endogenous oils of human origin are potent adjuvants, enhancing antibody responses to a level comparable to Freund's incomplete adjuvant. The endogenous oils were capable of promoting interleukin (IL)-1α-dependent recruitment of neutrophils and M1-like macrophages, while simultaneously diminishing M2-like macrophages. We found that endogenous oils from subcutaneous and omental adipocytes, and from healthy and unhealthy obese individuals, promoted comparable inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we also confirmed that white adipocytes in visceral fat of metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) individuals are significantly larger than those in metabolically healthy obese individuals. Since adipocyte size is positively correlated with adipocyte death, we propose that endogenous oils have a higher propensity to be released from hypertrophied visceral fat in MUO individuals and that this is the key factor in driving inflammation. In summary, this study shows that adipocytes contain a potent oil adjuvant which drives IL-1α-dependent proinflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A Tynan
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandImmunology Research Centre, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire H Hearnden
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ewa Oleszycka
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire L Lyons
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Graham Coutts
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Jean O'Connell
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle A Corrigan
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew Campbell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J Callanan
- Veterinary Pathobiology, University College Dublin School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth H Mok
- Protein Folding and Biomolecular Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justin Geoghegan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cliona O'Farrelly
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donal B O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Group, Education and Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, IrelandImmunology Research Centre, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Shiel RE, Kennedy LJ, Nolan CM, Mooney CT, Callanan JJ. Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles and haplotypes associated with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in greyhounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 84:271-6. [PMID: 24851745 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-suppurative meningoencephalitis is a breed-restricted canine neuroinflammatory disorder affecting young greyhounds in Ireland. A genetic risk factor is suspected because of the development of disease in multiple siblings and an inability to identify a causative infectious agent. The aim of this study was to examine potential associations between dog leucocyte antigen (DLA) class II haplotype and the presence of the disease. DLA three locus haplotypes were determined in 31 dogs with non-suppurative meningoencephalitis and in 115 healthy control dogs using sequence-based typing (SBT) methods. All dogs were unrelated at the parental level. Two haplotypes (DRB1*01802/DQA1*00101/DQB1*00802 and DRB1*01501/DQA1*00601/DQB1*02201) were significantly (P = 0.0099 and 0.037) associated with the presence of meningoencephalitis, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 5.531 (1.168-26.19) and 3.736 (1.446-9.652), respectively. These results confirm that there is an association between DLA class II haplotype and greyhound meningoencephalitis, suggesting an immunogenetic risk factor for the development of the disease. Greyhound meningoencephalitis may be a suitable model for human neuroinflammatory diseases with an immunogenetic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Shiel
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Sanders
- UCD Veterinary Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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31
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Yang S, Wang B, Tang LS, Siednienko J, Callanan JJ, Moynagh PN. Pellino3 targets RIP1 and regulates the pro-apoptotic effects of TNF-α. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2583. [PMID: 24113711 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) can activate NF-κB to induce pro-inflammatory genes but can also stimulate the caspase cascade to promote apoptosis. Here we show that deficiency of the ubiquitin E3 ligase, Pellino3, sensitizes cells to TNF-induced apoptosis without inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Suppressed expression of Pellino3 leads to enhanced formation of the death-induced signalling complex, complex II, in response to TNF. We show that Pellino3 targets RIP1, in a TNF-dependent manner, to inhibit TNF-induced complex II formation and caspase 8-mediated cleavage of RIP1 in response to TNF/cycloheximide co-stimulation. Pellino3-deficient mice also show increased sensitivity to TNF-induced apoptosis and greatly increased lethality in response to TNF administration. These findings define Pellino3 as a novel regulator of TNF signalling and an important determining factor in dictating whether TNF induces cell survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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32
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Kelly P, Jahns H, Power E, Bainbridge J, Kenny K, Corpa JM, Cassidy JP, Callanan JJ. Mycobacteriosis in Ostriches (Struthio camelus) due to Infection withMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium aviumComplex. Avian Dis 2013; 57:808-11. [DOI: 10.1637/10581-052313-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Chapwanya A, Meade KG, Foley C, Narciandi F, Evans ACO, Doherty ML, Callanan JJ, O'Farrelly C. The postpartum endometrial inflammatory response: a normal physiological event with potential implications for bovine fertility. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 24:1028-39. [PMID: 22948010 DOI: 10.1071/rd11153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
After calving, the bovine endometrium undergoes marked morphological and functional changes that are necessary for subsequent re-breeding. Regulation and integration of these key events are largely uncharacterised. Here, endometrial swabs and biopsies were taken at 15, 30 and 60 days postpartum (DPP) from 13 healthy primiparous cows, 10 of which subsequently conceived, with a view to characterising innate and inflammatory gene expression profiles. Endometrial biopsies exhibited severe inflammation (>75 leukocytes per high-power field) at 15 DPP, which had begun to resolve by 30 DPP and had completely resolved by 60 DPP. The severe inflammation at 15 DPP coincided with uterine infection in all cows and a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the expression of all of 16 genes investigated, including CD45, IL8, IL6, IL1, TNF, TAP, SAA3 and HP at 15 DPP, relative to 60 DPP. All of these parameters had begun to return to normal physiological levels at 30 DPP. Systemically, serum protein concentrations of IL-8 were elevated at 15 DPP compared with 60 DPP (78 pgmL(-1)vs 48 pgmL(-1); P = 0.02). These results indicate that endometrial inflammation, leukocyte infiltration and increased expression of pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial and acute-phase protein genes are expected features of the postpartum period, critical to bacterial clearance and uterine involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspinas Chapwanya
- Comparative Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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34
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Siednienko J, Jackson R, Mellett M, Delagic N, Yang S, Wang B, Tang LS, Callanan JJ, Mahon BP, Moynagh PN. Pellino3 targets the IRF7 pathway and facilitates autoregulation of TLR3- and viral-induced expression of type I interferons. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:1055-62. [PMID: 23042151 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) sense pathogen-associated molecules and respond by inducing cytokines and type I interferon. Here we show that genetic ablation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Pellino3 augmented the expression of type I interferon but not of proinflammatory cytokines in response to TLR3 activation. Pellino3-deficient mice had greater resistance against the pathogenic and lethal effects of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). TLR3 signaling induced Pellino3, which in turn interacted with and ubiquitinated TRAF6. This modification suppressed the ability of TRAF6 to interact with and activate IRF7, resulting in downregulation of type I interferon expression. Our findings highlight a new physiological role for Pellino3 and define a new autoregulatory network for controlling type I interferon expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Siednienko
- Department of Biology, Institute of Immunology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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35
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Foley C, Chapwanya A, Creevey CJ, Narciandi F, Morris D, Kenny EM, Cormican P, Callanan JJ, O'Farrelly C, Meade KG. Global endometrial transcriptomic profiling: transient immune activation precedes tissue proliferation and repair in healthy beef cows. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:489. [PMID: 22985206 PMCID: PMC3544567 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND All cows experience bacterial contamination and tissue injury in the uterus postpartum, instigating a local inflammatory immune response. However mechanisms that control inflammation and achieve a physiologically functioning endometrium, while avoiding disease in the postpartum cow are not succinctly defined. This study aimed to identify novel candidate genes indicative of inflammation resolution during involution in healthy beef cows. Previous histological analysis of the endometrium revealed elevated inflammation 15 days postpartum (DPP) which was significantly decreased by 30 DPP. The current study generated a genome-wide transcriptomic profile of endometrial biopsies from these cows at both time points using mRNA-Seq. The pathway analysis tool GoSeq identified KEGG pathways enriched by significantly differentially expressed genes at both time points. Novel candidate genes associated with inflammatory resolution were subsequently validated in additional postpartum animals using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). RESULTS mRNA-Seq revealed 1,107 significantly differentially expressed genes, 73 of which were increased 15 DPP and 1,034 were increased 30 DPP. Early postpartum, enriched immune pathways (adjusted P < 0.1) included the T cell receptor signalling pathway, graft-versus-host disease and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways. However 30 DPP, where the majority of genes were differentially expressed, the enrichment (adjusted P < 0.1) of tissue repair and proliferative activity pathways was observed. Nineteen candidate genes selected from mRNA-Seq results, were independently assessed by qRT-PCR in additional postpartum cows (5 animals) at both time points. SAA1/2, GATA2, IGF1, SHC2, and SERPINA14 genes were significantly elevated 30 DPP and are functionally associated with tissue repair and the restoration of uterine homeostasis postpartum. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study reveal an early activation of the immune response which undergoes a temporal functional change toward tissue proliferation and regeneration during endometrial involution in healthy postpartum cows. These molecular changes mirror the activation and resolution of endometrial inflammation during involution previously classified by the degree of neutrophil infiltration. SAA1/2, GATA2, IGF1, SHC2, and SERPINA14 genes may become potential markers for resolution of endometrial inflammation in the postpartum cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona Foley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Co, Meath, Ireland
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Terzo E, McConnell JF, Shiel RE, McAllister H, Behr S, Priestnall SL, Smith KC, Nolan CM, Callanan JJ. Unique topographic distribution of greyhound nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:636-42. [PMID: 22742427 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Greyhound nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis is an idiopathic breed-associated fatal meningoencephalitis with lesions usually occurring within the rostral cerebrum. This disorder can only be confirmed by postmortem examination, with a diagnosis based upon the unique topography of inflammatory lesions. Our purpose was to describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of this disease. Four Greyhounds with confirmed Greyhound nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis were evaluated by MR imaging. Lesions predominantly affected the olfactory lobes and bulbs, frontal, and frontotemporal cortical gray matter, and caudate nuclei bilaterally. Fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2 weighted spin-echo (T2W) sequences were most useful to assess the nature, severity, extension, and topographic pattern of lesions. Lesions were predominantly T2-hyperintense and T1-isointense with minimal or absent contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Terzo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University Veterinary Hospital, University College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Campbell M, Hanrahan F, Gobbo OL, Kelly ME, Kiang AS, Humphries MM, Nguyen AT, Ozaki E, Keaney J, Blau CW, Kerskens CM, Cahalan SD, Callanan JJ, Wallace E, Grant GA, Doherty CP, Humphries P. Targeted suppression of claudin-5 decreases cerebral oedema and improves cognitive outcome following traumatic brain injury. Nat Commun 2012; 3:849. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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O'Connor AE, Mc Gee MM, Likar Y, Ponomarev V, Callanan JJ, O'shea DF, Byrne AT, Gallagher WM. Mechanism of cell death mediated by a BF2-chelated tetraaryl-azadipyrromethene photodynamic therapeutic: dissection of the apoptotic pathway in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:705-15. [PMID: 21413012 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment modality for cancer. ADPM06 is an emerging non-porphyrin PDT agent which has been specifically designed for therapeutic application. Recently, we have demonstrated that ADPM06-PDT is well tolerated in vivo and elicits impressive complete response rates in various models of cancer when a short drug-light interval is applied. Herein, the mechanism of action of ADPM06-PDT in vitro and in vivo is outlined. Using a drug and light combination that reduces the clonogenicity of MDA-MB-231 cells by >90%, we detected a well-orchestrated apoptotic response accompanied by the activation of various caspases in vitro. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon photosensitizer irradiation was found to be the key instigator in the observed apoptotic response, with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) found to be the intracellular site of initial PDT damage, as determined by induction of a rapid ER stress response post-PDT. PDT-induced apoptosis was also found to be independent of p53 tumor suppressor status. A robust therapeutic response in vivo was demonstrated, with a substantial reduction in tumor proliferation observed, as well as a rapid induction of apoptosis and initiation of ER stress, mirroring numerous aspects of the mechanism of action of ADPM06 in vitro. Finally, using a combination of (18) F-labeled 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine ((18) F-FLT) nuclear and optical imaging, a considerable decrease in tumor proliferation over 24-hr in two models of human cancer was observed. Taken together, this data clearly establishes ADPM06 as an exciting novel PDT agent with significant potential for further translational development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling E O'Connor
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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39
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Viana D, Selva L, Callanan JJ, Guerrero I, Ferrian S, Corpa JM. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and pathology associated with chronic suppurative mastitis in rabbits. Vet J 2010; 190:403-7. [PMID: 21177127 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal mastitis is one of the main reasons for culling adult does from commercial rabbitries. The aim of this study was describe the spectrum of gross and microscopic lesions in 178 cases of chronic staphylococcal mastitis in adult does and to determine whether there is a correlation between Staphylococcus aureus genotypes and pathology. On the basis of histopathology, chronic mastitis was differentiated into abscesses (66.3%), suppurative mastitis with a lobular pattern (7.9%), cellulitis (19.6%) and mixed lesions (6.2%). Pathological presentations were not related to S. aureus genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Viana
- Department of Producción Animal, Sanidad Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (Histología y Anatomía Patológica), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n, 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Adler M, Amberg A, Brandenburg A, Callanan JJ, Connor S, Fountoulakis M, Gmuender H, Gruhler A, Hewitt P, Hodson M, Matheis KA, McCarthy D, Raschke M, Riefke B, Schmitt CS, Sieber M, Sposny A, Suter L, Sweatman B, Mally A. The enhanced value of combining conventional and "omics" analyses in early assessment of drug-induced hepatobiliary injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 252:97-111. [PMID: 20888850 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The InnoMed PredTox consortium was formed to evaluate whether conventional preclinical safety assessment can be significantly enhanced by incorporation of molecular profiling ("omics") technologies. In short-term toxicological studies in rats, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics data were collected and analyzed in relation to routine clinical chemistry and histopathology. Four of the sixteen hepato- and/or nephrotoxicants given to rats for 1, 3, or 14days at two dose levels induced similar histopathological effects. These were characterized by bile duct necrosis and hyperplasia and/or increased bilirubin and cholestasis, in addition to hepatocyte necrosis and regeneration, hepatocyte hypertrophy, and hepatic inflammation. Combined analysis of liver transcriptomics data from these studies revealed common gene expression changes which allowed the development of a potential sequence of events on a mechanistic level in accordance with classical endpoint observations. This included genes implicated in early stress responses, regenerative processes, inflammation with inflammatory cell immigration, fibrotic processes, and cholestasis encompassing deregulation of certain membrane transporters. Furthermore, a preliminary classification analysis using transcriptomics data suggested that prediction of cholestasis may be possible based on gene expression changes seen at earlier time-points. Targeted bile acid analysis, based on LC-MS metabonomics data demonstrating increased levels of conjugated or unconjugated bile acids in response to individual compounds, did not provide earlier detection of toxicity as compared to conventional parameters, but may allow distinction of different types of hepatobiliary toxicity. Overall, liver transcriptomics data delivered mechanistic and molecular details in addition to the classical endpoint observations which were further enhanced by targeted bile acid analysis using LC/MS metabonomics.
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41
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Shiel RE, Mooney CT, Brennan SF, Nolan CM, Callanan JJ. Clinical and clinicopathological features of non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in young greyhounds in Ireland. Vet Rec 2010; 167:333-7. [PMID: 20802187 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The clinical and clinicopathological features of non-suppurative meningoencephalitis in 30 greyhounds were reviewed. The dogs were from 21 separate litters, comprised both sexes (16 males and 14 females) and ranged in age from five to 18 months. In 14 (66.7 per cent) litters, more than one case was suspected or confirmed, and the number of siblings affected within individual litters ranged from one to seven. Clinical signs were progressive and varied from five days to 12 months in duration; 12 dogs had signs of two weeks' duration or less. The rate of progression of signs was variable. Common features included dullness or lethargy (22), altered behaviour (21), proprioceptive and postural reaction deficits (18), circling (17), ataxia (17), decreased appetite (15) and weight loss (13). No consistent haematological or biochemical abnormalities were identified and serology failed to implicate Toxoplasma gondii or Neospora caninum. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mild or moderate mononuclear pleocytosis in 12 (70.6 per cent) of 17 dogs. No definitive antemortem diagnosis could be made in any affected dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Shiel
- Section of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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42
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Healy B, Cooney S, O'Brien S, Iversen C, Whyte P, Nally J, Callanan JJ, Fanning S. Cronobacter (Enterobacter sakazakii): an opportunistic foodborne pathogen. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:339-50. [PMID: 19958103 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) are a recently described genus that is comprised of six genomospecies. The classification of these organisms was revised based on a detailed polyphasic taxonomic study. Cronobacter spp. are regarded as ubiquitous organisms having been isolated from a wide variety of foods. These bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and are linked with life-threatening infections in neonates. Clinical symptoms of Cronobacter infection include necrotizing enterocolitis, bacteremia, and meningitis, with case fatality rates of 50-80% being reported. Contaminated powdered infant formula has been epidemiologically linked with infections. Recently, infections among immunocompromised adults, mainly the elderly, have also been reported. A high tolerance to osmotic stress and elevated temperatures contribute to the survival of Cronobacter spp. in dried foods such as powdered infant formula. Controlling the organism in the production environment, thereby reducing dissemination, necessitates the provision of suitable diagnostic tools. Studies demonstrated that a high degree of variability exists amongst the phenotypic-based methods used to identify Cronobacter spp. However, advances in molecular detection and subtyping techniques have significantly improved the identification and characterization of Cronobacter spp. The dose required to induce infection has yet to be determined. In vitro virulence studies have shown that Cronobacter spp. may survive in macrophage cells and efficiently attach to and invade epithelial cell lines. The production of exopolysaccharide may contribute to the formation of biofilm and active efflux pumps promote resistance to antimicrobial agents such as bile salts and disinfectants. A holistic approach combining techniques such as comparative genome analysis, proteomics, and in vivo challenges could help unravel the complex interactions between this pathogen and its host. These data would help identify those properties in Cronobacter spp. which enable the bacterium to survive in the production environment and infect vulnerable neonates via the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Healy
- Centres for Food Safety and Foodborne Zoonomics, School of Agriculture, Food Science, and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Greer KA, Daly P, Murphy KE, Callanan JJ. Analysis of gene expression in brain tissue from Greyhounds with meningoencephalitis. Am J Vet Res 2010; 71:547-54. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.71.5.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Fletcher NF, Meeker RB, Hudson LC, Callanan JJ. The neuropathogenesis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection: barriers to overcome. Vet J 2010; 188:260-9. [PMID: 20418131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1, is a neurotropic lentivirus, and both natural and experimental infections are associated with neuropathology. FIV enters the brain early following experimental infection, most likely via the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. The exact mechanism of entry, and the factors that influence this entry, are not fully understood. As FIV is a recognised model of HIV-1 infection, understanding such mechanisms is important, particularly as HIV enters the brain early in infection. Furthermore, the development of strategies to combat this central nervous system (CNS) infection requires an understanding of the interactions between the virus and the CNS. In this review the results of both in vitro and in vivo FIV studies are assessed in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of viral entry into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola F Fletcher
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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45
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Adler M, Hoffmann D, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Hewitt P, Matheis K, Mulrane L, Gallagher WM, Callanan JJ, Suter L, Fountoulakis MM, Dekant W, Mally A. Assessment of candidate biomarkers of drug-induced hepatobiliary injury in preclinical toxicity studies. Toxicol Lett 2010; 196:1-11. [PMID: 20362651 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to assess the value of a set of potential markers for improved detection of liver injury in preclinical toxicity studies. Male Wistar rats were treated with drug candidates (BAY16, EMD335823, BI-3) that previously failed during development, in part due to hepatotoxicity, at two dose levels for 1, 3 and 14 days. Concentrations of lipocalin-2/NGAL and clusterin, which are frequently overexpressed and released from damaged tissues, and thiostatin, recently identified within PredTox as being elevated in urine in response to liver injury, were determined in rat urine and serum by ELISA. This was supplemented by confirmatory qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical analyses in the target organ. Serum paraoxonase-1 activity (PON1), which has been suggested as a marker of hepatotoxicity, was determined using a fluorometric assay. Clusterin and PON1 were not consistently altered in response to liver injury. In contrast, thiostatin and NGAL were increased in serum and urine of treated animals in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These changes correlated well with mRNA expression in the target organ and generally reflected the onset and degree of drug-induced liver injury. Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) analyses supported serum thiostatin, but not NGAL, as a better indicator of drug-induced hepatobiliary injury than conventional clinical chemistry parameters, i.e. ALP, ALT and AST. Although thiostatin, an acute phase protein expressed in a range of tissues, may not be specific for liver injury, our results indicate that thiostatin may serve as a sensitive, minimally-invasive diagnostic marker of inflammation and tissue damage in preclinical safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adler
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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46
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Hoffmann D, Adler M, Vaidya VS, Rached E, Mulrane L, Gallagher WM, Callanan JJ, Gautier JC, Matheis K, Staedtler F, Dieterle F, Brandenburg A, Sposny A, Hewitt P, Ellinger-Ziegelbauer H, Bonventre JV, Dekant W, Mally A. Performance of novel kidney biomarkers in preclinical toxicity studies. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:8-22. [PMID: 20118187 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is one of the main targets of drug toxicity, but early detection of renal damage is often difficult. As part of the InnoMed PredTox project, a collaborative effort aimed at assessing the value of combining omics technologies with conventional toxicology methods for improved preclinical safety assessment, we evaluated the performance of a panel of novel kidney biomarkers in preclinical toxicity studies. Rats were treated with a reference nephrotoxin or one of several proprietary compounds that were dropped from drug development in part due to renal toxicity. Animals were dosed at two dose levels for 1, 3, and 14 days. Putative kidney markers, including kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1), lipocalin-2 (Lcn2), clusterin, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, were analyzed in kidney and urine using quantitative real-time PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Changes in gene/protein expression generally correlated well with renal histopathological alterations and were frequently detected at earlier time points or at lower doses than the traditional clinical parameters blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. Urinary Kim-1 and clusterin reflected changes in gene/protein expression and histopathological alterations in the target organ in the absence of functional changes. This confirms clusterin and Kim-1 as early and sensitive, noninvasive markers of renal injury. Although Lcn2 did not appear to be specific for kidney toxicity, its rapid response to inflammation and tissue damage in general may suggest its utility in routine toxicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Hoffmann
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Chapwanya A, Meade KG, Narciandi F, Stanley P, Mee JF, Doherty ML, Callanan JJ, O'Farrelly C. Endometrial biopsy: a valuable clinical and research tool in bovine reproduction. Theriogenology 2010; 73:988-94. [PMID: 20083303 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies of postpartum endometrial physiologic and immune mechanisms in cows are compromised by the difficulty in acquiring tissue of suitable quality and in sufficient quantity (Bos taurus). Endometrial biopsy sampling has attracted concern regarding potential animal ill-health and perturbed subsequent fertility. Here, we describe a method of endometrial biopsy that obtains high-quality tissue samples and does not compromise fertility. Using a Hauptner instrument, endometrial biopsies were taken at 15, 30, and 60 d postpartum from 13 mixed-breed beef cows. The effects of repeat biopsy on health (heart rate, respiration rate, color of mucous membranes, rectal temperature), onset of estrous cyclicity, and first service conception rate were monitored. Extensive daily clinical examinations revealed no signs of ill-health. All cows had resumed estrous cyclicity at 60 d postpartum. A conception rate of 77% was achieved after estrus synchronization and artificial insemination. Each biopsy yielded intact endometrial tissue and nucleic acid suitable for extensive histologic and molecular analysis, respectively. We conclude that when carried out appropriately, bovine endometrial biopsy is a safe and reliable technique for assessing postpartum uterine function or health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chapwanya
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Byrne AT, O'Connor AE, Hall M, Murtagh J, O'Neill K, Curran KM, Mongrain K, Rousseau JA, Lecomte R, McGee S, Callanan JJ, O'Shea DF, Gallagher WM. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy with BF2-chelated Tetraaryl-Azadipyrromethene agents: a multi-modality molecular imaging approach to therapeutic assessment. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:1565-73. [PMID: 19826417 PMCID: PMC2778519 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality for a range of diseases including cancer. The BF2-chelated tetraaryl-azadipyrromethenes (ADPMs) are an emerging class of non-porphyrin PDT agent, which have previously shown excellent photochemical and photophysical properties for therapeutic application. Herein, in vivo efficacy and mechanism of action studies have been completed for the lead agent, ADMP06. Methods: A multi-modality imaging approach was employed to assess efficacy of treatment, as well as probe the mechanism of action of ADPM06-mediated PDT. Results: Tumour ablation in 71% of animals bearing mammary tumours was achieved after delivery of 2 mg kg−1 of ADPM06 followed immediately by light irradiation with 150 J cm−2. The inherent fluorescence of ADPM06 was utilised to monitor organ biodistribution patterns, with fluorescence reaching baseline levels in all organs within 24 h. Mechanism of action studies were carried out using dynamic positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, which, when taken together, indicated a decrease in tumour vascular perfusion and concomitant reduction in tumour metabolism over time after treatment. Conclusion: The encouraging treatment responses in vivo and vascular-targeting mechanism of action continue to indicate therapeutic benefit for this new class of photosensitiser.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Byrne
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Abstract
For the vast majority of mammalian genes, maternally- and paternally-derived alleles behave identically and are either expressed or repressed, regardless of whether they were inherited from egg or sperm. For imprinted genes, however, this is not the case. The alleles of imprinted genes are epigenetically modified in a parent-of-origin-specific manner and, as a consequence, maternally- and paternally-derived alleles behave differently. Typically one allele is expressed while the other is silent. Although relatively few in number, imprinted genes are the focus of intensive study, as they have important roles in embryonic development. Abnormal expression of imprinted genes results in growth disorders and is implicated in several clinical conditions. Most studies of imprinted genes have been performed in rodents or primates, with limited studies in other mammals such as bovine and opossum. We have recently demonstrated the existence of imprinted genes in the canine, by showing that the canine insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor gene (IGF2R) is monoallelically expressed, with predominant expression of the maternally-derived allele and repression of the paternally-inherited allele. Our ultimate goal is to characterize all imprinted genes in the canine, and to understand how they contribute to canine reproduction, development and disease. Such knowledge will be vital for optimizing the success of most reproductive strategies in the canine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Nolan
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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50
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Fletcher NF, Bexiga MG, Brayden DJ, Brankin B, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ, Jacque JM, Callanan JJ. Lymphocyte migration through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in feline immunodeficiency virus infection is significantly influenced by the pre-existence of virus and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha within the central nervous system (CNS): studies using an in vitro feline BBB model. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2009; 35:592-602. [PMID: 19486302 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2009.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In human immunodeficiency virus infection, macrophage-tropic and lymphotropic viruses exist in the host. Central nervous system (CNS) infection is an early and ongoing event, important to understand when developing strategies to treat infection. Some knowledge exists on macrophage-tropic virus interactions with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the aim of this study was to investigate lymphotropic lentivirus interactions with the BBB. METHODS Interactions of the lymphotropic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) with an in vitro model of the feline BBB were evaluated in scenarios to mimic in vivo infections. RESULTS Cell-free FIV crossed the BBB in very low quantities, and in the presence of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, BBB integrity was unaffected. However, cell-associated FIV readily crossed the BBB, but BBB integrity was not significantly altered. Transmigration of uninfected and infected lymphocytes increased in response to TNF-alpha, accompanied by a moderate disruption of barrier integrity and an upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 rather than intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Significant enhancement of migration and disruption of BBB tight junctions occurred when infected cells and TNF-alpha were added to the brain side of the BBB and this enhancement was not mediated through additional TNF-alpha production. CONCLUSIONS Small quantities of virus in the brain together with TNF-alpha have the potential to stimulate greater cell and viral entry into the CNS and this is likely to involve important factors other than further TNF-alpha production. Lymphotropic lentivirus entry to the CNS is governed by many factors similar to macrophage-tropic strains.
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