1
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Feng Y, Xu D. Short-chain fatty acids are potential goalkeepers of atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1271001. [PMID: 38027009 PMCID: PMC10679725 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1271001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced by gut bacteria and play a crucial role in various inflammatory diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that SCFAs can improve the occurrence and progression of atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms through which SCFAs regulate the development of atherosclerosis have not been fully elucidated. This review provides an overview of the research progress on SCFAs regarding their impact on the risk factors and pathogenesis associated with atherosclerosis, with a specific focus on their interactions with the endothelium and immune cells. These interactions encompass the inflammation and oxidative stress of endothelial cells, the migration of monocytes/macrophages, the lipid metabolism of macrophages, the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells, and the proliferation and differentiation of Treg cells. Nevertheless, the current body of research is insufficient to comprehensively understand the full spectrum of SCFAs' mechanisms of action. Therefore, further in-depth investigations are imperative to establish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of clinical therapeutics in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danyan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Dias MTS, Aguilar EC, Campos GP, do Couto NF, Capettini LDSA, Braga WF, Andrade LDO, Alvarez-Leite J. Butyrate inhibits LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction by regulating nNOS-produced NO and ROS production. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:42-50. [PMID: 37308032 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipids oxidation is a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), the major component of oxidized LDL, is an important triggering agent for endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Sodium butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, has demonstrated atheroprotective properties. So, we evaluate the role of butyrate in LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction. Vascular response to phenylephrine (Phe) and acetylcholine (Ach) was performed in aortic rings from male mice (C57BL/6J). The aortic rings were incubated with LPC (10 μM) and butyrate (0.01 or 0.1 Mm), with or without TRIM (an nNOS inhibitor). Endothelial cells (EA.hy296) were incubated with LPC and butyrate to evaluate nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium influx, and the expression of total and phosphorylated nNOS and ERK½. We found that butyrate inhibited LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction by improving nNOS activity in aortic rings. In endothelial cells, butyrate reduced ROS production and increased nNOS-related NO release, by improving nNOS activation (phosphorylation at Ser1412). Additionally, butyrate prevented the increase in cytosolic calcium and inhibited ERk½ activation by LPC. In conclusion, butyrate inhibited LPC-induced vascular dysfunction by increasing nNOS-derived NO and reducing ROS production. Butyrate restored nNOS activation, which was associated with calcium handling normalization and reduction of ERK½ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tainan Silva Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Cx Post 468, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Edenil Costa Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Cx Post 468, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Gianne Paul Campos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Cx Post 468, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Natalia Fernanda do Couto
- Department of Medicine. University of Illinois Chicago, Center of Cardiovascular Research, 909 South Wolcott Avenue, MC801 Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Aggum Capettini
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Cx Post 468, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Weslley Fernandes Braga
- Icahn School of Medicine. Mount Sinai, Nova Iorque, Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029-5674, USA.
| | - Luciana de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Cx Post 468, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Alvarez-Leite
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627 - Campus Pampulha, Cx Post 468, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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3
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Taing K, Chen L, Weng HR. Emerging roles of GPR109A in regulation of neuroinflammation in neurological diseases and pain. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:763-768. [PMID: 36204834 PMCID: PMC9700108 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the pathological process of multiple neurological disorders and pathological pain conditions. GPR109A, a Gi protein-coupled receptor, has emerged as an important therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in various tissues and organs. In this review, we summarized current data about the role of GPR109A in neuroinflammation. Specifically, we focused on the pharmacological features of GPR109A and signaling pathways used by GPR109A to ameliorate neuroinflammation and symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and pathological pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Taing
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Lawrence Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | - Han-Rong Weng
- Department of Basic Sciences, California Northstate University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
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4
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Lee C, Kim S, Kim B, Holzapfel WH, Hyun CK. Disturbance of lipid metabolism in germ-free mice transplanted with gut microbiota of DSS-induced colitis mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280850. [PMID: 36735734 PMCID: PMC9897547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatobiliary abnormality and metabolic disorders are frequently observed complications in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Given that microbiota dysbiosis is a common pathophysiological feature of both IBD and metabolic diseases, we examined how the IBD-induced dysbiosis affects the host metabolism and contributes to the development of associated metabolic diseases using germ-free (GF) mice transplanted with fecal microbiota of DSS-induced colitis mice. There was no significant change in inflammation or barrier integrity in the gut of GF mice that received microbiota from colitis mice compared to their counterparts that were transplanted with microbiota from non-colitis healthy mice. Interestingly, it was observed that the GF recipients of colitis-induced altered microbiota showed a significant decrease in the weight of adipose tissues including mesenteric, epididymal, subcutaneous, and brown fat without any change in body weight, which was accompanied by abnormalities in adipose tissue functions such as fat storage and adiponectin production. Transplantation of colitis-induced altered microbiota also disrupted hepatic lipid metabolism in the GF recipient mice, which was observed by increases in synthesis and accumulation of cholesterol and bile acids in hepatocytes and a decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol. Additional observations including elevated plasma levels of insulin, decreased hepatic production of FGF21, and decreased levels of fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and hepatic expression of SCFA receptors led to a conclusion that the transplantation of the colitis-associated dysbiotic microbiota was causally associated with impairments of insulin action and FGF21-adiponectin axis, possibly due to the low SCFA-producing capacity of the colonized microbiota, leading to metabolic abnormalities including adipose tissue dysfunction and dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism. Our findings suggest potential mechanisms that explain how colitis-associated gut dysbiosis may contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunctions, which could be applied to clinical practice to improve the efficacy of treatment of IBD patients with comorbid metabolic disorders or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungho Lee
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - SangAh Kim
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bobae Kim
- Basic Research Center, HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Wilhelm H. Holzapfel
- Basic Research Center, HEM Pharma Inc., Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea,Department of Advanced Convergence, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kee Hyun
- School of Life Science, Handong Global University, Pohang, Gyungbuk, Republic of Korea,* E-mail:
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5
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Qiu P, Song Z. Determination of Nicotinic Acid in Food and Pharmaceuticals by a Simple and Rapid Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA). ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2173220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qiu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaorui Song
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, China
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6
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Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Relation to Gut Microbiota and Genetic Variability. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245361. [PMID: 36558520 PMCID: PMC9788597 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory and immune responses of their host. In recent years, the host-microbiota interface has gained relevance in understanding the development of many non-communicable chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Importantly, dietary fibre (DF) and associated compounds digested by the microbiota and their resulting metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), were significantly associated with health beneficial effects, such as via proposed anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, SCFA metabolic pathways are not fully understood. Major steps include production of SCFA by microbiota, uptake in the colonic epithelium, first-pass effects at the liver, followed by biodistribution and metabolism at the host's cellular level. As dietary patterns do not affect all individuals equally, the host genetic makeup may play a role in the metabolic fate of these metabolites, in addition to other factors that might influence the microbiota, such as age, birth through caesarean, medication intake, alcohol and tobacco consumption, pathogen exposure and physical activity. In this article, we review the metabolic pathways of DF, from intake to the intracellular metabolism of fibre-derived products, and identify possible sources of inter-individual variability related to genetic variation. Such variability may be indicative of the phenotypic flexibility in response to diet, and may be predictive of long-term adaptations to dietary factors, including maladaptation and tissue damage, which may develop into disease in individuals with specific predispositions, thus allowing for a better prediction of potential health effects following personalized intervention with DF.
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7
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Harnessing conserved signaling and metabolic pathways to enhance the maturation of functional engineered tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 36057642 PMCID: PMC9440900 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell types offers promise for basic science, drug testing, disease modeling, personalized medicine, and translatable cell therapies across many tissue types. However, in practice many iPSC-derived cells have presented as immature in physiological function, and despite efforts to recapitulate adult maturity, most have yet to meet the necessary benchmarks for the intended tissues. Here, we summarize the available state of knowledge surrounding the physiological mechanisms underlying cell maturation in several key tissues. Common signaling consolidators, as well as potential synergies between critical signaling pathways are explored. Finally, current practices in physiologically relevant tissue engineering and experimental design are critically examined, with the goal of integrating greater decision paradigms and frameworks towards achieving efficient maturation strategies, which in turn may produce higher-valued iPSC-derived tissues.
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8
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Abdelrahman AA, Powell FL, Jadeja RN, Jones MA, Thounaojam MC, Bartoli M, Al-Shabrawey M, Martin PM. Expression and activation of the ketone body receptor HCAR2/GPR109A promotes preservation of retinal endothelial cell barrier function. Exp Eye Res 2022; 221:109129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Lewandowski CT, Laham MS, Thatcher GR. Remembering your A, B, C's: Alzheimer's disease and ABCA1. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:995-1018. [PMID: 35530134 PMCID: PMC9072248 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA1) is central to cholesterol mobilization. Reduced ABCA1 expression or activity is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders. Therapeutic approaches to boost ABCA1 activity have yet to be translated successfully to the clinic. The risk factors for AD development and progression, including comorbid disorders such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, highlight the intersection of cholesterol transport and inflammation. Upregulation of ABCA1 can positively impact APOE lipidation, insulin sensitivity, peripheral vascular and blood–brain barrier integrity, and anti-inflammatory signaling. Various strategies towards ABCA1-boosting compounds have been described, with a bias toward nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) agonists. These agonists display beneficial preclinical effects; however, important side effects have limited development. In particular, ligands that bind liver X receptor (LXR), the primary NHR that controls ABCA1 expression, have shown positive effects in AD mouse models; however, lipogenesis and unwanted increases in triglyceride production are often observed. The longstanding approach, focusing on LXRβ vs. LXRα selectivity, is over-simplistic and has failed. Novel approaches such as phenotypic screening may lead to small molecule NHR modulators that elevate ABCA1 function without inducing lipogenesis and are clinically translatable.
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10
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Chu X, Raju RP. Regulation of NAD + metabolism in aging and disease. Metabolism 2022; 126:154923. [PMID: 34743990 PMCID: PMC8649045 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
More than a century after discovering NAD+, information is still evolving on the role of this molecule in health and diseases. The biological functions of NAD+ and NAD+ precursors encompass pathways in cellular energetics, inflammation, metabolism, and cell survival. Several metabolic and neurological diseases exhibit reduced tissue NAD+ levels. Significantly reduced levels of NAD+ are also associated with aging, and enhancing NAD+ levels improved healthspan and lifespan in animal models. Recent studies suggest a causal link between senescence, age-associated reduction in tissue NAD+ and enzymatic degradation of NAD+. Furthermore, the discovery of transporters and receptors involved in NAD+ precursor (nicotinic acid, or niacin, nicotinamide, and nicotinamide riboside) metabolism allowed for a better understanding of their role in cellular homeostasis including signaling functions that are independent of their functions in redox reactions. We also review studies that demonstrate that the functional effect of niacin is partially due to the activation of its cell surface receptor, GPR109a. Based on the recent progress in understanding the mechanism and function of NAD+ and NAD+ precursors in cell metabolism, new strategies are evolving to exploit these molecules' pharmacological potential in the maintenance of metabolic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Raghavan Pillai Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.
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11
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Spigoni V, Cinquegrani G, Iannozzi NT, Frigeri G, Maggiolo G, Maggi M, Parello V, Dei Cas A. Activation of G protein-coupled receptors by ketone bodies: Clinical implication of the ketogenic diet in metabolic disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:972890. [PMID: 36339405 PMCID: PMC9631778 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.972890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenesis takes place in hepatocyte mitochondria where acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid catabolism is converted to ketone bodies (KB), namely β-hydroxybutyrate (β-OHB), acetoacetate and acetone. KB represent important alternative energy sources under metabolic stress conditions. Ketogenic diets (KDs) are low-carbohydrate, fat-rich eating strategies which have been widely proposed as valid nutritional interventions in several metabolic disorders due to its substantial efficacy in weight loss achievement. Carbohydrate restriction during KD forces the use of FFA, which are subsequently transformed into KB in hepatocytes to provide energy, leading to a significant increase in ketone levels known as "nutritional ketosis". The recent discovery of KB as ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) - cellular transducers implicated in a wide range of body functions - has aroused a great interest in understanding whether some of the clinical effects associated to KD consumption might be mediated by the ketone/GPCR axis. Specifically, anti-inflammatory effects associated to KD regimen are presumably due to GPR109A-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by β-OHB, whilst lipid profile amelioration by KDs could be ascribed to the actions of acetoacetate via GPR43 and of β-OHB via GPR109A on lipolysis. Thus, this review will focus on the effects of KD-induced nutritional ketosis potentially mediated by specific GPCRs in metabolic and endocrinological disorders. To discriminate the effects of ketone bodies per se, independently of weight loss, only studies comparing ketogenic vs isocaloric non-ketogenic diets will be considered as well as short-term tolerability and safety of KDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spigoni
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gloria Cinquegrani
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolas Thomas Iannozzi
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Frigeri
- Division of Nutritional and Metabolic Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Maggiolo
- Division of Nutritional and Metabolic Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Maggi
- Division of Nutritional and Metabolic Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vanessa Parello
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Dei Cas
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Division of Nutritional and Metabolic Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandra Dei Cas,
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12
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Adepu KK, Kachhap S, Anishkin A, Chintapalli SV. Structural and Energetic Insights Into the Interaction of Niacin With the GPR109A Receptor. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211056122. [PMID: 34866904 PMCID: PMC8637708 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211056122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor GPR109A has been previously shown to function as a receptor for niacin in mediating antilipolytic effects. Although administration of high doses of niacin has shown beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, however, it is often accompanied by disturbing side effects such as flushing, liver damage, glucose intolerance, or gastrointestinal problems. Thus, it is important to understand niacin-GPR109A interactions, which can be beneficial for the development of alternate drugs having antilipolytic effects with less or no side effects. To get into the structural insights on niacin binding to GPR109A, we have performed 100 nanoseconds long all-atom MD simulations of five niacin-GPR109A complexes (automatically docked pose 0, and randomly placed niacin in poses 1 to 4 in the receptor crevice) and analyzed using binding free energy calculations and H-bond analysis. Steered MD simulations were used to get an average force for niacin translocation between the bulk and the external crevice of the wild type and mutant (N86Y, W91 S, S178I, and triple mutant of all three residues) GPR109A receptors, as well as GPR109B (as a control that does not bind niacin). The H-bond analysis revealed that TMH3 residue R111 interacts with niacin in a total of 4 (poses 0 to 3) complexes, while residues C177, S178, and S179 contact niacin in complex pose 4, and all these complexes were energetically stable. According to steered MD simulations, all the GPR109A mutants and GPR109B required greater force than that of wild-type GPR109A to translocate in the external crevice, suggesting increased sterical obstacles. Thus, the residues N86 (at the junction of TMH2/ECL2), W91 (ECL2), R111 (TMH3), and ECL3 residues (C177, S178, S179) play an important role for optimal routing of niacin entry and to bind GPR109A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Adepu
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sangita Kachhap
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sree V Chintapalli
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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13
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Strassheim D, Sullivan T, Irwin DC, Gerasimovskaya E, Lahm T, Klemm DJ, Dempsey EC, Stenmark KR, Karoor V. Metabolite G-Protein Coupled Receptors in Cardio-Metabolic Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:3347. [PMID: 34943862 PMCID: PMC8699532 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have originally been described as a family of receptors activated by hormones, neurotransmitters, and other mediators. However, in recent years GPCRs have shown to bind endogenous metabolites, which serve functions other than as signaling mediators. These receptors respond to fatty acids, mono- and disaccharides, amino acids, or various intermediates and products of metabolism, including ketone bodies, lactate, succinate, or bile acids. Given that many of these metabolic processes are dysregulated under pathological conditions, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity, receptors of endogenous metabolites have also been recognized as potential drug targets to prevent and/or treat metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. This review describes G protein-coupled receptors activated by endogenous metabolites and summarizes their physiological, pathophysiological, and potential pharmacological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Timothy Sullivan
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - David C. Irwin
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health Denver, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Dwight J. Klemm
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Edward C. Dempsey
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Department of Medicine Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80204, USA; (D.S.); (T.S.); (D.C.I.); (E.G.); (D.J.K.); (E.C.D.); (K.R.S.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health Denver, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Schlender J, Behrens F, McParland V, Müller D, Wilck N, Bartolomaeus H, Holle J. Bacterial metabolites and cardiovascular risk in children with chronic kidney disease. Mol Cell Pediatr 2021; 8:17. [PMID: 34677718 PMCID: PMC8536815 DOI: 10.1186/s40348-021-00126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of the marked morbidity and mortality associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The classical cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension undoubtedly play a role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adult CKD patients; however, CVD is just as prominent in children with CKD who do not have these risk factors. Hence, the CKD-specific pathophysiology of CVD remains incompletely understood. In light of this, studying children with CKD presents a unique opportunity to analyze CKD-associated mechanisms of CVD more specifically and could help to unveil novel therapeutic targets. Here, we comprehensively review the interaction of the human gut microbiome and the microbial metabolism of nutrients with host immunity and cardiovascular end-organ damage. The human gut microbiome is evolutionary conditioned and modified throughout life by endogenous factors as well as environmental factors. Chronic diseases, such as CKD, cause significant disruption to the composition and function of the gut microbiome and lead to disease-associated dysbiosis. This dysbiosis and the accompanying loss of biochemical homeostasis in the epithelial cells of the colon can be the result of poor diet (e.g., low-fiber intake), medications, and underlying disease. As a result of dysbiosis, bacteria promoting proteolytic fermentation increase and those for saccharolytic fermentation decrease and the integrity of the gut barrier is perturbed (leaky gut). These changes disrupt local metabolite homeostasis in the gut and decrease productions of the beneficial short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Moreover, the enhanced proteolytic fermentation generates unhealthy levels of microbially derived toxic metabolites, which further accumulate in the systemic circulation as a consequence of impaired kidney function. We describe possible mechanisms involved in the increased systemic inflammation in CKD that is associated with the combined effect of SCFA deficiency and accumulation of uremic toxins. In the future, a more comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of the gut–kidney–heart interaction, mediated largely by immune dysregulation and inflammation, might allow us to target the gut microbiome more specifically in order to attenuate CKD-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schlender
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Behrens
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, 13353, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13316, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victoria McParland
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Müller
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicola Wilck
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13316, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bartolomaeus
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13316, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Holle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, 13353, Berlin, Germany. .,Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), a cooperation of Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, 13316, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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van Daal MT, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Braber S. Pharmacological Modulation of Immune Responses by Nutritional Components. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:198-232. [PMID: 34663688 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has increased over the last few decades, and one of the major contributors to this is lifestyle, especially diet. High intake of saturated fatty acids and low intake of dietary fiber is linked to an increase in NCDs. Conversely, a low intake of saturated fatty acids and a high intake of dietary fiber seem to have a protective effect on general health. Several mechanisms have been identified that underlie this phenomenon. In this review, we focus on pharmacological receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors, which can be activated by nutritional components and their metabolites. Depending on the nutritional component and the receptors involved, both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects occur, leading to an altered immune response. These insights may provide opportunities for the prevention and treatment of NCDs and their inherent (sub)chronic inflammation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review summarizes the reported effects of nutritional components and their metabolites on the immune system through manipulation of specific (pharmacological) receptors, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, binding partners of the retinoid X receptor, G-coupled protein receptors, and toll-like receptors. Nutritional components, such as vitamins, fibers, and unsaturated fatty acids are able to resolve inflammation, whereas saturated fatty acids tend to exhibit proinflammatory effects. This may aid decision makers and scientists in developing strategies to decrease the incidence of noncommunicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe T van Daal
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands (M.T.v.D., G.F., J.G., S.B.); and Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.G.)
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16
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Blanco-Pérez F, Steigerwald H, Schülke S, Vieths S, Toda M, Scheurer S. The Dietary Fiber Pectin: Health Benefits and Potential for the Treatment of Allergies by Modulation of Gut Microbiota. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2021; 21:43. [PMID: 34505973 PMCID: PMC8433104 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01020-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The incidence of allergies is increasing and has been associated with several environmental factors including westernized diets. Changes in environment and nutrition can result in dysbiosis of the skin, gut, and lung microbiota altering the production of microbial metabolites, which may in turn generate epigenetic modifications. The present review addresses studies on pectin-mediated effects on allergies, including the immune modulating mechanisms by bacterial metabolites. Recent Findings Recently, microbiota have gained attention as target for allergy intervention, especially with prebiotics, that are able to stimulate the growth and activity of certain microorganisms. Dietary fibers, which cannot be digested in the gastrointestinal tract, can alter the gut microbiota and lead to increased local and systemic concentrations of gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These can promote the generation of peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg) by epigenetic modulation and suppress the inflammatory function of dendritic cells (DCs) by transcriptional modulation. The dietary fiber pectin (a plant-derived polysaccharide commonly used as gelling agent and dietary supplement) can alter the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in gut and lung microbiota, increasing the concentrations of SCFAs in feces and sera, and reducing the development of airway inflammation by suppressing DC function. Summary Pectin has shown immunomodulatory effects on allergies, although the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated. It has been suggested that the different types of pectin may exert direct and/or indirect immunomodulatory effects through different mechanisms. However, little is known about the relation of certain pectin structures to allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Blanco-Pérez
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
| | - Hanna Steigerwald
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Stefan Vieths
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Masako Toda
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Stephan Scheurer
- Molecular Allergology, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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17
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Sahin K, Kucuk O, Orhan C, Tuzcu M, Durmus AS, Ozercan IH, Sahin N, Juturu V. Niacinamide and undenatured type II collagen modulates the inflammatory response in rats with monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14724. [PMID: 34282229 PMCID: PMC8289820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work aimed to examine the properties of oral supplementation of niacinamide and undenatured type II collagen (UCII) on the inflammation and joint pain behavior of rats with osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-nine Wistar rats were allocated into seven groups; control (no MIA), MIA as a non-supplemental group with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced knee osteoarthritis, MIA + undenatured type II collagen (UCII) at 4 mg/kg BW, MIA + Niacinamide at 40 mg/kg BW (NA40), MIA + Niacinamide at 200 mg/kg BW (NA200), MIA + UCII + NA40 and MIA + UCII + NA200. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, COMP, and CRP increased in rats with OA and decreased in UCII and NA groups (p < 0.05). Rats with osteoarthritis had greater serum MDA and knee joint MMP-3, NF-κB, and TGβ protein levels and decreased in treated groups with UCII and NA (p < 0.05). The rats with OA also bore elevated joint diameters with joint pain behavior measured as decreased the stride lengths, the paw areas, and the paw widths, and increased the Kellgren-Lawrence and the Mankin scores (p < 0.05) and decreased in UCII treated groups. These results suggest the combinations with the UCII + NA supplementation as being most effective and reduce the inflammation responses for most OA symptoms in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazim Sahin
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Osman Kucuk
- grid.411739.90000 0001 2331 2603Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cemal Orhan
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ali Said Durmus
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Hanifi Ozercan
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- grid.411320.50000 0004 0574 1529Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Vijaya Juturu
- grid.421258.80000 0004 4660 8986Lonza Inc., Consumer Health and Nutrition, Morristown, NJ USA
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18
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Straß S, Schwamborn A, Keppler M, Cloos N, Guezguez J, Guse JH, Burnet M, Laufer S. Synthesis, Characterization, and in vivo Distribution of Intracellular Delivered Macrolide Short-Chain Fatty Acid Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2254-2269. [PMID: 33787081 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have a range of effects in metabolism and immune regulation. We have observed that delivery of SCFAs to lysosomes has potent immune regulatory effects, possibly as a surrogate signal for the presence of anaerobic organisms. To better understand the pharmacology of lysosomal SCFA donors, we investigated the distribution and metabolism of propionate and butyrate donors. Each analog (1 a and 2 a) can donate three SCFA equivalents via ester hydrolysis through six intermediate metabolites. The compounds are stabilized by low pH, and stability in cells is usually higher than in medium, but is cell-type specific. Butyrate derivatives were found to be more stable than propionates. Tri-esters were more stable than di- or mono-esters. The donors were surprisingly stable in vivo, and hydrolysis of each position was organ specific. Jejunum and liver caused rapid loss of 4'' esters. The gut metabolite pattern by i. v. differed from that of p.o. application, suggesting luminal and apical enzyme effects in the gut epithelium. Central organs could de-esterify the 11-position. Levels in lung relative to other organs were higher by p.o. than via i. v., suggesting that delivery route can influence the observed pharmacology and that gut metabolites distribute differently. The donors were largely eliminated by 24 h, following near linear decline in organs. The observed levels and distribution were found to be consistent with pharmacodynamic effects, particularly in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Straß
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Schwamborn
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Keppler
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Natascha Cloos
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jamil Guezguez
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Burnet
- Synovo GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich Straße 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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19
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Hoogendoorn A, Avery TD, Li J, Bursill C, Abell A, Grace PM. Emerging Therapeutic Applications for Fumarates. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:239-254. [PMID: 33618840 PMCID: PMC7954891 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fumarates are successfully used for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. Their antioxidative, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties make fumarates attractive therapeutic candidates for other pathologies. The exact working mechanisms of fumarates are, however, not fully understood. Further elucidation of the mechanisms is required if these drugs are to be successfully repurposed for other diseases. Towards this, administration route, dosage, and treatment timing, frequency, and duration are important parameters to consider and optimize with clinical paradigms in mind. Here, we summarize the rapidly expanding literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fumarates, including a discussion on two recently FDA-approved fumarates VumerityTM and BafiertamTM. We review emerging applications of fumarates, focusing on neurological and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Hoogendoorn
- Vascular and Heart Health, Life Long Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas D Avery
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing & Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jiahe Li
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christina Bursill
- Vascular and Heart Health, Life Long Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Abell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics, The University of Adelaide, Australia; Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing & Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M Grace
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Five Days Periodic Fasting Elevates Levels of Longevity Related Christensenella and Sirtuin Expression in Humans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052331. [PMID: 33652686 PMCID: PMC7956384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic fasting (PF) is an increasingly popular approach that assists in the management of metabolic and inflammatory diseases as well as in preventing mechanisms involved in aging. However, little is known about the effects of fasting on gut microbiota and its impact on the epigenetic regulation of metabolically relevant enzymes, especially sirtuins (SIRTs). We analyzed the effect of periodic fasting on the human gut microbiota, SIRTs expression, and mitochondrial content in 51 males and females. The participants fasted under supervision for five consecutive days following the Buchinger fasting guidelines. Ketogenesis, selected mRNAs, miRNAs, mitochondrial (mt) DNA, and gut composition were analyzed before and after PF. PF triggered a significant switch in metabolism, as indicated by the increase in ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoform 4 (PDK4) expression in the capillary blood. MtDNA, SIRT1, SIRT3, and miRlet7b-5p expression in blood cells were elevated, whereas SIRT6 and miR125b-5p were not affected. Following fasting, gut microbiota diversity increased, and a statistically significant correlation between SIRT1 gene expression and the abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillus was detected. The abundance of longevity related Christensenella species increased after fasting and inversely correlated with age as well as body mass index (BMI). Thus, this represents the first study that showing that fasting not only changes the composition of the gut microbiota, making it more diverse, but also affects SIRT expression in humans.
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21
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Niacin stimulates EPH4EV mammary epithelial cell proliferation and mammary gland development in pubertal mice through activation of AKT/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:313-324. [PMID: 33576879 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the effects of vitamins on the development of the mammary gland. However, the role of niacin in this process has not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of niacin on mammary gland development in pubertal mice and to use a mouse mammary epithelial cell line to study the underlying mechanism. The results showed that niacin could activate the AKT/mTOR and ERK signaling pathways and increase phosphorylation of 4EBP1 to promote the synthesis of cell proliferation markers, leading to the dissociation of the Rb-E2F1 complex in mMECs. In addition, 0.5% niacin promoted mammary duct development, increased the expression of cyclin D1/D3 and PCNA and activated Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 in the mammary glands of pubertal mice. These results strongly suggest that niacin stimulates mammary gland development in pubertal mice through the Akt/mTOR and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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22
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Yao Y, Cai X, Fei W, Ye Y, Zhao M, Zheng C. The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1-12. [PMID: 33261516 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1854675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic acids with carbon atom numbers less than 6, which are important metabolites of gut microbiome. Existing research shows that SCFAs play a vital role in the health and disease of the host. First, SCFAs are the key energy source for colon and ileum cells, and affect the intestinal epithelial barrier and defense functions by regulating related gene expression. Second, SCFAs regulate the function of innate immune cells to participate in the immune system, such as macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. Third, SCFAs can also regulate the differentiation of T cells and B cells and the antigen-specific adaptive immunity mediated by them. Besides, SCFAs are raw materials for sugar and lipid synthesis, which provides a theoretical basis for studying the potential role of SCFAs in regulating energy homeostasis and metabolism. There are also studies showing that SCFAs inhibit tumor cell proliferation and promote apoptosis. In this article, we summarized in detail the role of SCFAs in immunity, inflammation and metabolism, and briefly introduced the role of SCFAs in tumor cell survival. It provides a systematic theoretical basis for the study of SCFAs as potential drugs to promote human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Fei
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengdan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Chen W, Zhang S, Wu J, Ye T, Wang S, Wang P, Xing D. Butyrate-producing bacteria and the gut-heart axis in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 507:236-241. [PMID: 32376324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays an important role in controlling atherosclerosis progression to support the link between the gut and coronary heart disease. Recent studies have shown that an imbalance in the gut-heart axis due to the gut microbiota plays an important role in atherosclerosis progression. The gut microbiota promotes the development of atherosclerosis by producing intermediate metabolites, including TMAO, LPS, PAGln and reducing butyrate. TMAO and PAGln might be potential biomarkers of coronary heart disease. Many studies have shown that butyrate-producing bacteria prevent atherosclerosis progression by producing butyrate and maintaining the bacterial balance, the intestinal barrier function and the expression of various genes, including those encoding lipids and those related to immunity, inflammation, differentiation, apoptosis, phagocytosis and efferocytosis. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between butyrate-producing bacteria and the gut-heart axis in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shun Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Ting Ye
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Pan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
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24
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Li A, Zhang W, Zhang L, Liu Y, Li K, Du G, Qin X. Elucidating the time-dependent changes in the urinary metabolome under doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2020; 319:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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25
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Tuteja S, Qu L, Vujkovic M, Dunbar RL, Chen J, DerOhannessian S, Rader DJ. Genetic Variants Associated With Plasma Lipids Are Associated With the Lipid Response to Niacin. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e03488. [PMID: 30371334 PMCID: PMC6404865 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Niacin is a broad-spectrum lipid-modulating drug, but its mechanism of action is unclear. Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple loci associated with blood lipid levels and lipoprotein (a). It is unknown whether these loci modulate response to niacin. Methods and Results Using data from the AIM - HIGH (Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome with Low HDL /High Triglycerides and Impact on Global Health Outcomes) trial (n=2054 genotyped participants), we determined whether genetic variations at validated loci were associated with a differential change in plasma lipids and lipoprotein (a) 1 year after randomization to either statin+placebo or statin+niacin in a variant-treatment interaction model. Nominally significant interactions ( P<0.05) were found for genetic variants in MVK , LIPC , PABPC 4, AMPD 3 with change in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SPTLC 3 with change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TOM 1 with change in total cholesterol; PDXDC 1 and CYP 26A1 with change in triglycerides; and none for lipoprotein (a). We also investigated whether these loci were associated with cardiovascular events. The risk of coronary disease related death was higher in the minor allele carriers at the LIPC locus in the placebo group (odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1.11-3.90, P=0.02) but not observed in the niacin group (odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.48-1.65, P=0.7); P-interaction =0.02. There was a greater risk for acute coronary syndrome (odds ratio 1.85, 95% confidence interval 1.16-2.77, P=0.02) and revascularization events (odds ratio 1.64, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.22, P=0.002) in major allele carriers at the CYP 26A1 locus in the placebo group not seen in the niacin group. Conclusions Genetic variation at loci previously associated with steady-state lipid levels displays evidence for lipid response to niacin treatment. Clinical Trials Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00120289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Tuteja
- 1 Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Liming Qu
- 1 Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- 2 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Richard L Dunbar
- 1 Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,4 Cardiometabolic and Lipid Clinic Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center Philadelphia PA.,5 ICON plc North Wales PA
| | - Jinbo Chen
- 2 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Stephanie DerOhannessian
- 1 Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Daniel J Rader
- 1 Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA.,3 Department of Genetics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
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Chai JT, Ruparelia N, Goel A, Kyriakou T, Biasiolli L, Edgar L, Handa A, Farrall M, Watkins H, Choudhury RP. Differential Gene Expression in Macrophages From Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Shows Convergence on Pathways Implicated by Genome-Wide Association Study Risk Variants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2718-2730. [PMID: 30354237 PMCID: PMC6217969 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Objective— Plaque macrophages are intricately involved in atherogenesis and plaque destabilization. We sought to identify functional pathways in human plaque macrophages that are differentially regulated in respect of (1) plaque stability and (2) lipid content. We hypothesized that differentially regulated macrophage gene sets would relate to genome-wide association study variants associated with risk of acute complications of atherosclerosis. Approach and Results— Forty patients underwent carotid magnetic resonance imaging for lipid quantification before endarterectomy. Carotid plaque macrophages were procured by laser capture microdissection from (1) lipid core and (2) cap region, in 12 recently symptomatic and 12 asymptomatic carotid plaques. Applying gene set enrichment analysis, a number of gene sets were found to selectively upregulate in symptomatic plaque macrophages, which corresponded to 7 functional pathways: inflammation, lipid metabolism, hypoxic response, cell proliferation, apoptosis, antigen presentation, and cellular energetics. Predicted upstream regulators included IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB. In vivo lipid quantification by magnetic resonance imaging correlated most strongly with the upregulation of genes of the IFN/STAT1 pathways. Cross-interrogation of gene set enrichment analysis and meta-analysis gene set enrichment of variant associations showed lipid metabolism pathways, driven by genes coding for APOE and ABCA1/G1 coincided with known risk-associated SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) from genome-wide association studies. Conclusions— Macrophages from recently symptomatic carotid plaques show differential regulation of functional gene pathways. There were additional quantitative relationships between plaque lipid content and key gene sets. The data show a plausible mechanism by which known genome-wide association study risk variants for atherosclerotic complications could be linked to (1) a relevant cellular process, in (2) the key cell type of atherosclerosis, in (3) a human disease-relevant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Chai
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Ruparelia
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anuj Goel
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Theodosios Kyriakou
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Biasiolli
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laurienne Edgar
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashok Handa
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences (A.H.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Farrall
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine (J.T.C., N.R., A.G., T.K., L.B., L.E., M.F., H.W., R.P.C.), University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Yoshii K, Hosomi K, Sawane K, Kunisawa J. Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity. Front Nutr 2019; 6:48. [PMID: 31058161 PMCID: PMC6478888 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are micronutrients that have physiological effects on various biological responses, including host immunity. Therefore, vitamin deficiency leads to increased risk of developing infectious, allergic, and inflammatory diseases. Since B vitamins are synthesized by plants, yeasts, and bacteria, but not by mammals, mammals must acquire B vitamins from dietary or microbial sources, such as the intestinal microbiota. Similarly, some intestinal bacteria are unable to synthesize B vitamins and must acquire them from the host diet or from other intestinal bacteria for their growth and survival. This suggests that the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota may affect host B vitamin usage and, by extension, host immunity. Here, we review the immunological functions of B vitamins and their metabolism by intestinal bacteria with respect to the control of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yoshii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Hosomi
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kento Sawane
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Innovation Center, Nippon Flour Mills Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, and Laboratory of Gut Environmental System, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Vaccines, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Iwakawa H, Fukui T, Fukuwatari T, Bamba S, Sasaki M, Tsujikawa T, Doi Y, Shibata K. Blood concentrations and renal clearance of water-soluble vitamins in outpatients with ulcerative colitis. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:202-210. [PMID: 30906550 PMCID: PMC6403479 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the association between dietary intake and blood concentrations of water-soluble vitamins in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). In the present study, vitamin concentrations were measured in the blood and urinary excretion of 23 outpatients with UC and compared against a control group of 20 healthy participants. A weighed food record procedure was used to ensure controlled macronutrient and vitamin intakes of the UC cohort. Individuals in the control group were given a semi-purified diet for 8 days prior to assessment. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify important differences in vitamin concentrations, independent of sex, age and other confounding variables. The blood concentrations of vitamins B2, C, niacin and folate were markedly lower in the patients with UC than those in the control group, and the renal clearance of vitamins B1, B6, B12 and folate was notably higher in the UC cohort. It was concluded that vitamins B2, C, niacin and folate were at significantly lower concentrations in patients with UC following adjustment for coexisting factors. The lower levels of niacin may be partially due to impaired reabsorption. Chronic inflammation, common in patients with UC, with may contribute to the lower levels of other vitamins by rendering amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism into a hypermetabolic state. As the role of vitamins in metabolic activity is constant and pervasive, nutritional management including the application of water-soluble vitamins appears important for patients suffering from UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Iwakawa
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Tomiho Fukui
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Shubun University, Ichinomiya, Aichi 491-0938, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Fukuwatari
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Shigeki Bamba
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masaya Sasaki
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tsujikawa
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yukio Doi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
| | - Katsumi Shibata
- Department of Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
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Verma S, Bhatt K, Lovey A, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Durbin J, Jones-López EC, Palaci M, Vinhas SA, Alland D, Dietze R, Ellner JJ, Salgame P. Transmission phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains is mechanistically linked to induction of distinct pulmonary pathology. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007613. [PMID: 30840702 PMCID: PMC6422314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study of household contacts (HHC), households were categorized into High (HT) and Low (LT) transmission groups based on the proportion of HHC with a positive tuberculin skin test. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains from HT and LT index cases of the households were designated Mtb-HT and Mtb-LT, respectively. We found that C3HeB/FeJ mice infected with Mtb-LT strains exhibited significantly higher bacterial burden compared to Mtb-HT strains and also developed diffused inflammatory lung pathology. In stark contrast, a significant number of mice infected with Mtb-HT strains developed caseating granulomas, a lesion type with high potential to cavitate. None of the Mtb-HT infected animals developed diffused inflammatory lung pathology. A link was observed between increased in vitro replication of Mtb-LT strains and their ability to induce significantly high lipid droplet formation in macrophages. These results support that distinct early interactions of Mtb-HT and Mtb-LT strains with macrophages and subsequent differential trajectories in pathological disease may be the mechanism underlying their transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Verma
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kamlesh Bhatt
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Arianne Lovey
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rodrigo Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Joan Durbin
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pathology, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Edward C. Jones-López
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Moises Palaci
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças de Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Solange A. Vinhas
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Núcleo de Doenças de Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - David Alland
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Reynaldo Dietze
- Núcleo de Doenças Infecciosas, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
- Global Health & Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jerrold J. Ellner
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Department of Medicine, Centre for Emerging Pathogens, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
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Subramani K, Chu X, Warren M, Lee M, Lu S, Singh N, Raju R. Deficiency of metabolite sensing receptor HCA2 impairs the salutary effect of niacin in hemorrhagic shock. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:688-695. [PMID: 30625381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and cellular energetics play critical roles in organ dysfunction following hemorrhagic shock. Recent studies suggest a putative role for sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in potentiating mitochondrial function and improving organ function following hemorrhagic shock in animal models. SIRT1 is an NAD+ dependent protein deacetylase and increased availability of NAD+ has been shown to augment SIRT1 activity. As niacin is a precursor of NAD+, in this study, we tested whether niacin can improve survival following hemorrhagic shock. However niacin also mediates its biological action by binding to its receptor, hydroxyl-carboxylic acid receptor 2 (HCA2 or Gpr109a); so we examined whether the effect of niacin is mediated by binding to Gpr109a or by increasing NAD+ availability. We found that niacin administered intravenously to rats subjected to hemorrhagic injury (HI) in the absence of fluid resuscitation resulted in a significantly prolonged duration of survival. However, treatment of rats with similar doses of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a precursor to NAD+ that does not bind Gpr109a, did not extend survival following HI. The duration of survival due to niacin treatment was significantly reduced in Gpr109a-/- mice subjected to HI. These experiments demonstrated that the Gpr109a receptor-mediated pathway contributed significantly to niacin mediated salutary effect. Further studies showed improvement in markers of cellular energetics and attenuation of inflammatory response with niacin treatment. In conclusion, we report that Gpr109a-dependent signalling is important in restoring cellular energetics and immunometabolism following hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Subramani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Xiaogang Chu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Marie Warren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Mariah Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Sumin Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Nagendra Singh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Raghavan Raju
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America; Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.
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Smitka K, Nedvidkova J, Vondra K, Hill M, Papezova H, Hainer V. Acipimox Administration With Exercise Induces a Co-feedback Action of the GH, PP, and PYY on Ghrelin Associated With a Reduction of Peripheral Lipolysis in Bulimic and Healthy-Weight Czech Women: A Randomized Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:108. [PMID: 30915029 PMCID: PMC6422902 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Anti-lipolytic drugs and exercise are enhancers of growth hormone (GH) secretion. Decreased circulating free fatty acids (FFA) have been proposed to exert ghrelin-GH feedback loop after administration of an anti-lipolytic longer-acting analog of nicotinic acid, Acipimox (OLB, 5-Methylpyrazine-2-carboxylic acid 4-oxide, molecular weight of 154.1 Da). OLB administration strongly suppresses plasma FFA during exercise. Neuroendocrine perturbations of the adipose tissue (AT), gut, and brain peptides may be involved in the etiopathogenesis of eating disorders including bulimia nervosa (BN) and anorexia nervosa. BN is characterized by binge eating, self-induced vomiting or excessive exercise. Approach: To test the hypothesis that treatment with OLB together with exercise vs. exercise alone would induce feedback action of GH, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), and leptin on ghrelin in Czech women with BN and in healthy-weight Czech women (HW). The lipolysis rate (as glycerol release) in subcutaneous abdominal AT was assessed with microdialysis. At an academic medical center, 12 BN and 12 HW (the control group) were randomized to OLB 500 mg 1 h before a single exercise bout (45 min, 2 W/kg of lean body mass [LBM]) once a week vs. identical placebo over a total of 2 weeks. Blood plasma concentrations of GH, PP, PYY, leptin, ghrelin, FFA, glycerol, and concentrations of AT interstitial glycerol were estimated during the test by RIA utilizing 125I-labeled tracer, the electrochemiluminescence technique (ECLIA) or colorimetric kits. Results: OLB administration together with short-term exercise significantly increased plasma GH (P < 0.0001), PP (P < 0.0001), PYY, and leptin concentrations and significantly decreased plasma ghrelin (P < 0.01) concentrations in both groups, whereas short-term exercise with placebo resulted in plasma ghrelin (P < 0.05) decrease exclusively in BN. OLB administration together with short-term exercise significantly lowered local subcutaneous abdominal AT interstitial glycerol (P < 0.0001) to a greater extent in BN. Conclusion: OLB-induced suppression of plasma ghrelin concentrations together with short-term exercise and after the post-exercise recovering phase suggests a potential negative co-feedback of GH, PP, PYY, and leptin on ghrelin secretion to a greater extent in BN. Simultaneously, the exercise-induced elevation in AT interstitial glycerol leading to a higher inhibition of peripheral lipolysis by OLB in BN. Clinical Trial Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03338387.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kvido Smitka
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathological Physiology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Kvido Smitka ;
| | - Jara Nedvidkova
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Karel Vondra
- Clinical Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Hill
- Steroid Hormone and Proteofactors Department, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Papezova
- First Faculty of Medicine, Eating Disorder Center, Psychiatric Clinic, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Vojtech Hainer
- Obesity Management Center, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czechia
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Li M, van Esch BCAM, Wagenaar GTM, Garssen J, Folkerts G, Henricks PAJ. Pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of short chain fatty acids on immune and endothelial cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 831:52-59. [PMID: 29750914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the gastro-intestinal tract, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have protective effects on epithelial cells. However, their effects on inflammatory cytokine production by endothelial and immune cells and the recruitment of immune cells and their trans-migration across the endothelial layer remain controversial. Both cell types are associated with the initiation and development of inflammatory diseases, such as atherosclerosis and sepsis. SCFAs modulate immune and inflammatory responses via activation of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors type 2 and 3 (FFA2 and FFA3 receptors), G protein-coupled receptor 109A (GPR109A) and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). This review will focus on the effects of SCFAs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα)-induced inflammatory response on endothelial and immune cells function, and an overview is presented on the underlying mechanisms of the effects of SCFAs on both immune and endothelial cells, including HDACs, FFA2 and FFA3 receptors and GPR109A regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Betty C A M van Esch
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerry T M Wagenaar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Nutricia Research, Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A J Henricks
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Brück J, Dringen R, Amasuno A, Pau-Charles I, Ghoreschi K. A review of the mechanisms of action of dimethylfumarate in the treatment of psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:611-624. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Brück
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
| | - Ralf Dringen
- Faculty 2 (Biology/Chemistry); Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
- Center for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
| | | | | | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology; University Medical Center; Eberhard Karls University; Tübingen Germany
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Hromádka R, Kejík Z, Jakubek M, Kaplánek R, Šandriková V, Urban M, Martásek P, Král V. Pigments from Filamentous Ascomycetes for Combination Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2018; 26:3812-3834. [PMID: 29600749 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180330091933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous ascomycetes (Neurospora and Monascus) have been studied for a long time because of their production of secondary metabolites such as microbial pigments. The ascomycetes represent an interesting group of compounds with high potential for medicinal applications. Many recent studies have shown their efficacy in the treatment of serious pathological states such as oncological diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and hyperlipidaemia. Nevertheless, the clinical usability of ascomycetes is still limited. However, this problem can be solved by the use of these compounds with combinations of other therapeutic agents. This strategy can suppress their side effects and improve their therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, their co-application can significantly enhance conventional therapies that are used. This review summarizes and discusses the general principles of this approach, introduced and supported by numerous examples. In addition, the prediction of the future potential application of this methodology is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Hromádka
- C2P s.r.o. Jungmannova 101 503 51 Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viera Šandriková
- C2P s.r.o. Jungmannova 101 503 51 Chlumec nad Cidlinou, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Urban
- Food Research Institute Prague, Radiova 1285/7, 1285/7, Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Král
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Tan JK, McKenzie C, Mariño E, Macia L, Mackay CR. Metabolite-Sensing G Protein-Coupled Receptors-Facilitators of Diet-Related Immune Regulation. Annu Rev Immunol 2018; 35:371-402. [PMID: 28446062 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and the gut microbiome regulate many systems, including the immune, metabolic, and nervous systems. We propose that the host responds to deficiency (or sufficiency) of dietary and bacterial metabolites in a dynamic way, to optimize responses and survival. A family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) termed the metabolite-sensing GPCRs bind to various metabolites and transmit signals that are important for proper immune and metabolic functions. Members of this family include GPR43, GPR41, GPR109A, GPR120, GPR40, GPR84, GPR35, and GPR91. In addition, bile acid receptors such as GPR131 (TGR5) and proton-sensing receptors such as GPR65 show similar features. A consistent feature of this family of GPCRs is that they provide anti-inflammatory signals; many also regulate metabolism and gut homeostasis. These receptors represent one of the main mechanisms whereby the gut microbiome affects vertebrate physiology, and they also provide a link between the immune and metabolic systems. Insufficient signaling through one or more of these metabolite-sensing GPCRs likely contributes to human diseases such as asthma, food allergies, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hepatic steatosis, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian K Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
| | - Craig McKenzie
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , , .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Laurence Macia
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , , .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; , , ,
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36
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Androulakis E, Zacharia E, Papageorgiou N, Lioudaki E, Bertsias D, Charakida M, Siasos G, Tousoulis D. High-density Lipoprotein and Low-density Lipoprotein Therapeutic Approaches in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Curr Cardiol Rev 2017; 13:168-182. [PMID: 28190386 PMCID: PMC5633711 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x13666170209145622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and especially its oxidized form, renders the atherosclerotic plaque vulnerable to rupture in acute coronary syndromes (ACS). On the other hand, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is considered an anti-atherogenic molecule. The more recent HDL-targeted drugs may prove to be superior to those used before. Indeed, delipidated HDL and HDL mimetics are efficient in increasing HDL levels, while the apoA-I upregulation with RVX-208 appears to offer a clinical benefit which is beyond the HDL related effects. HDL treatment however has not shown a significant improvement in the outcomes of patients with ACS so far, studies have therefore focused again on LDL. In addition to statins and ezetimibe, novel drugs such as PSCK9 inhibitors and apolipoprotein B inhibitors appear to be both effective and safe for patients with hyperlipidemia. CONCLUSION Data suggest these could potentially improve the cardiovascular outcomes of patient with ACS. Yet, there is still research to be done, in order to confirm whether ACS patients would benefit from LDL- or HDL-targeted therapies or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Effimia Zacharia
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papageorgiou
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, West Smithfield, EC1A 7BE, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eirini Lioudaki
- Epsom and St Helier University Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Bertsias
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marietta Charakida
- Department of Cardiovascular Imaging, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
Hypertension is the leading risk factor for heart disease and stroke, and is estimated to cause 9.4 million deaths globally every year. The pathogenesis of hypertension is complex, but lifestyle factors such as diet are important contributors to the disease. High dietary intake of fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced blood pressure and lower cardiovascular mortality. A critical relationship between dietary intake and the composition of the gut microbiota has been described in the literature, and a growing body of evidence supports the role of the gut microbiota in the regulation of blood pressure. In this Review, we describe the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and its metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and lipopolysaccharides, act on downstream cellular targets to prevent or contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. These effects have a direct influence on tissues such as the kidney, the endothelium, and the heart. Finally, we consider the role of the gut microbiota in resistant hypertension, the possible intergenerational effect of the gut microbiota on blood pressure regulation, and the promising therapeutic potential of gut microbiota modification to improve health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Z Marques
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Charles R Mackay
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 23 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - David M Kaye
- Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Philip Block, Level 3, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
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38
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Huang W, Zhou L, Guo H, Xu Y, Xu Y. The role of short-chain fatty acids in kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response. Metabolism 2017; 68:20-30. [PMID: 28183450 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been found that several circulating metabolites derived from gut microbiota fermentation associate with a systemic immuno-inflammatory response and kidney injury, which has been coined the gut-kidney axis. Recent evidence has suggested that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are primarily originated from fermentation of dietary fiber in the gut, play an important role in regulation of immunity, blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism, and seem to be the link between microbiota and host homeostasis. In addition to their important role as fuel for colonic epithelial cells, SCFAs also modulate different cell signal transduction processes via G-protein coupled receptors, and act as epigenetic regulators by the inhibition of histone deacetylase and as potential mediators involved in the autophagy pathway. Though controversial, an intimate connection between SCFAs and kidney injury has been revealed, suggesting that SCFAs may act as new therapeutic targets of kidney injury. This review is intended to provide an overview of the impact of SCFAs and the potential link to kidney injury induced by gut-derived inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China. 646000
| | - Luping Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China. 646000
| | - Hengli Guo
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine (Macau University of Science and Technology), Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China.
| | - Yong Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, PR China. 646000.
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39
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Alkhalil M, Chai JT, Choudhury RP. Plaque imaging to refine indications for emerging lipid-lowering drugs. EUROPEAN HEART JOURNAL. CARDIOVASCULAR PHARMACOTHERAPY 2017; 3:58-67. [PMID: 27816944 PMCID: PMC5841877 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins have been effective in reducing adverse cardiovascular events. Their benefits have been proportional to the level of plasma LDL-cholesterol reduction and seem to extend to patients with 'normal' levels of cholesterol at outset. Statins are also inexpensive and have a favourable side-effect profile. As a result, they are used widely (almost indiscriminately) in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease, and in those at risk of disease. Next generation lipid-modifying drugs seem unlikely to offer the same simplicity of application. The recent trials of new classes of lipid modifying drugs underline the need for a risk stratification tool which is not based on patients' category of diagnosis (for example, post-myocardial infarction) but based on the characterization of disease in that individual patient. Mechanistic staging, a process that matches the target of the drug action with an identifiable disease characteristic, may offer an opportunity to achieve more precise intervention. The upshots of this targeted approach will be greater efficacy, requiring smaller clinical trials to demonstrate effectiveness; a reduced number needed to treat to yield benefits and more cost-effective prescribing. This will be important, as purchasers require ever more rigorous demonstration of both efficacy and cost-effectiveness. In this context, we will discuss available pharmacological strategies of lipid reduction in anti-atherosclerotic treatment and how plaque imaging techniques may provide an ideal method in stratifying patients for new lipid-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alkhalil
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Joshua T Chai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robin P Choudhury
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Acute Vascular Imaging Centre (AVIC), Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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40
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Zeman M, Vecka M, Perlík F, Staňková B, Hromádka R, Tvrzická E, Širc J, Hrib J, Žák A. Pleiotropic effects of niacin: Current possibilities for its clinical use. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2016; 66:449-469. [PMID: 27749252 DOI: 10.1515/acph-2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Niacin was the first hypolipidemic drug to significantly reduce both major cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Niacin favorably influences all lipoprotein classes, including lipoprotein[a],and belongs to the most potent hypolipidemic drugs for increasing HDL-C. Moreover, niacin causes favorable changes to the qualitative composition of lipoprotein HDL. In addition to its pronounced hypolipidemic action, niacin exerts many other, non-hypolipidemic effects (e.g., antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic), which favorably influence the development and progression of atherosclerosis. These effects are dependent on activation of the specific receptor HCA2. Recent results published by the two large clinical studies, AIM-HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE, have led to the impugnation of niacin's role in future clinical practice. However, due to several methodological flaws in the AIM-HIGH and HPS2-THRIVE studies, the pleiotropic effects of niacin now deserve thorough evaluation. This review summarizes the present and possible future use of niacin in clinical practice in light of its newly recognized pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Zeman
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marek Vecka
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - František Perlík
- Institute of Pharmacology, 1st Faculty of MedicineCharles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Barbora Staňková
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Robert Hromádka
- Research and Development Center, C2P s.r.o., Chlumec/n Cidlinou, Czechia
| | - Eva Tvrzická
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Širc
- Institute of Macromolecular, Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czechia
| | - Jakub Hrib
- Institute of Macromolecular, Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czechia
| | - Aleš Žák
- 4th Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
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41
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Pang DKT, Nong Z, Sutherland BG, Sawyez CG, Robson DL, Toma J, Pickering JG, Borradaile NM. Niacin promotes revascularization and recovery of limb function in diet-induced obese mice with peripheral ischemia. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00233. [PMID: 27433343 PMCID: PMC4876143 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin can reduce vascular disease risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome, but in light of recent large randomized controlled trials outcomes, its biological actions and clinical utility remain controversial. Niacin can improve endothelial function, vascular inflammation, and vascular regeneration, independent of correcting dyslipidemia, in various lean rodent models of vascular injury. Here, we tested whether niacin could directly improve endothelial cell angiogenic function during combined exposure to excess fatty acids and hypoxia, and whether intervention with niacin during continued feeding of western diet could improve revascularization and functional recovery in obese, hyperlipidemic mice with peripheral ischemia. Treatment with niacin (10 μmol/L) increased human microvascular endothelial cell angiogenic function during exposure to high fatty acids and hypoxia (2% oxygen), as determined by tube formation on Matrigel. To assess revascularization in vivo, we used western diet-induced obese mice with unilateral hind limb femoral artery ligation and excision. Treatment for 14 days postinjury with once daily i.p. injections of a low dose of niacin (50 mg/kg) improved recovery of hind limb use, in association with enhanced revascularization and decreased inflammation of the tibialis anterior muscle. These effects were concomitant with decreased plasma triglycerides, but not increased plasma apoAI. Thus, niacin improves endothelial tube formation under lipotoxic and hypoxic conditions, and moreover, promotes revascularization and functional hind limb recovery following ischemic injury in diet-induced obese mice with hyperlipidemia. These data may have implications for niacin therapy in the treatment of peripheral ischemic vascular disease associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic K T Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Zengxuan Nong
- Robarts Research Institute Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Brian G Sutherland
- Robarts Research Institute Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Cynthia G Sawyez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1; Robarts Research Institute Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1; Department of Medicine Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Debra L Robson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Jelena Toma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - J Geoffrey Pickering
- Robarts Research Institute Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1; Department of Medicine Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1; Department of Biochemistry Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1; Department of Medical Biophysics Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1; London Health Sciences Centre London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Nica M Borradaile
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Western University London Ontario Canada N6A 5C1
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Mateuszuk L, Jasztal A, Maslak E, Gasior-Glogowska M, Baranska M, Sitek B, Kostogrys R, Zakrzewska A, Kij A, Walczak M, Chlopicki S. Antiatherosclerotic Effects of 1-Methylnicotinamide in Apolipoprotein E/Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice: A Comparison with Nicotinic Acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:514-24. [PMID: 26631491 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.228643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
1-Methylnicotinamide (MNA), the major endogenous metabolite of nicotinic acid (NicA), may partially contribute to the vasoprotective properties of NicA. Here we compared the antiatherosclerotic effects of MNA and NicA in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)/low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice. ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice were treated with MNA or NicA (100 mg/kg). Plaque size, macrophages, and cholesterol content in the brachiocephalic artery, endothelial function in the aorta, systemic inflammation, platelet activation, as well as the concentration of MNA and its metabolites in plasma and urine were measured. MNA and NicA reduced atherosclerotic plaque area, plaque inflammation, and cholesterol content in the brachiocephalic artery. The antiatherosclerotic actions of MNA and NicA were associated with improved endothelial function, as evidenced by a higher concentration of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 α and nitrite/nitrate in the aortic ring effluent, inhibition of platelets (blunted thromboxane B2 generation), and inhibition of systemic inflammation (lower plasma concentration of serum amyloid P, haptoglobin). NicA treatment resulted in an approximately 2-fold higher concentration of MNA and its metabolites in urine and a 4-fold higher nicotinamide/MNA ratio in plasma, compared with MNA treatment. In summary; MNA displays pronounced antiatherosclerotic action in ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice, an effect associated with an improvement in prostacyclin- and nitric oxide-dependent endothelial function, inhibition of platelet activation, inhibition of inflammatory burden in plaques, and diminished systemic inflammation. Despite substantially higher MNA availability after NicA treatment, compared with an equivalent dose of MNA, the antiatherosclerotic effect of NicA was not stronger. We suggest that detrimental effects of NicA or its metabolites other than MNA may limit beneficial effects of NicA-derived MNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Mateuszuk
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Edyta Maslak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Marlena Gasior-Glogowska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Barbara Sitek
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Renata Kostogrys
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Zakrzewska
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Kij
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Maria Walczak
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (Ł.M., A.J., E.M., M.G.-G., M.B., B.S., A.Z., A.K., M.W., S.C.) and Faculty of Chemistry (M.B.), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (A.K., M.W.) and Chair of Pharmacology (S.C.), Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland; and Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Krakow, Poland (R.K.)
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Involvement of the Niacin Receptor GPR109a in the LocalControl of Glucose Uptake in Small Intestine of Type 2Diabetic Mice. Nutrients 2015; 7:7543-61. [PMID: 26371038 PMCID: PMC4586547 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin is a popular nutritional supplement known to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases by enhancing high-density lipoprotein levels. Despite such health benefits, niacin impairs fasting blood glucose. In type 2 diabetes (T2DM), an increase in jejunal glucose transport has been well documented; however, this is intriguingly decreased during niacin deficient state. In this regard, the role of the niacin receptor GPR109a in T2DM jejunal glucose transport remains unknown. Therefore, the effects of diabetes and high-glucose conditions on GPR109a expression were studied using jejunal enterocytes of 10-week-old m+/db and db/db mice, as well as Caco-2 cells cultured in 5.6 or 25.2 mM glucose concentrations. Expression of the target genes and proteins were quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Glucose uptake in Caco-2 cells and everted mouse jejunum was measured using liquid scintillation counting. 10-week T2DM increased mRNA and protein expression levels of GPR109a in jejunum by 195.0% and 75.9%, respectively, as compared with the respective m+/db control; high-glucose concentrations increased mRNA and protein expression of GPR109a in Caco-2 cells by 130.2% and 69.0%, respectively, which was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, the enhanced GPR109a expression in jejunal enterocytes of T2DM mice and high-glucose treated Caco-2 cells suggests that GPR109a is involved in elevating intestinal glucose transport observed in diabetes.
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Effect of Extended-Release Niacin/Laropiprant Combination on Plasma Adiponectin and Insulin Resistance in Chinese Patients with Dyslipidaemia. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:154014. [PMID: 26063948 PMCID: PMC4429190 DOI: 10.1155/2015/154014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. This study examined whether the increase of adiponectin associated with extended-release (ER) niacin/laropiprant combination attenuates the adverse effect of niacin on glucose and insulin resistance in Hong Kong Chinese patients with dyslipidaemia. Methods. Patients (N = 121) were treated with ER niacin/laropiprant 1 g/20 mg for 4 weeks and then the dose was doubled for an additional 8 weeks. Measurements of fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, and adiponectin were performed at baseline and during the study. Results. There were significant (P < 0.001) increases in glucose (9.4 ± 13.1%), insulin (70.2 ± 91.0%), HOMA-IR (87.8 ± 103.9%), and adiponectin (169.3 ± 111.6%). The increase in adiponectin was significantly associated with increase in glucose (r = 0.221, P < 0.05), insulin (r = 0.184, P < 0.05), and HOMA-IR (r = 0.237, P < 0.01) and the association remained significant after adjustment for changes in body weight or body fat mass. Conclusion. Treatment with ER niacin/laropiprant led to a significant increase in adiponectin levels but worsening of glucose levels and insulin resistance, and the increase in adiponectin and insulin resistance were correlated suggesting the increase in adiponectin did not ameliorate the deterioration in insulin resistance. Clinical trial is registered with number on WHO-ICTRP: ChiCTR-ONC-10001038.
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β-Hydroxybutyric sodium salt inhibition of growth hormone and prolactin secretion via the cAMP/PKA/CREB and AMPK signaling pathways in dairy cow anterior pituitary cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:4265-80. [PMID: 25690038 PMCID: PMC4346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16024265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) regulates the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), but its mechanism is unknown. In this study, we detected the effects of BHBA on the activities of G protein signaling pathways, AMPK-α activity, GH, and PRL gene transcription, and GH and PRL secretion in dairy cow anterior pituitary cells (DCAPCs). The results showed that BHBA decreased intracellular cAMP levels and a subsequent reduction in protein kinase A (PKA) activity. Inhibition of PKA activity reduced cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting GH and PRL transcription and secretion. The effects of BHBA were attenuated by a specific Gαi inhibitor, pertussis toxin (PTX). In addition, intracellular BHBA uptake mediated by monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) could trigger AMPK signaling and result in the decrease in GH and PRL mRNA translation in DCAPCs cultured under low-glucose and non-glucose condition when compared with the high-glucose group. This study identifies a biochemical mechanism for the regulatory action of BHBA on GH and PRL gene transcription, translation, and secretion in DCAPCs, which may be one of the factors that regulate pituitary function during the transition period in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H Bergersen
- From the Departments of Oral Biology and of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo (L.H.B.); and the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (T.E.)
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Hughes-Large JM, Pang DKT, Robson DL, Chan P, Toma J, Borradaile NM. Niacin receptor activation improves human microvascular endothelial cell angiogenic function during lipotoxicity. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:696-704. [PMID: 25463108 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Niacin (nicotinic acid) as a monotherapy can reduce vascular disease risk, but its mechanism of action remains controversial, and may not be dependent on systemic lipid modifying effects. Niacin has recently been shown to improve endothelial function and vascular regeneration, independent of correcting dyslipidemia, in rodent models of vascular injury and metabolic disease. As a potential biosynthetic precursor for NAD(+), niacin could elicit these vascular benefits through NAD(+)-dependent, sirtuin (SIRT) mediated responses. Alternatively, niacin may act through its receptor, GPR109A, to promote endothelial function, though endothelial cells are not known to express this receptor. We hypothesized that niacin directly improves endothelial cell function during exposure to lipotoxic conditions and sought to determine the potential mechanism(s) involved. METHODS AND RESULTS Angiogenic function in excess palmitate was assessed by tube formation following treatment of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) with either a relatively low concentration of niacin (10 μM), or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) (1 μM), a direct NAD(+) precursor. Although both niacin and NMN improved HMVEC tube formation during palmitate overload, only NMN increased cellular NAD(+) and SIRT1 activity. We further observed that HMVEC express GRP109A. Activation of this receptor with either acifran or MK-1903 recapitulated niacin-induced improvements in HMVEC tube formation, while GPR109A siRNA diminished the effect of niacin. CONCLUSION Niacin, at a low concentration, improves HMVEC angiogenic function under lipotoxic conditions, likely independent of NAD(+) biosynthesis and SIRT1 activation, but rather through niacin receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hughes-Large
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Dominic K T Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Debra L Robson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Pak Chan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Jelena Toma
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Nica M Borradaile
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5C1, Canada.
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Wakade C, Chong R, Bradley E, Thomas B, Morgan J. Upregulation of GPR109A in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109818. [PMID: 25329911 PMCID: PMC4201464 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anecdotal animal and human studies have implicated the symptomatic and neuroprotective roles of niacin in Parkinson's disease (PD). Niacin has a high affinity for GPR109A, an anti-inflammatory receptor. Niacin is also thought to be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm. Here we evaluated the relationships among the receptor, niacin levels and EEG night-sleep in individuals with PD. METHODS AND FINDINGS GPR109A expression (blood and brain), niacin index (NAD-NADP ratio) and cytokine markers (blood) were analyzed. Measures of night-sleep function (EEG) and perceived sleep quality (questionnaire) were assessed. We observed significant up-regulation of GPR109A expression in the blood as well as in the substantia nigra (SN) in the PD group compared to age-matched controls. Confocal microscopy demonstrated co-localization of GPR109A staining with microglia in PD SN. Pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines did not show significant differences between the groups; however IL1-β, IL-4 and IL-7 showed an upward trend in PD. Time to sleep (sleep latency), EEG REM and sleep efficiency were different between PD and age-matched controls. Niacin levels were lower in PD and were associated with increased frequency of experiencing body pain and decreased duration of deep sleep. CONCLUSIONS The findings of associations among the GPR109A receptor, niacin levels and night-sleep function in individuals with PD are novel. Further studies are needed to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of action of niacin, GPR109A expression and their associations with night-sleep function. It would be also crucial to study GPR109A expression in neurons, astrocytes, and microglia in PD. A clinical trial to determine the symptomatic and/or neuroprotective effect of niacin supplementation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandramohan Wakade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raymond Chong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric Bradley
- Department of Physical Therapy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John Morgan
- Department of Neurology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
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Šilhavý J, Zídek V, Mlejnek P, Landa V, Šimáková M, Strnad H, Oliyarnyk O, Škop V, Kazdová L, Kurtz T, Pravenec M. Fumaric acid esters can block pro-inflammatory actions of human CRP and ameliorate metabolic disturbances in transgenic spontaneously hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101906. [PMID: 25010431 PMCID: PMC4092096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances. Esters of fumaric acid, mainly dimethyl fumarate, exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that fumaric acid ester (FAE) treatment of an animal model of inflammation and metabolic syndrome, the spontaneously hypertensive rat transgenically expressing human C-reactive protein (SHR-CRP), will ameliorate inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disturbances. We studied the effects of FAE treatment by administering Fumaderm, 10 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, to male SHR-CRP. Untreated male SHR-CRP rats were used as controls. All rats were fed a high sucrose diet. Compared to untreated controls, rats treated with FAE showed significantly lower levels of endogenous CRP but not transgenic human CRP, and amelioration of inflammation (reduced levels of serum IL6 and TNFα) and oxidative stress (reduced levels of lipoperoxidation products in liver, heart, kidney, and plasma). FAE treatment was also associated with lower visceral fat weight and less ectopic fat accumulation in liver and muscle, greater levels of lipolysis, and greater incorporation of glucose into adipose tissue lipids. Analysis of gene expression profiles in the liver with Affymetrix arrays revealed that FAE treatment was associated with differential expression of genes in pathways that involve the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest potentially important anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and metabolic effects of FAE in a model of inflammation and metabolic disturbances induced by human CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Šilhavý
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Zídek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Mlejnek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Landa
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Šimáková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Oliyarnyk
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Škop
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmila Kazdová
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Theodore Kurtz
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Almeida DV, Tyagi S, Li SY, Wallengren K, Pym AS, Ammerman NC, Bishai WR, Grosset JH. Revisiting Anti-tuberculosis Activity of Pyrazinamide in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:145. [PMID: 25525563 PMCID: PMC4267256 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1068.1000145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of pyrazinamide, a key sterilizing drug in the treatment of tuberculosis, remains elusive; pyrazinamide is a pro-drug that requires activation by a bacterial-encoded enzyme, and its activity is most apparent on non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Recently, it has been suggested that pyrazinamide might exert also some host-directed effect in addition to its antimicrobial activity. To address this possibility, three sequential experiments were conducted in immune-competent BALB/c and in immune-deficient, athymic nude mice. In the first experiment, BALB/c mice infected with M. bovis, which is naturally resistant to pyrazinamide because it is unable to activate the drug, were treated with standard drug regimens with and without pyrazinamide to specifically detect a host-directed effect. As no effect was observed, pyrazinamide activity was compared in M. tuberculosis-infected BALB/c and nude mice to determine whether the effect of pyrazinamide would be reduced in the immune deficient mice. As pyrazinamide did not appear to have any affect in the nude mice, a third experiment was performed in which rifampin was replaced with rifapentine (a similar drug with a longer half-life) to permanently suppress mycobacterial growth. In these experimental conditions, the antimicrobial effect of pyrazinamide was clear. Therefore, the results of our studies rule out a significant host-directed effect of pyrazinamide in the TB infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak V Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Sandeep Tyagi
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Si-Yang Li
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kristina Wallengren
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Alexander S Pym
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Nicole C Ammerman
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa
| | - Jacques H Grosset
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA ; KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Durban, South Africa
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