1
|
Nutrigenomics of Dietary Lipids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10070994. [PMID: 34206632 PMCID: PMC8300813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids have a major role in nutrition, not only for their fuel value, but also as essential and bioactive nutrients. This narrative review aims to describe the current evidence on nutrigenomic effects of dietary lipids. Firstly, the different chemical and biological properties of fatty acids contained both in plant- and animal-based food are illustrated. A description of lipid bioavailability, bioaccessibility, and lipotoxicity is provided, together with an overview of the modulatory role of lipids as pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. Current findings concerning the metabolic impact of lipids on gene expression, epigenome, and gut microbiome in animal and human studies are summarized. Finally, the effect of the individual’s genetic make-up on lipid metabolism is described. The main goal is to provide an overview about the interaction between dietary lipids and the genome, by identifying and discussing recent scientific evidence, recognizing strengths and weaknesses, to address future investigations and fill the gaps in the current knowledge on metabolic impact of dietary fats on health.
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang J, Wang H, Du H, Fang H, Han M, Xu L, Liu S, Yi J, Chen Y, Jiang Q, He G. Serum perfluoroalkyl substances in relation to lipid metabolism in Chinese pregnant women. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:128566. [PMID: 33097232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory and epidemiologic studies suggested that exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) could affect lipid metabolisms, but data remain limited for pregnant women. A total of 436 pregnant women were selected in Tangshan City, North China. Serum levels of 11 PFASs were determined in the early term of pregnancy. Four lipids (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)) were measured in the late term of pregnancy. Of 11 PFASs, seven had a detection rate of greater than 70%. After adjusting for potential confounders, natural log-transformed perfluororohexanesulfonic acid (ln PFHxS) was positively associated with TC (β: 0.184, 95% CI: 0.045-0.321), HDL (β: 0.040, 95% CI: 0.001-0.083), and LDL (β: 0.091, 95% CI: 0.001-0.185). Ln perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA) was positively associated with HDL (β: 0.021, 95% CI: 0.001-0.044), while Ln perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) was negatively associated with LDL (β: -0.053, 95% CI: -0.098∼-0.009) and ln perfluorootanoic acid (PFOA) was negatively associated with LDL/HDL (β: -0.042, 95% CI: -0.075∼-0.009). In principal component analysis, the component with a large loading of 31.3% for PFOA, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), PFDA and PFUdA showed a negative association with LDL/HDL. After serum concentrations of PFASs were categorized into quartiles, a higher level of TC was seen in the second quartile of PFOA or PFNA than the first quartile, but a lower LDL/HDL ratio was seen in the fourth quartile of PFOA, PFUdA or PFDA. These results suggested that exposure to PFASs has a potential to influence lipid metabolisms in pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hexing Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongyi Du
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongji Fang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Minghui Han
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Linji Xu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tangshan Municipality, No. 14 South Jianshe Road, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Shuping Liu
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tangshan Municipality, No. 14 South Jianshe Road, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Jianping Yi
- Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tangshan Municipality, No. 14 South Jianshe Road, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei province, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lawrence GD. Perspective: The Saturated Fat-Unsaturated Oil Dilemma: Relations of Dietary Fatty Acids and Serum Cholesterol, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:647-656. [PMID: 33693484 PMCID: PMC8166560 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PUFAs are known to regulate cholesterol synthesis and cellular uptake by multiple mechanisms that do not involve SFAs. Polymorphisms in any of the numerous proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis, as a result of genetic variation, could lead to higher or lower serum cholesterol. PUFAs are susceptible to lipid peroxidation, which can lead to oxidative stress, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cancer, and disorders associated with inflammation, such as insulin resistance, arthritis, and numerous inflammatory syndromes. Eicosanoids from arachidonic acid are among the most powerful mediators that initiate an immune response, and a wide range of PUFA metabolites regulate numerous physiological processes. There is a misconception that dietary SFAs can cause inflammation, although endogenous palmitic acid is converted to ceramides and other cell constituents involved in an inflammatory response after it is initiated by lipid mediators derived from PUFAs. This article will discuss the many misconceptions regarding how dietary lipids regulate serum cholesterol, the fact that all-cause death rate is higher in humans with low compared with normal or moderately elevated serum total cholesterol, the numerous adverse effects of increasing dietary PUFAs or carbohydrate relative to SFAs, as well as metabolic conversion of PUFAs to SFAs and MUFAs as a protective mechanism. Consequently, dietary saturated fats seem to be less harmful than the proposed alternatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Glen D Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Barrea L, Annunziata G, Bordoni L, Muscogiuri G, Colao A, Savastano S. Nutrigenetics-personalized nutrition in obesity and cardiovascular diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2020; 10:1-13. [PMID: 32714508 PMCID: PMC7371677 DOI: 10.1038/s41367-020-0014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data support the view that both obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) account for a high proportion of total morbidity and mortality in adults throughout the world. Obesity and CVD have complex interplay mechanisms of genetic and environmental factors, including diet. Nutrition is an environmental factor and it has a predominant and recognizable role in health management and in the prevention of obesity and obesity-related diseases, including CVD. However, there is a marked variation in CVD in patients with obesity and the same dietary pattern. The different genetic polymorphisms could explain this variation, which leads to the emergence of the concept of nutrigenetics. Nutritional genomics or nutrigenetics is the science that studies and characterizes gene variants associated with differential response to specific nutrients and relating this variation to various diseases, such as CVD related to obesity. Thus, the personalized nutrition recommendations, based on the knowledge of an individual's genetic background, might improve the outcomes of a specific dietary intervention and represent a new dietary approach to improve health, reducing obesity and CVD. Given these premises, it is intuitive to suppose that the elucidation of diet and gene interactions could support more specific and effective dietary interventions in both obesity and CVD prevention through personalized nutrition based on nutrigenetics. This review aims to briefly summarize the role of the most important genes associated with obesity and CVD and to clarify the knowledge about the relation between nutrition and gene expression and the role of the main nutrition-related genes in obesity and CVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Annunziata
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Bordoni
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - on behalf of Obesity Programs of nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment (OPERA) Group
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Unit of Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Macerata Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan P, Mitra S, Amini F. Lifestyle Interventions for Weight Control Modified by Genetic Variation: A Review of the Evidence. Public Health Genomics 2019; 21:169-185. [DOI: 10.1159/000499854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
6
|
Jackson KG, Li Y, Ryan MF, Gibney ER, Brennan L, Roche HM, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA, Vimaleswaran KS. Association of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism with change in triacylglycerol response to sequential meals. Nutr J 2016; 15:70. [PMID: 27456841 PMCID: PMC4960705 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reported associations between Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNFA) and the postprandial triacylglycerol (TAG) response have been inconsistent, which could be due to variations in the TNFA gene, meal fat composition or participant’s body weight. Hence, we investigated the association of TNFA polymorphism (−308G → A) with body mass index (BMI) and postprandial lipaemia and also determined the impact of BMI on the association of the polymorphism with postprandial lipaemia. Methods The study participants (n = 230) underwent a sequential meal postprandial study. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals after a test breakfast (t = 0, 49 g fat) and lunch (t =330 min, 29 g fat) to measure fasting and postprandial lipids, glucose and insulin. The Metabolic Challenge Study (MECHE) comprising 67 Irish participants who underwent a 54 g fat oral lipid tolerance test was used as a replication cohort. The impact of genotype on postprandial responses was determined using general linear model with adjustment for potential confounders. Results The -308G → A polymorphism showed a significant association with BMI (P = 0.03) and fasting glucose (P = 0.006), where the polymorphism explained 13 % of the variation in the fasting glucose. A 30 % higher incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was observed for the postprandial TAG response in the GG homozygotes than A-allele carriers (P = 0.004) and the genotype explained 19 % of the variation in the IAUC. There was a non-significant trend in the impact of BMI on the association of the genotype with TAG IAUC (P = 0.09). These results were not statistically significant in the MECHE cohort, which could be due to the differences in the sample size, meal composition, baseline lipid profile, allelic diversity and postprandial characterisation of participants across the two cohorts. Conclusions Our findings suggest that TNFA -308G → A polymorphism may be an important candidate for BMI, fasting glucose and postprandial TAG response. Further studies are required to investigate the mechanistic effects of the polymorphism on glucose and TAG metabolism, and determine whether BMI is an important variable which should be considered in the design of future studies. Trial registration NCT01172951.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Yue Li
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Miriam F Ryan
- UCD Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen R Gibney
- UCD Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- UCD Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Helen M Roche
- UCD Institute of Food & Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christine M Williams
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Karani S Vimaleswaran
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK. .,Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mertens E, Deforche B, Mullie P, Lefevre J, Charlier R, Knaeps S, Huybrechts I, Clarys P. Longitudinal study on the association between three dietary indices, anthropometric parameters and blood lipids. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:47. [PMID: 26594230 PMCID: PMC4653890 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From a health promotion perspective, the use of dietary indices is preferred above single nutrients and foods to evaluate diet quality. Longitudinal research about the association between dietary indices and respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal association between three dietary indices (Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI), Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and Diet Quality Index (DQI)) and respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids. METHODS A three day diet record was completed by 373 men and 197 women in 2002-2004 and 2012-2014. HEI, MDS and DQI were calculated. Waist circumference (WC) and Body Mass Index (BMI) were used as anthropometric parameters. A linear regression analysis was performed to investigate associations between changes in dietary indices and changes in respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids, adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS Only in men an increase in all three dietary indices was associated with a decrease in WC and BMI in the non-adjusted analysis and for HEI and DQI also in the adjusted analysis. No longitudinal associations were found between dietary indices and blood lipids both in men and women. CONCLUSIONS Only few associations were found between dietary indices and anthropometric parameters, whilst no associations were found with blood lipids. An increase in dietary indices was associated with an improvement in anthropometric parameters only in men. As this is the first study investigating associations between changes in dietary indices and changes in respectively anthropometric parameters and blood lipids, further research is needed to evaluate these possible associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Mertens
- />Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- />Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Deforche
- />Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- />Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Mullie
- />Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- />Erasmus University College, Laerbeeklaan 121, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
- />International Prevention Research Institute (iPRI), 15 chemin du Saquin, Ecully, Lyon, France
| | - Johan Lefevre
- />Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Charlier
- />Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Knaeps
- />Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- />Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- />International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Dietary Exposure Assessment Group (DEX), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon, France
- />Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Public Health, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Clarys
- />Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Department of Human Biometrics and Biomechanics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- />Erasmus University College, Laerbeeklaan 121, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mast N, Shafaati M, Zaman W, Zheng W, Prusak D, Wood T, Ansari GAS, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Olin M, Bjorkhem I, Pikuleva I. Marked variability in hepatic expression of cytochromes CYP7A1 and CYP27A1 as compared to cerebral CYP46A1. Lessons from a dietary study with omega 3 fatty acids in hamsters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2010; 1801:674-81. [PMID: 20298807 PMCID: PMC2866082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two diets simulating the recommendations of the American Heart Association to increase the intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) were tested on Golden Syrian hamsters and compared to the diet simulating the current estimated consumption of fat in the United States. N-3 PUFAs were evaluated for their effects on serum and brain lipids and on the three cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs 7A1, 27A1, and 46A1) that play key roles in cholesterol elimination from different organs. Hamsters on the highest concentration of n-3 PUFAs had a statistically significant decrease in LDL and HDL cholesterol and no change in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels. CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 mRNA levels were increased in the liver and brain, respectively, whereas possible effects on CYP7A1 were obscured by a marked intergroup variability at mRNA, protein, and sterol product levels. Increased levels of CYP46A1 mRNA in the brain did not lead to significant changes in the levels of lathosterol, 24S-hydroxycholesterol or cholesterol in this organ. The data obtained are discussed in relation to inconsistent effects of n-3 PUFAs on serum lipids in human trials and reported positive effects of fish oil on cognitive function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marjan Shafaati
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Wahiduz Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Wenchao Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Deborah Prusak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - G. A. S. Ansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Anita Lövgren-Sandblom
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Olin
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Irina Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ordovas JM. Genetic influences on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease risk: tools for primary prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:1509S-1517S. [PMID: 19339403 PMCID: PMC2677003 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphism in human populations is part of the evolutionary process that results from the interaction between the environment and the human genome. Recent changes in diet have upset this equilibrium, potentially influencing the risk of most common morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Reduction of these conditions is a major public health concern, and such a reduction could be achieved by improving our ability to detect disease predisposition early in life and by providing more personalized behavioral recommendations for successful primary prevention. In terms of cardiovascular diseases, polymorphisms at multiple genes have been associated with differential effects in terms of lipid metabolism; however, the connection with cardiovascular disease has been more elusive, and considerable heterogeneity exists among studies regarding the predictive value of genetic markers. This may be because of experimental limitations, the intrinsic complexity of the phenotypes, and the aforementioned interactions with environmental factors. The integration of genetic and environmental complexity into current and future research will drive the field toward the implementation of clinical tools aimed at providing dietary advice optimized for the individual's genome. This may imply that dietary changes are implemented early in life to gain maximum benefit. However, it is important to highlight that most reported studies have focused on adult populations and to extrapolate these findings to children and adolescents may not be justified until proper studies have been carried out in these populations and until the ethical and legal issues associated with this new field are adequately addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genomics Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Changes in diet are likely to reduce chronic disorders, but after decades of active research and heated discussion, the question still remains: what is the optimal diet to achieve this elusive goal? Is it a low-fat diet, as traditionally recommended by multiple medical societies? Or a high monounsaturated fat (MUFA) diet as predicated by the Mediterranean diet? Perhaps a high polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) diet based on the cholesterol-lowering effects? The right answer may be all of the above but not for everybody. A well-known phenomenon in nutrition research and practice is the dramatic variability in interindividual response to any type of dietary intervention. There are many other factors influencing response, and they include, among many others, age, sex, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking as well as genetic factors that will help to identify vulnerable populations/individuals that will benefit from a variety of more personalized and mechanistic-based dietary recommendations. This potential could and needs to be developed within the context of nutritional genomics that in conjunction with systems biology may provide the tools to achieve the holy grail of dietary prevention and therapy of chronic diseases and cancer. This approach will break with the traditional public health approach of "one size fits all." The current evidence based on nutrigenetics has begun to identify subgroups of individuals who benefit more from a low-fat diet, whereas others appear to benefit more from high MUFA or PUFA diets. The continuous progress in nutrigenomics will allow some time in the future to provide targeted gene-based dietary advice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Ordovas
- Nutrition and Genetics, JM-USDA-HNRCA at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine. Pharmacogenomics 2007; 8:369-90. [PMID: 17391074 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.4.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of health and the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases are influenced by naturally occurring chemicals in foods. In addition to supplying the substrates for producing energy, a large number of dietary chemicals are bioactive--that is, they alter the regulation of biological processes and, either directly or indirectly, the expression of genetic information. Nutrients and bioactives may produce different physiological phenotypes among individuals because of genetic variability and not only alter health, but also disease initiation, progression and severity. The study and application of gene-nutrient interactions is called nutritional genomics or nutrigenomics. Nutrigenomic concepts, research strategies and clinical implementation are similar to and overlap those of pharmacogenomics, and both are fundamental to the treatment of disease and maintenance of optimal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jim Kaput
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois Chicago, 909 South Wolcott Street MC 958, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|