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Ozen N, Sis Celik A, Terzioglu F, Ozen V, Ozmen O, Kose S, Tosun B, Dogan N, Ardic B, Atabeyoglu Cimen B, Kilic D, Uslu H. Prevention of microbial colonization of feeding tubes in the intensive care unit. Nurs Crit Care 2023; 28:1087-1096. [PMID: 35702975 DOI: 10.1111/nicc.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various microorganisms which increase the mortality rate in the intensive care unit (ICU) cause microbial colonization of the nasogastric tube (NGT) and use the NGT as a reservoir. AIM To detect the colonization on the NGT and to determine the effect that training regarding hand hygiene, NGT management, and enteral feeding (EF) provided to ICU nurses and auxiliary service staff (ASS) has on the level of NGT colonization. STUDY DESIGN A quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control design was used in this study. Microbial samples were taken from the outer and inner parts of NGT. The microorganisms were categorized as: group 1, no risk; group 2, low risk pathogenic; group 3, high-risk pathogenic group. The training was given to nurses (n = 15) and ASS (n = 7). Hand hygiene, NGT, and EF care training are provided to nurses and ASS by researchers. A total of three training sessions were scheduled to be held in 3 weeks so that all health care staff members were trained. Each session lasted 2 h in total. Patients were assigned to a group if one of the microorganisms presented on the outer surface of the patient's feeding tube and/or on the hub. The hand hygiene compliance was evaluated by direct observation according to the World Health Organization hand hygiene indications. RESULTS The study was conducted with 46 patients. Evaluating the patients for the presence of microorganisms before education revealed that 4.3% were in group 1, 21.8% were in group 2, and 73.9% were in group 3. After the education, evaluating the samples for the presence of microorganisms revealed that 39.1% were in group 1, 13% were in group 2, and 47.8% were in group 3. A statistically significant difference was found between the number of samples included in the groups after the participants had received training (H = 8.186; p = .017). CONCLUSIONS An NGT could act as a reservoir of microbial colonization and high-risk microorganisms could be on the tube. Providing training not only to nurses but also to ASS will help reduce the risk of colonization. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Eliminating such colonization with effective hand hygiene during NGT feeding is a cost-effective method. Providing training not only to nurses but also to ASS will help obtain the optimum benefit from patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurten Ozen
- Florence Nightingale Hospital School of Nursing, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aslı Sis Celik
- Department of Birth, Women Health and Gynecology Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | | | - Volkan Ozen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Prof. Dr. Cemil Tascioglu City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Ozmen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sema Kose
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Erzincan Binali Yildirim University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Betul Tosun
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Nazim Dogan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Ataturk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Busra Ardic
- Department of Medical Biology and Microbiology, Kackar City Hospital, Rize, Turkey
| | | | - Dilek Kilic
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Nursing Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hakan Uslu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Tejerina-Álvarez EE, de la Cal López MÁ. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: concept and application. Med Intensiva 2023; 47:603-615. [PMID: 37858367 DOI: 10.1016/j.medine.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) is a prophylactic strategy aimed at preventing or eradicating bacterial overgrowth in the intestinal flora that precedes the development of most infections in the Intensive Care Unit. SDD prevents serious infections, reduces mortality, is cost-effective, has no adverse effects, and its short- or long-term use is not associated with any significant increase in antimicrobial resistance. SDD is one of the most widely evaluated interventions in critically ill patients, yet its use is not widespread. The present article offers a narrative review of the most relevant evidence and an update of the pathophysiological concepts of infection control supporting the use of SDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Esther Tejerina-Álvarez
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, Getafe, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel de la Cal López
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Carretera de Toledo, Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
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Aksoyalp ZŞ, Temel A, Erdogan BR. Iron in infectious diseases friend or foe?: The role of gut microbiota. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 75:127093. [PMID: 36240616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Iron is a trace element involved in metabolic functions for all organisms, from microorganisms to mammalians. Iron deficiency is a prevalent health problem that affects billions of people worldwide, and iron overload could have some hazardous effect. The complex microbial community in the human body, also called microbiota, influences the host immune defence against infections. An imbalance in gut microbiota, dysbiosis, changes the host's susceptibility to infections by regulating the immune system. In recent years, the number of studies on the relationship between infectious diseases and microbiota has increased. Gut microbiota is affected by different parameters, including mode of delivery, hygiene habits, diet, drugs, and plasma iron levels during the lifetime. Gut microbiota may influence iron levels in the body, and iron overload and deficiency can also affect gut microbiota composition. Novel researches on microbiota shed light on the fact that the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and iron play a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially infections. A better understanding of these interactions may help us to comprehend the pathogenesis of many infectious and metabolic diseases affecting people worldwide and following the development of more effective preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this review, we aimed to present the iron-mediated host-gut microbiota interactions, susceptibility to bacterial infections, and iron-targeted therapy approaches for infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinnet Şevval Aksoyalp
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Aybala Temel
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Betul Rabia Erdogan
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Izmir, Turkey.
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Gnat S, Łagowski D, Nowakiewicz A, Dyląg M. A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:2095-2113. [PMID: 33556223 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions aetiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - D Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - A Nowakiewicz
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - M Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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Monteiro ADSS, Oliveira EGD, Santos DBD, Cordeiro SM, Couto RD, Couto FD. Sickle cell disease children's gut colonization by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales: an antibiotic prophylaxis effect? J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34477545 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Sickle cell disease (SCD) children have a high susceptibility to pneumococcal infection. For this reason, they are routinely immunized with pneumococcal vaccines and use antibiotic prophylaxis (AP).Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Yet, little is known about SCD children's gut microbiota. If antibiotic-resistant Enterobacterales may colonize people on AP, we hypothesized that SCD children on AP are colonized by resistant enterobacteria species.Objective. To evaluate the effect of continuous AP on Enterobacterales gut colonization from children with SCD.Methodology. We analysed 30 faecal swabs from SCD children on AP and 21 swabs from children without the same condition. Enterobacterales was isolated on MacConkey agar plates and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France). We performed the antibiogram by Vitek 2 system (bioMérieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France), and the resistance genes were identified by multiplex PCR.Results. We found four different species with resistance to one or more different antibiotic types in the AP-SCD children's group: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, and Citrobacter farmeri. Colonization by resistant E. coli was associated with AP (prevalence ratio 2.69, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.98-3.67, P<0.001). Strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) were identified only in SCD children, E. coli, 4/30 (13 %), and K. pneumoniae, 2/30 (7 %). The ESBL-producing Enterobacterales were associated with penicillin G benzathine use (95 % CI, 22.91-86.71, P<0.001). CTX-M-1 was the most prevalent among ESBL-producers (3/6, 50 %), followed by CTX-M-9 (2/6, 33 %), and CTX-M-2 (1/6, 17 %).Conclusion. Resistant enterobacteria colonize SCD children on AP, and this therapy raises the chance of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales colonization. Future studies should focus on prophylactic vaccines as exclusive therapy against pneumococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano de Souza Santos Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Present address: Postgraduate Course in Biotechnology in Health and Investigative Medicine, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Fábio David Couto
- Center of Agricultural, Environmental, and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Reconcavo of Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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Hackmann C, Gastmeier P, Schwarz S, Lübke-Becker A, Bischoff P, Leistner R. Pet husbandry as a risk factor for colonization or infection with MDR organisms: a systematic meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:1392-1405. [PMID: 33864082 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MDR organisms (MDROs) pose a relevant risk for patients in modern healthcare. Although ownership of pet animals is common and owners and pets commonly live in close contact, it is still unclear whether pet ownership may be considered as a risk factor for MDRO acquisition prior to hospitalization. METHODS We performed three separate meta-analyses in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, assessing contact to pets as a risk factor for acquisition of MRSA, VRE and MDR Gram-negatives [namely third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GCRE) and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)]. RESULTS We calculated an increased risk of MRSA carriage for dog owners [risk ratio (RR) 2.28, 95% CI 1.47-3.56]. Meta-analysis did not show a significantly higher risk for 3GCRE colonization among owners of different pet species compared with non-pet owners (RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.83-1.68 for pet owners in general, RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.56-1.40 for dog owners, RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.58-2.34 for cat owners, RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.43-4.18 for rodent owners, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.38-2.18 for bird owners, and RR 2.34, 95% CI 0.33-16.63 for lizard/frog owners). For VRE, there were insufficient data to perform a meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest contact to pet animals is a risk factor for MRSA, but not for 3GCRE/CRE acquisition. Evaluation of the underlying literature suggested a possible role of pet animals as: (i) vectors for the transmission of MDROs between livestock and humans; as well as (ii) a reservoir for MDROs. Pets, therefore, may promote transmission and reinfection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hackmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Petra Gastmeier
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antina Lübke-Becker
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre of Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Bischoff
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rasmus Leistner
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 27, 12203, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Unitversität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Medizinische Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Infektiologie und Rheumatologie, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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Adams RJ, Mollenkopf DF, Mathys DA, Whittle A, Ballash GA, Mudge M, Daniels JB, Barr B, Wittum TE. Prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the feces of horses and hospital surfaces at two equine specialty hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 258:758-766. [PMID: 33754819 DOI: 10.2460/javma.258.7.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-, carbapenem-, and fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae in the feces of hospitalized horses and on hospital surfaces. SAMPLE Fecal and environmental samples were collected from The Ohio State University Galbreath Equine Center (OSUGEC) and a private referral equine hospital in Kentucky (KYEH). Feces were sampled within 24 hours after hospital admission and after 48 hours and 3 to 7 days of hospitalization. PROCEDURES Fecal and environmental samples were enriched, and then selective media were inoculated to support growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that expressed resistance phenotypes to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones. RESULTS 358 fecal samples were obtained from 143 horses. More samples yielded growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria that expressed resistance phenotypes (AmpC β-lactamase, OR = 4.2; extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, OR = 3.2; and fluoroquinolone resistance, OR = 4.0) after 48 hours of hospitalization, versus within 24 hours of hospital admission. Horses hospitalized at KYEH were at greater odds of having fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria (OR = 2.2). At OSUGEC, 82%, 64%, 0%, and 55% of 164 surfaces had Enterobacteriaceae bacteria with AmpC β-lactamase phenotype, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype, resistance to carbapenem, and resistance to fluoroquinolones, respectively; prevalences at KYEH were similarly distributed (52%, 32%, 1%, and 35% of 315 surfaces). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae may be isolated from the feces of hospitalized horses and from the hospital environment. Hospitalization may lead to increased fecal carriage of clinically important antimicrobial-resistance genes.
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Candra IKB, Yanto F, Suranadi IW, Fatmawati NND. Characteristic of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Fecal Carriage Isolates of Intensive Care Unit Patients at Sanglah Hospital, Bali, Indonesia. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
The increasing Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) infections in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) needs an early warning system for the detection of these bacteria. The ESBL-PE fecal carriage analysis is a screening method that can be used to detect and characterize these bacteria. Furthermore, it aids in assessing an ICU patient’s risk of possible infection and prevent its transmission to the other patients within the period of hospitalization; therefore, enhancing the quality of patient care while alsoreducing morbidity and mortality due to ESBL-PE infection in ICU.
Objective:
The study aimed to determine the antibiogram and molecular characteristics of ESBL-PE fecal carriage from ICU patients at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali.
Methods:
This cross-sectional retrospective study involved 30 stored-bacterial isolates of ESBL-PE from a rectal swab of ICU patients who had just been admitted to the ICU of Sanglah General Hospital from February to March 2019, consecutively. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolates were conducted using Vitek-2 Compact (bioMérieux®, Marcy-l'Etoile, France), while genotype identification was conducted using PCR for the detection of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes.
Results:
Thirty bacterial isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (24/30) and Klebsiella spp. (6/30) and detected as ESBL-producing isolates by Vitek-2 Compact. All isolates were susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and amikacin. Twenty-two (73.3%) isolates harbored ESBLs blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes, either individually or in combination. Most of the isolates had the combination of ESBL genes. About 20% (6/30) of isolates had a combination of blaTEM and blaCTX-M, while 10% (3/30) of them possessed all of the three genes detected in this study. Only 3.3% (1/30) of the isolates had each combination of blaTEM and blaSHV as well as blaSHV and blaCTX-M. Meanwhile, 16.7% (5/30) of the isolates were detected to have each single gene of blaCTX-M or blaTEM, and only one isolate (3.3%) harbored blaSHV.
Conclusion:
High prevalence of blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M ESBL genes harbored by fecal flora of patients who had just been admitted in ICU give rise to the risk for transmission among critically ill patients in ICU. Fecal screening of ESBL-PE besides infection control can be considered for those patients who have a risk factor of ESBL-PE colonization before they are being admitted to the ICU.
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Chernevskaya E, Beloborodova N, Klimenko N, Pautova A, Shilkin D, Gusarov V, Tyakht A. Serum and fecal profiles of aromatic microbial metabolites reflect gut microbiota disruption in critically ill patients: a prospective observational pilot study. Crit Care 2020; 24:312. [PMID: 32513224 PMCID: PMC7278238 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-03031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High serum levels of certain aromatic microbial metabolites (AMM) are associated with severity and mortality in critically ill patients. Omics-based studies suggest gut dysbiosis and reduced microbiome diversity in critical conditions. However, the landscape of gut microbial metabolites is still to be outlined, not to mention the interplay correlation between the metabolome and gut microbiome in critically ill patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between serum and fecal levels of AMM and compare them with the composition of gut microbiota in critically ill patients in the acute and chronic stages. METHODS In this prospective observational pilot study, we analyzed the temporal dynamics of the gut microbiome and the AMM spectrum across two distinct subgroups-acute critical ill (ACI) patients with nosocomial pneumonia and chronically critically ill (CCI) patients (9 subjects each group)-as well as performed comparison with 23 healthy volunteers. The AMM levels for each patient were measured using GC-MS in simultaneously taken serum and fecal samples (SFS). These parameters were compared with 16S rRNA fecal microbiome profiles. RESULTS The observed proportions of bacterial taxa suggest a significant gut dysbiosis in the ACI and the CCI patients. Stronger imbalance in microbiome composition and dynamics observed in the ACI patients compared to the CCI ones resonates with a higher severity in the former group. The total levels of AMM in serum samples were higher for the ACI patients than for the CCI patients (3.7 (1.4-6.3) and 1.1 (1.0-1.6) μM, respectively; p = 0.0003). The qualitative composition of the SFS was also altered. We discovered significant associations between gut microbial taxa levels and metabolite concentrations in blood serum as well as in feces in each of the ACI and the CCI patients. CONCLUSIONS Aromatic microbial metabolite profiles in the gut and the serum are interlinked and reflect a disruption of the gut microbial community in critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Chernevskaya
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka str., Moscow, Russia, 107031.
| | - Natalia Beloborodova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka str., Moscow, Russia, 107031
| | - Natalia Klimenko
- Atlas Biomed Group - Knomics LLC, 31 Malaya Nikitskaya str., Moscow, Russia, 121069
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova str., Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Alisa Pautova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 25-2 Petrovka str., Moscow, Russia, 107031
| | - Dmitrii Shilkin
- N. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center, 70 Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., Moscow, Russia, 105203
| | - Vitaliy Gusarov
- N. Pirogov National Medical Surgical Center, 70 Nizhnyaya Pervomayskaya str., Moscow, Russia, 105203
| | - Alexander Tyakht
- Atlas Biomed Group - Knomics LLC, 31 Malaya Nikitskaya str., Moscow, Russia, 121069
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilova str., Moscow, Russia, 119334
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Rodrigues ME, Gomes F, Rodrigues CF. Candida spp./Bacteria Mixed Biofilms. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 6:jof6010005. [PMID: 31861858 PMCID: PMC7151131 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to form biofilms is a common feature of microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi. These consortiums can colonize a variety of surfaces, such as host tissues, dentures, and catheters, resulting in infections highly resistant to drugs, when compared with their planktonic counterparts. This refractory effect is particularly critical in polymicrobial biofilms involving both fungi and bacteria. This review emphasizes Candida spp.-bacteria biofilms, the epidemiology of this community, the challenges in the eradication of such biofilms, and the most relevant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO–Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.E.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Fernanda Gomes
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO–Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (M.E.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Célia F. Rodrigues
- LEPABE–Dep. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Radical changes in the composition, diversity and metabolic activity of gut microbiome in critically ill patients most probably affect adversely the outcome of treatment. Microbiota dysfunction may be a predictor and presumably the main cause of infectious complications and sepsis. Clinicists use objective scales for evaluation of patient condition severity including specific parameters of disorders of organs and systems; however, microbiota function is not considered specific and, hence, not evaluated. Technical capabilities of the recent decade have allowed characterizing the intestinal microbiota and that helped understanding the ongoing processes. The authors have analyzed data about the role of intestinal microbiota as a metabolic 'reactor' during critical states, possible complications related to misbalance of 'harmful' and 'beneficial' bacteria, and examined potential of a targeted therapy aimed directly at correction of intestinal microbiota. Search for papers was carried out using Scopus and Web of Science databases 2001 to 2018 years: (Gut Microbiota) AND (Critically ill OR Intensive care unit), key words taken for the search were: intestinal microbiota, metabolism, sepsis, antibiotics, critically ill patients, multiple organ failure. A number of questions in understanding of the interaction between gut microbiome and host remain open. It is necessary to take into account interference of microbial metabolism while assessing metabolome of patients with sepsis. Among low-molecular compounds found in blood of sepsis patients, special attention should be paid to molecules that can be classified as ‘common metabolites’ of humans and bacteria, for example, degradation products of aromatic compounds, which many-fold rise in blood of septic patients. It is necessary to take into consideration and experimentally model changes in the human internal environment, which occur during radical transformation of microbiome in critically ill patients. Such approach brings in new prospects for objective monitoring of diseases by evaluating metabolic profile at a particular moment of time based on integral indices reflecting the status of microbiome/metabolome system, which will supply new targets for therapeutic intervention in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Chernevskaya
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology
| | - N. V. Beloborodova
- V. A. Negovsky Research Institute of General Reanimatology, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology
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Gut microbiota and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: where do we stand? Bone Marrow Transplant 2016; 52:7-14. [PMID: 27348539 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2016.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in biological techniques have potentiated great progresses in understanding the interaction between human beings and the ∼10 to 100 trillion microbes living in their gastrointestinal tract: gut microbiota (GM). In this review, we describe recent emerging data on the role of GM in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with a focus on immunomodulatory properties in the immune system recovery and the impact in the development of the main complications, as GvHD and infections.
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Kennedy RCM, Menn FM, Healy L, Fecteau KA, Hu P, Bae J, Gee NA, Lasley BL, Zhao L, Chen J. Early life triclocarban exposure during lactation affects neonate rat survival. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:75-89. [PMID: 24803507 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114532844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Triclocarban (3,4,4'-trichlorocarbanilide; TCC), an antimicrobial used in bar soaps, affects endocrine function in vitro and in vivo. This study investigates whether TCC exposure during early life affects the trajectory of fetal and/or neonatal development. Sprague Dawley rats were provided control, 0.2% weight/weight (w/w), or 0.5% w/w TCC-supplemented chow through a series of 3 experiments that limited exposure to critical growth periods: gestation, gestation and lactation, or lactation only (cross-fostering) to determine the susceptible windows of exposure for developmental consequences. Reduced offspring survival occurred when offspring were exposed to TCC at concentrations of 0.2% w/w and 0.5% w/w during lactation, in which only 13% of offspring raised by 0.2% w/w TCC dams survived beyond weaning and no offspring raised by 0.5% w/w TCC dams survived to this period. In utero exposure status had no effect on survival, as all pups nursed by control dams survived regardless of their in utero exposure status. Microscopic evaluation of dam mammary tissue revealed involution to be a secondary outcome of TCC exposure rather than a primary effect of compound administration. The average concentration of TCC in the milk was almost 4 times that of the corresponding maternal serum levels. The results demonstrate that gestational TCC exposure does not affect the ability of dams to carry offspring to term but TCC exposure during lactation has adverse consequences on the survival of offspring although the mechanism of reduced survival is currently unknown. This information highlights the importance of evaluating the safety of TCC application in personal care products and the impacts during early life exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah C M Kennedy
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Fu-Min Menn
- Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kellie A Fecteau
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Pan Hu
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jiyoung Bae
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy A Gee
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bill L Lasley
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jiangang Chen
- Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA Department of Nutrition, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Commensal bacteria inhabit mucosal and epidermal surfaces in mice and humans, and have effects on metabolic and immune pathways in their hosts. Recent studies indicate that the commensal microbiota can be manipulated to prevent and even to cure infections that are caused by pathogenic bacteria, particularly pathogens that are broadly resistant to antibiotics, such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium difficile. In this Review, we discuss how immune- mediated colonization resistance against antibiotic-resistant intestinal pathogens is influenced by the composition of the commensal microbiota. We also review recent advances characterizing the ability of different commensal bacterial families, genera and species to restore colonization resistance to intestinal pathogens in antibiotic-treated hosts.
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Effect of an infection control programme on bacterial contamination of enteral feed in nursing homes. J Hosp Infect 2012; 82:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Bystroń J, Podkowik M, Korzekwa K, Lis E, Molenda J, Bania J. Characterization of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food of animal origin. J Food Prot 2010; 73:1325-7. [PMID: 20615346 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-73.7.1325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the molecular characteristics of food-derived oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus were determined. Eight borderline oxacillin-resistant strains with MICs of 2 to 4 microg/ml were identified from 132 S. aureus isolates of food origin. One of the two isolates with a MIC of 4 microg/ml was methicillin-resistant determinant (mecA) gene positive, and the other six with MICs of 2 microg/ml were mecA negative. The mecA-positive isolate was classified as sequence type (ST)228, staphylococcal protein A (spa) type t041, and carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type I element. Two borderline oxacillin-resistant strains were classified as spa t008 and ST8, and the remaining five as spa t164 and ST20. The mecA-positive strain and four borderline oxacillin-resistant strains were found enterotoxigenic. The enterotoxin genes detected in these strains included selp, egc1, and sed-sej-selr. The borderline-resistant S. aureus isolates from a manually handled product, i.e., minced pork, were shown genetically related to strains associated with human infections. This suggests that humans can be considered as a source of contamination of this food with oxacillin-resistant S. aureus strains. The genotypes of the investigated milk borderline-resistant isolates were shown to occur not only in cows, but also in humans. Since manual handling is reduced in raw milk production, a human origin of S. aureus seems unlikely. Because knowledge of the genotypes of animal staphylococci is limited, more research is needed to address the question of the origin of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus strains in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Bystroń
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health Protection, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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