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Li J, Chen X, Zhao S, Chen J. Arsenic-Containing Medicine Treatment Disturbed the Human Intestinal Microbial Flora. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050458. [PMID: 37235272 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal microbiome plays vital role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and interacting with xenobiotics. Few investigations have been conducted to understand the effect of arsenic-containing medicine exposure on gut microbiome. Most animal experiments are onerous in terms of time and resources and not in line with the international effort to reduce animal experiments. We explored the overall microbial flora by 16S rRNA genes analysis in fecal samples from acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients treated with arsenic trioxide (ATO) plus all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Gut microbiomes were found to be overwhelmingly dominated by Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes after taking medicines containing arsenic in APL patients. The fecal microbiota composition of APL patients after treatment showed lower diversity and uniformity shown by the alpha diversity indices of Chao, Shannon, and Simpson. Gut microbiome operational taxonomic unit (OTU) numbers were associated with arsenic in the feces. We evaluated Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Lactobacillus mucosae to be a keystone in APL patients after treatment. Bacteroides at phylum or genus taxonomic levels were consistently affected after treatment. In the most common gut bacteria Bacteroides fragilis, arsenic resistance genes were significantly induced by arsenic exposure in anaerobic pure culture experiments. Without an animal model, without taking arsenicals passively, the results evidence that arsenic exposure by drug treatment is not only associated with alterations in intestinal microbiome development at the abundance and diversity level, but also induced arsenic biotransformation genes (ABGs) at the function levels which may even extend to arsenic-related health outcomes in APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Li
- College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xinshuo Chen
- College of Ecology and Environmental Sciences & Yunnan Key Laboratory for Plateau Mountain Ecology and Restoration of Degraded Environments, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shixiang Zhao
- Hematology Department of First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, College of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
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2
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Hara A, Koyama-Nasu R, Takami M, Toyoda T, Aoki T, Ihara F, Kobayashi M, Hirono S, Matsutani T, Nakayama T, Iwadate Y, Motohashi S. CD1d expression in glioblastoma is a promising target for NKT cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 70:1239-1254. [PMID: 33128583 PMCID: PMC8053161 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive type of brain tumor with high recurrence and fatality rates. Although various therapeutic strategies have been explored, there is currently no effective treatment for glioblastoma. Recently, the number of immunotherapeutic strategies has been tested for malignant brain tumors. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in anti-tumor immunity. To address if iNKT cells can target glioblastoma to exert anti-tumor activity, we assessed the expression of CD1d, an antigen-presenting molecule for iNKT cells, on glioblastoma cells. Glioblastoma cells from 10 of 15 patients expressed CD1d, and CD1d-positive glioblastoma cells pulsed with glycolipid ligand induced iNKT cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Although CD1d expression was low on glioblastoma stem-like cells, retinoic acid, which is the most common differentiating agent, upregulated CD1d expression in these cells and induced iNKT cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Moreover, intracranial administration of human iNKT cells induced tumor regression of CD1d-positive glioblastoma in orthotopic xenografts in NOD/Shi-scid IL-2RγKO (NOG) mice. Thus, CD1d expression represents a novel target for NKT cell-based immunotherapy for glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Hara
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryo Koyama-Nasu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Takami
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takahide Toyoda
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takahiro Aoki
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumie Ihara
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobayashi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hirono
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoo Matsutani
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshinori Nakayama
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuo Iwadate
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Medical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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3
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Retinoic Acid Receptors in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121915. [PMID: 31805753 PMCID: PMC6966485 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathways regulate fundamental biological processes, such as cell proliferation, development, differentiation, and apoptosis. Retinoid receptors (RARs and RXRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is the principal endogenous ligand for the retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) and is produced by the enzymatic oxidation of dietary vitamin A, whose deficiency is associated with several pathological conditions. Differentiation therapy using ATRA revolutionized the outcome of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), although attempts to replicate these results in other cancer types have been met with more modest results. A better knowledge of RA signaling in different leukemia contexts is required to improve initial designs. Here, we will review the RA signaling pathway in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, and will discuss the advantages and the limitations related to retinoid therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.
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4
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Baba SM, Shah ZA, Pandith AA, Dil-Afroze, Jan A, Mir KA, Aziz SA, Ahmad Z. Influence of bcr-3 PML-RARα transcript on outcome in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia patients of Kashmir treated with all-trans retinoic acid and/or arsenic tri-oxide. Cancer Genet 2019; 231-232:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Yedjou CG, Sims JN, Njiki S, Tsabang N, Ogungbe IV, Tchounwou PB. VERNONIA AMYGDALINA DELILE EXHIBITS A POTENTIAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA. GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND SCIENCES 2018; 5:1-9. [PMID: 30310827 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1343591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been on front line to encourage developing countries to identify medicinal plants that are safe and easily available to patients. Traditional medicine represents the first-treatment choice for the healthcare of approximately 80% of people living in developing countries. Also, its use in the United States has increased by 38% during within the last decade of the 20th century alone. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the efficacy of a medicinal plant, Vernonia amygdalina Delile (VAD), as a new targeted therapy for the management of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), using HL-60 cells as a test model. To address our specific aim, HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells were treated with VAD. Live and dead cells were determined by acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) dye using the Cellometer Vision. The extent of DNA damage was evaluated by the comet assay. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry assessment. Data obtained from the AO/PI assay indicated that VAD significantly reduced the number of live cells in a dose-dependent manner, showing a gradual increase in the loss of viability in VAD-treated cells. We observed a significant increase in DNA damage in VAD-treated cells compared to the control group. Flow cytometry data demonstrated that VAD induced apoptosis in treated cells compared to the control cells. These results suggest that induction of cell death, DNA damage, and cell apoptosis are involved in the therapeutic efficacy of VAD. Because VAD exerts anticancer activity in vitro, it would be interesting to perform clinical trials to confirm its effectiveness as an anticancer agent towards the treatment of APL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement G Yedjou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Jennifer N Sims
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Sylvianne Njiki
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Nole Tsabang
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ifedayo V Ogungbe
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Natural Chemotherapeutics Research Laboratory, NIH-RCMI Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, P.O. Box 18540, Jackson, MS, USA
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6
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Amanzadeh A, Molla-Kazemiha V, Samani S, Habibi-Anbouhi M, Azadmanesh K, Abolhassani M, Shokrgozar MA. New synergistic combinations of differentiation-inducing agents in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leuk Res 2018; 68:98-104. [PMID: 29602066 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was considered to be one of the most lethal forms of leukemia in adults before the introduction of the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Surprisingly, it has been confirmed that FICZ (6-Formylindolo (3, 2-b) carbazole) enhances ATRA-induced differentiation. Moreover, a number of studies have demonstrated that anti CD44 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces to bring back differentiation blockage the leukemic stem cells. The level of differentiation markers including CD11b and CD11c in NB4 cells was assessed by flow cytometry. The induction of apoptosis was also evaluated. We estimated the induction potential of a triple compound of ATRA-FICZ, anti-CD44 maps. The cells showed the gradually increased expression levels of CD11b and CD11c. A mixture of a "CD44 mAb, ATRA and FICZ effectively promoted granulocytic maturation resulting in increased rates of apoptosis. The differences in expression of CD11b and CD11c at 5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml were significant. These phenomena were highest at 10 μg/ml CD44 mAb concentrations. Synergistic induction differentiation and apoptosis of APL cells by using a co-treatment with novel triple compound are more effective for eradicating blasts and controlling the metastasis. Our results show that the addition of anti-CD44 mAb improves "ATRA-FICZ"-induced differentiation and has potential to reduce usual chemotherapy based treatments. Taken together, this compound may lead to novel clinical applications of differentiation-based approaches for APL and other types of leukemia. Further clinical studies would be recommended to clarify the clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Amanzadeh
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Samani
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Mohsen Abolhassani
- Department of Immunology, Hybridoma Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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7
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NSPc1 promotes cancer stem cell self-renewal by repressing the synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid via targeting RDH16 in malignant glioma. Oncogene 2017; 36:4706-4718. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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Tsai CW, Yang MD, Hsia TC, Chang WS, Hsu CM, Hsieh YH, Chung JG, Bau DT. Dithiothreitol enhanced arsenic-trioxide-induced cell apoptosis in cultured oral cancer cells via mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:17-27. [PMID: 26494474 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is naturally occurring toxic metalloid and drinking As2 O3 containing water are recognized to be related to increased risk of neurotoxicity, liver injury, blackfoot disease, hypertension, and cancer. On the contrary, As2 O3 has been an ancient drug used in traditional Chinese medicine with substantial anticancer activities, especially in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia as well as chronic wound healing. However, the cytotoxicity and detail mechanisms of As2 O3 action in solid cancer cells, such as oral cancer cells, are largely unknown. In this study, we have primarily cultured four pairs of tumor and nontumor cells from the oral cancer patients and treated the cells with As2 O3 alone or combined with dithiothreitol (DTT). The results showed that 0.5 μM As2 O3 plus 20 μM DTT caused a significant cell death of oral cancer cells but not the nontumor cells. Also As2 O3 plus DTT upregulated Bax and Bak, downregulated Bcl-2 and p53, caused a loss of mitochondria membrane potential in oral cancer cells. On the other way, As2 O3 also triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress and increased the levels of glucose-regulated protein 78, calpain 1 and 2. Our results suggest that DTT could synergistically enhance the effects of As2 O3 on killing oral cancer cells while nontoxic to the nontumor cells. The combination is promising for clinical practice in oral cancer therapy and worth further investigations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 17-27, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wen Tsai
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Due Yang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Chun Hsia
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Intensive Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shin Chang
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Mu Hsu
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Hsieh
- Institution of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tian Bau
- Terry Fox Cancer Research Laboratory, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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9
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Vaklavas C, Grizzle WE, Choi H, Meng Z, Zinn KR, Shrestha K, Blume SW. IRES inhibition induces terminal differentiation and synchronized death in triple-negative breast cancer and glioblastoma cells. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13247-13264. [PMID: 27460074 PMCID: PMC5097113 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation is a specialized mode of protein synthesis which malignant cells depend on to survive adverse microenvironmental conditions. Our lab recently reported the identification of a group of compounds which selectively interfere with IRES-mediated translation, completely blocking de novo IGF1R synthesis, and differentially modulating synthesis of the two c-Myc isoforms. Here, we examine the phenotypic consequences of sustained IRES inhibition in human triple-negative breast carcinoma and glioblastoma cells. A sudden loss of viability affects the entire tumor cell population after ∼72-h continuous exposure to the lead compound. The extraordinarily steep dose-response relationship (Hill-Slope coefficients −15 to −35) and extensive physical connections established between the cells indicate that the cells respond to IRES inhibition collectively as a population rather than as individual cells. Prior to death, the treated cells exhibit prominent features of terminal differentiation, with marked gains in cytoskeletal organization, planar polarity, and formation of tight junctions or neuronal processes. In addition to IGF1R and Myc, specific changes in connexin 43, BiP, CHOP, p21, and p27 also correlate with phenotypic outcome. This unusual mode of tumor cell death is absolutely dependent on exceeding a critical threshold in cell density, suggesting that a quorum-sensing mechanism may be operative. Death of putative tumor stem cells visualized in situ helps to explain the inability of tumor cells to recover and repopulate once the compound is removed. Together, these findings support the concept that IRES-mediated translation is of fundamental importance to maintenance of the undifferentiated phenotype and survival of undifferentiated malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Vaklavas
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - William E Grizzle
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Hyoungsoo Choi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, South Korea
| | - Zheng Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Bevill Biomedical Research Bldg Room 765, 845 19th Street S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Analytical Development Division, Novavax Inc., Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Kurt R Zinn
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kedar Shrestha
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Scott W Blume
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Bevill Biomedical Research Bldg Room 765, 845 19th Street S, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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10
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Nichol JN, Galbraith MD, Kleinman CL, Espinosa JM, Miller WH. NPM and BRG1 Mediate Transcriptional Resistance to Retinoic Acid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Cell Rep 2016; 14:2938-49. [PMID: 26997274 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.02.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perturbation in the transcriptional control of genes driving differentiation is an established paradigm whereby oncogenic fusion proteins promote leukemia. From a retinoic acid (RA)-sensitive acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cell line, we derived an RA-resistant clone characterized by a block in transcription initiation, despite maintaining wild-type PML/RARA expression. We uncovered an aberrant interaction among PML/RARA, nucleophosmin (NPM), and topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B). Surprisingly, RA stimulation in these cells results in enhanced chromatin association of the nucleosome remodeler BRG1. Inhibition of NPM or TOP2B abrogated BRG1 recruitment. Furthermore, NPM inhibition and targeting BRG1 restored differentiation when combined with RA. Here, we demonstrate a role for NPM and BRG1 in obstructing RA differentiation and implicate chromatin remodeling in mediating therapeutic resistance in malignancies. NPM mutations are the most common genetic change in patients with acute leukemia (AML); therefore, our model may be applicable to other more common leukemias driven by NPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N Nichol
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Claudia L Kleinman
- Department of Human Genetics, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Joaquín M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Oncology, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
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11
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Martínez-Romero C, García-Sastre A. Against the clock towards new Ebola virus therapies. Virus Res 2015; 209:4-10. [PMID: 26057711 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since the end of 2013, West Africa has been suffering the largest Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreak in recorded history. The lack of health care infrastructure in the affected countries, as well as a concentration of infected cases in the most populated areas allowed the virus to spread with no control during the first months of the outbreak. With no specific treatment available to combat EBOV infection and its associated disease, an extraordinary worldwide effort was made to confront the severity of the situation and to establish new therapeutic strategies that would lead to better and faster control and eradicate the outbreak. In the last two years, several candidate therapies and potential vaccines against EBOV have arisen and human clinical trials are ongoing, in hopes of starting their deployment in the affected countries. This article reviews the current candidate therapies against EBOV, their stage of development and future prospects in battling EBOV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Martínez-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
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12
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Watts JM, Tallman MS. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: what is the new standard of care? Blood Rev 2014; 28:205-12. [PMID: 25107311 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is one of the most exciting stories of modern medicine. Once a disease that was highly lethal, the majority of patients are now cured with the advent of molecularly targeted therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). In many patients, chemotherapy can be omitted completely, particularly in patients with low- or intermediate-risk disease (white blood cell count ≤ 10,000/μl). Recent data show overall survival exceeding 90% with ATRA and ATO-based induction and consolidation strategies. In the uncommon patient in whom relapse does occur, most can still be cured with ATO and autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Remaining challenges in APL management include the rapid identification and treatment of newly diagnosed patients to decrease the early death rate, optimizing treatment strategies in high-risk patients (white blood cell count>10,000/μl), and the role of maintenance therapy in lower risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Watts
- Leukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, USA.
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13
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Rubio V, Calviño E, García-Pérez A, Herráez A, Diez JC. Human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells are sensitive to esculetin through induction of an apoptotic mechanism. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:129-39. [PMID: 24995577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of cancer, in which immature cells called promyelocytes proliferate abnormally. Human NB4 cell line appears to be a suitable in vitro model to express the characteristics of APL. In this work, we have investigated the effects of esculetin, a coumarin derivative with antioxidant properties, on the viability, the induction of apoptosis and the expression of apoptotic factors in NB4 cells. Cells treated with esculetin at several concentrations (20-500 μM) and for different times (5-24 h) showed a concentration- and time-dependent viability decrease with increased subdiploid DNA production. Esculetin inhibited cell cycle progression and induced DNA fragmentation. Moreover, annexin-V-FITC cytometry assays suggested that increased toxicity is due to both early and late apoptosis. This apoptosis process is be mediated by activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9. Treatments with progressively increasing concentrations (from 100 μM to 500 μM) of esculetin produced a reduction of Bcl2/Bax ratio in NB4 cells at 19 h, without affecting p53 levels. Proapoptotic action of esculetin involves the ERK MAP kinase cascade since increased levels of phosphorylated ERK were observed after those treatments. Increments in the levels of phosphorylated-Akt were also observed. Additionally, esculetin induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential with a release of cytochrome c into the cytosol which starts at 6 h of treatment with esculetin and increases up to 24 h. Esculetin induced an increase in superoxide anion at long times of treatment and a reduction of peroxides at short times (1 h) with an observed increase at 2-4 h of treatment. No significant changes in NO production was observed. Esculetin reduced the GSH levels in a time-dependent manner. In summary, the present work shows the cytotoxic action of esculetin as an efficient tool to study apoptosis mechanism induction on NB4 cell line used as a relevant model of APL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Rubio
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Eva Calviño
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Ana García-Pérez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Angel Herráez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - José C Diez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Campus Universitario, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain.
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Park J, Jurcic JG, Rosenblat T, Tallman MS. Emerging new approaches for the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Ther Adv Hematol 2013; 2:335-52. [PMID: 23556100 DOI: 10.1177/2040620711410773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in the late 1980s combined with anthracycline-based chemotherapy has revolutionized the prognosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with more than 90% complete response rates and cure rates of approximately 80%. The subsequent advent of arsenic trioxide (ATO) in 1990s and progress in the treatment of APL have changed its course from a highly fatal to a highly curable disease. Despite the dramatic improvement in clinical outcome of APL, treatment failure still occurs due most often to early death. Relapse has become increasingly less frequent, most commonly occurring in patients with high-risk disease. A major focus of research for the past decade has been to develop risk-adapted and rationally targeted nonchemotherapy treatment strategies to reduce treatment-related morbidity and mortality to low- and intermediate-risk or older patients while targeting more intensive or alternative therapy to those patients at most risk of relapse. In this review, emerging new approaches to APL treatment with special emhasis on strategies to reduce early deaths, risk-adapted therapy during induction, consolidation and maintenance, as well as an overview of current and future clinical trials in APL will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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McGregor A, Hurst E, Lord S, Jones G. Bradycardia following retinoic acid differentiation syndrome in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukaemia. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr.02.2012.5848. [PMID: 22778455 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.02.2012.5848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors describe a 28-year-old woman with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL), who developed junctional bradycardia after receiving the molecular-targeted therapy all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and the anthracycline-based chemotherapeutic agent idarubicin following sepsis and the APL differentiation syndrome. The patient was asymptomatic of the bradycardia. Electrolytes and cardiac imaging were unremarkable. No other cases have been reported in this context and the mechanisms of the sinus node dysfunction are unclear. The patient achieved normal sinus rhythm after ATRA was withheld. The patient recovered and went on to achieve complete remission after re-starting ATRA and idarubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McGregor
- Specialist Haematology Services, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK.
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Lim YC, Kang HJ, Kim YS, Choi EC. All-trans-retinoic acid inhibits growth of head and neck cancer stem cells by suppression of Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:3310-8. [PMID: 22640830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy is a novel approach to eradicate cancer stem cells (CSCs), including head and neck squamous carcinoma CSC (HNSC CSC). All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) is a potent differentiating agent. We studied the anti-tumour effect of ATRA on HNSC CSC. HNSC CSCs were differentiated by ATRA in a serum-free conditioned medium. The effect of differentiation on tumour growth was assessed in vitro and in vivo, and chemosensitisation was examined using a colorimetric viability assay. In addition, the involvement of Wnt/β-catenin signalling as an underlying mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of retinoic acid (RA) on HNSC CSCs was assessed. ATRA suppressed the expression of the stem cell markers Oct4, Sox2, Nestin and CD44 in HNSC CSCs and inhibited the proliferation of HNSC CSCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ATRA treatment augmented the chemosensitising effects of cisplatin. The anti-tumour effects of ATRA may be associated with down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signalling. In conclusion, ATRA may be potentially valuable in treatment of HNSC CSC, especially in combination with cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Chang Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Republic of Korea.
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Merhi F, Auger J, Rendu F, Bauvois B. Allium compounds, dipropyl and dimethyl thiosulfinates as antiproliferative and differentiating agents of human acute myeloid leukemia cell lines. Biologics 2011; 2:885-95. [PMID: 19707466 PMCID: PMC2727902 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies support the premise that Allium vegetables may lower the risk of cancers. The beneficial effects appear related to the organosulfur products generated upon processing of Allium. Leukemia cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) display high proliferative capacity and have a reduced capacity of undergoing apoptosis and maturation. Whether the sulfur-containing molecules thiosulfinates (TS), diallyl TS (All(2)TS), dipropyl TS (Pr(2)TS) and dimethyl TS (Me(2)TS), are able to exert chemopreventative activity against AML is presently unknown. The present study was an evaluation of proliferation, cytotoxicity, differentiation and secretion of AML cell lines (U937, NB4, HL-60, MonoMac-6) in response to treatment with these TS and their related sulfides (diallylsulfide, diallyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide). As assessed by flow cytometry, ELISA, gelatin zymogaphy and RT-PCR, we showed that Pr(2)TS and Me(2)TS, but not All(2)TS and sulfides, 1) inhibited cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manner and this process was neither due to cytotoxicity nor apoptosis, 2) induced macrophage maturation, and 3) inhibited the levels of secreted MMP-9 (protein and activity) and TNF-alpha protein, without altering mRNA levels. By establishing for the first time that Pr(2)TS and Me(2)TS affect proliferation, differentiation and secretion of leukemic cell lines, this study provides the opportunity to explore the potential efficiency of these molecules in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Merhi
- UMR 7131 UPMC Paris Universitas/ CNRS, Groupe Hospitalier Broussais-HEGP, Paris, France
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Welch JS, Yuan W, Ley TJ. PML-RARA can increase hematopoietic self-renewal without causing a myeloproliferative disease in mice. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1636-45. [PMID: 21364283 DOI: 10.1172/jci42953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by the t(15;17) translocation that generates the fusion protein promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARA) in nearly all cases. Multiple prior mouse models of APL constitutively express PML-RARA from a variety of non-Pml loci. Typically, all animals develop a myeloproliferative disease, followed by leukemia in a subset of animals after a long latent period. In contrast, human APL is not associated with an antecedent stage of myeloproliferation. To address this discrepancy, we have generated a system whereby PML-RARA expression is somatically acquired from the mouse Pml locus in the context of Pml haploinsufficiency. We found that physiologic PML-RARA expression was sufficient to direct a hematopoietic progenitor self-renewal program in vitro and in vivo. However, this expansion was not associated with evidence of myeloproliferation, more accurately reflecting the clinical presentation of human APL. Thus, at physiologic doses, PML-RARA primarily acts to increase hematopoietic progenitor self-renewal, expanding a population of cells that are susceptible to acquiring secondary mutations that cause progression to leukemia. This mouse model provides a platform for more accurately dissecting the early events in APL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Welch
- Section of Stem Cell Biology, Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63119, USA
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Welch JS, Westervelt P, Ding L, Larson DE, Klco JM, Kulkarni S, Wallis J, Chen K, Payton JE, Fulton RS, Veizer J, Schmidt H, Vickery TL, Heath S, Watson MA, Tomasson MH, Link DC, Graubert TA, DiPersio JF, Mardis ER, Ley TJ, Wilson RK. Use of whole-genome sequencing to diagnose a cryptic fusion oncogene. JAMA 2011; 305:1577-84. [PMID: 21505136 PMCID: PMC3156695 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Whole-genome sequencing is becoming increasingly available for research purposes, but it has not yet been routinely used for clinical diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To determine whether whole-genome sequencing can identify cryptic, actionable mutations in a clinically relevant time frame. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENT We were referred a difficult diagnostic case of acute promyelocytic leukemia with no pathogenic X-RARA fusion identified by routine metaphase cytogenetics or interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The case patient was enrolled in an institutional review board-approved protocol, with consent specifically tailored to the implications of whole-genome sequencing. The protocol uses a "movable firewall" that maintains patient anonymity within the entire research team but allows the research team to communicate medically relevant information to the treating physician. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical relevance of whole-genome sequencing and time to communicate validated results to the treating physician. RESULTS Massively parallel paired-end sequencing allowed identification of a cytogenetically cryptic event: a 77-kilobase segment from chromosome 15 was inserted en bloc into the second intron of the RARA gene on chromosome 17, resulting in a classic bcr3 PML-RARA fusion gene. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction sequencing subsequently validated the expression of the fusion transcript. Novel FISH probes identified 2 additional cases of t(15;17)-negative acute promyelocytic leukemia that had cytogenetically invisible insertions. Whole-genome sequencing and validation were completed in 7 weeks and changed the treatment plan for the patient. CONCLUSION Whole-genome sequencing can identify cytogenetically invisible oncogenes in a clinically relevant time frame.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Chromosome Breakpoints
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics
- Gene Fusion
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Introns
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/therapy
- Male
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Welch
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Li Ding
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Jeffery M. Klco
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Shashikant Kulkarni
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - John Wallis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ken Chen
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Joelle Veizer
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Sharon Heath
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Mark A. Watson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Daniel C. Link
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | | | | | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Timothy J. Ley
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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Regulation of glioblastoma stem cells by retinoic acid: role for Notch pathway inhibition. Oncogene 2011; 30:3454-67. [PMID: 21383690 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to understand mechanisms by which differentiating agents influence tumor-initiating cancer stem cells. Toward this end, we investigated the cellular and molecular responses of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GBM-SCs) to all-trans retinoic acid (RA). GBM-SCs were grown as non-adherent neurospheres in growth factor supplemented serum-free medium. RA treatment rapidly induced morphology changes, induced growth arrest at G1/G0 to S transition, decreased cyclin D1 expression and increased p27 expression. Immunofluorescence and western blot analysis indicated that RA induced the expression of lineage-specific differentiation markers Tuj1 and GFAP and reduced the expression of neural stem cell markers such as CD133, Msi-1, nestin and Sox-2. RA treatment dramatically decreased neurosphere-forming capacity, inhibited the ability of neurospheres to form colonies in soft agar and inhibited their capacity to propagate subcutaneous and intracranial xenografts. Expression microarray analysis identified ∼350 genes that were altered within 48 h of RA treatment. Affected pathways included retinoid signaling and metabolism, cell-cycle regulation, lineage determination, cell adhesion, cell-matrix interaction and cytoskeleton remodeling. Notch signaling was the most prominent of these RA-responsive pathways. Notch pathway downregulation was confirmed based on the downregulation of HES and HEY family members. Constitutive activation of Notch signaling with the Notch intracellular domain rescued GBM neurospheres from the RA-induced differentiation and stem cell depletion. Our findings identify mechanisms by which RA targets GBM-derived stem-like tumor-initiating cells and novel targets applicable to differentiation therapies for glioblastoma.
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Rara haploinsufficiency modestly influences the phenotype of acute promyelocytic leukemia in mice. Blood 2010; 117:2460-8. [PMID: 21190992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-08-300087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RARA (retinoic acid receptor alpha) haploinsufficiency is an invariable consequence of t(15;17)(q22;q21) translocations in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Retinoids and RARA activity have been implicated in hematopoietic self-renewal and neutrophil maturation. We and others therefore predicted that RARA haploinsufficiency would contribute to APL pathogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we crossed Rara(+/-) mice with mice expressing PML (promyelocytic leukemia)-RARA from the cathepsin G locus (mCG-PR). We found that Rara haploinsufficiency cooperated with PML-RARA, but only modestly influenced the preleukemic and leukemic phenotype. Bone marrow from mCG-PR(+/-) × Rara(+/-) mice had decreased numbers of mature myeloid cells, increased ex vivo myeloid cell proliferation, and increased competitive advantage after transplantation. Rara haploinsufficiency did not alter mCG-PR-dependent leukemic latency or penetrance, but did influence the distribution of leukemic cells; leukemia in mCG-PR(+/-) × Rara(+/-) mice presented more commonly with low to normal white blood cell counts and with myeloid infiltration of lymph nodes. APL cells from these mice were responsive to all-trans retinoic acid and had virtually no differences in expression profiling compared with tumors arising in mCG-PR(+/-) × Rara(+/+) mice. These data show that Rara haploinsufficiency (like Pml haploinsufficiency and RARA-PML) can cooperate with PML-RARA to influence the pathogenesis of APL in mice, but that PML-RARA is the t(15;17) disease-initiating mutation.
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Ferrara F. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: what are the treatment options? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:587-96. [DOI: 10.1517/14656560903505115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Gentry PR, McDonald TB, Sullivan DE, Shipp AM, Yager JW, Clewell HJ. Analysis of genomic dose-response information on arsenic to inform key events in a mode of action for carcinogenicity. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2010; 51:1-14. [PMID: 19551812 DOI: 10.1002/em.20505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify information on gene expression changes following exposures to inorganic arsenic compounds. This information was organized by compound, exposure, dose/concentration, species, tissue, and cell type. A concentration-related hierarchy of responses was observed, beginning with changes in gene/protein expression associated with adaptive responses (e.g., preinflammatory responses, delay of apoptosis). Between 0.1 and 10 microM, additional gene/protein expression changes related to oxidative stress, proteotoxicity, inflammation, and proliferative signaling occur along with those related to DNA repair, cell cycle G2/M checkpoint control, and induction of apoptosis. At higher concentrations (10-100 microM), changes in apoptotic genes dominate. Comparisons of primary cell results with those obtained from immortalized or tumor-derived cell lines were also evaluated to determine the extent to which similar responses are observed across cell lines. Although immortalized cells appear to respond similarly to primary cells, caution must be exercised in using gene expression data from tumor-derived cell lines, where inactivation or overexpression of key genes (e.g., p53, Bcl-2) may lead to altered genomic responses. Data from acute in vivo exposures are of limited value for evaluating the dose-response for gene expression, because of the transient, variable, and uncertain nature of tissue exposure in these studies. The available in vitro gene expression data, together with information on the metabolism and protein binding of arsenic compounds, provide evidence of a mode of action for inorganic arsenic carcinogenicity involving interactions with critical proteins, such as those involved in DNA repair, overlaid against a background of chemical stress, including proteotoxicity and depletion of nonprotein sulfhydryls. The inhibition of DNA repair under conditions of toxicity and proliferative pressure may compromise the ability of cells to maintain the integrity of their DNA.
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Chowdhury R, Chowdhury S, Roychoudhury P, Mandal C, Chaudhuri K. Arsenic induced apoptosis in malignant melanoma cells is enhanced by menadione through ROS generation, p38 signaling and p53 activation. Apoptosis 2009; 14:108-23. [PMID: 19082730 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistance to apoptosis is a prominent feature of melanoma. Pharmacological concentration of arsenic in combination with a widely known oxidant, menadione was explored in this study to synergistically sensitize malignant melanoma cells to apoptosis. The molecular mechanism of apoptosis and the signaling-pathways involved were thoroughly investigated. MATERIALS METHODS AND RESULTS: Menadione synergized NaAsO(2) to significantly increase ROS generation and facilitate the major apoptotic signaling events: alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 down-regulation and subsequent activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 followed by poly-ADP-ribose polymerase-1 cleavage. Antioxidant N-acetyl-L: -cysteine antagonized these events. Investigation of the signaling-pathway revealed significant suppression of AP-1 activity but not NF-kappaB upon NaAsO(2) and menadione application. An increase in p38 phosphorylation and p53 protein expression did also dictate the apoptotic response. Suppression of p38 activation with SB203580 and inhibition of p53 expression by siRNA attenuated apoptosis. Transfection of p53, in p53 null HCT cells augmented the apoptotic events. Moreover, the treatment also led to tumor size reduction in BALB/c mice developed by intra-dermal B16 mouse melanoma cell injection; however, it had no detectable pro-proliferative or pro-apoptotic effect on non-tumor keratinocytes, normal fibroblasts or PBMC. CONCLUSION This study thus provides an insight into innovative mechanisms of melanoma sensitization, a proper cure against which is still elusive. Taken together, our data also provides the first evidence of arsenic activity accentuation by menadione through modulation of specific signaling-pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Chowdhury
- Molecular & Human Genetics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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