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Loftus AW, Zarei M, Kakish H, Hajihassani O, Hue JJ, Boutros C, Graor HJ, Nakazzi F, Bahlibi T, Winter JM, Rothermel LD. Therapeutic implications of the metabolic changes associated with BRAF inhibition in melanoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2024; 129:102795. [PMID: 38972133 PMCID: PMC11361048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2024.102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma metabolism can be reprogrammed by activating BRAF mutations. These mutations are present in up to 50% of cutaneous melanomas, with the most common being V600E. BRAF mutations augment glycolysis to promote macromolecular synthesis and proliferation. Prior to the development of targeted anti-BRAF therapies, these mutations were associated with accelerated clinical disease in the metastatic setting. Combination BRAF and MEK inhibition is a first line treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic melanoma harboring targetable BRAF mutations. This therapy shows excellent response rates but these responses are not durable, with almost all patients developing resistance. When BRAF mutated melanoma cells are inhibited with targeted therapies the metabolism of those cells also changes. These cells rely less on glycolysis for energy production, and instead shift to a mitochondrial phenotype with upregulated TCA cycle activity and oxidative phosphorylation. An increased dependence on glutamine utilization is exhibited to support TCA cycle substrates in this metabolic rewiring of BRAF mutated melanoma. Herein we describe the relevant core metabolic pathways modulated by BRAF inhibition. These adaptive pathways represent vulnerabilities that could be targeted to overcome resistance to BRAF inhibitors. This review evaluates current and future therapeutic strategies that target metabolic reprogramming in melanoma cells, particularly in response to BRAF inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Loftus
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mehrdad Zarei
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hanna Kakish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Omid Hajihassani
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan J Hue
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christina Boutros
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hallie J Graor
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Faith Nakazzi
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tsegaw Bahlibi
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jordan M Winter
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Luke D Rothermel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Martynchyk A, Chowdhury R, Hawkes EA, Keane C. Prognostic Markers within the Tumour Microenvironment in Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5217. [PMID: 37958391 PMCID: PMC10649036 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) accounts for 0.4% of all new cancer cases globally. Despite high cure rates with standard treatment, approximately 15% of patients still experience relapsed or refractory (RR) disease, and many of these eventually die from lymphoma-related causes. Exciting new targeted agents such as anti-PD-1 agents and brentuximab vedotin have changed the therapeutic paradigm beyond chemotherapy and radiotherapy alone. Advances in understanding of the molecular biology are providing insights in the context of novel therapies. The signature histology of cHL requires the presence of scant malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells (HRSCs) surrounded by a complex immune-rich tumour microenvironment (TME). The TME cellular composition strongly influences outcomes, yet knowledge of the precise characteristics of TME cells and their interactions with HRSCs is evolving. Novel high-throughput technologies and single-cell sequencing allow deeper analyses of the TME and mechanisms elicited by HRSCs to propagate growth and avoid immune response. In this review, we explore the evolution of knowledge on the prognostic role of immune cells within the TME and provide an up-to-date overview of emerging prognostic data on cHL from new technologies that are starting to unwind the complexity of the cHL TME and provide translational insights into how to improve therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arina Martynchyk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research & Wellness Centre, Austin Health, 145 Studley Rd., Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (A.M.); (E.A.H.)
| | - Rakin Chowdhury
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd., Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eliza A. Hawkes
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research & Wellness Centre, Austin Health, 145 Studley Rd., Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; (A.M.); (E.A.H.)
- School of Public Health & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 553 St Kilda Rd., Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Colm Keane
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd., Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia;
- Frazer Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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3
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Jin Z, Zhou Q, Cheng JN, Jia Q, Zhu B. Heterogeneity of the tumor immune microenvironment and clinical interventions. Front Med 2023; 17:617-648. [PMID: 37728825 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-023-1015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is broadly composed of various immune cells, and its heterogeneity is characterized by both immune cells and stromal cells. During the course of tumor formation and progression and anti-tumor treatment, the composition of the TIME becomes heterogeneous. Such immunological heterogeneity is not only present between populations but also exists on temporal and spatial scales. Owing to the existence of TIME, clinical outcomes can differ when a similar treatment strategy is provided to patients. Therefore, a comprehensive assessment of TIME heterogeneity is essential for developing precise and effective therapies. Facilitated by advanced technologies, it is possible to understand the complexity and diversity of the TIME and its influence on therapy responses. In this review, we discuss the potential reasons for TIME heterogeneity and the current approaches used to explore it. We also summarize clinical intervention strategies based on associated mechanisms or targets to control immunological heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Research Institute, GloriousMed Clinical Laboratory (Shanghai) Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, 400054, China
| | - Jia-Nan Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Qingzhu Jia
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing, 400037, China.
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Ye K, Wang K, Wang T, Tang H, Wang L, Zhang W, Jiang S, Zhang X, Zhang K. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of urea substituted 1,2,5-oxadiazole-3-carboximidamides as novel indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115217. [PMID: 36842272 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) has been considered as an attractive target for oncology immunotherapy due to its immunosuppressive effects on the tumor microenvironment. The most advanced IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody failed to show desirable objective response. Epacadostat is now reevaluated in phase III clinical trials, but its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties are unsatisfactory. To further unravel the antitumor efficacy of IDO1 inhibitors, we designed a series of epacadostat analogues by introducing various urea-containing side chains. In particular, the most active compound 3 showed superior inhibitory potency against recombinant hIDO1 and hIDO1 in HeLa cells induced by interferon γ (IFNγ) relative to epacadostat (3, biochemical hIDO1 IC50 = 67.4 nM, HeLa hIDO1 IC50 = 17.6 nM; epacadostat, biochemical hIDO1 IC50 = 75.9 nM, HeLa hIDO1 IC50 = 20.6 nM). Moreover, compound 3 exhibited improved physicochemical properties and rat PK profile with better oral exposure and bioavailability compared with epacadostat. Importantly, this compound exhibited comparable antitumor efficacy with epacadostat in LLC syngeneic xenograft models. Hence, compound 3 represents a promising lead compound for discovery of more effective IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Kaizheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - He Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wanheng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Kuojun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Nozawa H, Taira T, Sonoda H, Sasaki K, Murono K, Emoto S, Yokoyama Y, Nagai Y, Abe S, Ishihara S. Enhancement of radiation therapy by indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase 1 inhibition through multimodal mechanisms. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:62. [PMID: 36653774 PMCID: PMC9847047 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is an enzyme that converts tryptophan to kynurenine. IDO1 expression is found not only in tumor cells but also in immune cells and is associated with tumor proliferation and immune responses. IDO1 inhibitors and radiation may cooperatively suppress tumor proliferation through the alterations in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, cell cycle, and immune response. We investigated the antitumor effects of combination therapy of an IDO1 inhibitor, 1-methyl tryptophan (1-MT), and radiation on colorectal cancer. METHODS In vitro experiments were conducted using human and murine colon cancer cell lines (HCT116, HT-29, and Colon26). Cell growth inhibition was assessed using a MTS assay and Clonogenic assay. Cells were cultured for 48 h with or without 500 µM 1-MT after exposure to radiation (4 Gy). Cell cycle effects and modulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway were evaluated using western blot analysis, flow cytometry, RT-PCR. Subcutaneous Colon26 tumors in BALB/c mice were treated by oral 1-MT (6 mg/mL) for 2 weeks and/or local radiation (10 Gy/10 fr). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation in tumor cells and expression of differentiation markers of immune cells were evaluated using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS 1-MT and a small interfering RNA against IDO1 suppressed proliferation of all cell lines, which was rescued by kynurenine. Clonogenic assay showed that administration of 1-MT improved radiosensitivity by suppressing the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activated by radiation and enhancing cell cycle arrest induced by radiation. Combination therapy showed a further reduction in tumor burden compared with monotherapies or untreated control, inducing the highest numbers of intratumoral CD3 + and CD8 + T cells and the lowest numbers of Foxp3 + and BrdU-positive tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS The combination of 1-MT and radiation suppressed colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Nozawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Tetsuro Taira
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sonoda
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Kazuhito Sasaki
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Koji Murono
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Shigenobu Emoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yokoyama
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yuzo Nagai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Shinya Abe
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
| | - Soichiro Ishihara
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Surgical Oncology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
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Guo K, Ma X, Li J, Zhang C, Wu L. Recent advances in combretastatin A-4 codrugs for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114660. [PMID: 35964428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CA4 is a potent microtubule polymerization inhibitor and vascular disrupting agent. However, the in vivo efficiency of CA4 is limited owing to its poor pharmacokinetics resulting from its high lipophilicity and low water solubility. To improve the water solubility, CA4 phosphate (CA4P) has been developed and shows potent antivascular and antitumor effects. CA4P had been evaluated as a vascular disrupting agent in previousc linical trials. However, it had been discontinued due to the lack of a meaningful improvement in progression-free survival and unfavorable partial response data. Codrug is a drug design approach to chemically bind two or more drugs to improve therapeutic efficiency or decrease adverse effects. This review describes the progress made over the last twenty years in developing CA4-based codrugs to improve the therapeutic profile and achieve targeted delivery to cancer tissues. It also discusses the existing problems and the developmental prospects of CA4 codrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jian Li
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liqiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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Liu Z, Xiang Y, Zheng Y, Kang X. Advancing immune checkpoint blockade in colorectal cancer therapy with nanotechnology. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027124. [PMID: 36341334 PMCID: PMC9630919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has gained unparalleled success in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, undesired side effects, unsatisfactory response rates, tumor metastasis, and drug resistance still hinder the further application of ICB therapy against CRC. Advancing ICB with nanotechnology can be game-changing. With the development of immuno-oncology and nanomaterials, various nanoplatforms have been fabricated to enhance the efficacy of ICB in CRC treatment. Herein, this review systematically summarizes these recent nano-strategies according to their mechanisms. Despite their diverse and complex designs, these nanoplatforms have four main mechanisms in enhancing ICB: 1) targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to tumor foci, 2) increasing tumor immunogenicity, 3) remodeling tumor microenvironment, and 4) pre-sensitizing immune systems. Importantly, advantages of nanotechnology in CRC, such as innovating the mode-of-actions of ICB, modulating intestinal microbiome, and integrating the whole process of antigen presentation, are highlighted in this review. In general, this review describes the latest applications of nanotechnology for CRC immunotherapy, and may shed light on the future design of ICB platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Yucheng Xiang
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaxian Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Kang
- Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Shuangliu District, Chengdu, China
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Yu L, Wang Y, He Y, Zhong H, Ge S, Zou Y, Lai Y, Xu Q, Gao J, Liu W, Guo W. Combination of apatinib with apo-IDO1 inhibitor for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 112:109233. [PMID: 36126409 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Recently, many clinical studies have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint therapy combined with inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in colon cancer. Compound B37, identified in our previous experiment, is an apo-form indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor (apo-IDO1 inhibitor), which has been shown to significantly suppress tumor growth combined with an anti-PD1 antibody. We speculated whether this apo-IDO inhibitor (B37) combined with a VEGFR2 inhibitor (apatinib) would further improve its anti-tumor activity. Therefore, a syngeneic mouse colon cancer model (mouse colon cancer cell line CT26) was established to investigate the anti-tumor activity of B37 combined with apatinib. As expected, the combination of B37 and apatinib (VEGFR2 inhibitor) improved the therapeutic effect compared with apo-IDO1 inhibitor and apatinib monotherapy, as shown by the reduced growth of transplanted tumors, weakened proliferation, and increased apoptosis of cancer cells. Specifically, there was a 24.8% reduction in tumor volume using apatinib and 31.3% reduction using B37. The combination-treated group showed remarkable inhibition of tumor growth (52.2%). For tumor weight, there was a 29.2% reduction in the apatinib-treated group and 35.0% reduction in the B37-treated group. The combination-treated group showed a 56.3% reduction. Moreover, the combination therapy reprogrammed the immune microenvironment by increasing infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, decreasing the ratio of regulatory T cells, and promoting the killing ability of T cells manifested by elevated expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B in the combination-treated group. Our study indicates that the combination of apo-IDO1 inhibitor and apatinib is a promising strategy for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, PR China
| | - Yingxue He
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Haiqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Shushan Ge
- China State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Zou
- China State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- China State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, PR China.
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Liu Y, Xie J, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhong Z, Deng C. A polymeric IDO inhibitor based on poly(ethylene glycol)- b-poly(L-tyrosine- co-1-methyl-D-tryptophan) enables facile trident cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5731-5743. [PMID: 36039890 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01181f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), with an immunoregulatory effect related to tryptophan metabolism, has emerged as an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, a polymeric IDO inhibitor based on the poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(L-tyrosine-co-1-methyl-D-tryptophan) copolymer (PEG-b-P(Tyr-co-1-MT)) was developed for facile trident cancer immunotherapy. PEG-b-P(Tyr-co-1-MT) could self-assemble into nanoparticles (NPs), which were subject to enzyme degradation and capable of retarding the metabolism of L-tryptophan (TRP) to L-kynurenine (KYN) in B16F10 cancer cells. Notably, cRGD-functionalized NPs showed efficient encapsulation and an enzyme-responsive release of doxorubicin (DOX) and the BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1. DOX in drug-loaded nanoparticles (cRGD-NPDJ) could activate immunization by inducing the discernible immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells and promoting the secretion of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which besides activating the antitumor cellular immunity often upregulates the expression of PD-L1 and IDO to accelerate tumor progression. The encapsulated JQ1 and polymeric 1-MT in cRGD-NPDJ could reverse the expression by disrupting the binding of BET proteins with chromatin and elevating the TRP/KYN ratio. In B16F10 tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice, cRGD-NPDJ displayed significantly increased CD8+ T cells, matured dendritic cells (mDCs), and cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), as well as reduced regulatory T cells and downregulated PD-L1 expression at tumor sites, generating immune cascade reactions and a distinct improvement of the tumor microenvironment (TME), leading to significant tumor suppression and survival prolongation. The polymeric IDO inhibitor provides a facile strategy for the co-delivery of chemotherapeutics and inhibitors for efficient and safe combination cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jiguo Xie
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yueyue Zhang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Chao Deng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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10
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Liu W, Zou Y, Li K, Zhong H, Yu L, Ge S, Lai Y, Dong X, Xu Q, Guo W. Apo-Form Selective Inhibition of IDO for Tumor Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:180-191. [PMID: 35725271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibition of IDO1 is considered an effective therapeutic approach for cancer treatment. However, the inadequate response of existing holo-IDO1 inhibitors and unclear biomarkers available in clinical practice limit the possibility of developing efficacious IDO1 inhibitors. In the current study, we aimed to elucidate the activity and mechanism of a potent 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid derivative (B37) targeting apo-IDO1 and to determine its role in tumor therapy. By competing with heme for binding to apo-IDO1, B37 potently inhibited IDO1 activity, with an IC50 of 22 pM assessed using a HeLa cell-based assay. The x-ray cocrystal structure of the inhibitor-enzyme complex showed that the B37-human IDO1 complex has strong hydrophobic interactions, which enhances its binding affinity, determined using isothermal titration calorimetry. Stronger noncovalent interactions, including π stacking and hydrogen bonds formed between B37 and apo-human IDO1, underlay the enthalpy-driven force for B37 for binding to the enzyme. These binding properties endowed B37 with potent antitumor efficacy, which was confirmed in a mouse colon cancer CT26 syngeneic model in BALB/c mice and in an azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced colon carcinogenesis model in C57BL/6 mice by activating the host immune system. Moreover, the combination of B37 and anti-PD1 Ab synergistically inhibited tumor growth. These results suggested that B37 may serve as a unique candidate for apo-IDO1 inhibition-mediated tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Haiqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Longbo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Shushan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yisheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Drug Discovery, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianchi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wenjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China; and
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11
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Fujiwara K, Saung MT, Jing H, Herbst B, Zarecki M, Muth S, Wu A, Bigelow E, Chen L, Li K, Jurcak N, Blair AB, Ding D, Wichroski M, Blum J, Cheadle N, Koenitzer J, Zheng L. Interrogating the immune-modulating roles of radiation therapy for a rational combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in treating pancreatic cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000351. [PMID: 32675194 PMCID: PMC7368549 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy (RT) has the potential to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, which has dramatically altered the landscape of treatments for many cancers, but not yet for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our prior studies demonstrated that PD ligand-1 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) were induced on tumor epithelia of PDACs following neoadjuvant therapy including RT, suggesting RT may prime PDAC for PD-1 blockade antibody (αPD-1) or IDO1 inhibitor (IDO1i) treatments. In this study, we investigated the antitumor efficacy of the combination therapies with radiation and PD-1 blockade or IDO1 inhibition or both. METHODS We developed and used a mouse syngeneic orthotopic model of PDAC suitable for hypofractionated RT experiments. RESULTS The combination therapy of αPD-1 and RT improved survival. The dual combination of RT/IDO1i and triple combination of RT/αPD-1/IDO1i did not improve survival compared with RT/αPD-1, although all of these combinations offer similar local tumor control. RT/αPD-1 appeared to result in the best systemic interferon-γ response compared with other treatment groups and the highest local expression of immune-activation genes, including Cd28 and Icos. CONCLUSION Our RT model allows examining the immune-modulatory effects of RT alone and in combination with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the pancreas/local microenvironment. This study highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate immune-modulatory agents to be combined with RT to tip the balance toward antitumor adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Fujiwara
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,JSPS Overseas Research Fellow, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - May Tun Saung
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Hao Jing
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian Herbst
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - MacKenzie Zarecki
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stephen Muth
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Annie Wu
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elaine Bigelow
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Linda Chen
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Keyu Li
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Neolle Jurcak
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alex B Blair
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ding Ding
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Jordan Blum
- Bristol Myers Squibb Co, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | - Lei Zheng
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States .,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,The Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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12
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Qin R, Zhao C, Wang CJ, Xu W, Zhao JY, Lin Y, Yuan YY, Lin PC, Li Y, Zhao S, Huang Y. Tryptophan potentiates CD8 + T cells against cancer cells by TRIP12 tryptophanylation and surface PD-1 downregulation. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002840. [PMID: 34326168 PMCID: PMC8323461 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan catabolites suppress immunity. Therefore, blocking tryptophan catabolism with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitors is pursued as an anticancer strategy. METHODS The intracellular level of tryptophan and kynurenine was detected by mass spectrum analysis. The effect of tryptophan and IDO inhibitors on cell surface programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) level were measured by flow cytometry. A set of biochemical analyses were used to figure out the underlying mechanism. In vitro co-culture system, syngeneic mouse models, immunofluorescent staining, and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate the role of tryptophan and IDO inhibitor in regulating the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells. RESULTS Here, we reported that IDO inhibitors activated CD8+ T cells also by accumulating tryptophan that downregulated PD-1. Tryptophan and IDO inhibitors administration, both increased intracellular tryptophan, and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) overexpression decreased Jurkat and mice CD8+ T cell surface PD-1. Mechanistically, WARS tryptophanylated lysine 1136 of and activated E3 ligase TRIP12 to degrade NFATc1, a PD-1 transcription activator. SIRT1 de-tryptophanylated TRIP12 and reversed the effects of tryptophan and WARS on PD-1. Tryptophan or IDO inhibitors potentiated CD8+ T cells to induce apoptosis of co-cultured cancer cells, increased cancer-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and slowed down tumor growth of lung cancer in mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed the immune-activating efficacy of tryptophan, and suggested tryptophan supplemental may benefit IDO inhibitors and PD-1 blockade during anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lin
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Yuan
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory for Tibet Plateau Phytochemistry of Qinghai Province, College of Pharmacy, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining, China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China .,NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Metabolic Remodeling, Institute of Metabolism and Integrative Biology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Hamilton MM, Mseeh F, McAfoos TJ, Leonard PG, Reyna NJ, Harris AL, Xu A, Han M, Soth MJ, Czako B, Theroff JP, Mandal PK, Burke JP, Virgin-Downey B, Petrocchi A, Pfaffinger D, Rogers NE, Parker CA, Yu SS, Jiang Y, Krapp S, Lammens A, Trevitt G, Tremblay MR, Mikule K, Wilcoxen K, Cross JB, Jones P, Marszalek JR, Lewis RT. Discovery of IACS-9779 and IACS-70465 as Potent Inhibitors Targeting Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) Apoenzyme. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11302-11329. [PMID: 34292726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a heme-containing enzyme that mediates the rate-limiting step in the metabolism of l-tryptophan to kynurenine, has been widely explored as a potential immunotherapeutic target in oncology. We developed a class of inhibitors with a conformationally constrained bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane core. These potently inhibited IDO1 in a cellular context by binding to the apoenzyme, as elucidated by biochemical characterization and X-ray crystallography. A SKOV3 tumor model was instrumental in differentiating compounds, leading to the identification of IACS-9779 (62) and IACS-70465 (71). IACS-70465 has excellent cellular potency, a robust pharmacodynamic response, and in a human whole blood assay was more potent than linrodostat (BMS-986205). IACS-9779 with a predicted human efficacious once daily dose below 1 mg/kg to sustain >90% inhibition of IDO1 displayed an acceptable safety margin in rodent toxicology and dog cardiovascular studies to support advancement into preclinical safety evaluation for human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Hamilton
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Faika Mseeh
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Timothy J McAfoos
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Paul G Leonard
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Naphtali J Reyna
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Angela L Harris
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Alan Xu
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Michelle Han
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Michael J Soth
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Barbara Czako
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Jay P Theroff
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Pijus K Mandal
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Jason P Burke
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Brett Virgin-Downey
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Alessia Petrocchi
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Dana Pfaffinger
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Norma E Rogers
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Connor A Parker
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Simon S Yu
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Yongying Jiang
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Stephan Krapp
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alfred Lammens
- Proteros Biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstr. 7a, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Graham Trevitt
- XenoGesis Ltd, BioCity Nottingham, Pennyfoot Street, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG1 1GF, U.K
| | - Martin R Tremblay
- Tesaro Inc., 1000 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451 United States
| | - Keith Mikule
- Tesaro Inc., 1000 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451 United States
| | - Keith Wilcoxen
- Tesaro Inc., 1000 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451 United States
| | - Jason B Cross
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Philip Jones
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Joseph R Marszalek
- TRACTION (Translational Research to Advance Therapeutics and Innovation in Oncology), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Richard T Lewis
- IACS (Institute for Applied Cancer Science), University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
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14
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Jiang X, Li X, Zheng S, Du G, Ma J, Zhang L, Wang H, Tian J. Comparison study of different indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase inhibitors from the perspective of pharmacodynamic effects. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2021; 34:2058738420950584. [PMID: 32962460 PMCID: PMC7517983 DOI: 10.1177/2058738420950584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was a potential tumor immunotherapy target. IDO inhibitors showed inconsistent results in clinical trials, but no preclinical comparative study was reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences of representative IDO inhibitors (PCC0208009, INCB024360, NLG919) from the pharmacological perspective. Methods: In vitro experiments included: inhibition effects on IDO activity in cell and enzyme-based assay, effects on IDO expression in HeLa cells, and enhancement of proliferation and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). In vivo experiments included: pharmacokinetics and tumor distribution in CT26-bearing mice, effects on Kyn/Trp and anti-tumor effect and immunological mechanism in CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. Results: Compared with INCB024360 and NLG919, PCC0208009 effectively inhibited IDO activity at lower dose 2 nM and longer duration more than 72 h, had higher enhancements on PBMC proliferation and activation, and could inhibit the IDO expression in Hela cells. The pharmacokinetics characteristics of three IDO inhibitors were similar in CT26-bearing mice. In CT26 and B16F10 tumor-bearing mice, PCC0208009 and INCB024360 had similar effects in Kyn/Trp reduction, and more potent than NLG919; three IDO inhibitors had similar effects in tumor suppression, changes of the percentages of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells, and activation of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, while PCC0208009 had a better tendency than INCB024360 and NLG919. Conclusion: PCC0208009, INCB024360, and NLG919 were all effective IDO inhibitors, but the comprehensive pharmacological activity of PCC0208009 was better than INCB024360 and NLG919, which was basically consistent with the results or progresses of clinical trials.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Imidazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Isoindoles/pharmacokinetics
- Isoindoles/pharmacology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/enzymology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/enzymology
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Oximes/pharmacokinetics
- Oximes/pharmacology
- Sulfonamides/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonamides/pharmacology
- Tetrazoles/pharmacokinetics
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guangying Du
- Guangying Du and Jingwei Tian, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, North Campus of Yantai University, Yantai 264005, P.R. China. Emails: ;
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15
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Kassab SE, Mowafy S. Structural Basis of Selective Human Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1) Inhibition. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:3149-3164. [PMID: 34174026 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
hIDO1 is a heme-dioxygenase overexpressed in the tumor microenvironment and is implicated in the survival of cancer cells. Metabolism of tryptophan to N-formyl-kynurenine by hIDO1 leads to immune suppression to result in cancer cell immune escape. In this article, we discuss the discovery of selective hIDO1 inhibitors for therapeutic intervention that have been promoted to clinical trials and for which crystallographic structural information is available for the respective inhibitor-enzyme complex. The structural insights are based on the complex crystal structures and the relative biological data profiles. The structural basis of selective hIDO1 inhibition, as discussed herein, opens new avenues to the discovery of novel inhibitors with improved activity profiles, selectivity, and distinct structure frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa Emam Kassab
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, El-Buhaira, 22516, Egypt
| | - Samar Mowafy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, 11431, Egypt.,Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, United States of America
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16
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Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of exiguamine A analogues as IDO1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113631. [PMID: 34147748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of exiguamine A analogues were designed and synthesized via 15 steps. Their inhibitory activities against IDO1 were tested and the structure-activity relationships were studied. Most compounds exhibited potent IDO1 inhibitory activities with IC50 values at the level of 10-7-10-8 M. Compound 21f was the most potent IDO1 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 65.3 nM, which was comparable with the positive control drug epacadostat (IC50 = 46 nM). Moreover, compound 21f showed higher selectivity for IDO1 over tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and no cytotoxicity at its effective concentration, rending it justifiable for further optimization and evaluation.
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17
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Tabana Y, Moon TC, Siraki A, Elahi S, Barakat K. Reversing T-cell exhaustion in immunotherapy: a review on current approaches and limitations. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:347-363. [PMID: 34056985 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1937123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:T cell functions are altered during chronic viral infections and tumor development. This is mainly manifested by significant changes in T cells' epigenetic and metabolic landscapes, pushing them into an 'exhausted' state. Reversing this T cell exhaustion has been emerging as a 'game-changing' therapeutic approach against cancer and chronic viral infection.Areas covered:This review discusses the cellular pathways related to T cell exhaustion, and the clinical development and possible cellular targets that can be exploited therapeutically to reverse this exhaustion. We searched various databases (e.g. Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other scientific database sites) using the keywords T cell exhaustion, T cell activation, co-inhibitory receptors, and reversing T cell exhaustion.Expert opinion:The discovery of the immune checkpoints pathways represents a significant milestone toward understanding and reversing T cell exhaustion. Antibodies that target these pathways have already demonstrated promising activities in reversing T cell exhaustion. Nevertheless, there are still many associated limitations. In this context, next-generation alternatives are on the horizon. This includes the use of small molecules to block the immune checkpoints' receptors, combining them with other treatments, and identifying novel, safer and more effective immunotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Tabana
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tae Chul Moon
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Arno Siraki
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khaled Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Gallage S, García-Beccaria M, Szydlowska M, Rahbari M, Mohr R, Tacke F, Heikenwalder M. The therapeutic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma. MED 2021; 2:505-552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Anurag M, Zhu M, Huang C, Vasaikar S, Wang J, Hoog J, Burugu S, Gao D, Suman V, Zhang XH, Zhang B, Nielsen T, Ellis MJ. Immune Checkpoint Profiles in Luminal B Breast Cancer (Alliance). J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 112:737-746. [PMID: 31665365 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, ER-positive breast cancer outcome is less influenced by lymphocyte content, indicating the presence of immune tolerance mechanisms that may be specific to this disease subset. METHODS A supervised analysis of microarray data from the ACOSOG Z1031 (Alliance) neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor (AI) trial identified upregulated genes in Luminal (Lum) B breast cancers that correlated with AI-resistant tumor proliferation (percentage of Ki67-positive cancer nuclei, Pearson r > 0.4) (33 cases Ki67 > 10% on AI) vs LumB breast cancers that were more AI sensitive (33 cases Ki67 < 10% on AI). Overrepresentation analysis was performed using WebGestalt. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Thirty candidate genes positively correlated (r ≥ 0.4) with AI-resistant proliferation in LumB and were upregulated greater than twofold. Gene ontologies identified that the targetable immune checkpoint (IC) components IDO1, LAG3, and PD1 were overrepresented resistance candidates (P ≤ .001). High IDO1 mRNA was associated with poor prognosis in LumB disease (Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium, hazard ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 1.98, P = .03). IDO1 also statistically significantly correlated with STAT1 at protein level in LumB disease (Pearson r = 0.74). As a composite immune tolerance signature, expression of IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway components was associated with higher baseline Ki67, lower estrogen, and progesterone receptor mRNA levels and worse disease-specific survival (P = .002). In a tissue microarray analysis, IDO1 was observed in stromal cells and tumor-associated macrophages, with a higher incidence in LumB cases. Furthermore, IDO1 expression was associated with a macrophage mRNA signature (M1 by CIBERSORT Pearson r = 0.62 ) and by tissue microarray analysis. CONCLUSIONS Targetable IC components are upregulated in the majority of endocrine therapy-resistant LumB cases. Our findings provide rationale for IC inhibition in poor-outcome ER-positive breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Aromatase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Cell Proliferation/physiology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/genetics
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Letrozole/therapeutic use
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/biosynthesis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Transcriptome
- Up-Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
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20
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Li W, Guo L, Xing Z, Fang X, Liang H, Zhang S, Shi L, Kuang C, Shi L, Zheng Y, Hu Y, Yang Q. Forty-three key gene expressions involved in the effect of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 expression on cancer prognosis may be a potential indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 inhibitor biomarker. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e330. [PMID: 33634987 PMCID: PMC7888544 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weirui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zikang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiang Kuang
- Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Center for Mathematical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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21
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High PD-L1/IDO-2 and PD-L2/IDO-1 Co-Expression Levels Are Associated with Worse Overall Survival in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020273. [PMID: 33671892 PMCID: PMC7918978 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is a predictive biomarker of the success of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but its role as a prognostic marker for early-stage resectable NSCLC remains unclear. We studied gene expression levels of immune-related genes PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, IDO-1, IDO-2 and INFγ in tumor tissue of surgically resected NSCLC and correlated the finding with clinicopathological features and patient outcomes. A total of 191 consecutive early-stage NSCLC patients who underwent curative pulmonary resection were studied. The mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays (Qiagen). PD-1, PD-L2 and IDO-2 gene expression levels were significantly higher in patients with squamous histology (p = 0.001, p = 0.021 and p < 0.001; respectively). PD-1, PD-L1 and IDO-2 gene expression levels were significantly higher in patients with higher stage (p = 0.005, p = 0.048 and p = 0.002, respectively). The univariate analysis for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) showed that patients with higher levels of three-genes (PD-L1/PD-L2/INFγ) (hazard ratio (HR)) 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–3.21), p = 0.015) were associated with a worse RFS, while patients with higher levels of both genes (PD-L1/IDO-2) or (PD-L2/IDO-1) were associated with a worse OS (HR 1.63 95% CI, 1.06–2.51, p = 0.024; HR 1.54 95% CI, 1.02–2.33, p = 0.04; respectively). The multivariate interaction model adjusted for histology and stage confirmed that higher levels of three genes (PD-L1/PD-L2/INFγ) were significantly associated with worse RFS (HR 1.98, p = 0.031) and higher levels of both genes (PD-L1/IDO-2) and (PD-L2/IDO-1) with worse OS (HR 1.98, p = 0.042, HR 1.92, p = 0.022). PD-L1/IDO-2 and PD-L2/IDO-1 co-expression high levels are independent negative prognostic factors for survival in early NSCLC. These features may have important implications for future immune-checkpoint therapeutic approaches.
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22
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Targeting Oncoimmune Drivers of Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030554. [PMID: 33535613 PMCID: PMC7867187 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Residual metastasis is a major cause of cancer-associated death. Recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the related cancer stem cells (CSCs) have revealed the landscapes of cancer metastasis and are promising contributions to clinical treatments. However, this rarely leads to practical advances in the management of cancer in clinical settings, and thus cancer metastasis is still a threat to patients. The reason for this may be the heterogeneity and complexity caused by the evolutional transformation of tumor cells through interactions with the host environment, which is composed of numerous components, including stromal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells. The reciprocal evolution further raises the possibility of successful tumor escape, resulting in a fatal prognosis for patients. To disrupt the vicious spiral of tumor-immunity aggravation, it is important to understand the entire metastatic process and the practical implementations. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular and cellular links between tumors' biological properties and host immunity, mainly focusing on EMT and CSCs, and we also highlight therapeutic agents targeting the oncoimmune determinants driving cancer metastasis toward better practical use in the treatment of cancer patients.
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23
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Ooki A, Shinozaki E, Yamaguchi K. Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer: Current and Future Strategies. J Anus Rectum Colon 2021; 5:11-24. [PMID: 33537496 PMCID: PMC7843143 DOI: 10.23922/jarc.2020-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in the systemic treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), prognostic outcomes have remained to be poor. Thus, what is needed is an innovative treatment approach. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) have exhibited a durable response and dominated the treatment of various tumor types. However, in mCRC, the clinical benefit is limited in patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR)/high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H), comprising approximately 5% of mCRC cases, and some do not respond to ICI treatment. Thus, further research is needed to identify predictive biomarkers. The most urgent need is developing effective immunotherapy for patients with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR)/microsatellite stable (MSS) cancer, which comprises 95% of mCRC cases. Tumors with the pMMR/MSS phenotype often exhibit a lower tumor mutation burden and fewer tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes than dMMR/MSI-H, leading to immune tolerance and evasion in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, a number of investigative studies aimed at overcoming tumor resistance in current immunotherapy approaches are underway. A better understanding on the complexity and diversity of the immune system's functioning within the tumor microenvironment will increase the potential for developing predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies to potentiate anti-tumor immunity in patients with mCRC. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in immunotherapy based on the findings of pivotal clinical trials for patients with mCRC, highlighting potent therapeutic approaches and predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Shinozaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Feng X, Liao D, Liu D, Ping A, Li Z, Bian J. Development of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy and Beyond: A Recent Perspective. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15115-15139. [PMID: 33215494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has received increasing attention due to its immunosuppressive function in connection with various diseases, including cancer. A recent increase in the understanding of IDO1 has significantly contributed to the discovery of numerous novel inhibitors, but the latest clinical outcomes raised questions and have indicated a future direction of IDO1 inhibition for therapeutic approaches. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of IDO1, discussing the latest advances in understanding the IDO1 structure and mechanism, an overview of recent IDO1 inhibitor discoveries and potential therapeutic applications to provide helpful information for medicinal chemists investigating IDO1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - An Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211100, People's Republic of China
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25
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Ortiz-Meoz RF, Wang L, Matico R, Rutkowska-Klute A, De la Rosa M, Bedard S, Midgett R, Strohmer K, Thomson D, Zhang C, Mebrahtu M, Guss J, Totoritis R, Consler T, Campobasso N, Taylor D, Lewis T, Weaver K, Muelbaier M, Seal J, Dunham R, Kazmierski W, Favre D, Bergamini G, Shewchuk L, Rendina A, Zhang G. Characterization of Apo-Form Selective Inhibition of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase*. Chembiochem 2020; 22:516-522. [PMID: 32974990 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a heme-containing enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan (TRP) metabolism. As it is an inflammation-induced immunoregulatory enzyme, pharmacological inhibition of IDO1 activity is currently being pursued as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cancer and other disease states. As such, a detailed understanding of the mechanism of action of IDO1 inhibitors with various mechanisms of inhibition is of great interest. Comparison of an apo-form-binding IDO1 inhibitor (GSK5628) to the heme-coordinating compound, epacadostat (Incyte), allows us to explore the details of the apo-binding inhibition of IDO1. Herein, we demonstrate that GSK5628 inhibits IDO1 by competing with heme for binding to a heme-free conformation of the enzyme (apo-IDO1), whereas epacadostat coordinates its binding with the iron atom of the IDO1 heme cofactor. Comparison of these two compounds in cellular systems reveals a long-lasting inhibitory effect of GSK5628, previously undescribed for other known IDO1 inhibitors. Detailed characterization of this apo-binding mechanism for IDO1 inhibition might help design superior inhibitors or could confer a unique competitive advantage over other IDO1 inhibitors vis-à-vis specificity and pharmacokinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Ortiz-Meoz
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Rosalie Matico
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | | | - Martha De la Rosa
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sabrina Bedard
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Robert Midgett
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Katrin Strohmer
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Douglas Thomson
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cunyu Zhang
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Makda Mebrahtu
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jeffrey Guss
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Rachel Totoritis
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Thomas Consler
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Nino Campobasso
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - David Taylor
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Tia Lewis
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Kurt Weaver
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Marcel Muelbaier
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John Seal
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Richard Dunham
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wieslaw Kazmierski
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David Favre
- Infectious Diseases TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Five Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Giovanna Bergamini
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Shewchuk
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Alan Rendina
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Drug Design and Selection, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
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26
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Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors and strategies to reverse drug resistance in lung cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2020; 133:2444-2455. [PMID: 32969861 PMCID: PMC7575183 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the research of immune checkpoint inhibitors has made a great breakthrough in lung cancer treatment. Currently, a variety of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been applied into clinical practice, including antibodies targeting the programmed cell death-1, programmed cell death-ligand 1, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, and so on. However, not all patients can benefit from the treatment. Abnormal antigen presentation, functional gene mutation, tumor microenvironment, and other factors can lead to primary or secondary resistance. In this paper, we reviewed the molecular mechanism of immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance and various combination strategies to overcome resistance, in order to expand the beneficial population and enable precision medicine.
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Chen Y, Hu R, Li X, Shi Z, Tian H, Feng J, Yu S. B7-H4 and HHLA2, members of B7 family, are aberrantly expressed in EGFR mutated lung adenocarcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153134. [PMID: 32853956 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to find new immune targets for lung cancer with different EGFR mutant status, we describe differential expression profiles of checkpoint molecules of the new discovery B7 family member to find new immune targets for lung cancer with different EGFR statuses. METHODS We performed immunohistochemistry with antibodies of B7-H3, B7-H4, VISTA, B7-H6, HHLA2, IDO-1, PD-L1 and CD8 in lung adenocarcinoma tissues constructed from 372 cases in the discovery cohort and 231 cases in the validation set. The differential expression profiles of these indices in EGFR mutant and wild-type lung adenocarcinoma was described and compared. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, the median IHC scores of B7-H4 and HHLA2 for the EGFR mutant group were significantly higher than those in the wild-type group (median score [interquartile range], mutant vs. wild type: 3.250 [0-7.000] vs. 5.000 [1.000-7.000], P = 0.045 for B7-H4; 8.000 [6.000-10.500] vs. 7.000 [5.000-8.630] P = 0.003 for HHLA2). Meanwhile, the median IHC scores of IDO-1 and PD-L1 in the wild-type group were significantly higher than those in the mutant group (median score [interquartile range], mutant vs. wild type: 1.000 [0-5.000] vs. 3.000 [0-8.500], P = 0.000 for IDO-1; 0 [0-3.500] vs. 3.000 [0-6.000], P = 0.000 for PD-L1). Results above was confirmed in the discovery cohort. The increased CD8 and decreased HHLA2 expression levels were associated with long disease-free survival in lung adenocarcinoma (P = 0.000 for CD8 expression and P = 0.004 for HHLA2 expression). CONCLUSIONS B7-H4 and HHLA2 are promising immune targets for lung adenocarcinoma, especially for patients with EGFR mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ran Hu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoyou Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Jiangsu Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Radiotherapy, Xinyi People's Hospital, Xinyi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jifeng Feng
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shaorong Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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28
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Mandarano M, Bellezza G, Belladonna ML, Vannucci J, Gili A, Ferri I, Lupi C, Ludovini V, Falabella G, Metro G, Mondanelli G, Chiari R, Cagini L, Stracci F, Roila F, Puma F, Volpi C, Sidoni A. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 Immunohistochemical Expression in Resected Human Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Potential New Prognostic Tool. Front Immunol 2020; 11:839. [PMID: 32536910 PMCID: PMC7267213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is an analog of the tryptophan degrading and immunomodulating enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Although the role of IDO1 is largely understood, the function of IDO2 is not yet well-elucidated. IDO2 overexpression was documented in some human tumors, but the linkage between IDO2 expression and cancer progression is still unclear, in particular in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Immunohistochemical expression and cellular localization of IDO2 was evaluated on 191 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded resected NSCLC. Correlations between IDO2 expression, clinical-pathological data, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), immunosuppressive tumor molecules (IDO1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 - PD-L1 -) and patients' prognosis were evaluated. IDO2 high expression is strictly related to high PD-L1 level among squamous cell carcinomas group (p = 0.012), to either intratumoral or mixed localization of TILs (p < 0.001) and to adenocarcinoma histotype (p < 0.001). Furthermore, a significant correlation between IDO2 high expression and poor non-small cell lung cancer prognosis was detected (p = 0.011). The current study reaches interesting knowledge about IDO2 in non-small cell lung cancer. The close relationship between IDO2 expression, PD-L1 increased levels, TILs localization and NSCLC poor prognosis, assumed IDO2 as a potential prognostic biomarker to be exploited for optimizing innovative combined therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/surgery
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/surgery
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Mandarano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jacopo Vannucci
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Gili
- Section of Public Health, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivana Ferri
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Vienna Ludovini
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulia Falabella
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giulio Metro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rita Chiari
- Medical Oncology, Ospedali Riuniti Padova sud, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucio Cagini
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Stracci
- Section of Public Health, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Umbria Cancer Registry, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Roila
- Department of Medical Oncology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Puma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Differential Expression and Clinicopathological Significance of HER2, Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and PD-L1 in Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051265. [PMID: 32349330 PMCID: PMC7288001 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Evasion of the immune system by cancer cells allows for the progression of tumors. Antitumor immunotherapy has shown remarkable effects in a diverse range of cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the clinicopathological significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively studied 97 patients with UCB. We performed an immunohistochemical study to measure the expression levels of HER2, IDO, and PD-L1 in UCB tissue from these 97 patients. Results: In all 97 cases, the PD-L1 expression of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (ICs) was significantly correlated with higher pathologic tumor stage (pT). In pT2–pT4 cases (n = 69), higher levels of HER2 and IDO expression in invasive tumor cells (TCs) were associated with shorter periods of disease-free survival (DFS). Conclusion: These results imply that the expression of PD-L1 in ICs of the UCB microenvironment is associated with cancer invasion and the expression of HER2 or IDO in the invasive cancer cell and suggestive of the potential for cancer recurrence. We suggest that the expression levels of IDO, HER2, and PD-L1 could be useful as targets in the development of combined cancer immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Han Y, Zhu L, Wu W, Zhang H, Hu W, Dai L, Yang Y. Small Molecular Immune Modulators as Anticancer Agents. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:547-618. [PMID: 32185725 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
After decades of intense effort, immune checkpoint inhibitors have been conclusively demonstrated to be effective in cancer treatments and thus are revolutionizing the concepts in the treatment of cancers. Immuno-oncology has arrived and will play a key role in cancer treatment in the foreseeable future. However, efforts to find novel methods to improve the immune response to cancer have not ceased. Small-molecule approaches offer inherent advantages over biologic immunotherapies since they can cross cell membranes, penetrate into tumor tissue and tumor microenvironment more easily, and are amenable to be finely controlled than biological agents, which may help reduce immune-related adverse events seen with biologic therapies and provide more flexibility for the combination use with other therapies and superior clinical benefit. On the one hand, small-molecule therapies can modulate the immune response to cancer by restoring the antitumor immunity, promoting more effective cytotoxic lymphocyte responses, and regulating tumor microenvironment, either directly or epigenetically. On the other hand, the combination of different mechanisms of small molecules with antibodies and other biologics demonstrated admirable synergistic effect in clinical settings for cancer treatment and may expand antibodies' usefulness for broader clinical applications. This chapter provides an overview of small-molecule immunotherapeutic approaches either as monotherapy or in combination for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Han
- Lapam Capital LLC., 17C1, Tower 2, Xizhimenwai Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Li Zhu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Wu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Hu
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Liguang Dai
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yanqing Yang
- PrimeGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
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Kang C, Jeong SY, Song SY, Choi EK. The emerging role of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol J 2020; 38:1-10. [PMID: 32229803 PMCID: PMC7113146 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2019.00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been used for decades as one of the main treatment modalities for cancer patients. The therapeutic effect of RT has been primarily ascribed to DNA damage leading to tumor cell death. Besides direct tumoricidal effect, RT affects antitumor responses through immune-mediated mechanism, which provides a rationale for combining RT and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Thus far, for the combined treatment with RT, numerous studies have focused on the immune checkpoint inhibitors and have shown promising results. However, treatment resistance is still common, and one of the main resistance mechanisms is thought to be due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment where myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a crucial role. MDSCs are immature myeloid cells with a strong immunosuppressive activity. MDSC frequency is correlated with tumor progression, recurrence, negative clinical outcome, and reduced efficacy of immunotherapy. Therefore, increasing efforts to target MDSCs have been made to overcome the resistance in cancer treatments. In this review, we focus on the role of MDSCs in RT and highlight growing evidence for targeting MDSCs in combination with RT to improve cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhee Kang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Yun Jeong
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Yeol Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Opitz CA, Somarribas Patterson LF, Mohapatra SR, Dewi DL, Sadik A, Platten M, Trump S. The therapeutic potential of targeting tryptophan catabolism in cancer. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:30-44. [PMID: 31819194 PMCID: PMC6964670 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on its effects on both tumour cell intrinsic malignant properties as well as anti-tumour immune responses, tryptophan catabolism has emerged as an important metabolic regulator of cancer progression. Three enzymes, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 and 2 (IDO1/2) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), catalyse the first step of the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) to kynurenine (Kyn). The notion of inhibiting IDO1 using small-molecule inhibitors elicited high hopes of a positive impact in the field of immuno-oncology, by restoring anti-tumour immune responses and synergising with other immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibition. However, clinical trials with IDO1 inhibitors have yielded disappointing results, hence raising many questions. This review will discuss strategies to target Trp-degrading enzymes and possible down-stream consequences of their inhibition. We aim to provide comprehensive background information on Trp catabolic enzymes as targets in immuno-oncology and their current state of development. Details of the clinical trials with IDO1 inhibitors, including patient stratification, possible effects of the inhibitors themselves, effects of pre-treatments and the therapies the inhibitors were combined with, are discussed and mechanisms proposed that might have compensated for IDO1 inhibition. Finally, alternative approaches are suggested to circumvent these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane A Opitz
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Luis F Somarribas Patterson
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Soumya R Mohapatra
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dyah L Dewi
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery - Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada/Dr Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmed Sadik
- DKTK Brain Cancer Metabolism Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Saskia Trump
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Unit for Molecular Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
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Zou Y, Hu Y, Ge S, Zheng Y, Li Y, Liu W, Guo W, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Lai Y. Effective Virtual Screening Strategy toward heme-containing proteins: Identification of novel IDO1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Wang H, Mustafa A, Liu S, Liu J, Lv D, Yang H, Zou J. Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Toxicity in Head and Neck Cancer: From Identification to Management. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1254. [PMID: 31708780 PMCID: PMC6819434 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from the continuously clarifying underlying biology of immune checkpoints and ligand–receptor interactions, the emergence of new anticancer treatment strategy, immunotherapy has shown substantial benefits on several liquid and solid tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can block the negative regulatory components and enhance the T cell function, thus leading to prominent anticancer activity. On account of their promising effect on various malignancies shown in clinical trials, ICIs have been considered to be the most potent anticancer agents in the near future. Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common neoplasm worldwide, and the gross 5-year survival rate was only 60%. Managing locoregionally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic head and neck tumors is still a challenging problem for both oncologists and surgeons. Recent clinical trials employing the immune-modulating antibodies that target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) herald a new era of anticancer therapy. However, like all other anticancer drugs, ICIs also have side effects while upregulating the immune system to enhance antitumor response, which were known as immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Generally, most irAEs were transient, but sometimes they can cause serious organ dysfunction, even fatal. In addition, due to the distinct anatomical feature, advanced head and neck tumors often affect the upper aerodigestive tract and cause serious dyspnea or dysphagia. Toxicities of ICIs may be more lethal for such patients. Thus, with the increasing application of anti-checkpoint agents in head and neck cancer, there is urgent need to ascertain the safety of this novel treatment strategy. Here, we compile this review of existing clinical trials on the toxicity of ICIs during cancer treatment. The particular clinical manifestation, characteristics of complication development in fatal cases, and the management strategies were discussed. This may provide vital information for future oncology trials and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Abdulkadir Mustafa
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Solinas C, Migliori E, De Silva P, Willard-Gallo K. LAG3: The Biological Processes That Motivate Targeting This Immune Checkpoint Molecule in Human Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1213. [PMID: 31434339 PMCID: PMC6721578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway is an important regulator of immune responses in peripheral tissues, including abnormal situations such as the tumor microenvironment. This pathway is currently the principal target for immunotherapeutic compounds designed to block immune checkpoint pathways, with these drugs improving clinical outcomes in a number of solid and hematological tumors. Medical oncology is experiencing an immune revolution that has scientists and clinicians looking at alternative, non-redundant inhibitory pathways also involved in regulating immune responses in cancer. A variety of targets have emerged for combinatorial approaches in immune checkpoint blockade. The main purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the biological role of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3), an emerging targetable inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule. We briefly discuss its role in infection, autoimmune disease and cancer, with a more detailed analysis of current data on LAG3 expression in breast cancer. Current clinical trials testing soluble LAG3 immunoglobulin and LAG3 antagonists are also presented in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Solinas
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Valle d'Aosta, Regional Hospital of Aosta, 11100 Aosta, Italy
| | - Edoardo Migliori
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pushpamali De Silva
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Willard-Gallo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Jahchan NS, Mujal AM, Pollack JL, Binnewies M, Sriram V, Reyno L, Krummel MF. Tuning the Tumor Myeloid Microenvironment to Fight Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1611. [PMID: 31402908 PMCID: PMC6673698 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) of diverse cancer types is often characterized by high levels of infiltrating myeloid cells including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. These cells perform a variety of functions in the TME, varying from immune suppressive to immune stimulatory roles. In this review, we summarize the different myeloid cell populations in the TME and the intratumoral myeloid targeting approaches that are being clinically investigated, and discuss strategies that identify new myeloid subpopulations within the TME. The TME therapies include agents that modulate the functional activities of myeloid populations, that impact recruitment and survival of myeloid subpopulations, and that functionally reprogram or activate myeloid populations. We discuss the benefits, limitations and potential side effects of these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana M. Mujal
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Leonard Reyno
- Pionyr Immunotherapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Matthew F. Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Li Y, Zhang T, Liu Q, He J. PEG-Derivatized Dual-Functional Nanomicelles for Improved Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31379579 PMCID: PMC6659352 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymeric micelles have attracted considerable attention for effective delivery of poorly water-soluble cancer drugs. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), which has been approved for human use by the US Food and Drug Administration, is the most commonly used hydrophilic component of polymeric micelles because it is biocompatible and biodegradable. One disadvantage of traditional polymeric micelles is that they include a large amount of inert carrier materials, which do not contribute to therapeutic activity but increase cost and toxicity risk. A better alternative may be "dual-functional" micellar carriers, in which the hydrophobic carrier material (conjugated to PEG) has intrinsic therapeutic activity that complements, or even synergizes with, the antitumor activity of the drug cargo. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of PEG-derivatized dual-functional nanomicelles and surveys the evidence of their feasibility and promise for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Li
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kon E, Benhar I. Immune checkpoint inhibitor combinations: Current efforts and important aspects for success. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 45:13-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wen H, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang T, Zhang G, Chen X, Li Y, Cui H, Lai F, Sheng L. Design and Synthesis of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Inhibitors and Evaluation of Their Use as Anti-Tumor Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112124. [PMID: 31195673 PMCID: PMC6600671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) 1 is the key enzyme for regulating tryptophan metabolism and is an important target for interrupting tumor immune escape. In this study, we designed four series of compounds as potential IDO1 inhibitors by attaching various fragments or ligands to indole or phenylimidazole scaffolds to improve binding to IDO1. The compounds were synthesized and their inhibitory activities against IDO1 and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase were evaluated. The cytotoxicities of the compounds against two tumor cell lines were also determined. Two compounds with a phenylimidazole scaffold (DX-03-12 and DX-03-13) showed potent IDO1 inhibition with IC50 values of 0.3–0.5 μM. These two IDO1 inhibitors showed low cell cytotoxicity, which indicated that they may exert their anti-tumor effect via immune modulation. Compound DX-03-12 was investigated further by determining the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile and anti-tumor efficacy. The pharmacokinetic study revealed that DX-03-12 had satisfactory properties in mice, with rapid absorption, moderate plasma clearance (∼36% of hepatic blood flow), acceptable half-life (∼4.6 h), and high oral bioavailability (∼96%). Daily oral administration of 60 mg/kg of compound DX-03-12 decreased tumor growth by 72.2% after 19 days in a mouse melanoma cell B16-F10 xenograft model compared with the untreated control. Moreover, there was no obvious weight loss in DX-03-12-treated mice. In conclusion, compound DX-03-12 is a potent lead compound for developing IDO1 inhibitors and anti-tumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuke Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Shufang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Huaqing Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Fangfang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Li Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China.
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Hu H, Li M, Wu D, Li Z, Miao R, Liu Y, Gong P. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel aryl-acrylic derivatives as novel indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3135-3144. [PMID: 31178268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two series of novel aryl-acrylic derivatives were designed, synthesized, and screened in enzymatic and cellular inhibitory activities. All compounds showed moderate to significant potency. The SAR analyses indicated that the semicarbazone linker is better than the 1,2,3-triazole linker. Among semicarbazone compounds that R1 bearing di-chain amino groups exhibited superior activities to those with morpholino group. Furthermore, compounds with electron-withdrawing groups at the 2-position or 4-position on the terminal phenyl ring were more active. Among these, compounds 7g, 7i, 7m and 7n exhibited the inhibitory potency in the low micromolar range and displayed negligible level of cytotoxicity against normal HeLa cells. In addition, the study suggested that the aryl-acrylic is an interesting novel scaffold for IDO1 inhibition for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Miao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Chen S, Song Z, Zhang A. Small-Molecule Immuno-Oncology Therapy: Advances, Challenges and New Directions. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:180-185. [PMID: 30854972 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190308131805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oncology immunotherapy has gained significant advances in recent years and benefits cancer patients with superior efficacy and superior clinical responses. Currently over ten immune checkpoint antibodies targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1/PD-L1 have received regulatory approval worldwide and over thousands are under active clinical trials. However, compared to the rapid advance of Monoclonal Antibody (mAb), studies on immunotherapeutic small molecules have far lagged behind. Small molecule immunotherapy not only can target immunosuppressive mechanisms similar to mAbs, but also can stimulate intracellular pathways downstream of checkpoint proteins in innate or adaptive immune cells that mAbs are unable to access. Therefore, small molecule immunotherapy can provide an alternative treatment modality either alone or complementary to or synergistic with extracellular checkpoint mAbs to address low clinical response and drug resistance. Fortunately, remarkable progress has achieved recently in the pursuit of small molecule immunotherapy. This review intends to provide a timely highlight on those clinically investigated small molecules targeting PD-1/PD-L1, IDO1, and STING. The most advanced IDO1 inhibitor epacadostat have been aggressively progressed into multiple clinical testings. Small molecule PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and STING activators are still in a premature state and their decisive application needs to wait for the ongoing clinical outcomes. Since no small molecule immunotherapy has been approved yet, the future research should continue to focus on discovery of novel small molecules with distinct chemo-types and higher potency, identification of biomarkers to precisely stratify patients, as well as validation of many other immune-therapeutic targets, such as LAG3, KIRs, TIM-3, VISTA, B7-H3, and TIGIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zilan Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research and the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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