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Kuah AH, Sattgast LH, Grant KA, Gonzales SW, Khadka R, Damrath JG, Allen MR, Burr DB, Wallace JM, Maddalozzo GF, Benton ML, Beaver LM, Branscum AJ, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Six months of voluntary alcohol consumption in male cynomolgus macaques reduces intracortical bone porosity without altering mineralization or mechanical properties. Bone 2024; 185:117111. [PMID: 38679220 PMCID: PMC466935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a risk factor for low trauma bone fracture. Using a non-human primate model of voluntary alcohol consumption, we investigated the effects of 6 months of ethanol intake on cortical bone in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Young adult (6.4 ± 0.1 years old, mean ± SE) male cynomolgus macaques (n = 17) were subjected to a 4-month graded ethanol induction period, followed by voluntary self-administration of water or ethanol (4 % w/v) for 22 h/d, 7 d/wk. for 6 months. Control animals (n = 6) consumed an isocaloric maltose-dextrin solution. Tibial response was evaluated using densitometry, microcomputed tomography, histomorphometry, biomechanical testing, and Raman spectroscopy. Global bone response was evaluated using biochemical markers of bone turnover. Monkeys in the ethanol group consumed an average of 2.3 ± 0.2 g/kg/d ethanol resulting in a blood ethanol concentration of 90 ± 12 mg/dl in longitudinal samples taken 7 h after the daily session began. Ethanol consumption had no effect on tibia length, mass, density, mechanical properties, or mineralization (p > 0.642). However, compared to controls, ethanol intake resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in intracortical bone porosity (Spearman rank correlation = -0.770; p < 0.0001) and compared to baseline, a strong tendency (p = 0.058) for lower plasma CTX, a biochemical marker of global bone resorption. These findings are important because suppressed cortical bone remodeling can result in a decrease in bone quality. In conclusion, intracortical bone porosity was reduced to subnormal values 6 months following initiation of voluntary ethanol consumption but other measures of tibia architecture, mineralization, or mechanics were not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amida H Kuah
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Lara H Sattgast
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Steven W Gonzales
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Rupak Khadka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - John G Damrath
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gianni F Maddalozzo
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | | | - Laura M Beaver
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Nutrition and Public Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Sharma A, Michels LV, Pitsillides AA, Greeves J, Plotkin LI, Cardo V, Sims NA, Clarkin CE. Sexing Bones: Improving Transparency of Sex Reporting to Address Bias Within Preclinical Studies. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:5-13. [PMID: 36301601 PMCID: PMC10099537 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite knowledge that sexually dimorphic mechanisms regulate bone homeostasis, sex often remains unreported and unconsidered in preclinical experimental design. Failure to report sex could lead to inappropriate generalizations of research findings and less effective translation into clinical practice. Preclinical sex bias (preferential selection of one sex) is present across other fields, including neuroscience and immunology, but remains uninvestigated in skeletal research. For context, we first summarized key literature describing sexually dimorphic bone phenotypes in mice. We then investigated sex reporting practices in skeletal research, specifically how customary it is for murine sex to be included in journal article titles or abstracts and then determined whether any bias in sex reporting exists. Because sex hormones are important regulators of bone health (gonadectomy procedures, ie, ovariectomy [OVX] and orchidectomy [ORX], are common yet typically not reported with sex), we incorporated reporting of OVX and ORX terms, representing female and male mice, respectively, into our investigations around sex bias. Between 1999 and 2020, inclusion of sex in titles or abstracts was low in murine skeletal studies (2.6%-4.06%). Reporting of OVX and ORX terms was low (1.44%-2.64%) and reporting of OVX and ORX with sex uncommon (0.4%-0.3%). When studies were combined to include both sexes and OVX (representing female) and ORX terms (representing male), a bias toward reporting of female mice was evident. However, when the terms OVX and ORX were removed, a bias toward the use of male mice was identified. Thus, studies focusing on sex hormones are biased toward female reporting with all other studies biased in reporting of male mice. We now call upon journal editors to introduce consistent guidance for transparent and accessible reporting of murine sex in skeletal research to better monitor preclinical sex bias, to diversify development of treatments for bone health, and to enable global skeletal health equity. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikta Sharma
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Lysanne V Michels
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew A Pitsillides
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Julie Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Ministry of Defence, Andover, UK
| | - Lillian I Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Valentina Cardo
- Winchester School of Art, University of Southampton, Winchester, UK
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Claire E Clarkin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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Similarities and Differences in Bone Mineral Density between Multiple Sites in the Same Individual: An Elderly Cadaveric Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:6094663. [PMID: 35711524 PMCID: PMC9197619 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6094663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is known to vary based on various factors, and the degree of variation is site-specific. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between bone density at trabecular bone-rich and cortical bone-rich sites in the same individual. In this study, we attempted to measure BMD at multiple sites using whole-body computed tomography images taken immediately after death and to clarify the similarities and differences between skeletal sites. Additionally, we aimed to examine the factors that influence changes in BMD, such as the loading environment, bone microstructure, and the ossification process of each skeletal region. A 3D model containing BMD data of the skull, clavicle, lumbar vertebrae, and femur (neck and diaphysis) was created using computed tomography images taken immediately after the death of 60 individuals (28 men and 32 women, average age: 84.0 years) who consented to participate in the study before death. Arbitrary measurement sites were defined, and bone density was measured at each site. We found that the BMDs of all regions were negatively correlated with age, but this correlation was weaker in the skull than in other regions. The negative correlation was especially pronounced in areas with more trabecular bones in men and in areas with more cortical bones in women. Furthermore, these findings suggest that factors, such as the loading environment, bone microstructure, and the ossification process of the skeletal sites, affect the BMD. Furthermore, our results suggest that it is important to assess the BMD of cortical bone in older women.
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Kim HJ, Kim WJ, Shin HR, Yoon HI, Moon JI, Lee E, Lim JM, Cho YD, Lee MH, Kim HG, Ryoo HM. ROS-induced PADI2 downregulation accelerates cellular senescence via the stimulation of SASP production and NFκB activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:155. [PMID: 35218410 PMCID: PMC8882118 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is closely related to tissue aging including bone. Bone homeostasis is maintained by the tight balance between bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, but it undergoes deregulation with age, causing age-associated osteoporosis, a main cause of which is osteoblast dysfunction. Oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bone tissues with aging can accelerate osteoblast senescence and dysfunction. However, the regulatory mechanism that controls the ROS-induced senescence of osteoblasts is poorly understood. Here, we identified Peptidyl arginine deiminase 2 (PADI2), a post-translational modifying enzyme, as a regulator of ROS-accelerated senescence of osteoblasts via RNA-sequencing and further functional validations. PADI2 downregulation by treatment with H2O2 or its siRNA promoted cellular senescence and suppressed osteoblast differentiation. CCL2, 5, and 7 known as the elements of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which is a secretome including proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines emitted by senescent cells and a representative feature of senescence, were upregulated by H2O2 treatment or Padi2 knockdown. Furthermore, blocking these SASP factors with neutralizing antibodies or siRNAs alleviated the senescence and dysfunction of osteoblasts induced by H2O2 treatment or Padi2 knockdown. The elevated production of these SASP factors was mediated by the activation of NFκB signaling pathway. The inhibition of NFκB using the pharmacological inhibitor or siRNA effectively relieved H2O2 treatment- or Padi2 knockdown-induced senescence and osteoblast dysfunction. Together, our study for the first time uncover the role of PADI2 in ROS-accelerated cellular senescence of osteoblasts and provide new mechanistic and therapeutic insights into excessive ROS-promoted cellular senescence and aging-related bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee-In Yoon
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-I Moon
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Muk Lim
- Biomedical Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Alopax-Algo, Co. Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Dan Cho
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Hye Lee
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong-Gee Kim
- Biomedical Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Lu D, Demissie S, Horowitz NB, Gower AC, Lenburg ME, Alekseyev YO, Hussein AI, Bragdon B, Liu Y, Daukss D, Page JM, Webster MZ, Schlezinger JJ, Morgan EF, Gerstenfeld LC. Temporal and Quantitative Transcriptomic Differences Define Sexual Dimorphism in Murine Postnatal Bone Aging. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10579. [PMID: 35229061 PMCID: PMC8861981 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Time is a central element of the sexual dimorphic patterns of development, pathology, and aging of the skeleton. Because the transcriptome is a representation of the phenome, we hypothesized that both sex and sex‐specific temporal, transcriptomic differences in bone tissues over an 18‐month period would be informative to the underlying molecular processes that lead to postnatal sexual dimorphism. Regardless of age, sex‐associated changes of the whole bone transcriptomes were primarily associated not only with bone but also vascular and connective tissue ontologies. A pattern‐based approach used to screen the entire Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database against those that were sex‐specific in bone identified two coordinately regulated gene sets: one related to high phosphate–induced aortic calcification and one induced by mechanical stimulation in bone. Temporal clustering of the transcriptome identified two skeletal tissue‐associated, sex‐specific patterns of gene expression. One set of genes, associated with skeletal patterning and morphology, showed peak expression earlier in females. The second set of genes, associated with coupled remodeling, had quantitatively higher expression in females and exhibited a broad peak between 3 to 12 months, concurrent with the animals' reproductive period. Results of phenome‐level structural assessments of the tibia and vertebrae, and in vivo and in vitro analysis of cells having osteogenic potential, were consistent with the existence of functionally unique, skeletogenic cell populations that are separately responsible for appositional growth and intramedullary functions. These data suggest that skeletal sexual dimorphism arises through sex‐specific, temporally different processes controlling morphometric growth and later coupled remodeling of the skeleton during the reproductive period of the animal. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darlene Lu
- Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Nina B Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Adam C Gower
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Department of Medicine, Section of Computational Biomedicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Yuriy O Alekseyev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Amira I Hussein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Beth Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Dana Daukss
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Jack M Page
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
| | - Micheal Z Webster
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Boston MA USA
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health Boston University School of Public Health Boston MA USA
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Boston MA USA
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Boston University School of Medicine Boston MA USA
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Du J, Hartley C, Brooke-Wavell K, Paggiosi MA, Walsh JS, Li S, Silberschmidt VV. High-impact exercise stimulated localised adaptation of microarchitecture across distal tibia in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:907-919. [PMID: 33196852 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We provided evidence that a 6-month regular hopping exercise intervention can increase trabecular number and possibly trabecular volume fraction of the distal tibia. Our novel localised analysis demonstrated region-specific changes, predominantly in the anterior region, in postmenopausal women. INTRODUCTION The localisation of bone remodelling and microarchitectural adaptation to exercise loading has not been demonstrated previously in vivo in humans. The aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of using 3D image registration and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) to investigate the effect of high-impact exercise on human trabecular bone variables and remodelling rate across the distal tibia. METHODS Ten postmenopausal women were recruited for 6-month unilateral hopping exercises, with HR-pQCT scans taken of both exercise leg (EL) and control leg (CL) for each participant before and after the intervention. A 3D image registration was used to ensure measurements were taken at the same region. Short-term reproducibility tests were conducted prior to the assessment using identical setup. The results were assessed comparing CL and EL, and interaction (time × leg) using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). RESULTS Across the whole tibia, we observed significant increases in trabecular number (Tb.N) (+ 4.4%) and trabecular bone formation rate (tBFR) (3.3%), and a non-significant increase in trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) (+ 1%) in the EL. Regional resorption was higher in the CL than the EL, with this difference being statistically significant at the lateral tibia. In the EL, tBFR was significantly higher in the anterior region than the medial but a trabecular bone resorption rate (tBRR) showed no significant regional variation. Conversely in the CL, both tBFR and tBRR were significantly higher in the anterior and lateral than the medial region. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that it was possible to detect exercise-related bone adaptation with 3D registration of HR-pQCT scan data. Regular hopping exercise increased Tb.N and possibly BV/TV across the whole distal tibia. A novel finding of the study was that tBFR and tBRR responses to loading were localised: changes were achieved by formation rate exceeding resorption rate in the exercise leg, both globally and at the anterior region where turnover was greatest. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov : NCT03225703.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Du
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - C Hartley
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - K Brooke-Wavell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - M A Paggiosi
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - J S Walsh
- Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Li
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK.
| | - V V Silberschmidt
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
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Chang B, Liu X. Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:261-278. [PMID: 33487116 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone is composed of dense and solid cortical bone and honeycomb-like trabecular bone. Although cortical bone provides the majority of mechanical strength for a bone, there are few studies focusing on cortical bone repair or regeneration. Osteons (the Haversian system) form structural and functional units of cortical bone. In recent years, emerging evidences have shown that the osteon structure (including osteocytes, lamellae, lacunocanalicular network, and Haversian canals) plays critical roles in bone mechanics and turnover. Therefore, reconstruction of the osteon structure is crucial for cortical bone regeneration. This article provides a systematic summary of recent advances in osteons, including the structure, function, turnover, and regenerative strategies. First, the hierarchical structure of osteons is illustrated and the critical functions of osteons in bone dynamics are introduced. Next, the modeling and remodeling processes of osteons at a cellular level and the turnover of osteons in response to mechanical loading and aging are emphasized. Furthermore, several bioengineering approaches that were recently developed to recapitulate the osteon structure are highlighted. Impact statement This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in osteons, especially the roles in bone formation, remodeling, and regeneration. Besides introducing the hierarchical structure and critical functions of osteons, we elucidate the modeling and remodeling of osteons at a cellular level. Specifically, we highlight the bioengineering approaches that were recently developed to mimic the hierarchical structure of osteons. We expect that this review will provide informative insights and attract increasing attentions in orthopedic community, shedding light on cortical bone regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
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8
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LaCombe JM, Roper RJ. Skeletal dynamics of Down syndrome: A developing perspective. Bone 2020; 133:115215. [PMID: 31887437 PMCID: PMC7044033 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) display distinctive skeletal morphology compared to the general population, but disparate descriptions, methodologies, analyses, and populations sampled have led to diverging conclusions about this unique skeletal phenotype. As individuals with DS are living longer, they may be at a higher risk of aging disorders such as osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Sexual dimorphism has been suggested between males and females with DS in which males, not females, experience an earlier decline in bone mineral density (BMD). Unfortunately, studies focusing on skeletal health related to Trisomy 21 (Ts21) are few in number and often too underpowered to answer questions about skeletal development, resultant osteoporosis, and sexual dimorphism, especially in stages of bone accrual. Further confounding the field are the varied methods of bone imaging, analysis, and data interpretation. This review takes a critical look at the current knowledge of DS skeletal phenotypes, both from human and mouse studies, and presents knowledge gaps that need to be addressed, differences in research methodologies and analyses that affect the interpretation of results, and proposes guidelines for overcoming obstacles to understand skeletal traits associated with DS. By examining our current knowledge of bone in individuals with Ts21, a trajectory for future studies may be established to provide meaningful solutions for understanding the development of and improving skeletal structures in individuals with and without DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M LaCombe
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, United States of America
| | - Randall J Roper
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, United States of America.
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9
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Chuang TL, Chuang MH, Koo M, Lin CH, Wang YF. Association of bone mineral density and trabecular bone score with cardiovascular disease. Tzu Chi Med J 2020; 32:234-239. [PMID: 32955509 PMCID: PMC7485677 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_234_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are considered as separate chronic diseases. Increasing evidence now links osteoporosis with hypertension, abnormal lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, vascular calcification (VC), and congestive heart failure. VC coexists with bone loss, and aortic calcification is a strong predictor of low bone mineral density (BMD) and fragility fractures. The same holds true for coronary artery calcification (CAC): the lower the BMD, the higher the CAC. Trabecular bone score (TBS) iNsight software can analyze the existing BMD database to obtain the bony microstructure score (TBS). Many TBS-related studies include fracture risk, normal aging, diabetes, potential genes, obesity, and asthma severity prediction. The inverse relationship of TBS to VC may provide insight into bone–vascular interactions in chronic kidney disease. A higher TBS has been associated with moderate, but not high, CAC. One explanation is that bone microstructural remodeling becomes more active during early coronary calcification. Increased risk of 10-year likelihood of hip fracture and major osteoporotic fracture as estimated by the fracture risk assessment tool FRAX® is significantly and independently associated with more severe CAC scores. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and FRAX® can be used to predict fracture risk and CAC scores, identifying patients who may benefit from early intervention. This review will discuss the relationship and possible mechanism of BMD, TBS, and FRAX® with CVD and VC or CAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzyy-Ling Chuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hua Chuang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Malcolm Koo
- Graduate Institute of Long-Term Care, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Center of Preventive Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Chiayi, Taiwan
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10
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Baraghithy S, Smoum R, Attar-Namdar M, Mechoulam R, Bab I, Tam J. HU-671, a Novel Oleoyl Serine Derivative, Exhibits Enhanced Efficacy in Reversing Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis and Bone Marrow Adiposity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203719. [PMID: 31623098 PMCID: PMC6832161 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oleoyl serine (OS), an endogenous fatty acyl amide (FAA) found in bone, has been shown to have an anti-osteoporotic effect. OS, being an amide, can be hydrolyzed in the body by amidases. Hindering its amide bond by introducing adjacent substituents has been demonstrated as a successful method for prolonging its skeletal activity. Here, we tested the therapeutic efficacy of two methylated OS derivatives, oleoyl α-methyl serine (HU-671) and 2-methyl-oleoyl serine (HU-681), in an ovariectomized mouse model for osteoporosis by utilizing combined micro-computed tomography, histomorphometry, and cell culture analyses. Our findings indicate that daily treatment for 6 weeks with OS or HU-671 completely rescues bone loss, whereas HU-681 has only a partial effect. The increased bone density was primarily due to enhanced trabecular thickness and number. Moreover, the most effective dose of HU-671 was 0.5 mg/kg/day, an order of magnitude lower than with OS. The reversal of bone loss resulted from increased bone formation and decreased bone resorption, as well as reversal of bone marrow adiposity. These results were further confirmed by determining the serum levels of osteocalcin and type 1 collagen C-terminal crosslinks, as well as demonstrating the enhanced antiadipogenic effect of HU-671. Taken together, these data suggest that methylation interferes with OS’s metabolism, thus enhancing its effects by extending its availability to its target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Baraghithy
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
| | - Reem Smoum
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Malka Attar-Namdar
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
| | - Itai Bab
- Bone Laboratory, Institute for Dental Research, Faculty of Dentistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; (R.S.)
| | - Joseph Tam
- Obesity and Metabolism Laboratory, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2-6757645; Fax: +972-2-6757015
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Hartrampf LCM, Winzek CF, Kampschulte M, Pons‑Kühnemann J, Saternus KS, Dettmeyer R, Birngruber CG. Zur Geschlechts- und Altersabhängigkeit der Ossifikation der Cartilago thyroidea. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-019-0300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Samiei M, Janjić K, Cvikl B, Moritz A, Agis H. The role of sclerostin and dickkopf-1 in oral tissues - A review from the perspective of the dental disciplines. F1000Res 2019; 8:128. [PMID: 31031968 PMCID: PMC6468704 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.17801.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is of high relevance in the development, homeostasis, and regeneration of oral tissues. Therefore, Wnt signaling is considered to be a potential target for therapeutic strategies. The action of Wnt is tightly controlled by the inhibitors sclerostin (SOST) and Dickkopf (DKK)-1. Given the impact of SOST and DKK-1 in hard tissue formation, related diseases and healing, it is of high relevance to understand their role in oral tissues. The clinical relevance of this knowledge is further underlined by systemic and local approaches which are currently in development for treating a variety of diseases such as osteoporosis and inflammatory hard tissue resorption. In this narrative review, we summarize the current knowledge and understanding on the Wnt signaling inhibitors SOST and DKK-1, and their role in physiology, pathology, and regeneration in oral tissues. We present this role from the perspective of the different specialties in dentistry, including endodontics, orthodontics, periodontics, and oral surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Samiei
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Klara Janjić
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Barbara Cvikl
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Andreas Moritz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
| | - Hermann Agis
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, 1200, Austria
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13
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Martini D, Guareschi C, Biasini B, Bedogni G, Galli C, Angelino D, Marchi L, Zavaroni I, Pruneti C, Ventura M, Galli D, Mirandola P, Vitale M, Dei Cas A, Bonadonna RC, Passeri G, Del Rio D. Claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement for health claims proposed under Regulation (EC) 1924/2006 in the framework of bone health. PHARMANUTRITION 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Chevalier T, Clarys JP, Lefèvre P, Beauthier JP, Louryan S, Cattrysse E. Body mass prediction from femoral volume and sixteen other femoral variables in the elderly: BMI and adipose tissue effects. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 166:26-42. [PMID: 29345302 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The frequently used prediction equations of body mass do not seem appropriate for elderly individuals. Here, we establish the relationship between femoral dimensions and known body mass in elderly individuals in order to develop prediction formulas and identify the factors affecting their accuracy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The body mass linear least-squares regression is based on 17 femoral dimensions, including femoral volume, and 66 individuals. Body proportion and composition effects on accuracy are analyzed by means of the body mass index (BMI) and on a subset sample (n = 25), by means of the masses of adipose, bone and muscle tissues. RESULTS Most variables significantly reflect body mass. Among them, six dimensions (e.g., biepicondylar breadth, femoral volume, and head femoral diameter) present percent standard errors of estimate ranging from 9.5 to 11% (r = 0.72-0.81) in normal BMI samples. Correlations are clearly lower in samples with normal and abnormal BMI [r = 0.38-0.58; % of standard error of estimate (SEE) = 17.3-19.6%] and not significantly correlated in females (femoral volume) who present high proportions of abnormal BMI and adipose tissue. In the subset, femoral volume is well correlated with bone mass (r = 0.88; %SEE = 7.9%) and lean body mass (r = 0.67; %SEE = 17.2%). DISCUSSION Our body mass estimation equations for elderly individuals are relevant since relatively low correlations are recurrent in studies using younger individuals of known body mass. However, age, sex, lifestyle, and skeleton considerations of studied populations can provide information about the relevance of the body mass estimation, which is dependent on the BMI classification and the proportion of adipose tissue. Our general considerations can be used for studies of younger individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Chevalier
- UMR7194/HNHP, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre Européen de Recherches Préhistoriques de Tautavel (EPCC-CERP), Tautavel, France
| | - Jan Pieter Clarys
- Radiology Department, UZ Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Experimental Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lefèvre
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Forensic Anthropology Unit, Faculty of Medecine-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pol Beauthier
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Forensic Anthropology Unit, Faculty of Medecine-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Louryan
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis (LABO), Forensic Anthropology Unit, Faculty of Medecine-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erik Cattrysse
- Department of Experimental Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Ixelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Tiede-Lewis LM, Xie Y, Hulbert MA, Campos R, Dallas MR, Dusevich V, Bonewald LF, Dallas SL. Degeneration of the osteocyte network in the C57BL/6 mouse model of aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2017; 9:2190-2208. [PMID: 29074822 PMCID: PMC5680562 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss and associated fracture risk are major problems in musculoskeletal health. Osteocytes have emerged as key regulators of bone mass and as a therapeutic target for preventing bone loss. As aging is associated with changes in the osteocyte lacunocanalicular system, we focused on the responsible cellular mechanisms in osteocytes. Bone phenotypic analysis was performed in young-(5mo) and aged-(22mo) C57BL/6 mice and changes in bone structure/geometry correlated with alterations in osteocyte parameters determined using novel multiplexed-3D-confocal imaging techniques. Age-related bone changes analogous to those in humans were observed, including increased cortical diameter, decreased cortical thickness, reduced trabecular BV/TV and cortical porosities. This was associated with a dramatic reduction in osteocyte dendrite number and cell density, particularly in females, where osteocyte dendricity decreased linearly from 5, 12, 18 to 22mo and correlated significantly with cortical bone parameters. Reduced dendricity preceded decreased osteocyte number, suggesting dendrite loss may trigger loss of viability. Age-related degeneration of osteocyte networks may impair bone anabolic responses to loading and gender differences in osteocyte cell body and lacunar fluid volumes we observed in aged mice may lead to gender-related differences in mechanosensitivity. Therapies to preserve osteocyte dendricity and viability may be beneficial for bone health in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeAnn M. Tiede-Lewis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Yixia Xie
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Molly A. Hulbert
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Richard Campos
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Mark R. Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Vladimir Dusevich
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Lynda F. Bonewald
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sarah L. Dallas
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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16
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Van Minh N, Hamada Y. Age-related changes of sulcal imprints on the endocranium in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:285-294. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Minh
- Faculty of Forestry; University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue; Thua Thien Hue Vietnam
| | - Yuzuru Hamada
- Evolutionary Morphology Section, Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi 484-8506 Japan
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GIORDANO VINCENZO, FRANCO JOSÉSÉRGIO, KOCH HILTONAUGUSTO, LABRONICI PEDROJOSÉ, PIRES ROBINSONESTEVESS, AMARAL NEYPECEGUEIRODO. Age-related changes in bone architecture. Rev Col Bras Cir 2016; 43:276-85. [DOI: 10.1590/0100-69912016004010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective : to evaluate the histologic and morphometric characteristics of bone biopsies of the anterior iliac crest of patients of different age groups. Methods : we studied 30 bone samples from the iliac crest, using brightfield optical microscopy. We divided the samples by donors' age groups in three groups: Group 1 (n = 10), subjects aged between 25 and 39 years; Group 2 (n = 10), subjects aged between 40 and 64 years; Group 3 (n = 10), individuals aged 65 years and over. We randomly divided the samples into two sets with 15 specimens. In the first study segment (n = 15), we used histological to assess the osteogenic property of the graft, through the analysis of cell reserve in the periosteum, the number of osteocytes in the lacunae and the number of Haversian and Volkmann's canals. In the second study segment (n = 15), we investigated the morphology of osteoconductive property of the graft, through quantification of the trabecular meshwork (Vv) and trabecular area (Sv). Results : histologically, we observed degeneration of bone occurring with age, characterized by thinning of the periosteum, with gradual replacement of the steogenic layer by fibrous tissue, small amount of Haversian and Volkmann's canals, osteocyte lacunae voids and fine spongy bone trabeculae, allowing ample medullary space, usually occupied by fat cells and adipocytes. Morphologically, with respect to the quantification of the trabecular meshwork (Vv), we found statistically significant differences between Groups 1 and 3 and between Groups 2 and 3, with reduction of the trabecular meshwork of about 45% in the elderly over 65 years old ; there was no statistically significant difference between Groups 1 and 2. There was also no statistical difference between the Groups regarding Sv. Conclusion : the results of this experiment suggest that, in the elderly (over 65 years old), the osteogenic property of autologous bone graft decreases and the osteoconductive property is compromised.
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18
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TBS Predict Coronary Artery Calcification in Adults. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8391589. [PMID: 27042671 PMCID: PMC4799828 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8391589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose. This study analyzes the association between the bony microarchitecture score (trabecular bone score, TBS) and coronary artery calcification (CAC) in adults undergoing health exams. Materials and Methods. We retrospectively collected subjects (N = 81) who underwent coronary computed tomography and bone mineral density studies simultaneously. CAC was categorized to three levels (Group 0, G0, no CAC, score = 0, N = 45; Group 1, G1, moderate CAC, score = 1–100, N = 17; Group 2, G2, high CAC, score ≧ 101, N = 19). Multinomial logistic regression was used to study the association between TBS and CAC levels. Results. CAC is present in 44.4% of the population. Mean TBS ± SD was 1.399 ± 0.090. Per 1 SD increase in TBS, the unadjusted odds ratio (2.393) of moderate CAC compared with no CAC was significantly increased (95% CI, 1.219–4.696, p = 0.011). However, there has been no association of TBS with high CAC (OR: 1.026, 95% CI: 0.586–1.797, p = 0.928). These relationships also existed when individually adjusted for age, sex, and multiple other covariates. Conclusions. Higher TBS was related to moderate CAC, but not high CAC; a possible explanation may be that bone microarchitecture remodeling becomes more active when early coronary artery calcification occurs. However, further researches are needed to clarify this pathophysiology.
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Bragdon B, Burns R, Baker AH, Belkina AC, Morgan EF, Denis GV, Gerstenfeld LC, Schlezinger JJ. Intrinsic Sex-Linked Variations in Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation Potential of Bone Marrow Multipotent Stromal Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:296-307. [PMID: 24962433 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation and aging are sexually dimorphic. Yet, definition of the intrinsic molecular differences between male and female multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in bone is lacking. This study assessed sex-linked differences in MSC differentiation in 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old C57BL/6J mice. Analysis of tibiae showed that female mice had lower bone volume fraction and higher adipocyte content in the bone marrow compared to age-matched males. While both males and females lost bone mass in early aging, the rate of loss was higher in males. Similar expression of bone- and adipocyte-related genes was seen in males and females at 3 and 9 months, while at 6 months, females exhibited a twofold greater expression of these genes. Under osteogenic culture conditions, bone marrow MSCs from female 3- and 6-month-old mice expressed similar levels of bone-related genes, but significantly greater levels of adipocyte-related genes, than male MSCs. Female MSCs also responded to rosiglitazone-induced suppression of osteogenesis at a 5-fold lower (10 nM) concentration than male MSCs. Female MSCs grown in estrogen-stripped medium showed similar responses to rosiglitazone as MSCs grown in serum containing estrogen. MSCs from female mice that had undergone ovariectomy before sexual maturity also were sensitive to rosiglitazone-induced effects on osteogenesis. These results suggest that female MSCs are more sensitive to modulation of differentiation by PPARγ and that these differences are intrinsic to the sex of the animal from which the MSCs came. These results also may explain the sensitivity of women to the deleterious effects of rosiglitazone on bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Burns
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amelia H Baker
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna C Belkina
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elise F Morgan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gerald V Denis
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer J Schlezinger
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Lamm C, Dockner M, Pospischek B, Winter E, Patzak B, Pretterklieber M, Weber GW, Pietschmann P. Micro-CT analyses of historical bone samples presenting with osteomyelitis. Skeletal Radiol 2015; 44:1507-14. [PMID: 26146361 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-015-2203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone marrow mainly caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. It typically affects long bones, e.g. femora, tibiae and humeri. Recently micro-computed tomography (μCT) techniques offer the opportunity to investigate bone micro-architecture in great detail. Since there is no information on long bone microstructure in osteomyelitis, we studied historic bone samples with osteomyelitis by μCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated 23 femora of 22 individuals suffering from osteomyelitis provided by the Collection of Anatomical Pathology, Museum of Natural History, Vienna (average age 44 ±19 years); 9 femora from body donors made available by the Department of Applied Anatomy, Medical University of Vienna (age range, 56-102 years) were studied as controls. Bone microstructure was assessed by μCT VISCOM X 8060 II with a minimal resolution of 18 μm. RESULTS In the osteomyelitic femora, most prominent alterations were seen in the cortical compartment. In 71.4% of the individuals with osteomyelitis, cortical porosity occurred. 57.1% of the individuals showed cortical thinning. In 42.9% trabecularisation of cortical bone was observed. CONCLUSION Osteomyelitis is associated with severe alterations of cortical bone structure otherwise typically observed at old age such as cortical porosity and cortical thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lamm
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University Vienna (MUV), Vienna, Austria,
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21
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Bone status of adult female butyrylcholinesterase gene-deficient mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:208-14. [PMID: 26138460 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) degrades acetylcholine in addition to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) which is involved in embryonic development of limbs. Since BChE is expressed by osteoblast-like cells we asked whether it is functional in adult bone remodeling. We addressed this issue by analyzing BChE gene-deficient mice (BChE-KO). Bones were extracted from 16-week old female BChE-KO and corresponding wild type mice (WT). Femoral bones were used for biomechanical testing and μCT evaluation of cancellous and cortical bone. Also vertebrae Th12 and L1 were investigated with μCT while L3 was used for tartrate-resistant acidic phosphatase (TRAP) histomorphometry and Th10 for gene expression analysis by means of real-time RT-PCR. BChE-KO did not reveal significant differences in biomechanical bone strength and bone mineral density determined by μCT. Microarchitecture of cancellous and cortical bone showed an increase in μCT parameters like trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, and relative cortical bone area of femoral BChE-KO bone compared to WT. In vertebrae no changes of microstructure and mRNA expression were detected. However, osteoclast histomorphometry with TRAP stained sections demonstrated a significant increase in relative osteoclast number. In conclusion, in adult murine bone the role of BChE is limited to bone specific changes in microarchitecture and to an increase in relative number of bone resorbing osteoclasts whereas the main collagen resorbing enzyme Cathepsin-K (CtsK) was stably expressed. Besides, AChE might be able to compensate the lack of BChE. Thus, further analyses using bone tissue specific AChE BChE cre-lox double knockout mice would be helpful.
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22
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Gaddini GW, Grant KA, Woodall A, Stull C, Maddalozzo GF, Zhang B, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Twelve months of voluntary heavy alcohol consumption in male rhesus macaques suppresses intracortical bone remodeling. Bone 2015; 71:227-36. [PMID: 25451322 PMCID: PMC4291183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is a risk factor for cortical bone fractures in males. The increase in fracture risk may be due, in part, to reduced bone quality. Intracortical (osteonal) bone remodeling is the principle mechanism for maintaining cortical bone quality. However, it is not clear how alcohol abuse impacts intracortical bone remodeling. This study investigated the effects of long-duration heavy alcohol consumption on intracortical bone remodeling in a non-human primate model. Following a 4-month induction period, male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, n=21) were allowed to voluntarily self-administer water or alcohol (4% ethanol w/v) for 22h/d, 7 d/wk for 12months. Control monkeys (n=13) received water and an isocaloric maltose-dextrin solution. Tetracycline hydrochloride was administered orally 17 and 3days prior to sacrifice for determination of active mineralization sites. Animals in the alcohol group consumed 2.7±0.2g alcohol/kg/d (mean±SE) during the 12months of self-administration, resulting in a mean daily blood alcohol concentration of 77±9mg/dl from samples taken at 7h after the start of a daily session. However, blood alcohol concentration varied widely from day to day, with peak levels exceeding 250mg/dl, modeling a binge-drinking pattern of alcohol consumption. The skeletal response to alcohol was determined by densitometry, microcomputed tomography and histomorphometry. Significant differences in tibial bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and cortical bone architecture (cross-sectional volume, cortical volume, marrow volume, cortical thickness, and polar moment of inertia) in the tibial diaphysis were not detected with treatment. However, cortical porosity was lower (1.8±0.5 % versus 0.6±0.1 %, p=0.021) and labeled osteon density was lower (0.41±0.2/mm(2)versus 0.04±0.01/mm(2), p<0.003) in alcohol-consuming monkeys compared to controls, indicating a reduced rate of intracortical bone remodeling. In concordance, plasma CTx was lower (2.5±0.3ng/ml versus 1.7±0.1ng/ml, p=0.028) in the alcohol group. These results suggest that chronic heavy alcohol consumption may negatively impact bone health, in part, by suppressing intracortical bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino W Gaddini
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Andrew Woodall
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Cara Stull
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Gianni F Maddalozzo
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics, Office of Surveillance and Biometrics, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Hiram-Bab S, Liron T, Deshet-Unger N, Mittelman M, Gassmann M, Rauner M, Franke K, Wielockx B, Neumann D, Gabet Y. Erythropoietin directly stimulates osteoclast precursors and induces bone loss. FASEB J 2015; 29:1890-900. [PMID: 25630969 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-259085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) primarily regulates red blood cell formation, and EPO serum levels are increased on hypoxic stress (e.g., anemia and altitude). In addition to anemia, recent discoveries suggest new therapeutic indications for EPO, unrelated to erythropoiesis. We investigated the skeletal role of EPO using several models of overexpression (Tg6 mice) and EPO administration (intermittent/continuous, high/low doses) in adult C57Bl6 female mice. Using microcomputed tomography, histology, and serum markers, we found that EPO induced a 32%-61% trabecular bone loss caused by increased bone resorption (+60%-88% osteoclast number) and reduced bone formation rate (-19 to -74%; P < 0.05 throughout). EPO targeted the monocytic lineage by increasing the number of bone monocytes/macrophages, preosteoclasts, and mature osteoclasts. In contrast to the attenuated bone formation in vivo, EPO treatment in vitro did not inhibit osteoblast differentiation and activity, suggesting an indirect effect of EPO on osteoblasts. However, EPO had a direct effect on preosteoclasts by stimulating osteoclastogenesis in isolated cultures (+60%) via the Jak2 and PI3K pathways. In summary, our findings demonstrate that EPO negatively regulates bone mass and thus bears significant clinical implications for the potential management of patients with endogenously or therapeutically elevated EPO levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hiram-Bab
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tamar Liron
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Naamit Deshet-Unger
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moshe Mittelman
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Max Gassmann
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Drorit Neumann
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Yankel Gabet
- *Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Medicine III, Dresden University Medical Center, Dresden, Germany; and Institute of Pathology, University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
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24
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Ferrucci L, Baroni M, Ranchelli A, Lauretani F, Maggio M, Mecocci P, Ruggiero C. Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations. Curr Pharm Des 2015; 20:3178-97. [PMID: 24050165 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113196660690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a progressive loss of bone-muscle mass and strength. When the decline in mass and strength reaches critical thresholds associated with adverse health outcomes, they are operationally considered geriatric conditions and named, respectively, osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia share many of the same risk factors and both directly or indirectly cause higher risk of mobility limitations, falls, fractures and disability in activities of daily living. This is not surprising since bones adapt their morphology and strength to the long-term loads exerted by muscle during anti-gravitational and physical activities. Non-mechanical systemic and local factors also modulate the mechanostat effect of muscle on bone by affecting the bidirectional osteocyte-muscle crosstalk, but the specific pathways that regulate these homeostatic mechanisms are not fully understood. More research is required to reach a consensus on cut points in bone and muscle parameters that identify individuals at high risk for adverse health outcomes, including falls, fractures and disability. A better understanding of the muscle-bone physiological interaction may help to develop preventive strategies that reduce the burden of musculoskeletal diseases, the consequent disability in older persons and to limit the financial burden associated with such conditions. In this review, we summarize age-related bone-muscle changes focusing on the biomechanical and homeostatic mechanisms that explain bone-muscle interaction and we speculate about possible pathological events that occur when these mechanisms become impaired. We also report some recent definitions of osteoporosis and sarcopenia that have emerged in the literature and their implications in clinical practice. Finally, we outline the current evidence for the efficacy of available anti-osteoporotic and proposed antisarcopenic interventions in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - C Ruggiero
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06100, Perugia, Italy.
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Farhang K, Desai R, Wilber JH, Cooperman DR, Liu RW. An anatomical study of the entry point in the greater trochanter for intramedullary nailing. Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1274-81. [PMID: 25183603 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.96b9.34314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Malpositioning of the trochanteric entry point during the introduction of an intramedullary nail may cause iatrogenic fracture or malreduction. Although the optimal point of insertion in the coronal plane has been well described, positioning in the sagittal plane is poorly defined. The paired femora from 374 cadavers were placed both in the anatomical position and in internal rotation to neutralise femoral anteversion. A marker was placed at the apparent apex of the greater trochanter, and the lateral and anterior offsets from the axis of the femoral shaft were measured on anteroposterior and lateral photographs. Greater trochanteric morphology and trochanteric overhang were graded. The mean anterior offset of the apex of the trochanter relative to the axis of the femoral shaft was 5.1 mm (sd 4.0) and 4.6 mm (sd 4.2) for the anatomical and neutralised positions, respectively. The mean lateral offset of the apex was 7.1 mm (sd 4.6) and 6.4 mm (sd 4.6), respectively. Placement of the entry position at the apex of the greater trochanter in the anteroposterior view does not reliably centre an intramedullary nail in the sagittal plane. Based on our findings, the site of insertion should be about 5 mm posterior to the apex of the trochanter to allow for its anterior offset.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Farhang
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2500 Metrohealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - R Desai
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2500 Metrohealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - J H Wilber
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 2500 Metrohealth Drive, Cleveland, Ohio 44109, USA
| | - D R Cooperman
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, PO Box 208071, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8071, USA
| | - R W Liu
- Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, Ohio, 44106, USA
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Chen H, Kubo KY. Bone three-dimensional microstructural features of the common osteoporotic fracture sites. World J Orthop 2014; 5:486-495. [PMID: 25232524 PMCID: PMC4133454 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v5.i4.486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common metabolic skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and deteriorated bone structure, leading to increased susceptibility to fractures. With aging population, osteoporotic fractures are of global health and socioeconomic importance. The three-dimensional microstructural information of the common osteoporosis-related fracture sites, including vertebra, femoral neck and distal radius, is a key for fully understanding osteoporosis pathogenesis and predicting the fracture risk. Low vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) is correlated with increased fracture of the spine. Vertebral BMD decreases from cervical to lumbar spine, with the lowest BMD at the third lumbar vertebra. Trabecular bone mass of the vertebrae is much lower than that of the peripheral bone. Cancellous bone of the vertebral body has a complex heterogeneous three-dimensional microstructure, with lower bone volume in the central and anterior superior regions. Trabecular bone quality is a key element to maintain the vertebral strength. The increased fragility of osteoporotic femoral neck is attributed to low cancellous bone volume and high compact porosity. Compared with age-matched controls, increased cortical porosity is observed at the femoral neck in osteoporotic fracture patients. Distal radius demonstrates spatial inhomogeneous characteristic in cortical microstructure. The medial region of the distal radius displays the highest cortical porosity compared with the lateral, anterior and posterior regions. Bone strength of the distal radius is mainly determined by cortical porosity, which deteriorates with advancing age.
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Lim WH, Liu B, Cheng D, Hunter DJ, Zhong Z, Ramos DM, Williams BO, Sharpe PT, Bardet C, Mah SJ, Helms JA. Wnt signaling regulates pulp volume and dentin thickness. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:892-901. [PMID: 23996396 PMCID: PMC4541795 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts, cementoblasts, ameloblasts, and osteoblasts all form mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex, and all these cell types exhibit active Wnt signaling during postnatal life. We set out to understand the functions of this Wnt signaling, by evaluating the phenotypes of mice in which the essential Wnt chaperone protein, Wntless was eliminated. The deletion of Wls was restricted to cells expressing Osteocalcin (OCN), which in addition to osteoblasts includes odontoblasts, cementoblasts, and ameloblasts. Dentin, cementum, enamel, and bone all formed in OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice but their homeostasis was dramatically affected. The most notable feature was a significant increase in dentin volume and density. We attribute this gain in dentin volume to a Wnt-mediated misregulation of Runx2. Normally, Wnt signaling stimulates Runx2, which in turn inhibits dentin sialoprotein (DSP); this inhibition must be relieved for odontoblasts to differentiate. In OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice, Wnt pathway activation is reduced and Runx2 levels decline. The Runx2-mediated repression of DSP is relieved and odontoblast differentiation is accordingly enhanced. This study demonstrates the importance of Wnt signaling in the homeostasis of mineralized tissues of the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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28
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Kuipers AL, Zmuda JM, Carr JJ, Terry JG, Patrick AL, Ge Y, Hightower RC, Bunker CH, Miljkovic I. Association of volumetric bone mineral density with abdominal aortic calcification in African ancestry men. Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:1063-9. [PMID: 23974859 PMCID: PMC3945719 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-013-2486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY We tested for association between cortical and trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) with abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) prevalence in 278 Afro-Caribbean men. AAC was present in 68.3 % of the men. Greater cortical, but not trabecular, vBMD was associated with significantly decreased odds of AAC independent of traditional risk factors. INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and correlates of AAC in a sample of 278 Afro-Caribbean men (mean age 56) and to test for a largely unexplored association between cortical and trabecular vBMD with AAC prevalence. METHODS Men were recruited consecutively as part of an ongoing prospective cohort study of body composition in men aged 40+. For this analysis, AAC was assessed by computed tomography of the abdomen from L3 to S1. Aortic calcium was scored using the Agatston method, and prevalence was defined as a score ≥10 to rule out false positives. Men also had BMD assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography at 4 % (trabecular vBMD) and 33 % (cortical vBMD) of the radius and tibia. RESULTS Abdominal aortic calcification was present in 68.3 % of the men. Significant independent predictors of AAC prevalence were increased age, increased BMI, hypertension, and current smoking. Age was the strongest predictor, with each SD (7.8 year) increase in age conferring 2.7 times increased odds of having AAC (P < 0.0001). A one SD greater cortical, but not trabecular, vBMD was associated with a significant decreased odds of AAC prevalence independent of other traditional risk factors (OR 0.65; 95 % CI 0.45-0.92). CONCLUSIONS Cortical vBMD is inversely associated with AAC presence. This finding suggests that there may be shared physiology between cortical bone compartment remodeling and vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto St, A521 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,
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29
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Lim WH, Liu B, Cheng D, Williams BO, Mah SJ, Helms JA. Wnt signaling regulates homeostasis of the periodontal ligament. J Periodontal Res 2014; 49:751-9. [PMID: 24410666 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In health, the periodontal ligament maintains a constant width throughout an organism's lifetime. The molecular signals responsible for maintaining homeostatic control over the periodontal ligament are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of Wnt signaling in this process by removing an essential chaperone protein, Wntless (Wls), from odontoblasts and cementoblasts, and observing the effects of Wnt depletion on cells of the periodontal complex. MATERIAL AND METHODS The Wnt responsive status of the periodontal complex was assessed using two strains of Wnt reporter mice: Axin2(LacZ/+) and Lgr5(LacZ/+) . The function of this endogenous Wnt signal was evaluated by conditionally eliminating the Wntless (Wls) gene using an osteocalcin Cre driver. The resulting OCN-Cre;Wls (fl/fl) mice were examined using micro-computed tomography and histology, immunohistochemical analyses for osteopontin, Runx2 and fibromodulin, in-situ hybridization for osterix and alkaline phosphatase activity. RESULTS The adult periodontal ligament is Wnt responsive. Elimination of Wnt signaling in the periodontal complex of OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice resulted in a wider periodontal ligament space. This pathologically increased periodontal width is caused by a reduction in the expression of osteogenic genes and proteins, which results in thinner alveolar bone. A concomitant increase in fibrous tissue occupying the periodontal space was observed, along with a disruption in the orientation of the periodontal ligament. CONCLUSION The periodontal ligament is a Wnt-dependent tissue. Cells in the periodontal complex are Wnt responsive, and eliminating an essential component of the Wnt signaling network leads to a pathological widening of the periodontal ligament space. Osteogenic stimuli are reduced, and a disorganized fibrillary matrix results from the depletion of Wnt signaling. Collectively, these data underscore the importance of Wnt signaling in homeostasis of the periodontal ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Lim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Reynolds MA. Modifiable risk factors in periodontitis: at the intersection of aging and disease. Periodontol 2000 2013; 64:7-19. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chen H, Zhou X, Fujita H, Onozuka M, Kubo KY. Age-related changes in trabecular and cortical bone microstructure. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:213234. [PMID: 23573086 PMCID: PMC3614119 DOI: 10.1155/2013/213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population has substantially increased worldwide. Aging is a complex process, and the effects of aging are myriad and insidious, leading to progressive deterioration of various organs, including the skeleton. Age-related bone loss and resultant osteoporosis in the elderly population increase the risk for fractures and morbidity. Osteoporosis is one of the most common conditions associated with aging, and age is an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. With the development of noninvasive imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT), micro-CT, and high resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT), imaging of the bone architecture provides important information about age-related changes in bone microstructure and estimates of bone strength. In the past two decades, studies of human specimens using imaging techniques have revealed decreased bone strength in older adults compared with younger adults. The present paper addresses recently studied age-related changes in trabecular and cortical bone microstructure based primarily on HR-pQCT and micro-CT. We specifically focus on the three-dimensional microstructure of the vertebrae, femoral neck, and distal radius, which are common osteoporotic fracture sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayue Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
- *Huayue Chen:
| | - Xiangrong Zhou
- Department of Intelligent Image Information, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujita
- Department of Intelligent Image Information, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Minoru Onozuka
- Nittai Jusei Medical College for Judo Therapeutics, 2-2-7 Yoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-0097, Japan
| | - Kin-Ya Kubo
- Seijoh University Graduate School of Health Care Studies, 2-172 Fukinodai, Tokai, Aichi 476-8588, Japan
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