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Khoury-Kassabri M, Hasisi B, Itskovich E. Youth involvement in serious physical violence and political violence: Similarities and differences in risk factors. J Adolesc 2024; 96:1157-1170. [PMID: 38584571 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Youth involvement in violence and delinquency has received widespread attention in the literature. However, little is known about youth involvement in political violence, especially among youth who live in conflict areas. The current study examined the mechanisms that underlie youth involvement in serious physical and political violence. We explored the similarities and differences in the association between both individual factors (including religiosity and school commitment) and parental factors (including parental control and education), and the two types of violent behaviors. METHOD A large representative sample of 814 Arab male students from neighborhoods located in East Jerusalem, aged 12-18 years, completed a structured, anonymous, self-report questionnaire. The data was collected between February and May 2019. RESULTS Over half of the participants reported that they had been involved in political violence (55.1%) or serious physical violence (58.8%) during the previous year. Youth involvement in serious physical violence was positively associated with involvement in political violence. Furthermore, we found that greater parental control and lower impulsivity are associated with lower levels of political and physical violence. School commitment was associated negatively with serious physical violence but not with involvement in political violence. Youth work was positively correlated with involvement in political violence but not in serious physical violence. CONCLUSION The results of the current study show that Arab youth from East Jerusalem are highly involved in political and serious physical violence. The risk and protective factors identified here should inform the design of specific intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khoury-Kassabri
- School of Social Work and Social Welfare, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Badi Hasisi
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eran Itskovich
- Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Faran Y, Bergman YS, Klonover E. The mediating role of loneliness in the association between exposure to terror and psychological distress in older adults. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 170:195-199. [PMID: 38157666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Terror attacks are known to bear detrimental effects on psychological distress in children, adolescents and young adults, but less is known about their influence on older adults. There is also evidence for increased loneliness following stressful events, but less is known about the mediating role of loneliness on the relation between terror attacks and psychological distress. The present study investigated the relation between exposure to terror attacks and psychological distress in older adults, as well as the potential mediating role of loneliness. Data were collected from 686 older adults (Mage= 73.49, SD= 6.02, range=65-94), who provided information regarding exposure to terror, loneliness, and psychological distress. Exposure to terror was positively associated with loneliness, which was, in turn, positively associated with psychological distress. Moreover, the link between terror exposure and psychological distress was mediated by loneliness. Our findings demonstrate the relation between exposure to terror and psychological distress in old age and suggest that loneliness contributes to this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifat Faran
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel.
| | - Yoav S Bergman
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel.
| | - Eyal Klonover
- Faculty of Social Work, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel.
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3
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War trauma, mental health, aggression, and violent-extremism among former ISIS terrorists. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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4
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Newnham EA, Mergelsberg ELP, Chen Y, Kim Y, Gibbs L, Dzidic PL, Ishida DaSilva M, Chan EYY, Shimomura K, Narita Z, Huang Z, Leaning J. Long term mental health trajectories after disasters and pandemics: A multilingual systematic review of prevalence, risk and protective factors. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 97:102203. [PMID: 36162175 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of long-term psychological response after disasters and pandemics remain unclear. We aimed to determine the trajectories for post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression and anxiety prevalence following disasters and pandemic exposure; and identify associated risk and protective factors. A systematic review of the English, Chinese, and Japanese longitudinal mental health literature was conducted. We searched Cochrane, MEDLINE, ProQuest, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL (English), CNKI and SINOMED (Chinese) and CiNii (Japanese) for studies published between January 2000 and May 2022. Following a pre-specified protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42020206424), conditional linear growth curve models and ANOVA analyses were conducted. The search identified 77,891 papers, with a final sample of 234: 206 English, 24 Chinese, and 4 Japanese-language papers. PTSS rates improved for all ages (p = .018, eta2 = 0.035). In contrast, depression and anxiety prevalence remained elevated for years following exposure (p = .424, eta2 = 0.019 and p = .051, eta2 = 0.064, respectively), with significantly higher rates for children and adolescents (p < .005, eta2 > 0.056). Earthquakes and pandemics were associated with higher prevalence of PTSS (p < .019, eta2 > 0.019). Multi-level risk and protective factors were identified. The chronicity of mental health outcomes highlights a critical need for tailored, sustainable mental health services, particularly for children and adolescents, in disaster- and pandemic-affected settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Newnham
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin enAble Institute, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia; FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
| | - Enrique L P Mergelsberg
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin enAble Institute, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Yanyu Chen
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Yoshiharu Kim
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa Gibbs
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Disaster Management and Public Safety, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peta L Dzidic
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia; Curtin enAble Institute, Kent Street, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Makiko Ishida DaSilva
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emily Y Y Chan
- FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kanji Shimomura
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan; Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zui Narita
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhe Huang
- Collaborating Centre for Oxford University and CUHK for Disaster and Medical Humanitarian Response, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jennifer Leaning
- FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Parental surveillance of OCD and mental health symptoms during COVID-19: A longitudinal study of Australian children, adolescents and families. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 152:225-232. [PMID: 35753242 PMCID: PMC9179103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To ensure the needs of children and families are met for the remainder of the COVID-19 situation and beyond there is a demand for a specific response strategy. This longitudinal study will investigate the impact of COVID-19 on Australian parental and childhood mental health symptoms, particularly OCD symptoms, examining the stability of this relationship over time and the needs and preferences for mental health support in response to child symptoms. A total of 141 parents completed a questionnaire during the lockdown period in Australia (June-September 2020). Thirty-five of them completed a follow-up questionnaire during the post-lockdown period (November 2020-January 2021). The questionnaire assessed COVID-19 experiences/worries/knowledge, child OCD, and child/parental anxiety and depression. Sub-samples of youth were determined based on parent-report of an existing diagnosis of any mental health (n = 24), of OCD (n = 22), or no mental health diagnosis (i.e., healthy, n = 81). Results: Parents reported a significant positive association between increased parental worries regarding COVID-19, and their own as well as their child's mental health symptoms. The current sample of children experienced elevated symptom severity for OCD symptoms during COVID-19. The OCD group reported significant reductions in child OCD symptoms at post-lockdown. The any mental health diagnosed children are at greater risk of developing OCD symptoms and reported strong preferences for increased support as a result. The exploratory nature of this study adds further insight into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child OCD and parent mental health symptoms and the stability of symptoms over time.
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Xu W, Feng C, Tang W, Yang Y. Rumination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Wenchuan Earthquake Adult Survivors: A Developmental Perspective. Front Public Health 2022; 9:764127. [PMID: 35059376 PMCID: PMC8764254 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.764127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the long-term effects of the Wenchuan earthquake among adult survivors. Specifically, it explored the role of perceived social support (PSS) in the relationship between rumination and posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Data were collected from March to July 2020 using a youth survivor sample (n = 476) of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Participants were divided into three groups depending on their age when the quake occurred: 6-11 years (n = 227), 12-15 years (n = 83), 16-19 years (n = 166). The results indicated that long-term PTG and PTSD symptom levels varied by age group. Both intrusive and deliberate ruminations had a significant effect on PTG as well as PTSD symptoms. PSS played a mediating role between rumination and PTG, and the mediation mechanisms varied by age group (developmental stages). Moderated analyses revealed that PSS from significant others significantly buffered the indirect effect of rumination on PTSD symptoms. Our findings demonstrated the universal nature of traumatic events encountered during childhood and adolescence development and underscore the importance of examining the developmental context of PTG in investigations on traumatic experiences and their consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Xu
- Department of Sociology and Psychology, School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Wanjie Tang
- Center for Educational and Health Psychology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifan Yang
- School of Public Administration, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
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Fung HW, Chien WT, Lam SKK, Ross CA. Investigating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD among people with self-reported depressive symptoms. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:953001. [PMID: 36339839 PMCID: PMC9627202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.953001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma has been increasingly linked to depression. Previous studies have suggested that comorbid post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may be associated with poor outcomes in depression treatment. However, the prevalence and correlates of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD (CPTSD) in people with depression remain unclear. METHODS This study examined the prevalence and correlates of ICD-11 PTSD and CPTSD in an online convenience sample of 410 adults from 18 different countries/regions who reported clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms (indicated by a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥10). RESULTS According to the International Trauma Questionnaire results, 62.68% of participants met the ICD-11 criteria for PTSD/CPTSD (5.6% PTSD, 57.1% CPTSD). Participants with CPTSD reported more types of trauma and higher levels of interpersonal stress than those without PTSD. Participants with CPTSD also reported higher levels of mental health problems, including depressive, dissociative and psychotic symptoms, than those without PTSD. Only disturbances in self-organization (DSO) symptoms but not classical PTSD symptoms had a significant relationship with depressive symptoms, when other major variables (including trauma, interpersonal stress, and comorbid psychotic and dissociative symptoms) were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS Trauma-related symptoms should be regularly screened for in clients who report depressive symptoms. Depressed clients who have comorbid trauma disorders have more trauma and interpersonal stress and exhibit more severe mental health problems. They may require specific trauma-focused interventions in addition to standard depression treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang Fung
- Department of Social Work, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai Tong Chien
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stanley Kam Ki Lam
- The Nethersole School of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Colin A Ross
- The Colin A. Ross Institute for Psychological Trauma, Richardson, TX, United States
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The Association between Child and Parent Psychiatric Disorders in Families Exposed to Flood and/or Dioxin. Behav Sci (Basel) 2021; 11:bs11040046. [PMID: 33915718 PMCID: PMC8066693 DOI: 10.3390/bs11040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations of disaster mental health sequelae between children and their parents have been demonstrated, but not using full diagnostic assessment. This study examined children and their parents after a series of disasters in 1982 to investigate associations of their psychiatric outcomes. Members of 169 families exposed to floods and/or dioxin or no disaster were assessed in 1986–1987 with structured diagnostic interviews. This vintage dataset collected several decades ago provides new information to this field because of the methodological rigor that is unparalleled in this literature. Disaster-related PTSD and incident postdisaster disorders in children were associated, respectively with disaster-related PTSD and incident postdisaster disorders in the chief caregiver and mother. More flood-only than dioxin-only exposed parents reported great harm by the disaster, but neither children nor parents in these two groups differed in incident psychiatric disorders. Although this study did not determine the direction of causal influences, its findings suggest that clinicians working with disaster-exposed families should work with children and adult members together, as their mental health outcomes may be intertwined.
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Damian AJ, Boyd R. Advancing the Role of School-Based Health Centers in Driving Health Justice. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2021; 91:274-276. [PMID: 33655508 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- April Joy Damian
- Weitzman Institute, Community Health Center, Inc, 19 Grand Street, Middletown, CT, 06457
| | - Robert Boyd
- School-Based Health Alliance, 1010 Vermont Ave NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC, 20005
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Kar N, Sharma A. Matching the Symptom Profile of Adolescent Disaster Survivors with Changing Diagnostic Criteria of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Focus on ICD-11. Indian J Psychol Med 2021; 43:100-105. [PMID: 34376883 PMCID: PMC8313442 DOI: 10.1177/0253717620926848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering recent changes in the diagnostic guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it has become imperative to review their influence, especially on the symptoms related to children and adolescent victims of disasters. We intended to assess the profile of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) of adolescents following an earthquake, especially the gender differences, in relation to the changing diagnostic guidelines, particularly ICD-11. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, PTSS and functional impairments were evaluated in school-going adolescents in Nepal, one year after the 2015 earthquake, using the Child Posttraumatic Stress Scale (CPSS). RESULTS A considerable proportion of adolescent survivors of the earthquake had PTSS. Most common ones were intrusive thoughts (46.7%), avoiding thoughts, conversations and feelings about the disaster (44.2%), decreased interest in activities (40.0%), distress with reminders (35.6%), and concentration problems (35.6%). Females had a higher prevalence for all the PTSS compared with males, except for avoiding thought, conversations, feelings, and being overly careful/vigilant. Proportion of adolescents who met symptomatic criteria for PTSD diagnosis in different systems ranged from 14.7% in DSM-5 to 15.6% in ICD-11 three-factor model, and 22.2% in DSM-IV and 31.7% in ICD-10. Inclusion of the criterion of significant functional impairment changed the proportions to 10.0%, 10.3%, 12.8%, and 16.4%, respectively. In all of the diagnostic systems, higher proportions of females had possible PTSD. CONCLUSION Adolescent females had a higher prevalence for most of the PTSS and at the diagnostic level. It appears that for adolescents, diagnosis of PTSD in ICD-11 has become more robust with a focus on core symptoms and having a functional impairment criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilamadhab Kar
- Black Country Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Asmita Sharma
- Dept. of Paediatric Nursing, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Mordeno IG, Badawi JK, Marcera JL, Ramos JM, Cada PB. Psychological distress and perceived threat serially mediate the relationship between exposure to violence and political exclusionist attitude. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-01170-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L, Moro MR. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res 2020; 291:113264. [PMID: 32622172 PMCID: PMC7323662 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to review the literature on adolescent psychiatric disorders related to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Stressful life events, extended home confinement, brutal grief, intrafamilial violence, overuse of the Internet and social media are factors that could influence the mental health of adolescents during this period. The COVID-19 pandemic could result in increased psychiatric disorders such as Post-Traumatic Stress, Depressive, and Anxiety Disorders, as well as grief-related symptoms. Adolescents with psychiatric disorders are at risk of a break or change in their care and management; they may experience increased symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown may have a negative impact on the mental health of adolescents, although there is still no data on the long term impact of this crisis. Adolescents' individual, familial, and social vulnerability, as well as individual and familial coping abilities, are factors related to adolescent mental health in times of crisis. Adolescents are often vulnerable and require careful consideration by caregivers and healthcare system adaptations to allow for mental health support despite the lockdown. Research on adolescent psychiatric disorders in times of pandemics is necessary, as such a global situation could be prolonged or repeated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sélim Benjamin Guessoum
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France; University of Paris, PCPP, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, F-94807, Villejuif, France.
| | - Jonathan Lachal
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France; University of Paris, PCPP, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Rahmeth Radjack
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France; University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Emilie Carretier
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France; University of Paris, PCPP, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Sevan Minassian
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Laelia Benoit
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France; University of Paris, PCPP, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, F-94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie Rose Moro
- Greater Paris University Hospital, University Hospital Cochin, Maison des Adolescents - Youth Department, F-75014 Paris, France; University of Paris, PCPP, F-92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France; University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, Team DevPsy, F-94807, Villejuif, France
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