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He H, Xiao G, Hu X, Luo H, Liao Y, Qian B, Zhang G, Zou X, Zou J. Knockout of phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein4 (PEBP4) promotes chronic non-bacterial prostatitis by mediating the activation of NF-κB signaling. Andrology 2024. [PMID: 38591173 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of chronic prostatitis remains unclear; consequently, this disease is associated with recurrence and ineffective clinical therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to investigate the underlying pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis in order to develop more efficacious treatments. OBJECTIVE The previous study found that knocking out of PEBP4 leads to chronic prostatitis in the male mice. This research aimed to identify the role of PEBP4 in prostatitis, determine the molecular pathogenic mechanisms associated with chronic prostatitis, and provide guidelines for the development of new treatment strategies for chronic prostatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A PEBP4 exon knockout strain (PEBP4-/-) was established in C57BL/6 mice via the Cre-loxP system. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining was used to investigate histological changes. RNA-sequencing was used to investigate the gene expression signature of the prostate and the levels of inflammatory cytokines were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of PEBP4 protein in prostate tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry in specimens from patients with BPH and BPH combined with chronic prostatitis. Finally, we used a CRISPR-Cas9 plasmid to knockout PEBP4 in RWPE-1 cells; western blotting was subsequently used to measure the level of activation in the NF-κB signaling pathway after activating with TNF-α. RESULTS Hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration were incidentally observed in the seminal vesicles and prostate glands of PEBP4-/- mice after being fed with a normal diet for 1 year. In addition, we found significantly lower (p < 0.001) expression levels of PEBP4 protein in prostate tissues from patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and chronic and non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) when compared to those with BPH only. The reduced expression of PEBP4 led to a higher risk of prostatitis recurrence in patients after 2 years of follow-up. Increased levels of NF-κB and IκB phosphorylation were observed in PEBP4-knockout RWPE-1 cells and prostate glands from PEBP4-/- mice. CONCLUSION The knockout of PEBP4 in experimental mice led to chronic prostatitis and the reduced expression of PEBP4 in patients with higher risk of chronic and non-bacterial prostatitis suggested that PEBP4 might act as a protective factor against chronic prostatitis. The knockout of PEBP4 in RWPE-1 cells led to the increased activation of NF-κB and IκB, thus indicating that inhibition of PEBP4 faciliated the NF-κB signaling cascade. Our findings provide a new etiology and therapeutic target for chronic prostatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guancheng Xiao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xing Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Liao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Biao Qian
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoxi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Junrong Zou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Urology and Andrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Romano L, Pellegrino R, Arcaniolo D, Gravina AG, Miranda A, Priadko K, De Gennaro N, Santonastaso A, Palladino G, Crocetto F, Barone B, Cuomo A, Facchiano A, Mucherino C, Spirito L, Sciorio C, de Sio M, Romano M, Napolitano L. Lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A cross-sectional observational study. Dig Liver Dis 2024; 56:628-634. [PMID: 37880017 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), Crohn's Disease (CD), and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) may have extraintestinal manifestations, including disorders of the urinary tract. The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in IBD patients remains unclear. AIMS Assess the prevalence of LUTS in patients with CD or UC, evaluate the variables implicated in any difference in LUTS prevalence between CD or UC, and assess any relationship between disease activity and LUTS METHODS: LUTS were evaluated in 301 IBD patients through standardised questionnaires: Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BFLUTS), NIH-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI), and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). IBD activity was determined through the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), Partial Mayo Score (PMS), and Total Mayo Score (TMS). RESULTS BFLUTS total score for females was 6 (3-11). Patients with a higher age at diagnosis had worse filling symptoms (p = 0.049) and a worse quality of life (p = 0.005). In males, 67.1% had mild, 28.5% moderate, and 4.4% severe IPSS symptom grades. The overall NIHCPSI prevalence of chronic prostatitis-like symptoms was 26.8%. The questionnaires revealed some significant differences in the subgroups analysed. CONCLUSION LUTS should be evaluated in IBD patients by urologic-validated questionnaires for prompt diagnosis and early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Romano
- Department of Neurosciences, Sciences of Reproduction, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80131, Italy; Unit of Urology, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Raffaele Pellegrino
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Davide Arcaniolo
- Unit of Urology, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Antonietta Gerarda Gravina
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy.
| | - Agnese Miranda
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Kateryna Priadko
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Nicola De Gennaro
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Antonio Santonastaso
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Giovanna Palladino
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Felice Crocetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Sciences of Reproduction, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Biagio Barone
- Department of Neurosciences, Sciences of Reproduction, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Antonio Cuomo
- Gastroenterology Unit, "Umberto I" General Hospital, Nocera Inferiore 84014, Italy
| | - Angela Facchiano
- Gastroenterology Unit, "Umberto I" General Hospital, Nocera Inferiore 84014, Italy
| | - Caterina Mucherino
- Gastroenterology Unit, "Sant'Anna and San Sebastiano" General Hospital, Caserta 81100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Spirito
- Unit of Urology, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Carmine Sciorio
- Urology Unit, "A.Manzoni" General Hospital, Lecco 23900, Italy
| | - Marco de Sio
- Unit of Urology, Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Marco Romano
- Department of Precision Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology Unit, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples 80138, Italy
| | - Luigi Napolitano
- Department of Neurosciences, Sciences of Reproduction, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples 80131, Italy
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Al-Ghazawi M, Salameh H, Amo-Afful S, Khasawneh S, Ghanem R. An In-Depth Look Into the Epidemiological and Etiological Aspects of Prostate Cancer: A Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e48252. [PMID: 38054148 PMCID: PMC10694784 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.48252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer among men worldwide, and it represents a substantial worldwide health issue, primarily impacting men as they grow older. Understanding its epidemiology and etiology is crucial for crafting efficient preventive measures and enhancing treatment results. The epidemiology of this disease provides valuable insights into its prevalence and distribution. Age is a critical factor, with the risk of prostate cancer increasing with advancing years. Incidence rates are notably higher in developed countries, suggesting a role for lifestyle and environmental factors. Furthermore, there are significant racial and geographical disparities in prostate cancer incidence, with African-American men experiencing both a higher incidence and more aggressive forms of the disease. On the other hand, hormones, especially testosterone and its conversion to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), contribute to prostate cell growth and, potentially, cancer. Genetics also plays a pivotal role, with certain gene mutations, like Breast Cancer gene 1 & 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2), elevating risk. Dietary habits and lifestyle choices influence susceptibility, with diets low in fruits and vegetables and high in saturated fats linked to higher risk. Chronic inflammation, often tied to prostatitis, may further increase susceptibility to prostate cancer. This review article explores the complex realm of prostate cancer, providing insights into its occurrence, factors that elevate risks, and the fundamental factors that play a role in its emergence and how we can prevent it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munir Al-Ghazawi
- Urology, Barts Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, GBR
| | - Hamza Salameh
- Orthopedics, North Devon District Hospital, Barnstaple, GBR
| | | | | | - Rami Ghanem
- Urology, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, JOR
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Li W, Wang S, He Y, Zhang Y, Lin S, Cen D, Lin L. Is periodontal disease a risk indicator for urogenital cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:697399. [PMID: 36016605 PMCID: PMC9395701 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.697399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The objective of the present work was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the association between periodontal disease (PD) and urogenital cancer (UC) risk. Materials and methods An electronic search in PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted using MeSH terms to identify cohort studies published before May 17, 2022. Cohort studies examining the association between PD and UC risk were included. We used a random-effects model to summarize the effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the included studies with PD as the indicator and UC as the outcome. Results Eleven cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Our results suggest that PD patients increases the risk of UC by 1.24-fold (hazard ratio (HR), 1.24; 95% CI, 1.17-1.31; I2, 22.4%). The strength of the sensitivity analysis and cumulative meta-analysis confirmed the reliability of the results. Conclusion We found that PD is a potential risk factor for UC. Our results indicate that along with the decrease in the incidence of PD,PD treatment may help prevent UC. We hope that our study will raise awareness of periodontal health, thereby reducing the incidence of UC. Systematic Review Registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42021244405.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Simin Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuhan He
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongshang Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanfeng Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongdong Cen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Lin
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Li Lin,
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The Effect of Quercetin Nanosuspension on Prostate Cancer Cell Line LNCaP via Hedgehog Signaling Pathway. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 10:69-75. [PMID: 34277870 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in American population. In this manner, novel therapeutic approaches for identification of therapeutic targets for PCa has significant clinical implications. Quercetin is a potent cancer therapeutic agent and dietary antioxidant present in fruit and vegetables. Methods To investigate the underlying mechanism by which the PCa was regulated, nanoparticles of quercetin were administrated to cells. For in vitro experiments, human PCa cell line LNCaP were involved. Cell viability assay and quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) for hedgehog signaling pathway genes were used to determine the key signaling pathway regulated for PCa progression. Results The cell viability gradually decreased with increased concentration of quercetin nanoparticles. At 48 h, 40 mM concentration of quercetin treatment showed near 50% of viable cells. Quercetin nanoparticles upregulates Su(Fu) mRNA expressions and downregulates gli mRNA expressions in the LNCaP cells. Conclusion The results showed that the hedgehog signaling targeted inhibition may have important implications of PCa therapeutics. Additionally, the outcomes provided new mechanistic basis for further examination of quercetin nanoparticles to discover potential treatment strategies and new targets for PCa inhibition.
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Li M, Xu DM, Lin SB, Yang ZL, Xu TY, Yang JH, Lin ZX, Huang ZK, Yin J. Investigation of Lymphocyte Subsets in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:6951-6959. [PMID: 34707387 PMCID: PMC8542518 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s340018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the immune profiles in benign prostatic hyperplasia, changes in the absolute number of lymphocyte subsets and the proportion of T lymphocyte subsets were detected. METHODS Absolute value of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood (T, B and NK cells) and the proportion of T lymphocyte (native CD4+ T cell, memory CD4+ T cell, CD8+CD28+ T cell, CD8+CDDR+ T cells and CD8+CD38+ T cell) were measured by flow cytometry. RESULTS The absolute values of CD3+ T cell (972.55±330.31 vs 1757.99±439.38), CD4+ T cell (656.43±252.39 vs 899.30±262.10), and CD8+ T cell (301.97±147.76 vs 728.45±230.34) in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia were significantly reduced (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference in NK cell (285.58±182.84 vs 528.92±208.17) and B cell (186.66±86.62 vs 334.17±130.46). The proportion of naive CD4+ T cell (3.75±0.50 vs 8.54±1.61) in T lymphocyte subsets in patients with BPH was significantly reduced (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in memory CD4+ T cell (87.9±6.37 vs 92.63±5.94), CD8+CD28+ T cell (60.52±13.86 vs 64.32±12.78), CD8+CDDR+ T cell (36.58±12.87 vs 31.92±8.54) and CD8+CD38+ T cell (2.1±1.90 vs 2.55±2.01). CONCLUSION Immune dysfunction raised the risk of viral infection, inflammatory stimulation, and tumor induction in prostate cells, leading to hyperplasia, and immune non-response was potentially a key factor in the transformation of BPH into prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Ming Xu
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Bin Lin
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Liang Yang
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Teng-Yu Xu
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin-Huan Yang
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Xin Lin
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Kai Huang
- Division of Urological Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- Division of Hematology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jun Yin Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine and Division of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Dongxia Road North, Shantou, Guangdong Province, 515041, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 754 8891 5950 Email
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Wildeboer RR, Mannaerts CK, van Sloun RJG, Budäus L, Tilki D, Wijkstra H, Salomon G, Mischi M. Automated multiparametric localization of prostate cancer based on B-mode, shear-wave elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound radiomics. Eur Radiol 2019; 30:806-815. [PMID: 31602512 PMCID: PMC6957554 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06436-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the potential of machine learning based on B-mode, shear-wave elastography (SWE), and dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) radiomics for the localization of prostate cancer (PCa) lesions using transrectal ultrasound. METHODS This study was approved by the institutional review board and comprised 50 men with biopsy-confirmed PCa that were referred for radical prostatectomy. Prior to surgery, patients received transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), SWE, and DCE-US for three imaging planes. The images were automatically segmented and registered. First, model-based features related to contrast perfusion and dispersion were extracted from the DCE-US videos. Subsequently, radiomics were retrieved from all modalities. Machine learning was applied through a random forest classification algorithm, using the co-registered histopathology from the radical prostatectomy specimens as a reference to draw benign and malignant regions of interest. To avoid overfitting, the performance of the multiparametric classifier was assessed through leave-one-patient-out cross-validation. RESULTS The multiparametric classifier reached a region-wise area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC-AUC) of 0.75 and 0.90 for PCa and Gleason > 3 + 4 significant PCa, respectively, thereby outperforming the best-performing single parameter (i.e., contrast velocity) yielding ROC-AUCs of 0.69 and 0.76, respectively. Machine learning revealed that combinations between perfusion-, dispersion-, and elasticity-related features were favored. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, technical feasibility of multiparametric machine learning to improve upon single US modalities for the localization of PCa has been demonstrated. Extended datasets for training and testing may establish the clinical value of automatic multiparametric US classification in the early diagnosis of PCa. KEY POINTS • Combination of B-mode ultrasound, shear-wave elastography, and contrast ultrasound radiomics through machine learning is technically feasible. • Multiparametric ultrasound demonstrated a higher prostate cancer localization ability than single ultrasound modalities. • Computer-aided multiparametric ultrasound could help clinicians in biopsy targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier R Wildeboer
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Christophe K Mannaerts
- Department of Urology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud J G van Sloun
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Budäus
- Martini-Clinic - Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Derya Tilki
- Martini-Clinic - Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hessel Wijkstra
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Urology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Salomon
- Martini-Clinic - Prostate Cancer Center, University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Massimo Mischi
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, De Rondom 70, 5612 AP, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Wildeboer RR, van Sloun RJG, Huang P, Wijkstra H, Mischi M. 3-D Multi-parametric Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for the Prediction of Prostate Cancer. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2713-2724. [PMID: 31300222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trans-rectal ultrasound-guided 12-core systematic biopsy (SBx) is the standard diagnostic pathway for prostate cancer (PCa) because of a lack of sufficiently accurate imaging. Quantification of 3-D dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (US) might open the way for a targeted procedure in which biopsies are directed at lesions suspicious on imaging. This work describes the expansion of contrast US dispersion imaging algorithms to 3-D and compares its performance against malignant and benign disease. Furthermore, we examined the feasibility of a multi-parametric approach to predict SBx-core outcomes using machine learning. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.76 and 0.81 was obtained for all PCa and significant PCa, respectively, an improvement over previous US methods. We found that prostatitis, in particular, was a source of false-positive readings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier R Wildeboer
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruud J G van Sloun
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Pintong Huang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hessel Wijkstra
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Department of Urology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Mischi
- Lab of Biomedical Diagnostics, Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Paulis G. Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress in prostatitis: the possible role of antioxidant therapy. Res Rep Urol 2018; 10:75-87. [PMID: 30271757 PMCID: PMC6149977 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s170400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the role that oxidative stress plays in chronic prostatitis, not only with respect to the known impact on symptoms and fertility but also especially in relation to possible prostate cancer development. Prostatitis is the most common urologic disease in adult males younger than 50 years and the third most common urologic diagnosis in males older than 50 years. If the germ-causing acute prostatitis is not eliminated, the inflammatory process becomes chronic. Persistent inflammation causes ongoing production of large quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines and both oxygen and nitrogen reactive species, with consequent activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and genes encoding for further production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemotactic factors, and growth factors. Confirming the role of oxidative stress in chronic prostatitis, several studies have demonstrated the presence of oxidative stress markers in the genital secretions of patients suffering from the disease. Antioxidants can therefore play an essential role in the treatment of chronic bacterial and non-bacterial prostatitis; in the case of bacterial inflammation, they can be associated with antibiotic therapy. Moreover, due to their anti-inflammatory properties, antioxidants hinder the progression of inflammation and the possible development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Paulis
- Andrology Center, Villa Benedetta Clinic, Rome, Italy,
- Department of Uro-Andrology, Castelfidardo Medical Team, Rome, Italy,
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10
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Quercetin inhibits prostate cancer by attenuating cell survival and inhibiting anti-apoptotic pathways. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:108. [PMID: 29898731 PMCID: PMC6001031 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite recent advances in diagnosis and treatment, prostate cancer (PCa) remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men. Current treatments offered in the clinics are often toxic and have severe side effects. Hence, to treat and manage PCa, new agents with fewer side effects or having potential to reduce side effects of conventional therapy are needed. In this study, we show anti-cancer effects of quercetin, an abundant bioflavonoid commonly used to treat prostatitis, and defined quercetin-induced cellular and molecular changes leading to PCa cell death. Methods Cell viability was assessed using MTT. Cell death mode, mitochondrial outer membrane potential, and oxidative stress levels were determined by flow cytometry using Annexin V-7 AAD dual staining kit, JC-1 dye, and ROS detection kit, respectively. Antibody microarray and western blot were used to delineate the molecular changes induced by quercetin. Results PCa cells treated with various concentrations of quercetin showed time- and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability compared to controls, without affecting normal prostate epithelial cells. Quercetin led to apoptotic and necrotic cell death in PCa cells by affecting the mitochondrial integrity and disturbing the ROS homeostasis depending upon the genetic makeup and oxidative status of the cells. LNCaP and PC-3 cells that have an oxidative cellular environment showed ROS quenching after quercetin treatment while DU-145 showed rise in ROS levels despite having a highly reductive environment. Opposing effects of quercetin were also observed on the pro-survival pathways of PCa cells. PCa cells with mutated p53 (DU-145) and increased ROS showed significant reduction in the activation of pro-survival Akt pathway while Raf/MEK were activated in response to quercetin. PC-3 cells lacking p53 and PTEN with reduced ROS levels showed significant activation of Akt and NF-κB pathway. Although some of these changes are commonly associated with oncogenic response, the cumulative effect of these alterations is PCa cell death. Conclusions Our results demonstrated quercetin exerts its anti-cancer effects by modulating ROS, Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Quercetin could be used as a chemopreventive option as well as in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to improve clinical outcomes of PCa patients.
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Parikesit D, Mochtar CA, Umbas R, Hamid ARAH. The impact of obesity towards prostate diseases. Prostate Int 2015; 4:1-6. [PMID: 27014656 PMCID: PMC4789344 DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has supported obesity as a risk factor for both benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Obesity causes several mechanisms including increased intra-abdominal pressure, altered endocrine status, increased sympathetic nervous activity, increased inflammation process, and oxidative stress, all of which are favorable in the development of BPH. In PCa, there are several different mechanisms, such as decreased serum testosterone, peripheral aromatization of androgens, insulin resistance, and altered adipokine secretion caused by inflammation, which may precipitate the development of and even cause high-grade PCa. The role of obesity in prostatitis still remains unclear. A greater understanding of the pathogenesis of prostate disease and adiposity could allow the development of new therapeutic markers, prognostic indicators, and drug targets. This review was made to help better understanding of the association between central obesity and prostate diseases, such as prostatitis, BPH, and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyandra Parikesit
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Chaidir Arief Mochtar
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rainy Umbas
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Parikesit D, Mochtar CA, Umbas R, Hamid AR. WITHDRAWN: The impact of obesity towards prostate diseases. Prostate Int 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Immunomodulatory effect of red onion (Allium cepa Linn) scale extract on experimentally induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in Wistar rats. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:640746. [PMID: 24829522 PMCID: PMC4009127 DOI: 10.1155/2014/640746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Red onion scales (ROS) contain large amounts of flavonoids that are responsible for the reported antioxidant activity, immune enhancement, and anticancer property. Atypical prostatic hyperplasia (APH) was induced in adult castrated Wistar rats by both s.c. injection of testosterone (0.5 mg/rat/day) and by smearing citral on shaved skin once every 3 days for 30 days. Saw palmetto (100 mg/kg) as a positive control and ROS suspension at doses of 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day were given orally every day for 30 days. All medications were started 7 days after castration and along with testosterone and citral. The HPLC profile of ROS methanolic extract displayed two major peaks identified as quercetin and quercetin-4′-β-O-D-glucoside. Histopathological examination of APH-induced prostatic rats revealed evidence of hyperplasia and inflammation with cellular proliferation and reduced apoptosis Immunohistochemistry showed increased tissue expressions of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IGF-1, and clusterin, while TGF-β1 was decreased, which correlates with the presence of inflammation. Both saw palmetto and RO scale treatment have ameliorated these changes. These ameliorative effects were more evident in RO scale groups and were dose dependent. In conclusion, methanolic extract of ROS showed a protective effect against APH induced rats that may be attributed to potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
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Elberry AA, Mufti ST, Al-Maghrabi JA, Abdel-Sattar EA, Ashour OM, Ghareib SA, Mosli HA. Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera) on experimentally-induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats. J Inflamm (Lond) 2011; 8:40. [PMID: 22195697 PMCID: PMC3310814 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-8-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical prostatic hyperplasia (APH) is a pseudoneoplastic lesion that can mimic prostate adenocarcinoma because of its cytologic and architectural features. Suspension of date palm pollen (DPP) is an herbal mixture that is widely used in folk medicine for male infertility. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of DPP suspension and extract on APH-induced rats. METHODS APH was induced in adult castrated Wistar rats by both s.c. injection of testosterone (0.5 mg/rat/day) and smearing citral on shaved skin once every 3 days for 30 days. Saw palmetto (100mg/kg), DPP suspension (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg), and lyophilized DPP extract (150,300 and 600 mg/kg) were given orally daily for 30 days. All medications were started 7 days after castration and along with testosterone and citral. RESULTS The histopathological feature in APH-induced prostate rats showed evidence of hyperplasia and inflammation. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the expressions of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IGF-1 and clusterin were increased, while the expression of TGF-β1 was decreased that correlates with presence of inflammation. Moreover, histopathological examination revealed increased cellular proliferation and reduced apoptosis in ventral prostate. Both saw palmetto and DPP treatment has ameliorated these histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in APH-induced rats. These improvements were not associated with reduction in the prostatic weight that may be attributed to the persistence of edema. CONCLUSION DPP may have a potential protective effect in APH-induced Wistar rats through modulation of cytokine expression and/or upregulation of their autocrine/paracrine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Elberry
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shagufta T Mufti
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah A Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam A Abdel-Sattar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Osama M Ashour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salah A Ghareib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Mosli
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Gudkov AV, Gurova KV, Komarova EA. Inflammation and p53: A Tale of Two Stresses. Genes Cancer 2011; 2:503-16. [PMID: 21779518 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911409747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous observations indicate a strong link between chronic inflammation and cancer. This link is supported by substantial experimental evidence indicating mutual negative regulation of NF-κB, the major regulator of inflammation, and p53, the major tumor suppressor. This antagonistic relationship reflects the opposite principles of the physiological responses driven by these transcription factors, which act as sensors and mediators of intrinsic and extrinsic cell stresses, respectively. Constitutive activation of NF-κB, the underlying cause of chronic inflammation, is a common acquired characteristic of tumors. A variety of experimental methods have been used to demonstrate that constitutive activation of NF-κB reduces the tumor suppressor activity of p53, thereby creating permissive conditions for dominant oncogene-mediated transformation. Loss of p53 activity is also a characteristic of the majority of tumors and results in unleashed inflammatory responses due to loss of p53-mediated NF-κB suppression. On the other hand, in natural or pharmacological situations of enforced p53 activation, NF-κB activity, inflammation, and immune responses are reduced, resulting in different pathologies. It is likely that the chronic inflammation that is commonly acquired in various tissues of older mammals leads to general suppression of p53 function, which would explain the increased risk of cancer observed in aging animals and humans. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying reciprocal negative regulation of p53 and NF-κB remain to be deciphered, this phenomenon has important implications for pharmacological prevention of cancer and aging and for new approaches to control inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei V Gudkov
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Prostatitis is a prevalent and morbid condition with a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. The four distinct prostatitis syndromes have different pathophysiologies, therapy and prognosis. Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis is best treated with appropriate antibiotics that penetrate the prostate and kill the causative organisms. The most challenging category to treat is category III or chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. AREAS COVERED IN THE REVIEW This review covers the categories of prostatitis and currently recommended therapies, as well as novel approaches on the horizon. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Knowledge of the current framework for the diagnosis and management of the diverse prostatitis spectrum. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Prostatitis is a diverse group of syndromes. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a multifactorial syndrome that requires a multimodal approach to effectively treat the patient. The UPOINT technique is used to clinically phenotype these patients and drive the selection of multimodal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon C Snow
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Desk Q10-1, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Wang J, Cai Y, Shao LJ, Siddiqui J, Palanisamy N, Li R, Ren C, Ayala G, Ittmann M. Activation of NF-{kappa}B by TMPRSS2/ERG Fusion Isoforms through Toll-Like Receptor-4. Cancer Res 2010; 71:1325-33. [PMID: 21169414 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The TMPRSS2/ERG (T/E) fusion gene is present and thought to be an oncogenic driver of approximately half of all prostate cancers. Fusion of the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter to the ERG oncogene results in constitutive high level expression of ERG which promotes prostate cancer invasion and proliferation. Here, we report the characterization of multiple alternatively spliced T/E fusion gene isoforms which have differential effects on invasion and proliferation. We found that T/E fusion gene isoforms differentially increase NF-κB-mediated transcription, which may explain in part the differences in biological activities of the T/E fusion isoforms. This increased activity is due to phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 on Ser536. Tissue microarray immunochemistry revealed that p65 phospho-Ser536 is present in the majority of prostate cancers where it is associated with ERG protein expression. The T/E fusion gene isoforms differentially increase expression of a number of NF-κB associated genes including PAR1, CCL2, FOS, TLR3, and TLR4 (Toll-like receptor). TLR4 activation is known to promote p65 Ser536 phosphorylation and knockdown of TLR4 with shRNA decreases Ser536 phosphorylation in T/E fusion gene expressing cells. TLR4 can be activated by proteins in the tumor microenvironment and lipopolysacharide from Gram (-) bacteria. Our findings suggest that bacterial infection of the prostate and/or endogenous microenvironment proteins may promote progression of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and/or prostate cancers that express the T/E fusion gene, where the NF-κB pathway might be targeted as a rational therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Tindall EA, Hoang HN, Southey MC, English DR, Hopper JL, Giles GG, Severi G, Hayes VM. The 4q27 locus and prostate cancer risk. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:69. [PMID: 20184734 PMCID: PMC2841665 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammation is considered to be implicated in the development of prostate cancer. In this study we are the first to investigate a potential association between variants in an autoimmune related region on chromosome 4q27 and prostate cancer risk. This region harbors two cytokine genes IL-2 and the recently described IL-21. Methods We genotyped six variants previously associated with autoimmune disease (namely rs13151961, rs13119723, rs17388568, rs3136534, rs6822844 and rs6840978) and one functional IL-2 promoter variant (rs2069762) for possible association with prostate cancer risk using the Australian Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer case-control Study. Results Overall, our results do not support an association between the seven variants at position 4q27 and prostate cancer risk. Per allele odds ratios (ORs) were not significantly different from 1 (all P-values = 0.06). However, we found suggestive evidence for a significant association between the presence of the rs13119723 variant (located in a protein of unknown function) and men with a family history of prostate cancer in first-degree relatives (P-value for interaction 0.02). The per allele OR associated with this variant was significantly higher than 1 (2.37; 95% C.I. = 1.01-5.57). Conclusions We suggest that genetic variation within the chromosome 4q27 locus might be associated with prostate cancer susceptibility in men with a family history of the disease. Furthermore, our study alludes to a potential role of unknown protein KIAA1109 in conferring this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Tindall
- Cancer Genetics Group, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Sydney Children's Hospital, High St, Randwick, NSW, Australia
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Fibbi B, Penna G, Morelli A, Adorini L, Maggi M. Chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:475-88. [PMID: 19508330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disorder affecting 50-80% of the aged male population. Androgens and age have been traditionally considered the main determinants of prostate enlargement, but in the last years a potentially important role of chronic inflammation in BPH pathogenesis has emerged. Bacterial and non-infectious chronic prostatitis could represent inciting factors leading to tissue hyperproliferation, possibly via the recently demonstrated antigen-presenting capacity of prostatic stromal cells, enabling them to induce and sustain intraglandular immune responses. The prostate growth-promoting chemokine IL-8 could represent a direct link between chronic prostate inflammation and autocrine/paracrine stromal cell proliferation, in agreement with its marked secretion induced in BPH stromal cells by a combination of Th1 and Th17 cell-derived inflammatory cytokines. BPH stromal cells express the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is up-regulated by exposure to inflammatory stimuli. The non-hypercalcaemic VDR agonist elocalcitol, shown to arrest BPH development by decreasing the intra-prostatic androgen signalling without directly interfering with systemic androgen action, exerts immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties in different prostatic pathology characterized by growth and inflammation. The mechanism of action of VDR agonists supports an important role of chronic inflammation in BPH pathogenesis and strengthens the concept of these agents as a therapeutic option for pharmacological treatment of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fibbi
- Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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