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Tabakin AL, De Rosa P, Ellis E, Grajales V, Orzel J, Overholt TL, Goh M, Kraft KH, Smith-Mathus G, Simma-Chiang V, Stearns G, Vollstedt A, Taylor JM. Increasing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Urology Residency Recruitment: Recommendations From the Society of Women in Urology. Urology 2024; 191:193-199. [PMID: 38735441 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2024.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a framework for diversifying the urologic workforce through residency recruitment by integrating principles of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) into program mission and values, application review, and interview process. MATERIALS AND METHODS For this narrative review, the Society of Women in Urology Advancing DEI in Urology Residency Recruitment Task Force identified 4 areas for incorporating DEI into residency recruitment: defining a residency program's mission and values, holistic application review, an objective interview process, and implementing DEI principles into a program. Using PubMed and Google Scholar, we performed a non-systematic literature search of articles from January 2014 to January 2024. Search terms included combinations of "diversity", "equity", "inclusion", "residency", "holistic review", "applications", "interviews", and "initiatives". Additional resources were identified through citations of selected articles. Based on findings from these articles, Task Force members made recommendations for best practices. RESULTS The diversity of practicing urologists is disproportionate to that of the United States population. Emerging evidence demonstrates that DEI efforts in healthcare are associated with better outcomes and reduction in healthcare inequities. We offer strategies for residency programs to integrate DEI initiatives into their recruitment, application review, and interview process. Furthermore, we address extending DEI principles into a program's mission and culture to create an inclusive environment conducive to training and supporting individuals from unique backgrounds. CONCLUSION It is critical to recruit and retain diverse talent in urology to improve patient care. We urge residency programs and their supporting institutions to adopt DEI principles into their recruitment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Tabakin
- Division of Urogynecology and Reconstructive Pelvic Surgery, Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY.
| | - Paige De Rosa
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Elizabeth Ellis
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Joanna Orzel
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Tyler L Overholt
- Department of Urology, Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Meidee Goh
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kate H Kraft
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | | | - Gillian Stearns
- Department of Urology, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC
| | - Annah Vollstedt
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
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Gimenez C, Balassanian R, Banet N, Barkan G, DeRobbio K, Henderson-Jackson E, Jenkins E, Kilic A, Lai L, Lura T, Morgenstern N, Mito J, Reid MD, Rivera-Colon G, Stewart J, Lowe ACY. Science, Medicine, and Cytology: an educational program of the Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee of the American Society of Cytopathology. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2024; 13:244-253. [PMID: 38834386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As our field of pathology continues to grow, our trainee numbers are on the decline. To combat this trend, the ASC Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee established the Science, Medicine, and Cytology SumMer Certificate program to improve exposure to pathology/cytopathology with a focus on diversity, equity, and inclusion. Herein, we report our findings of the first 2 years of the program. MATERIALS AND METHODS An online course was developed targeting students who are underrepresented in medicine at the high school and college level. It consisted of several didactic sessions, presenting the common procedures involving cytopathologists and cytologists. Interviews with cytopathologists were also included. Participants were surveyed for demographic information and provided course evaluations. RESULTS In the first year of the program (2021), 34 participants completed the program, which increased to 103 in 2022. In both years there was a diversity in participant demographic backgrounds; however, only a minority of participants self-identified as being underrepresented in medicine. A vast majority (>85%) of participants in both years were high school or college students. In 2021, 100% of participants stated that the program format was effective and 94% thought the content was appropriate for their level of education; in 2022 the results were similar. In 2021, 66% considered health care as a potential career; this value increased in 2022 to 83%. In 2021 and 2022, 31% and 38%, respectively, considered cytology as a career. CONCLUSIONS Evaluations were excellent, generating interest in cytopathology. Barriers in reaching underrepresented minorities exist and additional work is needed. Expansion to a wider audience may increase outreach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gimenez
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, New York; Division of Cytopathology, Northwell Health Laboratories, Greenvale, New York.
| | - Ronald Balassanian
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Natalie Banet
- Department of Pathology, Cleaveland Clinic Community Oncology Group, Cleaveland, Ohio
| | - Guliz Barkan
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Kristen DeRobbio
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elizabeth Jenkins
- Department of Pathology, American Society of Cytopathology, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Ayse Kilic
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Lisa Lai
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Theresa Lura
- James H Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Nora Morgenstern
- Department of Pathology, NYC Health and Hospitals Elmhurst, Queens, New York
| | - Jeffrey Mito
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle D Reid
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Glorimar Rivera-Colon
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jimmie Stewart
- Department of Pathology, Regents of The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Irani S, Zebib L, Simons ECG, Andino JJ, Palapattu G, Goh KM. Analyzing the Current State and Visibility of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives at Urology Residency Programs. Urology 2024; 188:24-29. [PMID: 38508531 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2024.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze AUA urology residency program websites to determine visibility of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) initiatives. There is growing interest in DEI initiatives by urology applicants, and in recent years, urology programs have invested in efforts to promote DEI. METHODS All ACGME-accredited urology residency program with a website were assessed. Military programs were excluded. A DEI Score Card was developed using published pillars of DEI, including five domains: departmental inclusion, pipeline growth, departmental education, community engagement, and faculty demographics. Program Doximity rank, address, and surrounding demographics were collected to determine predictors of investing in DEI. RESULTS One hundred forty-one urology residency websites were included for analysis. Only 40.7% of programs referenced DEI on their webpage, and 21.4% offered funded mentorship opportunities. Department education and community engagement were the least popular initiatives. The Western, Northeastern, and North Central sections had the highest DEI total score with wide variation across domains. Mention of DEI was not associated with program's county-level social vulnerability or percent minority but was associated with being a top 50 program (OR=4.0; 95% CI 1.8, 8.9; P = .0007). CONCLUSION Less than half of academic urology programs' websites referenced DEI initiatives. Using a DEI score card, our study shows that investment in DEI varies widely by AUA section, and greater investment is positively correlated with program rank. Our DEI score card serves as a tool that programs can use to assess their current DEI investment, identify areas for improvement, and ensure existing initiatives are visible to applicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarosh Irani
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Laura Zebib
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Juan J Andino
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Urology, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Keow Mei Goh
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Nosrat C, Martin-Tuite P, Jiang F, Broering J, Shindel AW. Gender Bias in Letters of Recommendation: Relevance to Urology Match Outcomes and Pursuit of Fellowship Training/Academic Career. Urology 2024; 183:281-287. [PMID: 37940078 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review applications to a single urology residency program to determine application characteristics predictive of (1) successful match into urology residency and (2) pursuit of fellowship training and/or academic practice after completion of residency. Our principal variables of interest were gender bias as assessed in letters of recommendation (LOR), personal statements, Medical Student Performance Evaluation (MSPE), race, and gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS Applications submitted to our urology residency program in the 2014 cycle were reviewed. Twenty-three variables were analyzed, including applicant demographics, application materials, and gender bias. Deidentified text from LOR, personal statements, and MSPE was evaluated for gender bias using an open-source gender bias calculator. A subanalysis of applicants who matched at a top 25 urology program was performed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify applicant variables associated with (1) match success and (2) fellowship training or academic employment as of September 2021. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty-two completed applications were analyzed. First authorship of a published manuscript was significantly associated with greater odds of matching. Female gender and top 25 medical school attendance were both significant predictors of matching at a top 25 urology program. The number of first-author publications was associated with completion of fellowship training or current employment in an academic position. CONCLUSION First-author publications are the most important preinterview determinant of match success and subsequent pursuit of academic practice/fellowship training. Certain applicant characteristics are associated with matching at highly ranked programs. Gender bias in application materials (including LOR) does not appear to exert a significant influence on match and early career outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Nosrat
- School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
| | - Patrick Martin-Tuite
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | - Fei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jenny Broering
- Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Alan W Shindel
- Department of Urology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Strausser SA, Mansfield K, Zheng A, Bhanja D, Hoskins M, Piper M, Goss M, McNutt S, Raman JD, Burns AS. Urology Match: Important Factors Women Consider When Choosing a Residency Training Program. Urology 2024; 183:288-300. [PMID: 37926380 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine factors that women urology resident physicians rate as most influential when selecting residency programs. METHODS Surveys were emailed to female urology residents during the 2021-2022 academic year. Residents scored 19 factors influencing residency program choice from 1 "least" to 5 "most" important and ranked their top 5 most influential factors. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics and quantile regression. RESULTS One hundred thirty-six (37%) of 367 female urology residents who received the survey participated. Eighty-two percent had no children and 57% did not plan to have children during residency. The three highest scoring factors derived from Likert scale ratings were resident camaraderie (4.6 ± 0.5 [mean ± SD]), resident happiness (4.6 ± 0.6), and case variety/number (4.4 ± 0.8). As a whole, the lowest scoring characteristics were attitudes toward maternity leave (2.6 ± 1.2) and maternity leave policies (2.5 ± 1.2). Married residents were more likely than those who were single and engaged/in a committed relationship to rank attitudes and policies toward maternity leave as more important (3 vs 2 vs 2, P <.0001). Residents with children were more likely than those without children to rank maternity leave policies as more important (3 vs 2, P <.0001). CONCLUSION As a whole, women urology residents prioritized non-gender-related factors. However, gender-specific factors were rated highly by married residents and those with children or planning to have children. Urology training programs may use these results to highlight desirable characteristics to aid recruitment of female residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Zheng
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | | | | | | | - Madison Goss
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sarah McNutt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Urology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.
| | - Amy S Burns
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Simma-Chiang V. Editorial Comment. Urology 2023; 180:72-73. [PMID: 37596133 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
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Fawaz AS, O'Connell C, Manecksha RP, Redmond EJ, Nason G, Dowling C, O'Kelly F. Women in Irish urology: An examination of female representation amongst attendees of the Irish Society of Urology annual meeting (2008-2020). Surgeon 2023; 21:308-313. [PMID: 36935272 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is underrepresentation of women at surgical conferences. We examine the representation of women in Irish urology by looking at gender balance within the Irish Society of Urology (ISU) conference. AIMS ISU programmes over thirteen years from 2008 to 2020 were assessed and female representation in session chairs, guest speakers, poster and oral presentations identified. Gender distributions of authors for each year was examined. To investigate changes in female representation temporally, the period of this study (2008-2020) was subdivided and compared: 2008-2013 and 2014-2020. RESULTS 76 sessions were presided over by 138 chairs, of which 6 (4.3%) were female. Eight conferences had zero female chairs. 62 guest lectures were given, 6 (9.6%) by women. Of total 340 poster and 434 oral presentations, women delivered 24.9% (0-47.5%) of posters and 31.6% (10.3-59.4%) of oral presentations. We found no significant difference in the percentage of female poster presentations between the time periods 2008-2013 (m = 18.2, sd = 13.7) and 2014-2020 (m = 34.3, sd = 17.8), t(11) = -1.4, p > 0.05. However, we found a significant difference in the percentage of female oral presentations between the periods 2008-2013 (m = 18.7, sd = 14.2) and 2014-2020 (m = 40.6, sd = 14.5), t(11) = -2.8, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the second to examine female representation in Irish urology. Session chairs and guest speakers were grossly overrepresented by males as were oral and poster presentations. Despite lacking female influence overall, in more recent years there was an increased representation of women. Societies should strive to increase female representation, as this perpetuates a positive feedback loop, encouraging future female trainees to pursue urological surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Fawaz
- Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | - G Nason
- Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Dowling
- University Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland
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8
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Simhal RK, Shah YB, Wang KR, Martin J, Shah S, Wright A, D'Amico M, Leong JY, Lallas CD, Shenot PJ, Shah MS, Murphy AM. Gender Diversity in Urology Residency Program Leadership Is Associated With Gender Diversity in Residency Cohort. Urology 2023; 177:222-226. [PMID: 37059231 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of program director (PD) gender on the proportion of female residents in urology residency programs. METHODS Demographics for program faculty and current residents matched in the 2017-2022 cycles at United States' accredited urology residency programs were collected from institutional websites. Data verification was completed using the American Urological Association's (AUA) list of accredited programs and the programs' official social media channels. Proportion of female residents across cohorts was compared using two-tailed Student's t-tests. RESULTS One hundred forty-three accredited programs were studied, and 6 were excluded for lack of data. Thirty (22%) of the 137 programs studied have female PDs. Of 1799 residents, 571 (32%) are women. There has been an upward trend in the proportion of females matched from 26% in 2018 to 30% in 2019, 33% in 2020, 32% in 2021, to 38% in 2022. When compared to programs with male PDs, those with female PDs had a significantly higher proportion of female residents (36.2% vs 28.8%, p = .02). CONCLUSION Nearly one-quarter of urology residency PDs are female, and approximately one-third of current urology residents are women, a proportion that has been increasing. Programs with female PDs are more likely to match female residents, whether those programs with female leadership rank female applicants more favorably or female applicants rank those programs higher. Given the ongoing gender disparities in urology, these findings indicate notable benefit in supporting female urologists in academic leadership positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh K Simhal
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yash B Shah
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kerith R Wang
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan Martin
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sohan Shah
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Adam Wright
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Maria D'Amico
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Joon Yau Leong
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Costas D Lallas
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Patrick J Shenot
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mihir S Shah
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alana M Murphy
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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Gurayah AA, Mohamed AI, Rahman F, Bernstein AP, Asafu-Adjei D, Ezeh UC, Willey BC, Balumuka D, Yarholar LM, Gosman A, Ramasamy R. The Revolving Door of Residency: Predictors of Residency Attrition for Urology Matriculants Between 2001 and 2016. Urology 2023; 177:21-28. [PMID: 37076020 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To add to the literature which has reported higher attrition rates amongst General Surgery residents who identify as female or underrepresented in medicine (URM), we aimed to determine how these factors contribute to attrition within Urology. We hypothesized that women and URM Urology residents will similarly have higher attrition rates. METHODS The Association of American Medical Colleges surveyed residents to obtain matriculation and attrition status from 2001 to 2016. Data included demographics, medical school type, and specialty. A multivariable logistic regression model was performed to identify predictors of attrition amongst Urology residents. RESULTS In our sample of 4321 Urology residents, 22.5% were female, 9.9% were URM, 25.8% were older than 30 years, 2.5% were Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine graduates and 4.7% were International Medical Graduates. On multivariable analysis, being female (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.3, P < .001) was associated with increased residency attrition when compared to male residents. Additionally, residents who matriculated between 30 and 39 years old (OR = 1.9, P < .001) or ≥40 years old (OR = 10.7, P < .001) had an increased risk of residency attrition when compared to residents who matriculated between 26 and 29 years old. Attrition rates for URM trainees have recently increased. CONCLUSION Women, older, and URM Urology residents experience higher rates of attrition compared to their peers. It is essential to identify trainees with a higher likelihood of attrition to determine system-level changes to combat departures from training programs. Our study highlights the need to foster more inclusive training environments and change institutional cultures to diversify the surgical workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Farah Rahman
- Miller School of Medicine, Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
| | - Ari P Bernstein
- Department of Urology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY.
| | - Denise Asafu-Adjei
- Department of Urology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL.
| | - Uche C Ezeh
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
| | | | - Darius Balumuka
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR.
| | - Lauren M Yarholar
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
| | - Amanda Gosman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA.
| | - Ranjith Ramasamy
- Miller School of Medicine, Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL.
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Soto E, Lewis M, Estrada CA, de la Torre JI, O'Beirne R, Martin C, Corey B. Barriers and Facilitators for Under-Represented in Medicine (URiM) Medical Students Interested in Surgical Sub-specialties. Am J Surg 2023; 225:660-666. [PMID: 37455798 PMCID: PMC10344418 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Little is known on drivers and detractors underrepresented in medicine (URiM) medical students face. Methods Using the nominal group technique (NGT), we explored experiences that strengthen or weaken the enthusiasm to pursue a career in surgery among URiM medical students (October 2021- April 2022); participants voted on the three most important experiences (weight of 3= top rated, = 1 for the lowest rated). Responses from NGT with at least one vote were weighted, ranked, and categorized. Results Seventeen students participated. Experiences that strengthen enthusiasm (36 responses with at least one vote) involved mentorship and role models (weighted sum percentage, 35%), demonstrating grit (15%), lifestyle (15%), patient interactions (14%), technical skills (11%), community and team (10%), and intellectual stimulation (1%). Experiences that weaken enthusiasm (33 responses with at least one vote) include the minority experience (weighted sum percentage, 51%), quality of life (25%), toxic environment (13%), lack of information (7%), and finances (5%). Conclusions Mentorship, demonstrating grit, and feeling a sense of community were important positive experiences or attitudes. The minority experience, toxic environment, perceptions of self-worth, and lifestyle misconceptions perceived by URiM must be addressed to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Soto
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Marshall Lewis
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Carlos A Estrada
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Jorge I de la Torre
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Birmingham, Alabama
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Ronan O'Beirne
- Office of Continuing Medical Education, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Colin Martin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Britney Corey
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center; Birmingham, Alabama
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham Marnix E. Heersink School of Medicine; Birmingham, Alabama
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Evidence-based Best Practices in Recruitment of Diverse Residents: A Perspective From a Diversity Officer. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023; 66:107-109. [PMID: 36657048 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of a diverse resident workforce is the immediate proximate step to growing a diverse physician workforce. This recruitment requires intentionality on the part of residency programs and institutional graduate medical education offices. This article describes evidence-based recruitment "best practices" and encourages programs to stay committed.
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Findlay BL, Bearrick EN, Granberg CF, Koo K. Path to Parity: Trends in Female Representation Among Physicians, Trainees, and Applicants in Urology and Surgical Specialties. Urology 2023; 172:228-233. [PMID: 36495948 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize recent trends among practicing female surgeons, surgical trainees, and surgical residency applicants to assess potential progress toward gender parity. METHODS Workforce statistics on U.S. practicing surgeons, trainees, and applicants among 9 surgical specialties were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges and Electronic Residency Application Service public databases. Physician and trainee data during 2007-2019 and residency applicant data during 2016-2020 were analyzed by surgical specialty. We used Cochrane Armitage trend tests to assess changes over time. RESULTS Female practicing urologists increased 104% during the study period, the third-largest increase among 9 surgical specialties (range 36%-114%, all P < .01), representing continued growth in the prevalence and proportion of women among surgical trainees in all surgical disciplines. In contrast, the overall change for female urology residents (28%) lagged significantly, ranking eighth among the 9 specialties (range 9%-149%, all P < .01), suggesting slowing growth in the training pipeline. Finally, while the proportional change in urology applicants has been significant (33%, P < .01), growth rates have markedly slowed in the past 5 years compared to women in practice and training since 2007. CONCLUSION While female representation among practicing urologists has improved relative to other surgical disciplines, declining rates of women entering and applying to urology residency suggest a longer trajectory toward gender parity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kevin Koo
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Persad-Paisley EM, Kazal FH, Shamshad A, Zeyl VG, Douglas CM, Wasserman MC, Thavaseelan S. Applying Representation Quotient Methodology to Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Trends of Applicants and Matriculants to Urology Residency Programs From 2010-2018. Urology 2023; 172:25-32. [PMID: 36402268 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To accurately examine the trends in the racial and gender composition of medical students applying and matriculating to urology residency programs. METHODS Reports on race/ethnicity and gender for medical school graduates, and urology residency applicants and matriculants were obtained for years 2010-2018. The proportions of individuals representing different racial and gender identities among urology applicants and matriculants were divided by a denominator of their proportion in medical school graduating classes to produce representation quotients (RQapp and RQmat, respectively). Linear regression models were performed on yearly RQs to estimate the RQ changes over time. Nonparametric testing was used to evaluate for differences in applicant to matriculant representation within each identity. ANOVA was performed separately on RQapp and RQmat values to assess differences in representation between identities in the applicant and matriculant populations. RESULTS Asian men experienced increases in representation among urology applicants (RQapp: slope 2.04 × 10-2; P = .03) and matriculants (RQmat slope: 7.46 × 10-2; P = .0076) during the study period. Black men trended towards under-representation among applicants (RQapp slope -1.51 × 10-1; P = .03) and matriculants (RQmat slope: -1.71 × 10-1; P = .02). When examining genders, both men (RQapp=1.43 vs RQmat=1.44; P = .80) and women (RQapp=0.52 vs RQmat = 0.51; P = .67) had unchanged representation in the applicant and matriculant cohorts, but women severely underrepresented on average. CONCLUSIONS Women and Black men are underrepresented in the urology workforce. These concerning findings demonstrate the dire need for initiatives regarding recruitment into urology to support and to ensure successful entry into the field for minority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frances H Kazal
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Alizeh Shamshad
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Victoria G Zeyl
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Cody M Douglas
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI
| | - Meredith C Wasserman
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Simone Thavaseelan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Kelly T, Rodriguez SB. Expanding Underrepresented in Medicine to Include Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Individuals. ACADEMIC MEDICINE : JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN MEDICAL COLLEGES 2022; 97:1605-1609. [PMID: 35507452 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000004720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In 2003, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) stopped using the term "underrepresented minority" and instead adopted "underrepresented in medicine." This was not the first time the AAMC revised this definition. In this article, the authors call on the AAMC to revise and expand this definition to include another group that is underrepresented in medicine: lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals. It is difficult to know whether LGBTQ populations are underrepresented in medicine; however, the data that do exist suggest a significant lack of LGBTQ representation in medicine. It is unclear if this underrepresentation is due to a true numerical lack of LGBTQ physicians, to LGBTQ physicians not publicly self-identifying due to anti-LGBTQ sentiments and reactions, or to both. The authors urge the AAMC to take 3 actions: to anonymously and sensitively poll physicians nationwide to obtain a better estimate of the current number of LGBTQ physicians, to formulate improved standards for an LGBTQ health curriculum for all medical trainees to consistently produce LGBTQ-competent physicians, and to once again expand its definition of underrepresented in medicine to include LGBTQ populations. Such a change to this definition would likely lead to concerted efforts to increase the number of LGBTQ physicians, which could then lead to increased visibility, inclusivity, and mentorship programs where LGBTQ trainees could thrive. With these 3 actions, the authors believe that the AAMC has the opportunity to forge a path forward that is not only beneficial to LGBTQ trainees but also to LGBTQ patients who currently face a myriad of health disparities due to the lack of LGBTQ-identifying and LGBTQ-competent physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kelly
- T. Kelly is a resident physician, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sarah B Rodriguez
- S.B. Rodriguez is associate professor of instruction, Global Health Studies Program, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, lecturer, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, and faculty member, Medical Humanities and Bioethics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
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15
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EDITORIAL COMMENT. Urology 2022; 162:103. [PMID: 35469602 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Nwokolo OO, Coombs AAT, Eltzschig HK, Butterworth JF. Diversity and Inclusion in Anesthesiology. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:1166-1174. [PMID: 35130194 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In today's world, departments of anesthesiology and professional organizations are rightfully expected to have racial, ethnic, and gender diversity. Diversity and inclusiveness are considered important contributors to an effective and collaborative work environment by promoting excellence in patient care, education, and research. This has been re-emphasized in the racial reckoning in the summer of 2020, and the ongoing health care disparities manifested by the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Moreover, the negative consequences of a lack of diversity and inclusion in health care have been shown to impact recruitment, retention, and the economic well-being of academic departments. In the present article, we review the current state of diversity in anesthesiology departments and professional organizations in the United States. We discuss strategies and important approaches to further enhance diversity to promote an inclusive perioperative work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omonele O Nwokolo
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Alice A T Coombs
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, West Hospital, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- From the Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - John F Butterworth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, West Hospital, Richmond, Virginia
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17
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Rajaguru PP, Ademuwagun L, Pierre-Louis Y, Reddy NG, Moreira CC. Moving Beyond Diversity: A Scoping Review of Inclusion Initiatives in the Surgical Workforce. J Am Coll Surg 2022; 234:203-213. [PMID: 35213442 DOI: 10.1097/xcs.0000000000000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Addressing racial disparities within the surgical workforce is vital to provide quality care to all patients; inclusion is critical to do so. Inclusion signifies a move beyond numerical representation; tangible goals include reducing attrition and maximizing career development. The aims of this review were to (1) test whether there are academically published interventions or frameworks addressing inclusion in the surgical workforce and (2) characterize these interventions or frameworks. This review adhered to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Three electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Web of Science) were queried. Peer-reviewed full-text English-language articles focused on interventions or frameworks to achieve inclusion in the surgical workforce were considered. The initial search yielded 2243 papers; 15 met inclusion criteria. The published literature regarding interventions to achieve inclusion was sparse; the most common reasons for exclusion of full texts were papers not focused on interventions (42%; n = 51) or purely focused on diversity and representation (36%; n = 42). The most common field represented was broadly academic surgery (4/15; 47%), with seven other subspecialties represented. A small minority received funding (3/15; 20%). Common themes included systematic reform of recruitment policies and practices, increased access to targeted mentorship, gaining leadership support, and increased avenues for underrepresented faculty advancement. While limited, promising work has been undertaken through national collaboration and model institutional work. Future considerations may include incentivizing academic publication of inclusion work, increasing access to funding, and rewarding these efforts in career advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Rajaguru
- From the Supporting Underrepresented Research to Generate Equity (SURGE) Lab (Rajaguru, Ademuwagun, Pierre-Louis, Reddy, Moreira), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Lydia Ademuwagun
- From the Supporting Underrepresented Research to Generate Equity (SURGE) Lab (Rajaguru, Ademuwagun, Pierre-Louis, Reddy, Moreira), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Youry Pierre-Louis
- From the Supporting Underrepresented Research to Generate Equity (SURGE) Lab (Rajaguru, Ademuwagun, Pierre-Louis, Reddy, Moreira), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Neha G Reddy
- From the Supporting Underrepresented Research to Generate Equity (SURGE) Lab (Rajaguru, Ademuwagun, Pierre-Louis, Reddy, Moreira), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Carla C Moreira
- From the Supporting Underrepresented Research to Generate Equity (SURGE) Lab (Rajaguru, Ademuwagun, Pierre-Louis, Reddy, Moreira), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (Moreira), The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Ibrahim S, Pietropaolo A, Naik N, Patel A, Shah MJ, Zondervan P, McDonald J, Zeeshan Hameed BM, Prasad Rai B, Karimi H, Somani BK, Cresswell J. Professional roles of female urologists: A webinar-based survey of perceptions and obstacles to career development. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2021; 93:455-459. [PMID: 34933530 DOI: 10.4081/aiua.2021.4.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urology, traditionally a maledominated specialty, keeping pace with the quickly changing gender landscape, has been characterized by waves of feminization. This study aims to understand the perspectives of women urologists on the obstacles to their career development, and the impact of such hurdles on their professional roles in urological education, practice, and leadership. METHODS 119 female urology residents/consultants were surveyed via a webinar-based platform, covering relevant questions on domains of Academia, Mentorship, Leadership, Parenting, and Charity. Statistical analysis was done using frequency distribution based on the responses. RESULTS 46.8% of the respondents felt that there is an under-representation of women in academia. 'Having a good mentor' was the most important factor for a novice to succeed in academia (68%). The most important trait in becoming a good leader was 'good communication skills' (35%), followed by 'visionary' (20%). The greatest challenge faced by leaders in the medical field was considered as 'time management' (31.9%). Only 21.2% of the participants felt difficulty in having a work-personal life balance, whereas 63.8% of them found it difficult only 'sometimes'. As a working parent, 'the guilt that they are not available all the time' was considered the most difficult aspect (59.5%), and 'more flexible schedule' was needed to make their lives as a working parent easier (46.8%). 34% of the respondents were affiliated with some charitable organizations. The biggest drive to do charity was their satisfaction with a noble cause (72.3%). CONCLUSIONS Need for increased encouragement and recruitment of females into urology, and to support and nurture them in their career aspirations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufyan Ibrahim
- Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal; i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group.
| | - Amelia Pietropaolo
- i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group; Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton.
| | - Nithesh Naik
- i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group; Faculty of Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal.
| | | | - Milap J Shah
- i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group; Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal.
| | | | - Jean McDonald
- North Middlesex University Hospital, Sterling Way, London; Weymouth Street Hospital, Marylebone, London.
| | - B M Zeeshan Hameed
- i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group; Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal.
| | - Bhavan Prasad Rai
- i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group; Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN.
| | - Hadis Karimi
- Manipal College of Pharmacy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal.
| | - Bhaskar K Somani
- i-TRUE (International Training and Research in Uro-oncology and Endourology) Group; Department of Urology, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton.
| | - Joanne Cresswell
- The James Cook University Hospital, South Tees Trust, Middlesbrough.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Residency training is a pivotal educational step on the road to becoming a urologist. It combines both clinical and surgical instruction with the goal of producing proficient and compassionate surgeons and clinicians. In this review, we employ a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) to investigate the current state of urologic residency training. RECENT FINDINGS Urology remains an attractive and competitive residency with varied and complex surgical and medical training. Areas for improvement include standardization of evaluation and feedback, improving resident wellness, and expanding the use of surgical simulation. Workforce issues such as the predicted urologist supply deficit and poor readiness to enter the business of medicine can be addressed at the residency level. Failure to attract and retain underrepresented minorities, increasing burden of student debt, and resident burnout are serious threats to our field. Using a SWOT analysis we identify key areas for expansion, underscore valuable strengths, and provide a working roadmap for improvement of these formative years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke E Sebel
- Division of Urology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Urology, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Eric G Katz
- Division of Urology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Urology, Burlington, MA, USA
| | - Lara S MacLachlan
- Division of Urology, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Urology, Burlington, MA, USA.
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20
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Whitley JA, Joyner BD, Asante PG, Waters WB, Kieran K. Exploring Barriers to the Inclusion of Underrepresented Minorities in Urology: The Temporal and Financial Costs of Residency Interviews. Urology 2021; 162:91-98. [PMID: 34728331 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether interview travel cost and time differed for urology residency applicants from medical schools with higher versus lower proportions of students from groups underrepresented in medicine (URiMs). METHODS We identified 22 medical schools, 11 with <15% and 11 with >20% URiM students, and 17 "highly ranked" urology residency programs. We contacted the residency programs and requested interview dates, preferred lodging options, and institution-based cost-savings. We constructed interview itineraries for 22 hypothetical students (one from each school), and compared the total cost and time for travel to all 17 interviews. Total travel time and interview costs for the students at schools with <15% and >20% URiM were compared, with findings considered statistically significant at p<0.05. RESULTS Each student was able to attend all 17 interviews. The median total cost was similar for applicants from schools >20% URiM ($8074.80; range: $7027.60-$13,702.59) and <15% URiM ($8764.60; range: $6698.48-$11966.83; p=0.89). The median aggregate travel time for applicants from schools >20% URiM was 176.4 (range: 93.7-246.2) hours and for applicants from schools <15% URiM was 160.5 (range: 128.2-203.9) hours (p=0.62). CONCLUSIONS Financial and temporal costs were similar for applicants from medical schools with <15% or >20% URiM students. Thus, absolute cost considerations are unlikely to account for differences in URiM representation in urology. However, the relative impact of interview costs may be different for URiM students. Effective and durable engagement of URiM students in urology requires an introspective assessment of objective versus anecdotal barriers to recruiting and retaining URiM medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Whitley
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Division of Urology, Seattle, WA
| | - Byron D Joyner
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Division of Urology, Seattle, WA; University of Washington Department of Urology, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Kathleen Kieran
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Division of Urology, Seattle, WA; University of Washington Department of Urology, Seattle, WA.
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21
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Trends in the Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the US Urology Workforce. Urology 2021; 162:9-19. [PMID: 34469768 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the historical trends and factors underlying the current state of racial/ethnic representation within the urology workforce at each stage of the educational pipeline. METHODS Using data from the US Census Bureau and the Association of American Medical Colleges, trends in racial/ethnic distribution for 2007-2008 to 2019-2020 were tracked in the educational pipeline for academic urologists. This pipeline was defined as progressively diminishing cohorts, starting with the US population, leading to medical school application, acceptance, and graduation, through to urology residency application, matching, and graduation, and ending with urology faculty appointment. A comparative cohort analysis was performed for academic year 2018-2019 for differences in racial/ethnic distribution across cohorts by binomial tests. RESULTS From 2007-2008 to 2019-2020, while the proportion of Latinx/Hispanic urology applicants increased by 0.38% per year (95% CI 0.24, 0.52), their proportion in the urology resident population remained unchanged (0.07% per year, 95% CI -0.20, 0.06) from 2011-2012 to 2019-2020. There was a decrease in the proportion of Black urology applicants (-0.13% per year, 95% CI -0.24, -0.02) and no change in the resident population (-0.03% per year, 95% CI -0.11, 0.05), despite an increase in total number of residents (n = 1043 to n = 1734) from 2009-2010 to 2019-2020. In 2018-2019, there were step-wise decreases in proportion of Black and Latinx/Hispanic members represented at critical stages of the educational pipeline (P <0.0001). CONCLUSION Attrition in URM urologists occur at key educational stages. This paper offers opportunities for the design of interventions to diversify the urology workforce.
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22
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Stephany HA. EDITORIAL COMMENT. Urology 2021; 154:66-67. [PMID: 34389082 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Stephany
- Associate Clinical Professor of Urology, Pediatric Fellowship Director, Associate Residency Director, University of California, Irvine, 333 The City Boulevard West, Suite 2100, Orange, CA 92868
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Marthi S, Enemchukwu E, Thavaseelan S. Defining the Variance: The Current State of Female and URM Concordance of Urology Resident Workforce to the General U.S. Population. Urology 2021; 162:116-120. [PMID: 34293375 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the current representation of women and underrepresented minorities in medicine (URM) of the urologic resident workforce to the general U.S. POPULATION MATERIALS AND METHODS Data on current gender and racial distribution of U.S. urology residents was obtained from the 2019-2020 ACGME Data Resource Book and compared to the projected 2019 U.S. population as reported in the U.S. Census data. In this study, URM status included Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American/Alaskan, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander and Other. For each gender and race/ethnicity, the percent differences in representation were calculated by subtracting the frequency in the general U.S. population from that of the urology resident workforce and two sample z-tests were performed. RESULTS 1734 urology residents were identified in 2019-2020, of which 471 (27.2%) were female and 258 (14.9%) were URM. Two sample z-tests revealed a significantly lower representation in urologic residency programs for women (-23.6%, P-value < .05) and URMs (-19.1%, P-value < .05). Race/ethnicity subgroup analyses revealed underrepresentation of Black/African American (-9.7%, P-value < .05), Hispanic/Latino (-14.2%, P-value < .05), Native American/Alaskan (-1.1%, P-value < .05). CONCLUSION Women and URMs continue to be significantly underrepresented in urology residency relative to the general U.S. POPULATION Further study should better understand barriers to entering the urologic workforce and identify strategies to encourage interest in urology among female and URM prospective trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Marthi
- Division of Urology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.
| | | | - Simone Thavaseelan
- Division of Urology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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24
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Demzik A, Filippou P, Chew C, Reines K, Brown S, Wallen EM, Viprakasit D, Smith AB, Tan HJ. Linguistic Differences in Personal Statements of Urology Residency Applicants by Self-Reported Race and Ethnicity. Urology 2021; 162:137-143. [PMID: 34118231 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess a potential source of bias that could contribute to underrepresentation of minorities in urology, we analyzed differences in linguistic characteristics in personal statements between urology residency applicants of various racial and ethnic groups. METHODS Personal statements submitted by urology residency applicants to a urology program were evaluated with Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, a validated text analysis program. Analyzed statements and application characteristics were compared according to self-identified race/ethnicity of the applicant using multivariable analysis and independent sample T-tests. RESULTS Of 342 submitted personal statements, 181 applicants self-identified as White non-Hispanic, 86 as Asian, and 75 as "underrepresented in medicine" (URM) including Black and Hispanic/Latino applicants. Asian and URM applicants listed more research projects (11.7 and 12.9 vs 8.8, P = .01) and URM applicants had slightly lower USMLE Step 1 scores (238.5 vs 244.6, P = .01) compared to White applicants. When evaluating personal statements, all applicants wrote with the same degree of analytical thinking. Asian applicants scored lower in authenticity (P = .03) and emotional tone (P = .04) while URM applicants scored higher in clout (P = .04) compared to White applicants. In use of pronouns, Asian applicants used 'we/us/our' more often (P < .01), URM applicants used 'you' more often (P = .02), and White applicants used 'I' more often (P = .01). CONCLUSION Significant linguistic differences exist among urology personal statements by racial/ethnic groups that may perpetuate stereotypes and bias in the application process. Appreciating these differences may help applicants avoid possibly detrimental linguistics and help residency programs recruit and support urology applicants from underrepresented backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysen Demzik
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC.
| | | | | | - Katy Reines
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Stephanie Brown
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric M Wallen
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Davis Viprakasit
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Angela B Smith
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Hung-Jui Tan
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Multidisciplinary Genitourinary Oncology, Chapel Hill, NC
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25
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Marsiglio JA, Rosenberg DM, Rooney MK, Goodman CR, Gillespie EF, Hirsch AE, Holliday EB, Kimple RJ, Thomas CR, Golden DW. Mentorship Initiatives in Radiation Oncology: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 110:292-302. [PMID: 33412265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although mentorship is described extensively in academic medical literature, there are few descriptions of mentorship specific to radiation oncology. The goal of the current study was to investigate the state of mentorship in radiation oncology through a scoping review of the literature. METHODS AND MATERIALS A search protocol was defined according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyses extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. Predefined search terms and medical subject headings were used to search PubMed for English language articles published after January 1, 1990, on mentorship in radiation oncology. Additionally, in-press articles from major radiation oncology and medical education journals were searched. Three reviewers determined article eligibility. Included articles were classified based on predefined evaluation criteria. RESULTS Fourteen publications from 2008 to 2019 met inclusion criteria. The most commonly described form of mentorship was the dyad (64.3%), followed by team (14.3%) and peer (7.1%); 2 articles did not specify mentorship type (14.3%). The most commonly mentored participants were residents (35.7%), followed by medical students (35.7%) and attendings (21.4%); 1 study included participants of all levels (7.1%). Thirteen studies (92.9%) identified an experimental study design, most of which were cross-sectional (42.9%), followed by cohort studies (28.6%) and before/after (21.4%). Median sample size, reported in 12 of 13 experimental studies, was 132 (coefficient of variation, 1.06). Although outcomes varied widely, the majority described successful implementation of mentorship initiatives with high levels of participant satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Although few initiatives are currently reported, the present study suggests that these initiatives are successful in promoting career development and increasing professional satisfaction. The interventions overwhelmingly described mentorship dyads; other forms of mentorship are either less common or understudied. Limitations included interventions not being evaluated in a controlled setting, and many were assessed using surveys with low response rates. This review highlights rich opportunities for future scholarship to develop, evaluate, and disseminate radiation oncology mentorship initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Marsiglio
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David M Rosenberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael K Rooney
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chelain R Goodman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Erin F Gillespie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ariel E Hirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma B Holliday
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Randall J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Charles R Thomas
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Daniel W Golden
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Ware AD, Flax LW, White MJ. Strategies to Enhance Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Pathology Training Programs: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1071-1080. [PMID: 34015822 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0595-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Like many medical specialties, pathology faces the ongoing challenge of effectively enriching diversity, equity, and inclusion within training programs and the field as a whole. This issue is furthered by a decline in US medical student interest in the field of pathology, possibly attributable to increasingly limited pathology exposure during medical school and medical student perceptions about careers in pathology. OBJECTIVE.— To review the literature to identify the challenges to diversity, equity, and inclusion in pathology, with an emphasis on the pathology trainee pipeline. To evaluate the medical education literature from other medical specialties for diversity and inclusion-focused studies and initiatives, and determine the outcomes and/or approaches relevant for pathology training programs. DATA SOURCES.— A literature review was completed by a search of the PubMed database, as well as a similar general Google search. Additional resources, including the Web sites of the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Electronic Residency Application Service, and the National Resident Matching Program, were used. CONCLUSIONS.— Many strategies exist to increase diversity and encourage an inclusive and equitable training environment, and many of these strategies may be applied to the field of pathology. Interventions such as increasing exposure to the field, using a holistic application review process, and addressing implicit biases have been shown to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion in many medical specialties. In addition, increasing access to elective and pipeline programs may help to bolster medical student interest in careers in pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha D Ware
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Ware, White)
| | | | - Marissa J White
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Ware, White)
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Morrison ZD, Reyes-Ferral C, Mansfield SA, Alemayehu H, Bowen-Jallow K, Tran S, Santos MC, Bischoff A, Perez N, Lopez ME, Langham MR, Newman EA. Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion: A strategic priority for the American Pediatric Surgical Association. J Pediatr Surg 2021; 56:641-647. [PMID: 33309300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanna Alemayehu
- Children's and Women's Hospital, University of South Alabama Health System, Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | - Sifrance Tran
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Numa Perez
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Erika A Newman
- CS Mott Children's Hospital, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Abstract
The future supply of urologists is not on pace to account for future demands of urologic care. This impending urologic shortage sits on a backdrop of multiple other workforce issues. In this review, we take an in-depth look at several pressing issues facing the urologic workforce, including the impending urology shortage, gender and diversity concerns, growing levels of burnout, and the effects of the coronavirus pandemic. In doing so, we highlight specific areas of clinical practice that may need to be addressed from a health care policy standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Dornbier
- Department of Urology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Christopher M Gonzalez
- Department of Urology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. First Ave., Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Wong D, Kuprasertkul A, Khouri RK, Ganesan V, Kenigsberg AP, Lemack GE. Assessing the Female and Underrepresented Minority Medical Student Experience in the Urology Match: Where Do We Fall Short? Urology 2021; 147:57-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Findlay BL, Manka MG, Bole R, Dodge NA, Thompson RH, Granberg CF. Defining the Current Landscape of Women in Urology: An Analysis of Female Applicants, Residents, and Faculty at AUA-Accredited Residency Programs. Urology 2020; 148:59-63. [PMID: 33301743 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the current landscape of women in academic Urology and determine if there is a correlation between female applicant matches and the proportion of female faculty/residents at their home institution or matched program. METHODS We obtained 2020 American Urological Association (AUA) Match applicant demographics through social media platforms and program inquiries. The gender of full-time faculty and residents at AUA accredited programs was obtained from program websites. Correlations between proportions of female matched applicants and female faculty and residents were analyzed using linear regression models. RESULTS A total of 353 residency slots at all 142 non-military programs were filled in the 2020 AUA Match, with 105 filled by women (30%). Of all applicants, 221 of 286 (77%) males and 105 of 122 (86%) females matched. Regarding institutions with urology residencies, women made up 27% of residents and 16% of full-time faculty. A total of 23 (17%) did not have any female faculty and 8 (6%) had no female residents. We found a positive correlation between the proportion of female residents and female faculty (r2 = 0.12, P <.0001). There was no significant correlation between the proportion of female matched applicants and female faculty or female residents at their matched programs or home institutions. CONCLUSION The proportion of female residents within a urology program is positively correlated with the number of female faculty in the department, although further studies are needed to examine contributing factors. The current distribution of female applicants may demonstrate further narrowing of the gender gap within residency programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raevti Bole
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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31
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Vargas EA, Brassel ST, Perumalswami CR, Johnson TRB, Jagsi R, Cortina LM, Settles IH. Incidence and Group Comparisons of Harassment Based on Gender, LGBTQ+ Identity, and Race at an Academic Medical Center. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2020; 30:789-798. [PMID: 33216670 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A key recommendation from the landmark National Academies report called for research examining experiences of underrepresented and/or vulnerable groups, including people of color and sexual- and gender-minority people. We examine the prevalence of gender policing harassment (GPH), heterosexist harassment (HH), and racialized sexual harassment (RSH), by gender, LGBTQ+, race, and department grouping, which has not been previously examined in academic medicine. Materials and Methods: All faculty (n = 2723), fellows, residents, and first through third year medical students (n = 1822) at the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) who had been working at the organization for at least 1 year were invited to complete a 20-minute online survey. We assessed harassment within the past year, perpetrated by insiders (i.e., staff, students, and faculty) and from patients and patients' families. Results: A total of 705 faculty (25.9% of the targeted sample) and 583 trainees (32.0% of the targeted sample) were in the analytic sample. Women were significantly more likely to experience GPH from both sources than men, and LGBTQ+ individuals were more likely to face HH from both sources than cisgender heterosexual participants. Underrepresented minorities, Asian/Asian American, and female participants had higher rates of RSH perpetrated by insiders. There were significant department-group differences across harassment types. Conclusions: Less-studied forms of harassment are common within academic medicine and are perpetrated from various sources. Identity-based harassment should be investigated further to gain a comprehensive understanding of its impact within academic medicine. Clinical Trial Registration Number not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Vargas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sheila T Brassel
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chithra R Perumalswami
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Timothy R B Johnson
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Von Voigtlander Women's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Reshma Jagsi
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lilia M Cortina
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Isis H Settles
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Leadership diversity in dentistry: Progress and lack thereof. J Am Dent Assoc 2020; 152:85-88. [PMID: 33168139 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Arno K, Davenport D, Shah M, Heinrich S, Gottlieb M. Addressing the Urgent Need for Racial Diversification in Emergency Medicine. Ann Emerg Med 2020; 77:69-75. [PMID: 33010957 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimbia Arno
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Dayle Davenport
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL.
| | - Meeta Shah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Scott Heinrich
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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Gagliardi AR, Kim C, Jameel B. Physician behaviours that optimize patient-centred care: Focus groups with migrant women. Health Expect 2020; 23:1280-1288. [PMID: 32707600 PMCID: PMC7696129 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No prior research studied how to implement patient-centred care (PCC) for migrant women, who face inequities in health-care quality. This study explored migrant women's views about what constitutes PCC and how to achieve it. DESIGN We conducted a qualitative study involving three focus groups with migrant women living in Toronto, Canada, recruited from English language classes at a community settlement agency, used constant comparative technique to inductively analyse transcripts and interpreted themes against a published PCC framework. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three migrant women aged 25-78 from 10 countries participated. RESULTS Women articulated 28 physician behaviours important to them across six PCC domains: foster a healing relationship, exchange information, address concerns, manage uncertainty, share decisions and enable self-care. They emphasized the PCC domain of exchanging information, which included 13 (46.4%) of 28 behaviours: listen to reason for visit, ask questions, provided detailed explanations, communicate clearly, ensure privacy and provide additional information. Women said that instead of practising these behaviours, physicians rushed through discussions, and ignored or dismissed their concerns and questions. As a result, women said that physicians may not fully understand their problem, and they may refrain from stating important details or avoid seeking care. CONCLUSIONS This research characterized the lack of PCC experienced by migrant women and revealed specific physician behaviours to optimize PCC for migrant women. Research is needed to develop and evaluate the impact of strategies targeted at migrant women, physicians and health-care systems to support PCC for migrant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Gagliardi
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Kim
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bismah Jameel
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Phasuk K, Koka S, Kattadiyil MT, Mutluay M. Leadership diversity in prosthodontics: Number of women and nonwhite individuals serving as President of selected prosthodontic organizations in the last 20 years. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 125:773-777. [PMID: 32680735 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM As a measure of the leadership diversity in prosthodontics, the number and percentage of women and nonwhite Presidents of prosthodontics organizations is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this observational study was to calculate and compare the number and percentage of women and nonwhite Presidents of 10 selected prosthodontic organizations over the past 20 years and to determine whether the number of women and nonwhite Presidents has changed over the time frame of 2000-2019 in comparison to male and white Presidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The number of women and nonwhite Presidents of the Academy of Prosthodontics (AP), American Academy of Fixed Prosthodontics (AAFP), American Academy of Maxillofacial Prosthetics (AAMP), American College of Prosthodontists (ACP), American Prosthodontic Society (APS), European Prosthodontic Association (EPA), International Association of Dental Research - Prosthodontics group (IADR-P), International College of Prosthodontists (ICP), Greater New York Academy of Prosthodontics (GNYAP), and Pacific Coast Society for Prosthodontics (PCSP) was recorded. The chi-square test was used to determine differences in the percentage of women and nonwhite Presidents over time and between organizations. RESULTS The range of women Presidents in the selected years was 20% (EPA) to 0% (APS) with a mean of 10%. No statistically significant differences over time and between organizations were observed. The range of nonwhite Presidents in the selected years was 25% (ICP) to 0% (AAFP, AAMP, ACP, and GNYAP) with a mean of 7.5%. No statistically significant difference over time was observed while a statistically significant difference between organizations was observed (P=.015). Multiple comparisons revealed the ICP had significantly more nonwhite Presidents in the selected years. CONCLUSIONS The relatively low numbers of women and nonwhite Presidents in the organizations studied is compelling evidence that there are an insufficient number of women and nonwhite role models in prosthodontics and that important voices representing the diversity of members of the prosthodontic community remain unheard. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamolphob Phasuk
- Director, Predoctoral Implant Prosthodontics and Clinical Assistant Professor, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Sreenivas Koka
- Clinical Professor, Advanced Prosthodontics, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, Calif; Private practice, Koka Dental Clinic, San Diego, Calif; Lecturer, Advanced Prosthodontics, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, Calif; CEO, Career Design in Dentistry, San Diego, Calif.
| | - Mathew T Kattadiyil
- Professor and Director, Advanced Specialty Education in Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, Calif
| | - Murat Mutluay
- Clinical Professor and Chair in Prosthodontics, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Chief Dentist, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Senior Researcher, Adhesive Dentistry Research Group, Department of Restorative Dentistry and Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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36
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Lopez EM, Farzal Z, Ebert CS, Shah RN, Buckmire RA, Zanation AM. Recent Trends in Female and Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups in U.S. Otolaryngology Residency Programs. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:277-281. [PMID: 32144800 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to analyze the recent trends in applicants of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery (Oto-HNS) residency programs, including evolutions in sex and racial/ethnic distribution within the applicant pool and subsequent residency cohort. METHODS Retrospective database and literature review. Data regarding applicants to Oto-HNS programs as well as Oto-HNS residents in the United States from 2008 to 2017 were analyzed from the Electronic Residency Application Service, National Resident Matching Program, and Journal of the American Medical Association. RESULTS Between 2008 and 2018, the number of Oto-HNS residency programs and residency positions offered increased from 105 to 112 and from 273 to 315, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between applicant sex in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more females made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .001). However, the percentage increase in female residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 6.1% (29.8% to 35.9%). No statistically significant difference was present between applicant race in 2008 to 2012 compared to 2013 to 2018 (P > .05), but significantly more minority residents made up the residency workforce from 2013 to 2018 compared to 2008 to 2012 (P < .0001). However, the percentage increase in minority residents from 2008 to 2017 was only 4.9% (35.1% to 40%). CONCLUSION Women and minority racial and ethnic groups continue to be underrepresented among Oto-HNS applicants. However, the presence of these groups among current residents has increased. Understanding and tracking these national trends yearly is critical for training a diverse future otolaryngology workforce. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE VI Laryngoscope, 131:277-281, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Lopez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Zainab Farzal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Charles S Ebert
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Rupali N Shah
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Robert A Buckmire
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Adam M Zanation
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
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