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Hoskins M, Bhanja D, Piper M, Strausser SA, Mansfield K, Zheng A, McNutt S, Goss M, Lighthall JG, Burns AS. Training Program Factors Most Important to Women When Selecting an Otolaryngology Residency. Laryngoscope 2024; 134:600-606. [PMID: 37551878 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine factors that female resident physicians find most influential when choosing an otolaryngology residency program. METHODS A three-part survey was sent to current female otolaryngology residents via email evaluating the importance of 19 characteristics impacting program choice. The 19 factors were scored from 1 (least important) to 5 (most important). The participants also ranked their personal top five most influential factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS One-hundred and fifty of 339 contacted residents participated. Most were aged 30-39 (63%), white (70%), and married (43%). Eighty-five percent had no children, and 52% did not plan to have children during residency. The highest scoring factors derived from Likert scale ratings included resident camaraderie (4.5 ± 0.8), resident happiness (4.4 ± 0.8), and case variety/number (4.4 ± 0.8). The lowest scoring factors were number of fellows (2.9 ± 1.1), attitudes toward maternity leave (2.7 ± 1.3), and maternity leave policies (2.4 ± 1.2). The top five most influential factors and the percentage selecting this were resident camaraderie (57%), resident happiness (57%), academic reputation (51%), case variety/number (47%), and early surgical/clinical experience (44%). Gender-specific factors were infrequently selected. However, 51 (34%) ranked at least one gender-specific factor within their top five list. CONCLUSION Non-gender-related factors, like resident camaraderie and surgical experiences, were most valued by women. Conversely, gender-specific factors were less critical and infrequently ranked. Ninety-nine residents (64%) rated exclusively gender-neutral characteristics in their top five list of most influential factors. Our data offer insight into program characteristics most important to female otolaryngology residents, which may assist residency programs hoping to match female applicants. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 134:600-606, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meloria Hoskins
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Debarati Bhanja
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Molly Piper
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Sarah A Strausser
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Kirsten Mansfield
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Amy Zheng
- Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Sarah McNutt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Madison Goss
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Jessyka G Lighthall
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Amy S Burns
- Department of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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Strausser SA, Mansfield K, Zheng A, Bhanja D, Hoskins M, Piper M, Goss M, McNutt S, Raman JD, Burns AS. Urology Match: Important Factors Women Consider When Choosing a Residency Training Program. Urology 2024; 183:288-300. [PMID: 37926380 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2023.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine factors that women urology resident physicians rate as most influential when selecting residency programs. METHODS Surveys were emailed to female urology residents during the 2021-2022 academic year. Residents scored 19 factors influencing residency program choice from 1 "least" to 5 "most" important and ranked their top 5 most influential factors. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistics and quantile regression. RESULTS One hundred thirty-six (37%) of 367 female urology residents who received the survey participated. Eighty-two percent had no children and 57% did not plan to have children during residency. The three highest scoring factors derived from Likert scale ratings were resident camaraderie (4.6 ± 0.5 [mean ± SD]), resident happiness (4.6 ± 0.6), and case variety/number (4.4 ± 0.8). As a whole, the lowest scoring characteristics were attitudes toward maternity leave (2.6 ± 1.2) and maternity leave policies (2.5 ± 1.2). Married residents were more likely than those who were single and engaged/in a committed relationship to rank attitudes and policies toward maternity leave as more important (3 vs 2 vs 2, P <.0001). Residents with children were more likely than those without children to rank maternity leave policies as more important (3 vs 2, P <.0001). CONCLUSION As a whole, women urology residents prioritized non-gender-related factors. However, gender-specific factors were rated highly by married residents and those with children or planning to have children. Urology training programs may use these results to highlight desirable characteristics to aid recruitment of female residents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Zheng
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | | | | | | | - Madison Goss
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Sarah McNutt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Urology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA.
| | - Amy S Burns
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA.
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Nam HH, Martinazzi BJ, Kirchner GJ, Adeyemo A, Mansfield K, Dopke K, Ptasinski A, Bonaddio V, Aynardi MC. Vancomycin Powder Is Highly Cost-Effective in Total Ankle Arthroplasty. Foot Ankle Spec 2023; 16:283-287. [PMID: 37340880 PMCID: PMC10291110 DOI: 10.1177/19386400221136374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a costly and potentially fatal complication in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Some surgeons apply topical vancomycin powder to minimize the risk of infection during TAA procedures. The purpose of our study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of using vancomycin powder to prevent PJI following TAA and to propose an economic model that can be applied by foot and ankle surgeons in their decision to incorporate vancomycin powder in practice. Using our institution's records of the cost of 1 g of topical vancomycin powder, we performed a break-even analysis and calculated the absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat for varying costs of vancomycin powder, PJI infection rates, and costs of TAA revision. Costing $3.06 per gram at our institution, vancomycin powder was determined to be cost-effective in TAA if the PJI rate of 3% decreased by an absolute risk reduction of 0.02% (Number Needed to Treat = 5304). Furthermore, our results indicate that vancomycin powder can be highly cost-effective across a wide range of costs, PJI infection rates, and varying costs of TAA revision. The use of vancomycin powder remained cost-effective even when (1) the price of vancomycin powder was as low as $2.50 to as high as $100.00, (2) infection rates ranged from .05 to 3%, and (3) the cost of the TAA revision procedure ranged from $1000 to $10 000.Levels of Evidence: IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah H. Nam
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Gregory J. Kirchner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Adeshina Adeyemo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kelly Dopke
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Vincenzo Bonaddio
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C. Aynardi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Martinazzi BJ, Kirchner GJ, Nam HH, Mansfield K, Dopke K, Ptasinski A, Adeyemo A, Walley KC, Aynardi MC. Improving Randomized-Controlled Trials in Foot and Ankle Orthopaedics: The Need to Include Sociodemographic Patient Data. Foot Ankle Spec 2023:19386400231170965. [PMID: 37148174 DOI: 10.1177/19386400231170965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The representation of sociodemographic data within randomized-controlled trials (RCT) regarding foot and ankle surgery is undefined. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of sociodemographic data being reported in contemporary foot and ankle RCTs. METHODS Randomized-controlled trials within the PubMed database from 2016 to 2021 were searched and the full text of 40 articles was reviewed to identify sociodemographic variables reported in the manuscript. Data regarding race, ethnicity, insurance status, income, work status, and education were collected. RESULTS Race was reported in the results in 4 studies (10.0%), ethnicity in 1 (2.5%), insurance status in 0 (0%), income in 1 (2.5%), work status in 3 (7.5%) and education in 2 (5.0%). In any section other than the results, race was reported in 6 studies (15.0%), ethnicity in 1 (2.5%), insurance status in 3 (7.5%), income in 6 (15.0%), work status in 6 (15.0%), and education in 3 (7.5%). There was no difference in sociodemographic data by journal (P = .212), year of publication (P = .216), or outcome study (P = .604). CONCLUSION The overall rate of sociodemographic data reported in foot and ankle RCTs is low. There was no difference in the reporting of sociodemographic data between journal, year of publication, or outcome study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Kirchner
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah H Nam
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Kelly Dopke
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Adeshina Adeyemo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kempland C Walley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Michael C Aynardi
- Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Matthewman J, Tadrous M, Mansfield K, Thiruchelvam D, Redelmeier D, Cheung A, Lega I, Prieto-Alhambra D, Cunliffe L, Langan S, Drucker A. 078 Association between oral corticosteroid prescribing patterns and appropriate fracture preventive care: UK and Ontario population-based cohort studies. J Invest Dermatol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mansfield K, Dopke K, Koroneos Z, Bonaddio V, Adeyemo A, Aynardi M. Achilles Tendon Ruptures and Repair in Athletes-a Review of Sports-Related Achilles Injuries and Return to Play. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2022; 15:353-361. [PMID: 35804260 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-022-09774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Achilles tendon ruptures (ATR) are detrimental to sports performance, and optimal treatment strategy and guidelines on return to play (RTP) remain controversial. This current review investigates the recent literature surrounding nonoperative versus operative management of ATR, clinical outcomes, and operative techniques to allow the athlete a successful return to their respective sport. RECENT FINDINGS The Achilles tendon (AT) is crucial to the athlete, as it is essential for explosive activities such as running and jumping. Athletes that sustain an ATR play in fewer games and perform at a lower level of play compared to age-matched controls. Recent studies also theorize that ATRs occur due to elongation of the tendon with fatigue failure. Biomechanical studies have focused on comparing modes of fixation under dynamic loading to recreate this mechanism. ATRs can be career-ending injuries. Fortunately, the recent incorporation of early weight-bearing and functional rehabilitation programming for non-operative and operative patients alike proves to be beneficial. Especially for those treated nonoperatively, with the incorporation of functional rehabilitation, the risk of re-rupture among non-operative patients is beginning to approach the historical lower risk of re-rupture observed among patients treated operatively. Despite this progress in decreasing risk of re-rupture particularly among non-operative patients, operative managements are associated with unique benefits that may be of particular interest for athletes and active individuals. Recent studies demonstrate that operative intervention improves strength and functional outcomes with more efficacy compared to nonoperative management with rehabilitation. The current literature supports operative intervention in elite athletes to improve performance and shorten the duration to RTP. However, we acknowledge that surgical intervention does have inherent risks. Ultimately, most if not all young and/or high-level athletes with an ATR benefit from surgical repair, but it is crucial to take a stepwise algorithmic approach and consider other factors, which may lead towards nonoperative intervention. These factors include age, chronicity of injury, gap of ATR, social factors, and medical history amongst others in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Mansfield
- Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, H089, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Kelly Dopke
- Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, H089, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Zachary Koroneos
- Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, H089, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Vincenzo Bonaddio
- Penn State Milton Hershey Medical Center Department of Bone and Joint, 30 Hope Drive, Building A; PO Box 859, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Adeshina Adeyemo
- Penn State Milton Hershey Medical Center Department of Bone and Joint, 30 Hope Drive, Building A; PO Box 859, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Michael Aynardi
- Penn State Milton Hershey Medical Center Department of Bone and Joint, 30 Hope Drive, Building A; PO Box 859, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Matthewman J, Mansfield K, Prieto-Alhambra D, Mulick A, Smeeth L, Lowe K, Silverwood R, Langan S. 059 Atopic-eczema-associated fracture risk and oral corticosteroids: a population-based cohort study. J Invest Dermatol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Wong A, Frøslev T, Forbes H, Kjærsgaard A, Mulick A, Mansfield K, Silverwood R, Sørensen H, Smeeth L, Schmidt S, Langan S. Partner bereavement and risk of psoriasis and atopic eczema: cohort studies in the U.K. and Denmark. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:321-331. [PMID: 31782133 PMCID: PMC7496681 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is commonly cited as a risk factor for psoriasis and atopic eczema, but such evidence is limited. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between partner bereavement (an extreme life stressor) and psoriasis or atopic eczema. METHODS We conducted cohort studies using data from the U.K. Clinical Practice Research Datalink (1997-2017) and Danish nationwide registries (1997-2016). The exposed cohort was partners who experienced partner bereavement. The comparison cohort was up to 10 nonbereaved partners, matched to each bereaved partner by age, sex, county of residence (Denmark) and general practice (U.K.). Outcomes were the first recorded diagnosis of psoriasis or atopic eczema. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and confidence intervals (CIs) using a stratified Cox proportional hazards model in both settings, which were then pooled in a meta-analysis. RESULTS The pooled adjusted HR for the association between bereavement and psoriasis was 1·01 (95% CI 0·98-1·04) across the entire follow-up. Similar results were found in other shorter follow-up periods. Pooled adjusted HRs for the association between bereavement and atopic eczema were 0·97 (95% CI 0·84-1·12) across the entire follow-up, 1·09 (95% CI 0·86-1·38) within 0-30 days, 1·18 (95% CI 1·04-1·35) within 0-90 days, 1·14 (95% CI 1·06-1·22) within 0-365 days and 1·07 (95% CI 1·02-1·12) within 0-1095 days. CONCLUSIONS We found a modest increase in the risk of atopic eczema within 3 years following bereavement, which peaked in the first 3 months. Acute stress may play a role in triggering onset of new atopic eczema or relapse of atopic eczema previously in remission. We observed no evidence for increased long-term risk of psoriasis and atopic eczema following bereavement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.Y.S. Wong
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
| | - T. Frøslev
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - H.J. Forbes
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
- Health Data Research U.K.LondonU.K
| | - A. Kjærsgaard
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - A. Mulick
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
| | - K. Mansfield
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
| | - R.J. Silverwood
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
- Centre for Longitudinal StudiesDepartment of Social ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonU.K
| | - H.T. Sørensen
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - L. Smeeth
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
- Health Data Research U.K.LondonU.K
| | - S.A.J. Schmidt
- Department of Clinical EpidemiologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
- Department of DermatologyAarhus University HospitalAarhusDenmark
| | - S.M. Langan
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population HealthLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonU.K
- Health Data Research U.K.LondonU.K
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Badreldin N, Mansfield K, jacquelyne Anyaso, Grobman WA, Yee LM. 120: Temporal trends in opioid prescribing, opioid use, and pain control satisfaction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Lee S, Pathak K, Mcgilvrey M, Mansfield K, Cridebring D, Roe D, Whitsett T, Pirrotte P, Sun J, Ahn J, Ahn M, Park K. P2.12-14 A Pilot Study of Serial Plasma Metabolomics in Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. J Thorac Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2019.08.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lambert K, Mullan J, Mansfield K, Koukomous A, Mesiti L. Evaluation of the quality and health literacy demand of online renal diet information. J Hum Nutr Diet 2017; 30:634-645. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lambert
- Department of Clinical Nutrition; Wollongong Hospital; Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong NSW Australia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - J. Mullan
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
- Australian Health Services Research Institute, University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - K. Mansfield
- Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - A. Koukomous
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - L. Mesiti
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
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Niggemann B, Korte S, Hill M, Shenton J, Mansfield K, Pilling A, Mecklenburg L, Fridrichs-Gromoll S, Wiederhold A, Atorf J, Kremers J. Feasibility of intravitreal injections and ophthalmic safety assessment in marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus ) monkeys. Toxicol Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.08.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Despite numerous advances in the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases of nonhuman primates in the laboratory setting, a number of infectious agents continue to plague colonies. Some, such as measles virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cause sporadic outbreaks despite well-established biosecurity protocols, whereas others, such as retroperitoneal fibromatosis-associated herpesvirus, have only recently been discovered, often as a result of immunosuppressive experimental manipulation. Owing to the unique social housing requirements of nonhuman primates, importation of foreign-bred animals, and lack of antemortem diagnostic assays for many new diseases, elimination of these agents is often difficult or impractical. Recognition of these diseases is therefore essential because of their confounding effects on experimental data, impact on colony health, and potential for zoonotic transmission. This review summarizes the relevant pathology and pathogenesis of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases of laboratory nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bailey
- New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough Campus, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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Freuling C, Vos A, Johnson N, Kaipf I, Denzinger A, Neubert L, Mansfield K, Hicks D, Nuñez A, Tordo N, Rupprecht CE, Fooks AR, Müller T. Experimental infection of serotine bats (Eptesicus serotinus) with European bat lyssavirus type 1a. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2493-2502. [PMID: 19515825 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) accounts for the vast majority of bat rabies cases in Europe and is considered the main reservoir for European bat lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1, genotype 5). However, so far the disease has not been investigated in its native host under experimental conditions. To assess viral virulence, dissemination and probable means of transmission, captive bats were infected experimentally with an EBLV-1a virus isolated from a naturally infected conspecific from Germany. Twenty-nine wild caught bats were divided into five groups and inoculated by intracranial (i.c.), intramuscular (i.m.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or by intranasal (i.n.) inoculation to mimic the various potential routes of infection. One group of bats was maintained as uninfected controls. Mortality was highest in the i.c.-infected animals, followed by the s.c. and i.m. groups. Incubation periods varied from 7 to 26 days depending on the route of infection. Rabies did not develop in the i.n. group or in the negative-control group. None of the infected bats seroconverted. Viral antigen was detected in more than 50% of the taste buds of an i.c.-infected animal. Shedding of viable virus was measured by virus isolation in cell culture for one bat from the s.c. group at 13 and 14 days post-inoculation, i.e. 7 days before death. In conclusion, it is postulated that s.c. inoculation, in nature caused by bites, may be an efficient way of transmitting EBLV-1 among free-living serotine bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Freuling
- Institute for Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Seestrasse 55, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany
| | - A Vos
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - N Johnson
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - I Kaipf
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Denzinger
- Animal Physiology, Institute of Neurobiology, Eberhard-Karls-University, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Neubert
- IDT Biologika GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany
| | - K Mansfield
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - D Hicks
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - A Nuñez
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - N Tordo
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Virology, Antiviral Strategy Unit, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris, France
| | - C E Rupprecht
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - A R Fooks
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-Related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - T Müller
- Institute for Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Rabies Surveillance and Research, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, Seestrasse 55, 16868 Wusterhausen, Germany
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Fooks AR, Johnson N, Müller T, Vos A, Mansfield K, Hicks D, Nunez A, Freuling C, Neubert L, Kaipf I, Denzinger A, Franka R, Rupprecht CE. Detection of high levels of European bat lyssavirus type-1 viral RNA in the thyroid gland of experimentally-infected Eptesicus fuscus bats. Zoonoses Public Health 2009; 56:270-7. [PMID: 19497087 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2008.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two common bat lyssavirus species have been identified in many European countries: European bat lyssavirus type-1 and -2 (EBLV-1 and EBLV-2). Only limited knowledge on the susceptibility of the natural EBLV-hosts, insectivorous bats, to lyssavirus infection is available. Our study was undertaken to evaluate the susceptibility and pathology associated with an EBLV-1 infection in Eptesicus fuscus following different routes of virus inoculation including intracranial (n = 6), intramuscular (n = 14), oral (n = 7) and intranasal (n = 7). Blood and saliva samples were collected from all bats on a monthly basis. Four bats inoculated intracranially developed rabies with a mean of 11 days to death, whilst seven bats inoculated intramuscularly developed rabies, with an extended incubation period prior to death. We did not observe any mortality in the oral (p.o.) or intranasal (i.n.) groups and both groups had detectable levels of virus neutralizing antibodies (data not shown). Virus shedding was demonstrated in the saliva by virus isolation and the detection of viral RNA in ill bats, particularly immediately prior to the development of disease. In addition, the presence of virus and viral RNA was detected in the thyroid gland in bats challenged experimentally with EBLV-1, which exceeded that detected in all other extra-neural tissue. The significance of detecting EBLV-1 in the thyroid gland of rabid bats is not well understood. We speculate that the infection of the thyroid gland may cause subacute thyroiditis, a transient form of thyroiditis causing hyperthyroidism, resulting in changes in adrenocortical activity that could lead to hormonal dysfunction, thereby distinguishing the clinical presentation of rabies in the rabid host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fooks
- Rabies & Wildlife Zoonoses Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, Surrey, UK.
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16
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Dubey J, Mansfield K, Hall B, Kwok O, Thulliez P. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus). Vet Parasitol 2008; 156:310-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Harris SL, Mansfield K, Marston DA, Johnson N, Pajamo K, O'brien N, Black C, McElhinney LM, Fooks AR. Isolation of European bat lyssavirus type 2 from a Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonii
) in Shropshire. Vet Rec 2007; 161:384-6. [PMID: 17873269 DOI: 10.1136/vr.161.11.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S L Harris
- Rabies and Wildlife Zoonoses Group, who Collaborating Centre for the Characterisation of Rabies and Rabies-related Viruses, Veterinary Laboratories Agency - Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey
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18
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using the tail of Macaca mulatta for neurophysiological testing of the peripheral nervous system. METHODS Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies (NCS) of the tail were obtained by surface stimulation and recording. The technique utilized was novel. Unlike other NCS obtained from other peripheral nerves, this technique did not require any special neurophysiological expertise. RESULTS The latency of the motor and sensory response was 2.5 +/- 0.71 and 1.1 +/- 0.27 ms respectively. The amplitude of the motor and sensory response was 8.1 +/- 5.1 mV and 14.6 +/- 9.4 microV respectively. Similar to human beings, there was a statistically significant relationship between age and motor amplitude, motor latency and sensory latency. CONCLUSIONS Based on our results, a relatively simple, reproducible neurophysiological monitoring technique of the peripheral nervous system is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Graham
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Simon MC, Ramirez-Bergeron D, Mack F, Hu CJ, Pan Y, Mansfield K. Hypoxia, HIFs, and cardiovascular development. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2003; 67:127-32. [PMID: 12858533 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2002.67.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Simon
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Abstract
In an earlier study, we have shown that Pi induced apoptosis of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes. To ascertain whether Ca2+ modulates Pi-induced cell death, we asked the following two questions: First, can we prevent Pi-induced apoptosis by removing Ca2+ from the culture medium; alternatively, can we potentiate cell death by increasing the Ca2+ concentration? Second, can we inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis by blocking Pi transport? We also explored the mechanism of apoptosis by evaluating mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cells treated with the ion pair. We noted that EDTA and EGTA blocked Pi-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. While high levels of Ca2+ alone had little effect on chondrocyte viability, the cation enhanced Pi-dependent cell death and greatly increased Pi uptake. When Pi transport was blocked, there was complete inhibition of cell killing. The process of cell death was characterized by mitochondrial hyperpolarization; two hours following apoptogen treatment, there was a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Coincident with the changes in mitochondrial function, there was an increase in intracellular Ca2+ that was maintained throughout the experimental period. A raised Ca2+ signal was observed in blebs at the cell membrane. Finally, we noted that, 75 minutes after treatment with the ion pair, there was a six-fold elevation in ROS levels. This increase declined to baseline values after three hours. Based on these observations, we suggest that, at the cartilage mineralization front, an elevation in local environmental Ca2+ and Pi concentrations modulates oxidative metabolism, and triggers apoptosis of terminally differentiated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mansfield
- Abramson Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 11904, USA
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21
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Barlev NA, Liu L, Chehab NH, Mansfield K, Harris KG, Halazonetis TD, Berger SL. Acetylation of p53 activates transcription through recruitment of coactivators/histone acetyltransferases. Mol Cell 2001; 8:1243-54. [PMID: 11779500 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular DNA damage causes stabilization and activation of the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53, in part by promoting multiple covalent modifications of the p53 protein, including acetylation. We investigated the importance of acetylation in p53 function and the mechanism by which acetylation influences p53 activity. Acetylation site substitutions reduced p53-dependent transcriptional induction and G1 cell cycle arrest. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of the endogenous p21 promoter showed increased association of p53, coactivators (CBP and TRRAP), and acetylated histones following cell irradiation. Results with acetylation-defective p53 demonstrate that the critical function of acetylation is not to increase the DNA binding affinity of p53 but rather to promote coactivator recruitment and histone acetylation. Therefore, we propose that an acetylation cascade consisting of p53 acetylation-dependent recruitment of coactivators/HATs is crucial for p53 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Barlev
- Molecular Genetics Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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22
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Teixeira CC, Mansfield K, Hertkorn C, Ischiropoulos H, Shapiro IM. Phosphate-induced chondrocyte apoptosis is linked to nitric oxide generation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281:C833-9. [PMID: 11502560 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.2001.281.3.c833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An elevation in inorganic phosphate (P(i)) concentration activates epiphyseal chondrocyte apoptosis. To determine the mechanism of apoptosis, tibial chondrocytes were treated with P(i), and nitrate/nitrite (NO/NO) levels were determined. P(i) induced a threefold increase in the NO/NO concentration; inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity and P(i) transport significantly reduced NO/NO levels and prevented cell death. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in cell death was observed after exposure of chondrocytes to S-nitrosoglutathione. P(i) increased caspase 3 activity 2.7-fold. Both caspase 1 and caspase 3 inhibitors protected chondrocytes from P(i)-induced apoptosis. P(i) caused a significant decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential, while NO synthase inhibitors maintained mitochondrial function. While P(i) caused thiol depletion, inhibition of P(i) uptake or NO generation served to maintain glutathione levels. The results suggest that NO serves to mediate key metabolic events linked to P(i)-dependent chondrocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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23
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Abstract
Previously, we noted that inorganic phosphate (P(i)), a major component of bone extracellular matrix, induced osteoblast apoptosis (Meleti, Z., Shapiro, I. M., and Adams, C. S. (2000) Bone (NY) 27, 359-366). Since Ca(2+) along with P(i) is released from bone during the resorption process, we advanced the hypothesis that Ca(2+) modulates P(i)-mediated osteoblast apoptosis. To test this hypothesis, osteoblasts were incubated with both ions, and cell death was determined. We noted that a modest increase in the medium Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](e)) of 0.1-1 mm caused a profound and rapid enhancement in P(i)-dependent death of cultured osteoblasts. An elevation in [Ca(2+)](e) alone had no effect on osteoblast viability, whereas Ca(2+) channel blockers failed to inhibit killing of ion pair-treated cells. These results indicated that P(i)-mediated cell death is not dependent on a sustained increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Terminal dUTP nick-end labeling analysis and measurement of caspase-3 activity of the ion pair-treated cells suggested that death was apoptotic. Apoptosis was confirmed using caspase-3 and endonuclease inhibitors. The mitochondrial membrane potential and cytosolic Ca(2+) status of the treated cells were evaluated. After incubation with [Ca(2+) ](e) and P(i), a decrease in mitochondrial fluorescence was noted, suggesting that the ions decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Subsequent to the fall in mitochondrial membrane potential, there was a transient elevation in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. Results of the study suggest that the ion pair conspire at the level of the plasma membrane to induce intracellular changes that result in loss of mitochondrial function. The subsequent increase in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration may trigger downstream events that transduce osteoblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6002, USA
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24
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Abstract
In a previous investigation we showed that phosphate ions (Pi) induced apoptosis of terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes. To explore the mechanism by which Pi induces cell death, we asked the following two questions. First, can we prevent Pi-induced apoptosis by inhibiting plasma membrane Na-Pi cotransport? Second, which specific Na-Pi transporters are expressed in chondrocytes and are they developmentally regulated? Terminally differentiated hypertrophic chondrocytes were isolated from chick tibial cartilage and cell death was measured in the presence of 3-7 mmol/L Pi. To ascertain whether apoptosis was linked to a rise in cellular Pi loading, we examined the effect of phosphonoformic acid (PFA), a competitive inhibitor of Na-Pi cotransport on Pi-induced apoptosis in chondrocytes. We found that 1 mmol/L PFA blocked anion-induced cell death and prevented an increase in the cell Pi content. In a parallel study, we determined that the bisphosphonate, alendronate, also protected chondrocytes from death, albeit at a lower concentration than PFA. Using a DNA end-labeling procedure, we showed that the Pi-treated cells were apoptotic and, as might be predicted, the presence of PFA blocked induction of the death sequence. Next, we examined the expression of two Pi transporters in relation to chondrocyte maturation and anion treatment. We noted that there was expression of the constitutive transporter, Glvr-1, and a type II cotransporter in chick growth plate cells. Although these transport systems are active in terminally differentiated cells, it is probable that the initiation of apoptosis may require the induction of other Pi-transport systems. It is concluded that, at the mineralization front, cell death is linked directly to the elevation in environmental anion concentration and the concomitant rise in intracellular Pi levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mansfield
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6003, USA
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25
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Eberhard ML, Ortega YR, Hanes DE, Nace EK, Do RQ, Robl MG, Won KY, Gavidia C, Sass NL, Mansfield K, Gozalo A, Griffiths J, Gilman R, Sterling CR, Arrowood MJ. Attempts to establish experimental Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in laboratory animals. J Parasitol 2000; 86:577-82. [PMID: 10864257 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0577:ateecc]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts were made to develop an animal model for Cyclospora cayetanensis to identify a practical laboratory host for studying human cyclosporiasis. Oocysts collected from stool of infected humans in the United States, Haiti, Guatemala, Peru, and Nepal were held in potassium dichromate solution to allow development of sporozoites. The following animal types were inoculated: 9 strains of mice, including adult and neonatal immunocompetent and immune-deficient inbred and outbred strains, rats, sandrats, chickens, ducks, rabbits, jirds, hamsters, ferrets, pigs, dogs, owl monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and cynomolgus monkeys. Most animals were inoculated by gavage, although some of the primates were fed oocysts on food items. The animals were examined for signs of infection, particularly diarrhea, and stool samples were examined for 4-6 wk after inoculation. None of the animals developed patent infections or signs of infection. We conclude that none of the animals tested is susceptible to infection with C. cayetanensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Eberhard
- Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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26
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Mansfield K. Drug interactions can make it worse. Nurs Times 1999; 95:51. [PMID: 10647424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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27
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Abstract
Epiphyseal chondrocytes end their life cycle through apoptosis. While this event provides a mechanism for the removal of terminally differentiated cells from cartilage, agents that promote this physiological process have not been defined. To address this issue, using a cell culture technique that models events that take place in the growth plate, we asked the following questions: Can agents that promote chondrocyte maturation and cartilage mineralization serve as specific triggers for cell death? Are chondrocytes susceptible to apoptogens at a singular developmental stage? Treatment of embryonic tibial chondrocytes with inorganic phosphate (Pi) induced death in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Within 48 hr, 3 mM Pi increased chondrocyte death by 30%; lower concentrations of Pi induced death after 48 hr. To ascertain if death was due to apoptosis, we evaluated Pi-induced death by a number of different methods and compared the results to those induced by the apoptogen, staurosporine. Analysis of the death process indicated that cartilage cells shared many of the common biological features of the apoptotic process. Thus, there was DNA fragmentation, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) labeling, an increase in cells in the sub-G1 fraction of the cell cycle, and morphological evidence of apoptosis. To explore the specificity of the Pi effect, the experiment was repeated using embryonic sternal cephalic and caudal chondrocytes, cells that are at an earlier developmental stage than the terminally differentiated tibial cells. We noted that these cells remained vital despite a major increase in the medium Pi content. Results of this study suggest that Pi is a stage-specific inducer of apoptosis in maturing chondrocytes and that this role may be linked to chondrocyte maturation and mineralization of the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mansfield
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6003, USA
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28
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Abstract
In the companion article, we reported that the local phosphate (Pi) concentration triggers apoptosis in epiphyseal chondrocytes. The goal of the current investigation was to evaluate the apoptotic process in relationship to the energy status of cells in the growth plate. For these studies, we used sections of the adolescent growth plate, as well as cells isolated from the tissue. We found that there was a maturation-dependent loss of mitochondrial function in growth plate chondrocytes and these cells generated energy by glycolysis. Since treatment with the uncoupler 2,4-dinitrophenol as well as the site-specific inhibitors antimycin A and rotenone failed to elicit a further increase in the activity of the glycolytic pathway, we concluded that oxidative metabolism was minimum in these cells. Flow cytometric studies of growth plate cells and confocal microscopy of growth plate sections using the mitochondrial probes Rh123 and DiOC6(3) provided unequivocal evidence that there was loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in hypertrophic cells. Furthermore, the intrinsic fluorescence of the flavoprotein lipoamide dehydrogenase complex of the electron transport chain revealed that the mitochondria were in an oxidized state. Finally, we assessed Bcl-2 expression in these cells. Although immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis showed that the chick cells contained a low level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicated that transcripts were present in chondrocytes. Based on these observations, we suggest that terminally differentiated chondrocytes undergo a maturation-dependent loss of mitochondrial function. In concert with the low expression of Bcl-2, they become sensitive to signals for programmed cell death. We hypothesize that Pi triggers apoptosis in these energy-compromised cells by promoting a mitochondrial membrane transition, thereby inducing the death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rajpurohit
- School of Dental Medicine Department of Biochemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6003, USA
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29
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Kondova I, Mansfield K, Buckholt MA, Stein B, Widmer G, Carville A, Lackner A, Tzipori S. Transmission and serial propagation of Enterocytozoon bieneusi from humans and Rhesus macaques in gnotobiotic piglets. Infect Immun 1998; 66:5515-9. [PMID: 9784565 PMCID: PMC108691 DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.11.5515-5519.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/1998] [Accepted: 07/15/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a decade Enterocytozoon bieneusi infections in people with AIDS have been linked with chronic diarrhea and wasting. The slow scientific progress in treating these infections is attributed to the inability of investigators to cultivate the parasite, which has also precluded evaluation of effective therapies. We report here successful serial transmissions of E. bieneusi from patients with AIDS and from macaques with AIDS to immunosuppressed gnotobiotic piglets. One infected piglet was still excreting spores at necropsy 50 days after an oral challenge. Spores in feces were detected microscopically by trichrome stain and by PCR and within enterocytes by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. E. bieneusi infection induced no symptoms. The development of an animal model for E. bieneusi will open up new opportunities for investigating this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kondova
- Division of Infectious Disease, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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30
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Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ), a commonly used antipsychotic drug, at high concentration was found to reduce significantly the sodium content of both rat (Rattus norvegicus) and toad (Bufo marinus) liver cells. This reduction in intracellular sodium was demonstrated using 22Na+ flux and measurement of cell sodium content. The results suggest that the sodium-lowering effect of CPZ stemmed from a stimulation of sodium transport rather than from an inhibition of sodium influx (i.e., sodium channels), cell damage, or Na+:Na+ exchange. CPZ was found to interfere with the binding of ouabain to the sodium pump, although a simple reduction in sodium pump inhibition did not account for the sodium-lowering effect. CPZ was able to negate the effects of monensin, a sodium ionophore, suggesting a substantial capacity to activate sodium transport. The intracellular sodium-lowering action of CPZ through the activation of sodium transport represents a new property previously undescribed for this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Else
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, N.S.W., Australia
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31
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Carville A, Mansfield K, Widmer G, Lackner A, Kotler D, Wiest P, Gumbo T, Sarbah S, Tzipori S. Development and application of genetic probes for detection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in formalin-fixed stools and in intestinal biopsy specimens from infected patients. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997; 4:405-8. [PMID: 9220155 PMCID: PMC170541 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.4.405-408.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The microsporidium Enterocytozoon bieneusi is closely linked to wasting and diarrhea in a high proportion of individuals with AIDS. However, its relative contribution to disease is uncertain because diagnosis until recently depended on procedures involving endoscopy. A sensitive PCR technique which amplifies a fragment of the small-subunit rRNA gene of E. bieneusi from formalin-fixed stool samples was developed. Of 80 formalin-fixed stool samples collected from 74 Zimbabweans and 6 U.S. patients who were human immunodeficiency virus positive, 50% tested positive for E. bieneusi by PCR, whereas 24% tested positive for E. bieneusi by light microscopy of trichrome-stained fecal smears. In addition, we describe an in situ hybridization technique which detected and identified E. bieneusi as the causative agent in all six intestinal biopsy specimens tested. Both the PCR and in situ hybridization procedures are sensitive diagnostic tools which will complement currently available techniques and enable the differentiation of E. bieneusi from other microsporidia to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carville
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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32
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Conlogue G, Forcier D, Airo M, Kilosky J, Gambardella S, Mansfield K, Greenwood L. Radiographic evaluation of the soap man mummy. Radiol Technol 1997; 68:391-8. [PMID: 9170182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article describes how mobile radiography was used to examine a mummified cadaver exhumed in 1875 and stored in the Smithsonian Museum. Radiographs revealed artifacts imbedded in the cadaver, indicating 1824 as the earliest possible interment. Through radiographic assessment of the skeleton, researchers were able to approximate the individual's age at death. In addition, evidence of pathology, possibly ideopathic skeletal hyperostosis, suggested the individual may have been employed in manual labor. The radiographs, when compared to x-rays of another cadaver exhumed at the same time and place, refuted information in museum records.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conlogue
- Diagnostic Imaging Program, Quinnipiac College, Hamden, Conn., USA
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33
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Tzipori S, Carville A, Widmer G, Kotler D, Mansfield K, Lackner A. Transmission and establishment of a persistent infection of Enterocytozoon bieneusi, derived from a human with AIDS, in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. J Infect Dis 1997; 175:1016-20. [PMID: 9086173 DOI: 10.1086/513962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterocytozoon bieneusi is closely linked with chronic diarrhea and wasting in AIDS. Although reported >10 years ago, little is known about the infection and the disease it induces in humans. Duodenal E. bieneusi spores from an AIDS patient were orally transmitted to 2 simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. Both animals began shedding spores within a week of inoculation, as confirmed by microscopy and polymerase chain reaction, and continued until euthanatized 7 and 8 months later. E. bieneusi infection in the gut was sparse, either because of moderate numbers of circulating CD4 cells or because monkeys are less susceptible than humans to this infection. This is apparently the first documented transmission of E. bieneusi infection between hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tzipori
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts 01536, USA
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34
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Shenker BJ, Datar S, Mansfield K, Shapiro IM. Induction of apoptosis in human T-cells by organomercuric compounds: a flow cytometric analysis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 143:397-406. [PMID: 9144456 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1997.8111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although several lines of investigation demonstrate that many heavy metals are cytotoxic to host defense cells, the mechanism of killing is poorly understood. The major focus of this investigation was to determine if organic mercuric compounds kill human lymphocytes by inducing the cells to undergo apoptosis and to evaluate possible flow cytometric systems for assessing cell death. T-cells were exposed to 0.6-5 microM MeHgCl, EtHgCl, or PhHgCl for up to 24 hr and then analyzed by flow cytometry. Mercury-treated cells exhibited increased Hoechst 33258 and 33342 fluorescence while maintaining their ability to exclude the vital stain 7-AAD. Furthermore, T-cells exposed to mercury exhibited changes in light scatter patterns that included decreased forward light scatter and increased side scatter. The light scatter and fluorescent changes were consistent with changes that cells display during apoptosis. To further evaluate cell death and to distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis, merocyanine 540 staining and annexin V binding to the plasma membrane as well as DNA fragmentation were assessed. Mercury-treated cells exhibited increased merocyanine 540 fluorescence and annexin V binding along with changes in nuclear morphology consistent with the notion of apoptosis. Conventional agarose gel electrophoresis failed to demonstrate low-molecular-weight DNA bands; however, when probed by flow cytometry using both nick translation and a modified TUNEL assay, patterns consistent with nuclear fragmentation were evident. We noted that the percentage of T-cells undergoing apoptosis was dependent upon the amount of serum present in the medium; as serum concentrations were increased from 0 to 10%, cell death declined. Apoptosis (33%) was observed within 1 hr of exposure to MeHgCl; maximum cell death (67%) occurred after 24 hr exposure. Induction of apoptosis was dependent on the mercury concentration and independent of the hydrophobicity of the mercury ligand. Finally, we assessed mercury-dependent apoptosis in activated T-cells. When treated with mitogen, mercury failed to induce apoptosis in these cells. Indeed, there was no evidence of either apoptosis nor necrosis in these populations. It was concluded that the activation process prevented development of a metabolic state that was required for induction of apoptogenic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Shenker
- Department of Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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35
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Chen ZW, Zhou D, Chalifoux L, Lee-Parritz D, Mansfield K, Lord CI, Letvin NL. Disseminated granulomatous disease in a simian immunodeficiency virus- and bacille Calmette-Guèrin-infected rhesus monkey. AIDS 1997; 11:266-7. [PMID: 9030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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White DM, Mansfield K. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y act indirectly to increase neurite outgrowth of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells. Neuroscience 1996; 73:881-7. [PMID: 8809806 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that rearrangement of synaptic circuitry of primary afferent neurons in the spinal cord may contribute, in part, to hyperalgesia that is often associated with peripheral nerve injury. This study of cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion cells examined whether vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y, which are up-regulated in sensory neurons following nerve transection, possibly contribute to the morphological alterations induced by nerve injury. Neurite outgrowth of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells was examined two weeks following either sciatic nerve transection or intrathecal administration of test agents via osmotic pumps. Dissociated cells taken from rats with transected sciatic nerve or following intrathecal administration of either vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or neuropeptide Y had a significant increase in the percentage of cells with neurites as compared to dorsal root ganglion cells taken from normal animals. Intrathecal administration, into rats with nerve lesion, of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y antagonists, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(10-28) and alpha-trinositol, respectively, significantly attenuated the nerve injury-induced increase in neurite outgrowth. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y had no influence on neurite outgrowth when applied to normal dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells, however, when added to cells co-cultured with spinal cord explants, both peptides significantly increased the percentage of cells with neurites. K252a, a protein kinase inhibitor, attenuated the trophic action of neuropeptide Y, but not that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The action of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on neurite outgrowth was attenuated by the protein kinase A inhibitor, the Rp-isomer of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate. The results suggest that the peptides may contribute, indirectly, to the nerve injury-induced increase in neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons via separate spinally-derived neurotrophic factors and the study provides further insight into the possible mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia associated with nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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White DM, Mansfield K, Kelleher K. Increased neurite outgrowth of cultured rat dorsal root ganglion cells following transection or inhibition of axonal transport of the sciatic nerve. Neurosci Lett 1996; 208:93-6. [PMID: 8859898 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGs), taken from rats 2 weeks after sciatic nerve transection, have an increase in the percentage of cells with neurites compared to DRGs taken from normal animals. This study examines the possible factors that may contribute to the nerve injury-induced increase in neuritogenesis. Topical application of the local anaesthetic, bupivicaine, either to the nerve trunk prior to transection or to the proximal nerve stump for 2 weeks had no effect on the increased neurite outgrowth induced by nerve transection. Neurite outgrowth was also not influenced by administration of either nerve growth factor (NGF) via the femoral artery into normal rats or anti-NGF antiserum to the proximal nerve stump. Inhibition of axonal transport by topical application of vinblastine, however, induced a significant increase in neurite outgrowth compared to untreated controls. In addition, vinblastine-treated animals also develop hyperalgesia to mechanical stimulation and transganglionic labelling of sensory neurons with choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase shows that the area of termination of myelinated sensory neurons in the spinal cord expands into lamina II. The results suggest that nerve injury-induced increase in neurite outgrowth is not dependent on NGF nor nerve impulses generated at the site of injury and supports the view that the absence of an inhibitory factor(s), that in normal animals may regulate neuronal outgrowth.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Axonal Transport/drug effects
- Axonal Transport/physiology
- Axons/physiology
- Bupivacaine/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Horseradish Peroxidase
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Neurites/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Nerve/cytology
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, N.S. W., 2065, Australia
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Mansfield K. Evaluating a nebuliser service to improve patient care. Nurs Times 1996; 92:27-9. [PMID: 8700684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the results of a postal questionnaire completed by 32 adults with home nebuliser equipment. The author found that patients had a limited understanding of the care and maintenance their equipment required. She puts forward a number of recommendations, including the provision of information for patients to control their problems.
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Pugh E, Mansfield K, Clague H, Mattinson P. Children with asthma in schools: an opportunity for "healthy alliances" between health and education authorities. Health Trends 1994; 27:127-9. [PMID: 10162323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Head teachers of all primary and secondary schools in County Durham were surveyed during 1994 to investigate school policy and management of children with asthma. Results indicate a need and opportunity to improve asthma care for children at school through healthy alliances between the health and education authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pugh
- County Durham Health Commission, UK
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Williams AJ, Krug J, Lampeter EF, Mansfield K, Beales PE, Signore A, Gale EA, Pozzilli P. Raised temperature reduces the incidence of diabetes in the NOD mouse. Diabetologia 1990; 33:635-7. [PMID: 2258003 DOI: 10.1007/bf00400211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An association between the incidence of childhood Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and the average yearly temperature in different countries has been reported, the incidence being higher in countries with a lower mean temperature. We have studied the effect of environmental temperature on the incidence of diabetes in an animal model of Type 1 diabetes, the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. Female NOD mice were divided at weaning, with one group placed at a higher temperature (mean 23.7 +/- 1.7 degrees C) and the other at a lower temperature (21.0 +/- 1.8 degrees C). At 20 weeks of age 6 of 16 mice at lower temperature and 1 of 17 mice at higher temperature had developed diabetes (p less than 0.02); at 30 weeks 10 of 16 and 5 of 17 mice had developed diabetes (p less than 0.05). Non-diabetic animals in the low temperature group had a higher food intake than those in the high temperature group between 13-15 weeks of age (28.0 +/- 1.2 g/week vs 24.8 +/- 0.7 g/week, p less than 0.05). In a parallel experiment, histological examination showed that there were similar degrees of insulitis in the high and low temperature groups at seven weeks of age. We conclude that environmental temperature can affect the incidence of diabetes in the NOD mouse and that this may be related to alterations in food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Williams
- Department of Diabetes and Immunogenetics, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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Lampeter E, Pozzilli P, Signore A, Williams A, Mansfield K, Gale E. Ciamexone treatment in the NOD mice — Failure to suppress insulitis. J Autoimmun 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(90)90067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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