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Bolding MS, Koontz TB, White DM, Lahti AC. Functional effects of olanzapine over a 6-week treatment period: differential effects in good and poor responders. Neuroimage 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(09)71339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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White DM, Mecham JO. Lack of detectable bluetongue virus in skin of seropositive cattle: implications for vertebrate overwintering of bluetongue virus. Vet Ital 2004; 40:513-519. [PMID: 20422579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The overwintering mechanism of bluetongue virus (BTV) has eluded researchers for many years. It was recently proposed that ovine gamma delta T-cells may become persistently infected with BTV, and serve as a reservoir for infection of naive vectors in the next transmission season. Since cattle are more numerous than sheep in the western United States (where BTV is endemic), this hypothesis was tested in bovines. In the winter of 2002-2003, 54 cattle from an endemic site in northern Colorado were age-selected to ensure that possible BTV exposure must have occurred in the summer of 2002. These cattle were tested for the presence of anti-BTV antibody by ELISA; 53 were seropositive, and one was seronegative. Naive Culicoides sonorensis colony insects were fed on skin sites of four seropositive and one seronegative cattle at day 1 (135 days after the first frost), then sequentially on separate sites for three days. Virus isolation and/or reverse transcriptase-nested polymerase chain reaction from engorged insects and 6 mm skin biopsy samples were performed for detection of viable BTV or BTV nucleic acid; all were negative. These data suggest that cattle are not a reservoir host for BTV overwintering in the western United States. The role of sheep in the trans-seasonality of BTV still remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory, Dept. 3354, 1000 E. University Avenue, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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White DM. Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) with Narrow Molecular Weight Distribution via Methylene Chloride Complexation. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma60071a045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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White DM, Sonnenberg J. Oxidation of Triarylimidazoles. Structures of the Photochromic and Piezochromic Dimers of Triarylimidazyl Radicals1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00968a027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chan KP, Argyropoulos DS, White DM, Yeager GW, Hay AS. Facile Quantitative Analysis of Hydroxyl End Groups of Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s by 31P NMR Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00100a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chin YH, Zhang C, Wang P, Inglefield PT, Jones AA, Kambour RP, Bendler JT, White DM. Glass transition dynamics in a compatible blend by two-dimensional solid-state NMR. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00038a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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White DM. Questions about traction. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2001; 31:525-7. [PMID: 11570745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Walker SM, Mitchell VA, White DM, Rush RA, Duggan AW. Release of immunoreactive brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the spinal cord of the rat following sciatic nerve transection. Brain Res 2001; 899:240-7. [PMID: 11311885 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Using the antibody microprobe method, the sites of spinal release of immunoreactive brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was studied in normal rats, and rats with prior sciatic nerve transection. In normal rats, a significant basal release of immunoreactive BDNF was found in the superficial dorsal horn. Following sciatic nerve transection (performed 14 days previously), release of BDNF was found throughout the whole of the dorsal horn, extending into deeper laminae. Electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral sciatic nerve at a strength adequate to excite either A fibres (20 Hz at 2x threshold voltage) or A and C fibres (2 Hz at 20x threshold voltage) did not alter the basal release of immunoreactive BDNF in normal or in nerve-injured rats. The results suggest that BDNF is released from the central terminals of primary afferent fibres, but such release is not solely dependent upon action potential invasion of these terminals. The increased extent of release following nerve transection is consistent with the hypothesis that BDNF plays a role in the central response to peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Walker
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal North Shore Hospital, 2065, New South Wales, St Leonard's, Australia
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White DM, Jensen MA, Shi X, Arnason BG. Design and expression of polymeric immunoglobulin fusion proteins: a strategy for targeting low-affinity Fcgamma receptors. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:446-55. [PMID: 11281720 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2001.1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a family of cloning vectors that direct expression of fusion proteins that mimic aggregated immunoglobulin (IgG) (AIG) and immune complex function with respect to their interactions with FcgammaR and that allow for the inclusion and targeting of a second protein domain to cells expressing FcgammaR. This was accomplished by expressing multiple linear copies of the hinge and CH2 domains (HCH2) of human IgG(1) fused to the framework region of human IgG(1). Convenient restriction sites allow for the facile introduction of additional amino-terminal domains. The resulting molecule is tripartite. The carboxyl-IgG(1) framework domain provides stability and permits dimerization, and the intervening polymer provides increased effector function and targeting to FcgammaR while the amino-terminal domain can deliver an additional signal to cells expressing FcgammaR. To demonstrate the utility of the vectors, the extracellular domain of human CD8alpha was expressed as a HCH2 polymer fusion protein. The fusion proteins were secreted in useful amounts from polyclonal cell lines established in Sf9 cells following transfection and selection with G418. The biological activity of the recombinant CD8alpha-HCH2 polymers was determined and compared to those of AIG and an anti-CD16 monoclonal antibody using an in vitro assay. The activity of the fusion proteins positively correlates to the number of HCH2 units. The largest polymer tested was severalfold more potent than AIG at similar concentrations. The HCH2 polymers described here represent a new strategy in the design of recombinant proteins for the therapeutic targeting of FcgammaR in autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Neurology, MC 2030, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Abstract
It is proposed that following peripheral nerve injury abnormal sprouting of Abeta-fibre primary afferent neurons in the spinal cord contributes to the allodynia that often occurs with such injury. Allodynia is characterized as pain due to a stimulus which is normally non-noxious. Our recent in vivo experiments show that intrathecal administration of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in normal animals, induces allodynia and sprouting of Abeta-fibres. In this study, we examine whether intrathecal administration of NT-3 antisense oligonucleotides (50 microM), via an osmotic pump for 14 days, attenuates nerve injury-induced sprouting and allodynia. The oligonucleotides used in this study were phosphorothioate modified and control experiments, using an ELISA, confirm that intrathecal administration of the antisense induces a significant decrease in NT-3 levels in the spinal cord. All surgery was conducted on anaesthetized Wistar rats (sodium pentobarbitone, i.p. 50 mg/kg). Consistent with previous studies, transganglionic labelling of Abeta-fibres with choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase (C-HRP) shows that complete transection of the sciatic nerve induces an expansion of C-HRP label into lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn. Using image analysis, we find that intrathecal administration of NT-3 antisense attenuates the density of C-HRP labelling in lamina II in nerve injured animals. A NT-3 sense oligonucleotide (50 microM) has no effect. To test the effect of NT-3 antisense on allodynia, the nociceptive flexion reflex is examined, using an Ugo Basile Analgesymeter, in animals with partial sciatic nerve ligation. Intrathecal administration of 50 microM NT-3 antisense significantly attenuates nerve injury-induced allodynia, whereas the sense oligonucleotide has no effect. These results provide further evidence that endogenous NT-3 contributes to both nerve injury-induced Abeta-fibre sprouting and allodynia and demonstrates the potential of neurotrophin-3 antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, N.S.W. 2065, St. Leonards, Australia.
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White DM. Release of substance P from peripheral sensory nerve terminals. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2000; 2:191-201. [PMID: 10975725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
It is postulated that release of SP from peripheral terminals of sensory neurons contributes to neurogenic inflammation and possibly mediates, in part, the inflammatory response in a variety of diseases. This review addresses the Ca2+-dependent release of SP from peripheral nerve terminals in response to antidromic electrical stimulation of peripheral nerves and noxious thermal and chemical stimuli. Initial studies suggested that SP release is induced via an axon reflex, which involves antidromic impulses travelling along the peripheral nerve terminal. Further investigation indicated that SP release is also induced via direct depolarization of the terminals and, possibly, via a chemically-mediated mechanism which is independent of electrical excitation. Multiple transduction mechanisms, involved in SP release, seem to differ depending on the type of stimulus. These multiple mechanisms may account for the different routes of Ca2+ influx, which occurs via both voltage-dependent calcium channels and receptor-operated channels. It is also emerging that SP release is modulated by endogenous factors which either enhance or inhibit release, making it apparent that the mechanism(s) underlying the release of SP from peripheral nerve terminals is more complex than initially proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
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Yi X, White DM, Aisner DL, Baur JA, Wright WE, Shay JW. An alternate splicing variant of the human telomerase catalytic subunit inhibits telomerase activity. Neoplasia 2000; 2:433-40. [PMID: 11191110 PMCID: PMC1507981 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, a cellular reverse transcriptase, adds telomeric repeats to chromosome ends. In normal human somatic cells, telomerase is repressed and telomeres progressively shorten, leading to proliferative senescence. Introduction of the telomerase (hTERT) cDNA is sufficient to produce telomerase activity and immortalize normal human cells, suggesting that the repression of telomerase activity is transcriptional. The telomerase transcript has been shown to have at least six alternate splicing sites (four insertion sites and two deletion sites), and variants containing both or either of the deletion sites are present during development and in a panel of cancer cell lines we surveyed. One deletion (beta site) and all four insertions cause premature translation terminations, whereas the other deletion (alpha site) is 36 bp and lies within reverse transcriptase (RT) motif A, suggesting that this deletion variant may be a candidate as a dominant-negative inhibitor of telomerase. We have cloned three alternately spliced hTERT variants that contain the alpha, beta or both alpha and beta deletion sites. These alternate splicing variants along with empty vector and wild-type hTERT were introduced into normal human fibroblasts and several telomerase-positive immortal and tumor cell lines. Expression of the alpha site deletion variant (hTERT alpha-) construct was confirmed by Western blotting. We found that none of the three alternate splicing variants reconstitutes telomerase activity in fibroblasts. However, hTERT alpha- inhibits telomerase activities in telomerase-positive cells, causes telomere shortening and eventually cell death. This alternately spliced dominant-negative variant may be important in understanding telomerase regulation during development, differentiation and in cancer progression.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma/enzymology
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Line/enzymology
- Cell Line, Transformed/enzymology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Fetal Proteins/chemistry
- Fetal Proteins/genetics
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/enzymology
- Genes, Dominant
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Humans
- Lung/cytology
- Lung Neoplasms/enzymology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Peptide Chain Termination, Translational/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Subunits
- RNA
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Retroviridae/genetics
- Sequence Deletion
- Skin/cytology
- Telomerase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Telomerase/chemistry
- Telomerase/genetics
- Telomerase/physiology
- Telomere/metabolism
- Telomere/ultrastructure
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yi
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 75390-9039, USA
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White DM, Walker S, Brenneman DE, Gozes I. CREB contributes to the increased neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons induced by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and activity-dependent neurotrophic factor. Brain Res 2000; 868:31-8. [PMID: 10841885 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our recent experiments suggest that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) enhances neurite outgrowth of dissociated rat dorsal root ganglion cells, indirectly, via the release of a trophic factor from the spinal cord. In this study, we have examined the possible contribution of activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF) to the trophic actions of VIP. In addition, as we have shown that the factor mediating the trophic actions of VIP acts via protein kinase A we have also examined the contribution of CREB, which is a transcription factor activated by protein kinase A. As previously shown, supernatant taken from spinal cord incubated with VIP, significantly increased the percentage of sensory neurons with neurites. Antiserum against ADNF attenuated the trophic effect of the VIP-conditioned supernatant. Consistently, the ADNF agonist, ADNF(14) (0.001-0.1 fM), significantly enhanced the percentage of cells with neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, the trophic action of ADNF(14) was attenuated by a protein kinase A inhibitor, Rp-cAMPS, whereas the inactive isomer, Sp-cAMPS, had no effect. Preincubation of cells with 5 mcM CREB antisense oligonucleotides, attenuated the increase in neurite outgrowth induced by either the supernatant or ADNF(14). The sense oligonucleotide had no influence on the enhanced neurite outgrowth. We also found that both the supernatant and ADNF(14) induced an increase in the percentage of cells expressing phosphorylated CREB. The data suggests that VIP induces a release of neurotrophic factors, such as ADNF, which enhance neurite outgrowth. In addition, protein kinase A and CREB appear to contribute to the neurotrophic actions of VIP and ADNF. The mechanisms underlying the neurotrophic action of VIP, may have important implications for sprouting and/or synaptic reorganization of central terminals of sensory neurons, which may contribute to neuropathic pain that commonly occurs following peripheral nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, N.S.W., 2065, St Leonards, Australia.
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Weller RE, White DM, Walton MM. Intrinsic connections in the caudal subdivision of the dorsolateral visual area (DL(C)) in squirrel monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2000; 420:52-69. [PMID: 10745219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Patterns of intrinsic connections and features of individual intrinsic axons in the caudal subdivision of the dorsolateral visual area (DL(C)) were investigated in four squirrel monkeys (Saimiri) following extracellular injections of the tracers biocytin, biotinylated dextran amine, and wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Injections were defined in DL(C) by reference to architectonic borders and patterns of connections with other cortical areas. Intrinsic connections extended up to 6 mm from an injection and were usually anisotropic, extending farther dorsoventrally than anteroposteriorly. Injections that involved the supragranular layers produced up to 20 mainly supragranular patches of projections that had a width of 285 +/- 8 microm (mean +/- standard error) and area of 0.125 +/- 0.016 mm(2). Seventy-four intrinsic axon segments with a total of 3,290 boutons were drawn and their bouton spacing measured. The sample included axons in layers 1, 2-3, 5, and multiple (>2) layers; horizontally and vertically oriented axons; and axons in an injection halo, patch, or nonpatch region of projections. There were no differences in bouton spacing for axons in halo, patch, or nonpatch regions. Layer 1 axons (n = 7) had a significantly sparser distribution of boutons (median interbouton interval of 45.2 +/- 17.8 microm) than the layers 2-3 (n = 35) and layer 5 axons (n = 26), which did not differ in bouton spacing (median interbouton intervals of 8.1 +/- 0.4 microm and 8.4 +/- 0.8 microm, respectively). Patterns of intrinsic connections in DL(C) are related to neural organization and properties reported for DL or visual area V4, and are compared to intrinsic connections of other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Weller
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Abstract
Polycystic ovaries (PCO) are highly prevalent in women presenting with hirsutism or recurrent miscarriage but the functional significance of PCO in ovulatory women presenting with infertility remains unclear. We examined the prevalence of PCO, on ultrasonography, among women presenting with infertility. Among 289 couples classified in four main diagnostic categories, PCO were found in 81 (83%) of 98 anovulatory patients, 40 (53%) of 76 patients whose partners had sperm dysfunction, 26 (50%) of 52 patients with tubal disease and in 28 (44%) of 63 patients with unexplained infertility. By comparison, in a control group of 67 parous volunteers, 19 (28%) were found to have PCO. PCO patients with unexplained infertility had higher midfollicular luteinizing hormone and testosterone compared with the group with normal ovaries. The prevalence of PCO was significantly higher in each of the infertility groups than in controls, and a similar tendency (not significant) was observed among women with unexplained infertility. Ovulatory PCO women with infertility had higher testosterone concentrations in comparison with PCO controls. In summary, the prevalence of PCO among ovulatory women with infertility is higher than that in the normal population, suggesting that PCO may, perhaps by virtue of an effect of hyperandrogenaemia, contribute to the causes of subfertility in women with regular menses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kousta
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine and Department of Reproductive Science and Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1PG, UK
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Although local anesthetics can, in some situations, alleviate neuropathic pain, currently available preparations are short-acting and nonselective, producing, for example, motor dysfunction. Clinical studies report that a novel suspension preparation of butamben has the advantage of a prolonged duration of action, and it can be used epidurally, without impairment of motor function. In this behavioral study, we investigated the effect of the epidural administration of a 5% butamben suspension on nerve injury-induced allodynia. Behavioral studies were performed using an established animal model of neuropathic pain, which involves a partial ligation of the sciatic nerve. Nociceptive thresholds to mechanical stimulation were determined by the paw withdrawal method. The allodynia to mechanical stimulation induced by partial nerve ligation was significantly attenuated by daily injections, for 5 days, of 10 microL of butamben suspension. The analgesia lasted at least 7 days after the final injection. Daily injections of 10 microL of vehicle, for 5 days, had no significant effect on allodynia. During the period of daily injections, both the butamben and vehicle treated rats had temporary impairment of motor coordination compared with untreated controls. Motor function recovered after the final injection. Neither daily injections of butamben for 2 or 3 days, nor smaller volumes for 5 days (2.5-5 microL), had a long-lasting effect. We conclude that repeated epidural administration of butamben suspension for several days provides long-lasting analgesia in rats with nerve injury-induced allodynia to mechanical stimulation. IMPLICATIONS In this animal behavioral study, using rats with nerve injury-induced pain, we examined the possible long-term analgesic effects of epidural administration of a suspension of the local anesthetic, butamben. We found that multiple doses for several days were required to provide a prolonged analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Mitchell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Australia
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Mitchell VA, White DM, Cousins MJ. The Long-Term Effect of Epidural Administration of Butamben Suspension on Nerve Injury-Induced Allodynia in Rats. Anesth Analg 1999. [DOI: 10.1213/00000539-199910000-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Recent studies show that neuropeptide Y acts indirectly, via release of a neurotrophic factor(s) from the spinal cord, to increase the neurite outgrowth of dissociated adult rat dorsal root ganglion cells. This study examines further the neuropeptide Y-induced increase in neurite outgrowth. To characterize the factor(s) mediating the neuropeptide Y-induced increase in neurite outgrowth, we have examined whether antisera to either nerve growth factor or neurotrophin-3 influence the neuropeptide Y-induced increase in neurite outgrowth. Spinal cord slices were incubated with media alone or in combination with 10 nM neuropeptide Y for 2 h at 37 degrees C. The supernatant of spinal cord incubated with neuropeptide Y significantly enhanced the neurite outgrowth of normal dorsal root ganglion cells. Antiserum against nerve growth factor had no effect on the trophic actions of the supernatant. Antiserum against neurotrophin-3, however, significantly attenuated the increase in neurite outgrowth. Consistent with this finding, neurotrophin-3 also increased the percentage of cells with neurites. Transganglionic labelling of A-fibres with choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase in animals treated intrathecally with neurotrophin-3 for 14 days via an osmotic pump showed that the area of choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase label expanded into lamina II. In comparison, saline-treated animals had no label in lamina II. In addition, neurotrophin-3-treated animals also had a significant decrease in mechanical nociceptive threshold. The results suggest that neuropeptide Y acts via neurotrophin-3 to mediate an increase in neurite outgrowth of dorsal root ganglion cells. These results have important implications for the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that calcium contributes to peripheral neural mechanisms of hyperalgesia associated with nerve damage. In this animal behavioural study, we examined further the contribution of calcium in neuropathic pain by testing whether subcutaneous administration of either a calcium chelating agent or voltage-dependent calcium channel blockers attenuate nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia to mechanical stimulation. Studies were carried out in animals with partially ligated sciatic nerves, an established animal model of neuropathic pain. The nociceptive flexion reflex was quantified using an Ugo Basile Analgesymeter. Partial nerve injury induced a significant decrease in mechanical threshold compared to the sham operated controls. Daily subcutaneous injections of the calcium chelating agent, Quin 2 (20 microgram/2.5 microliter), significantly attenuated the nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia. Similarly, SNX-111, a N-type channel blocker, also significantly attenuated the nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia. SNX-230, a P and/or Q-type channel blocker, and nifedipine, a L-type channel blocker, had no effect on the hyperalgesia to mechanical stimulation. In control experiments, SNX-111 had no effect on mechanical thresholds when administered subcutaneously in either the hindpaw of normal animals or the back of the neck in nerve injury animals. This study shows that neuropathic pain involves a local calcium-dependent mechanism in the receptive field of intact neurons of an injured nerve, since it can be alleviated by subcutaneous injections of either a calcium chelating agent or SNX-111, a N-type calcium channel blocker. These agents may be effective, peripherally acting therapeutic agents for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, N.S.W., 2065, Australia.
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23
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White DM. Treating the family with multiple sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 1998; 9:675-87. [PMID: 9894117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to treat a family, particularly when clinicians only have the opportunity to see one or two members in the medical setting. Still, one can accomplish a great deal by viewing the patient within a family system. Advantages of this systemic approach are similar to those accrued when one views the individual patient's problems as being inter-connected. For example, we know that pain stemming from MS can exacerbate depression that, in turn, increases pain ... and so on. By the same token, if the clinician treats either pain or depression, it will likely reduce the other one. One doesn't need to treat all aspects of the family to show a fundamental improvement in the system. If the well partner attends a support group, his or her ability to care for the patient may increase, which could reduce his or her own depression. If children learn to explain the patient's MS to their friends, then they feel more comfortable with closeness to the parent. Treating the family helps it stay healthy, and it is the family who ultimately cares for the patient. To treat the family is to provide the patient with essential care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Bile duct calculi (BDC) can be cleared or treated with modern endoscopic techniques in most patients. However, large stones, bile duct strictures, or unusual anatomy may make endoscopic clearance difficult. The purpose of the present study was to determine the efficacy of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in treating patients with complicated BDC. METHODS Between 1989 and January 1995, 16 patients with BDC were treated at our institution with ESWL using a Dornier HM-3 lithotropter. The average age of patients was 62 years (range 32 to 88). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with sphincterotomy and attempted stone extraction (100%), nasobiliary drainage (83%), and biliary stents (6%) were used prior to ESWL. Eleven patients (61 %) had solitary stones, ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 2.6 cm, whereas 7 patients had multiple stones, ranging in diameter from 0.5 to 5.0 cm. The indications for ESWL were stone impaction (56%), stone size (38%), and bile duct stricture (6%). RESULTS The 16 patients received 27 ESWL treatments (mean = 2101 shock at 21 kV); with 4 patients (22%) requiring multiple treatments. Stone fragmentation was achieved in 94% of patients. All patients had ERCP performed post-ESWL, and only 2 (13%) patients required immediate operations. At discharge, 94% of patients were stone-free. Minor complications (eg, pain, hematuria) were common. With an average follow-up of 3 years, only 1 patient (6%) has required retreatment for BDC. Hepatic transplantation was required in an additional patient. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of patients with both major medical comorbidities and/or technical contraindications to standard methods of endoscopic and surgical clearance of BDC, we found that ESWL facilitated stone clearance in 94% of patients with minimal morbidity and no mortality. In our opinion, ESWL should be used more frequently in the treatment of these complex patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98111, USA
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25
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Abstract
Clomiphene citrate is the treatment of first choice in the management of infertility in normally oestrogenized, anovulatory women (WHO group II). The majority of women with 'pure' anovulatory infertility respond to treatment with clomiphene citrate. The rates of pregnancy and miscarriage are close to those expected in a normal fertile population. Basal hormone concentrations do not predict outcome. An increased body mass index is the only factor which is consistently associated with a decreased response to clomiphene citrate; it follows therefore, that weight reduction should be an important part of therapy in anovulatory women. According to our data, only an increased luteinizing hormone value immediately post clomiphene citrate predicted an adverse pregnancy outcome in women who conceived. Clomiphene citrate, along with other ovulation induction therapies, can cause multiple follicular development, with a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation and multiple pregnancy. Ultrasound monitoring of treatment is important in order to choose the appropriate dose of clomiphene citrate in subsequent cycles and to minimize the risks of hyperstimulation and multiple pregnancy. When couples with other factors contributing to subfertility are excluded, the cumulative conception rate continues to rise after 6 months of treatment with clomiphene citrate, reaches a plateau by treatment cycle 12 and approaches that of the normal population. It has been reported that prolonged use of clomiphene citrate may be associated with an increased risk of a borderline or invasive ovarian tumour. Taking into consideration these observations, we recommend that anovulatory women responsive to clomiphene citrate should be treated for at least 6 cycles before considering more complex or invasive methods of ovulation induction, and that treatment should probably be limited to a maximum of 12 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kousta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Mary's, London, UK
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26
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White DM, Takeda T, DeGroot LJ, Stefansson K, Arnason BG. Beta-trace gene expression is regulated by a core promoter and a distal thyroid hormone response element. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:14387-93. [PMID: 9162076 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.22.14387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We isolated and characterized the human beta-Trace protein (betaTP) gene promoter. betaTP, also known as prostaglandin D2 synthase, is a lipocalin secreted from the choroid plexus and meninges into cerebrospinal fluid. Basal transcription of the betaTP gene is directed from a core promoter found within the first 325 bases of the 5'-flanking sequence. The betaTP gene promoter is responsive to thyroid hormone (3,3',5-triiodothyronine, T3) and efficiently repressed by unliganded human thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRbeta). Functional analysis of the betaTP promoter in TE671 cells revealed that responsiveness to T3 occurs in sequences 2.5 kilobase pairs 5' of the start site. Within the hormone-responsive region we identified a thyroid hormone response element (TRE) located from -2576 to -2562 base pairs relative to the transcription start site. The betaTP TRE is composed of two directly repeated consensus half-sites separated by a 3-base pair space (DR3). The betaTP TRE forms specific complexes with TRbeta. We have shown that a gene active in the choroid plexus and meninges is responsive to T3. T3 may play a role in the regulated transport of substances into the cerebrospinal fluid and ultimately the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Neurology and the Brain Research Institute, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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27
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Tong L, Pav S, White DM, Rogers S, Crane KM, Cywin CL, Brown ML, Pargellis CA. A highly specific inhibitor of human p38 MAP kinase binds in the ATP pocket. Nat Struct Biol 1997; 4:311-6. [PMID: 9095200 DOI: 10.1038/nsb0497-311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of human p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in complex with a potent and highly specific pyridinyl-imidazole inhibitor has been determined at 2.0 A resolution. The structure of the kinase, which is in its unphosphorylated state, is similar to that of the closely-related ERK2. The inhibitor molecule is bound in the ATP pocket. A hydrogen bond is made between the pyridyl nitrogen of the inhibitor and the main chain amido nitrogen of residue 109, analogous to the interaction from the N1 atom of ATP. The crystal structure provides possible explanations for the specificity of this class of inhibitors. Other protein kinase inhibitors may achieve their specificity through a similar mechanism. The structure also reveals a possible second binding site for this inhibitor, with currently unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tong
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA
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28
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Abstract
In normal animals, spinal administration of neuropeptide Y induces analgesia to thermal stimuli, but has no effect on mechanical thresholds. Recent anatomical studies, however, have shown that following nerve injury there is an altered expression of neuropeptide Y and its receptors. The aim of this behavioural study, therefore, is to examine the effect of intrathecal administration of neuropeptide Y, its agonists and an antagonist on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in rats with partial injury to the sciatic nerve. Test agents were administered for 14 days via osmotic pumps (0.5 microliter/day) attached to intrathecal catheters and the nociceptive flexion reflex was quantified using an Ugo Basile Analgesymeter. Partial injury to the sciatic nerve, in animals treated intrathecally with saline, induces a significant decrease in mechanical threshold as compared to the sham operated, contralateral paw. The nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia is exacerbated by 2 microM neuropeptide Y and by 2 microM [Leu31,Pro34]-neuropeptide Y, a Y1 receptor agonist. The Y2 receptor agonist, N-acetyl-[Leu28,Leu31]-neuropeptide Y24-36 (2 microM), had no effect on the nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia. The putative neuropeptide Y antagonist, alpha-trinositol (10 microM), significantly attenuated the nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia. This study suggests that neuropeptide Y may contribute to nerve injury-induced mechanical hyperalgesia via the Y1 receptor and provides further insight into the possible mechanisms underlying nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia to mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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29
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White DM. Suspension of nurse who gave drug on consultant's instructions. What has happened to clinical freedom? BMJ 1997; 314:299. [PMID: 9022499 PMCID: PMC2125742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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30
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Pav S, White DM, Rogers S, Crane KM, Cywin CL, Davidson W, Hopkins J, Brown ML, Pargellis CA, Tong L. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of recombinant human P38 MAP kinase. Protein Sci 1997; 6:242-5. [PMID: 9007996 PMCID: PMC2143505 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The recombinant human p38 MAP kinase has been expressed and purified from both Escherichia coli and SF9 cells, and has been crystallized in two forms by the hanging drop vapor diffusion method using PEG as precipitant. Both crystal forms belong to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1). The cell parameters for crystal form 1 are a = 65.2 A, b = 74.6 A and c = 78.1 A. Those for crystal form 2 are a = 58.3 A, b = 68.3 A and c = 87.9 A. Diffraction data to 2.0 A resolution have been collected on both forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pav
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877, USA.
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31
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White DM, Polson DW, Kiddy D, Sagle P, Watson H, Gilling-Smith C, Hamilton-Fairley D, Franks S. Induction of ovulation with low-dose gonadotropins in polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of 109 pregnancies in 225 women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996; 81:3821-4. [PMID: 8923819 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.81.11.8923819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Mary's, London, United Kingdom
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32
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White DM, Mansfield K. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y act indirectly to increase neurite outgrowth of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells. Neuroscience 1996; 73:881-7. [PMID: 8809806 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that rearrangement of synaptic circuitry of primary afferent neurons in the spinal cord may contribute, in part, to hyperalgesia that is often associated with peripheral nerve injury. This study of cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion cells examined whether vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y, which are up-regulated in sensory neurons following nerve transection, possibly contribute to the morphological alterations induced by nerve injury. Neurite outgrowth of dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells was examined two weeks following either sciatic nerve transection or intrathecal administration of test agents via osmotic pumps. Dissociated cells taken from rats with transected sciatic nerve or following intrathecal administration of either vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or neuropeptide Y had a significant increase in the percentage of cells with neurites as compared to dorsal root ganglion cells taken from normal animals. Intrathecal administration, into rats with nerve lesion, of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y antagonists, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(10-28) and alpha-trinositol, respectively, significantly attenuated the nerve injury-induced increase in neurite outgrowth. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and neuropeptide Y had no influence on neurite outgrowth when applied to normal dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells, however, when added to cells co-cultured with spinal cord explants, both peptides significantly increased the percentage of cells with neurites. K252a, a protein kinase inhibitor, attenuated the trophic action of neuropeptide Y, but not that of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The action of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide on neurite outgrowth was attenuated by the protein kinase A inhibitor, the Rp-isomer of adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate. The results suggest that the peptides may contribute, indirectly, to the nerve injury-induced increase in neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons via separate spinally-derived neurotrophic factors and the study provides further insight into the possible mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia associated with nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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33
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White DM, Mansfield K, Kelleher K. Increased neurite outgrowth of cultured rat dorsal root ganglion cells following transection or inhibition of axonal transport of the sciatic nerve. Neurosci Lett 1996; 208:93-6. [PMID: 8859898 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGs), taken from rats 2 weeks after sciatic nerve transection, have an increase in the percentage of cells with neurites compared to DRGs taken from normal animals. This study examines the possible factors that may contribute to the nerve injury-induced increase in neuritogenesis. Topical application of the local anaesthetic, bupivicaine, either to the nerve trunk prior to transection or to the proximal nerve stump for 2 weeks had no effect on the increased neurite outgrowth induced by nerve transection. Neurite outgrowth was also not influenced by administration of either nerve growth factor (NGF) via the femoral artery into normal rats or anti-NGF antiserum to the proximal nerve stump. Inhibition of axonal transport by topical application of vinblastine, however, induced a significant increase in neurite outgrowth compared to untreated controls. In addition, vinblastine-treated animals also develop hyperalgesia to mechanical stimulation and transganglionic labelling of sensory neurons with choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase shows that the area of termination of myelinated sensory neurons in the spinal cord expands into lamina II. The results suggest that nerve injury-induced increase in neurite outgrowth is not dependent on NGF nor nerve impulses generated at the site of injury and supports the view that the absence of an inhibitory factor(s), that in normal animals may regulate neuronal outgrowth.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Axonal Transport/drug effects
- Axonal Transport/physiology
- Axons/physiology
- Bupivacaine/pharmacology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/physiology
- Cells, Cultured/ultrastructure
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Horseradish Peroxidase
- Male
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/physiology
- Nerve Growth Factors/pharmacology
- Neurites/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/ultrastructure
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Sciatic Nerve/cytology
- Vinblastine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, N.S. W., 2065, Australia
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34
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Kousta E, White DM, Piazzi A, Loumaye E, Franks S. Successful induction ovulation and completed pregnancy using recombinant human luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in a woman with Kallmann's syndrome. Hum Reprod 1996; 11:70-1. [PMID: 8671160 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of ovulation in women with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism requires follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for follicular growth and both FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH) to induce optimal follicular steroidogenesis. The development of human recombinant FSH and LH means that individually tailored doses of both hormones can be used with the aim of inducing unifollicular ovulation. This report describes the use of recombinant human FSH and LH for the induction of ovulation and conception in the second cycle of treatment, and subsequently a successfully completed pregnancy in a woman with Kallmann's syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kousta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Mary's Hospital Medical School, London W2 1PG, UK
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35
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Abstract
Hyperalgesia (tenderness) is a prominent feature of the inflammatory response. It is thought to be mediated, in part, by humoral factors such as prostaglandin E2, which act directly to sensitize primary afferent nociceptors. Prostaglandin E2 also interacts with nociceptors to induce a release of substance P, which can feed back to enhance the inflammatory response and also induce a long-lasting hyperalgesia. This study examined the mechanism of prostaglandin E2-induced substance P release from cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Release studies were performed by bathing cultures with Tyrode solution +/- test agents and substance P was measured by radioimmunoassay. Substance P release induced by 100 nM prostaglandin E2 was inhibited by the prostaglandin antagonist, SC19220, and modulated by the guanine nucleotide analogs, guanosine-5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate and guanosine-5'-[beta-thio]diphosphate, which stimulate and inhibit, respectively, stimulatory G-proteins. Substance P release was found to be Ca(2+)-dependent, requiring an influx of Ca2+ via N-type voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels, since it was blocked by omega-conotoxin, but not nifedipine. The results suggest that prostaglandin E2 acts via a G-protein-coupled binding site on dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells to induce a Ca(2+)-dependent release of substance P, and provide further insight into the possible mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, Australia
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36
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37
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Abstract
Using centromere-specific probes and a fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) technique in cases of childhood hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), cells with extra copies of chromosomes can be differentiated from normal cells by their extra signals in both metaphase and interphase nuclei. In this way the entire cell population, not only those cells in division, can be analysed, thereby providing a valuable technique not only for determining leukaemia cell karyotype at diagnosis but also for the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD). We have conducted 161 analyses of remission bone marrow aspirates (BMs) in 13 children with hyperdiploid ALL. Slides were analysed blind and in parallel to 35 control samples. Control BMs showed very low numbers of trisomic cells (mean +/- 2 x SD = 0.13 +/- 0.34%). MRD was detected in 5/13 cases of ALL investigated while on chemotherapy. One out of five newly diagnosed cases and all three relapse cases of ALL had significantly raised levels of hyperdiploid cells in day 28 BMs. The presence of detectable disease in day 28 BMs suggests the need for larger studies to find whether this data is of prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital
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38
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White DM, Pillers DA, Reiss JA, Brown MG, Magenis RE. Interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 4 in patients with a similar combination of multiple minor anomalies and mental retardation. Am J Med Genet 1995; 57:588-97. [PMID: 7573135 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320570415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial deletions of chromosome 4 have been described rarely and have had variable presentations. We describe the phenotypic characteristics associated with interstitial deletion of the p14-16 region of chromosome 4 in 7 patients with multiple minor anomalies in common, and with mental retardation. A review of published cases of interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 4 is provided. These deletions present a distinct phenotype which is different from that of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Pediatrics, Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Portland 97201-3042, USA
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Watson AH, Kanny EM, White DM, Anson DK. Use of standardized activities of daily living rating scales in spinal cord injury and disease services. Am J Occup Ther 1995; 49:229-34. [PMID: 7741156 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.49.3.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although standardized activities of daily living (ADL) rating scales offer advantages in reliability and consistency of reporting, the literature has revealed that most occupational therapists tend to use informal assessments and reporting methods. This study investigated the use of standardized ADL rating scales by occupational therapists who treat patients with spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D). METHOD Fifty-two SCI/D rehabilitation sites were selected by stratified random sampling, and surveys were completed by the occupational therapist in each site who worked most extensively with patients with SCI/D: Occupational therapists at 49 of the sites completed the survey. RESULTS Survey results indicated that 68% of the respondents tend not to use standardized ADL rating scales in their work with SCI/D patients. Of those who used standardized ADL rating scales, the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was more widely used than any other. Most respondents learned about this measure on the job. Many of the respondents indicated that a limitation of the FIM was its inability to detect progress in their patients with SCI/D: DISCUSSION The results indicate that although widely used, the FIM may need to be supplemented by other standardized ADL rating scales in order for a therapist to objectively document the progress made by patients with SCI/D: To be able to choose the most appropriate assessment tools, students and practicing therapists need to be educated in a variety of standardized ADL rating scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Watson
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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40
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Griffiths S, McWilliam J, White DM, MacFarlane A, Hicks N. Secrecy in the NHS. Public health advocacy will remain. BMJ 1995; 310:191. [PMID: 7833772 PMCID: PMC2548578 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.310.6973.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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41
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Abstract
C-Fiber mechanoheat (C-MH) nociceptors from the saphenous nerve were studied, in control rats and in rats that underwent surgical sympathectomy. Intradermal injection, alone, of either norepinephrine (NE) or the calcium ionophore, A23187, did not affect mechanical threshold. The combination of A23187 and NE, however, significantly decreased mechanical threshold. In the presence of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, or the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin, C-MHs were not sensitized by the combination of NE + A23187. One week after surgical sympathectomy, the number of C-MHs sensitized by NE + A23187 was significantly reduced. In summary, NE appears to sensitize nociceptors indirectly. These data are compatible with the suggestion that a sympathetic postganglionic neuron-dependent release of prostaglandins mediates the sensitization. NE appears to act at an alpha 2-adrenergic receptor, only in the presence of an increased intracellular Ca2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Gold
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0452
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42
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate proliferative activity in leukaemic and lymphomatous bone marrow infiltrates and to assess the feasibility of transport of specimens among institutions. METHODS Proliferative activity in bone marrow trephine cryosections from 99 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 23 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 11 with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and two with acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL) was investigated. Infiltration was seen in 52 out of 99 cases of NHL on bone marrow cryosections. A score was devised to assess pathological infiltrates in bone marrow trephine cryosections using the monoclonal antibody Ki-67. This method of scoring gave a measure of non-erythroid proliferative activity. RESULTS Mean Ki-67 positivity in bone marrow infiltrates in 31 low grade B cell lymphomas (Kiel classification) was 0.3% before and 4.7% after treatment, 16.4% in seven high grade B cell lymphomas, and 17.8% in 12 peripheral T cell lymphomas. In 48 cases of NHL, bone marrow cryosections had not been infiltrated, and in all but one case the percentage of Ki-67 positive cells in normal marrow was less than 3%; the remaining case showed coexistent myelodysplasia and 8% bone marrow Ki-67 positivity. In eight cases of common ALL at diagnosis, the mean Ki-67 positivity in marrow cryosections was 24.9%, significantly higher than the 2.4% Ki-67 positivity seen in AML (p < 0.05). One of the two cases of common ALL with less than 1% Ki-67 positivity was refractory to treatment. CONCLUSIONS Proliferative activity of erythroid elements in the bone marrow varies greatly. Immunostaining of bone marrow cryosections using Ki-67 permits accurate assessment of non-erythroid proliferative activity in lymphomas and leukaemia. High grade B cell lymphomas and peripheral T cell lymphomas invading the marrow have very similar mean proliferative activities. Such levels of proliferation are of the same order as those seen in common ALL, but much higher than those seen in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Haematology, Southampton General Hospital, Hants
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43
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Kasuya H, Weir BK, White DM, Stefansson K. Mechanism of oxyhemoglobin-induced release of endothelin-1 from cultured vascular endothelial cells and smooth-muscle cells. J Neurosurg 1993; 79:892-8. [PMID: 7504096 DOI: 10.3171/jns.1993.79.6.0892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Release of endothelin-1 from cultured endothelial cells can be induced with oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb). The present study was conducted to explore whether oxyHb affects the release of endothelin-1 and the induction of endothelin-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and to examine the mechanism whereby oxyHb induces endothelin-1 production in cultured vascular smooth-muscle cells as well as in cultured endothelial cells. Oxyhemoglobin produces concentration-dependent (0.1 to 10 microM) and time-dependent (0 to 24 hours) increases in immunoreactive endothelin-1 in conditioned medium from bovine arterial endothelial cells. Oxyhemoglobin induces immunoreactive endothelin-1 in rat aortic smooth-muscle cells in the same fashion, although the rate is 30-fold less than that of endothelial cells. This promoting effect is much higher than that of other stimulators such as thrombin and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from endothelial cells also showed endothelin-1 mRNA induction. Staurosporine, a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, inhibited oxyHb-induced endothelin-1 production in both vascular endothelial and smooth-muscle cells, whereas an increase of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) by forskolin or an addition of 8-bromo-cAMP only inhibited this effect in smooth-muscle cells. These findings suggest that oxyHb-induced endothelin-1 production in endothelial cells is regulated by PKC, and in smooth-muscle cells by both PKC and the cAMP-dependent pathway. The production of endothelin, the most potent vasoconstrictor, in both vascular endothelial and smooth-muscle cells by oxyHb may have significance in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm.
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MESH Headings
- 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology
- Alkaloids/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Colforsin/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelins/genetics
- Endothelins/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/chemistry
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Methemoglobin/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Oxyhemoglobins/pharmacology
- Oxyhemoglobins/physiology
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Reference Values
- Staurosporine
- Thrombin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kasuya
- Section of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Illinois
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44
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45
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White DM. When tomorrow came.... Am J Hosp Palliat Care 1993; 10:13-6. [PMID: 7691123 DOI: 10.1177/104990919301000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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46
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- S Franks
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St. Mary's Hospital, Medical School, London, United Kingdom
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48
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White DM, Catanzaro ML, Kraft GH. An Approach to the Psychological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis: A Coping Guide for Healthcare Providers and Families. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 1993. [DOI: 10.1177/136140969300700201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
1. This study examined sensory neurons in the saphenous nerve of rats treated with streptozotocin to induce diabetes (STZ-D). Several physiological properties of sensory neurons were not significantly different in STZ-D compared with control (CON) rats, including percentage and rate of spontaneous activity seen in the whole nerve and mechanical and thermal thresholds of individual C-fibers. 2. The response of STZ-D and CON C-fibers to a sustained (1 min) mechanical stimulus of threshold force was similar. However, during the 5 min immediately after removal of this stimulus, there was a much greater afterdischarge in STZ-D rats (STZ-D: n = 35; 14.6 +/- 5.1 action potentials/5 min, mean +/- SE; CON: n = 34; 3.9 +/- 0.7 action potentials/5 min). The number of action potentials during a sustained (1 min) suprathreshold mechanical (445 g) stimulus was also significantly greater in the C-fibers from STZ-D rats (STZ-D: n = 44; 149.7 +/- 18.4 action potentials; CON: n = 45; 84.7 +/- 12.2 action potentials). The afterdischarge during the 5 min immediately after removal of the sustained suprathreshold stimulus was also greater in C-fibers from STZ-D rats (STZ-D: 38.7 +/- 13.1 action potentials/5 min; CON: 9.3 +/- 2.3 action potentials/5 min). 3. There was a significant difference between C-fibers from STZ-D and CON rats with respect to the distribution among certain sensory classes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Ahlgren
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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50
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White DM, Mikol DD, Espinosa R, Weimer B, Le Beau MM, Stefansson K. Structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene for a brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:23202-8. [PMID: 1385416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned and characterized the human gene for the 21-kDa brain form of prostaglandin D2 synthase. The gene was isolated from a human genomic lambda library and spans 3600 base pairs. It consists of seven exons and six introns. Southern blot analysis indicates that there is a single copy of the gene in the haploid genome. The transcriptional start site was mapped to a G residue 74 base pairs 5' of the ATG initiation codon. A TATA box-like element (ATAAATA) is situated 21 base pairs upstream of the mRNA start site. The gene was mapped to chromosome 9 bands q34.2-q34.3. The gene bears close resemblance to the genes for murine major urinary protein and ovine beta-lactoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M White
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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