Lactobacillus plantarum AS1 Isolated from South Indian Fermented Food Kallappam Suppress 1,2-Dimethyl Hydrazine (DMH)-Induced Colorectal Cancer in Male Wistar Rats

Probiotic Consortia Protect the Intestine Against Radiation Injury by Improving Intestinal Epithelial Homeostasis

PURPOSE

Radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) commonly occur during abdominal-pelvic cancer radiation therapy; however, no effective prophylactic or therapeutic agents are available to manage RIII currently. This study aimed to clarify the potential of probiotic consortium supplementation in alleviating RIII.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Male C57BL/6J mice were orally administered a probiotic mixture comprising Bifidobacterium longum BL21, Lactobacillus paracasei LC86, and Lactobacillus plantarum Lp90 for 30 days before exposure to 13 Gy of whole abdominal irradiation. The survival rates, clinical scores, and histologic changes in the intestines of mice were assessed. The impacts of probiotic consortium treatment on intestinal stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and epithelial barrier function; oxidative stress; and inflammatory cytokines were evaluated. A comprehensive examination of the gut microbiota composition was conducted through 16S rRNA sequencing, while changes in metabolites were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

The probiotic consortium alleviated RIII, as reflected by increased survival rates, improved clinical scores, and mitigated mucosal injury. The probiotic consortium treatment exhibited enhanced therapeutic effects at the histologic level compared with individual probiotic strains, although there was no corresponding improvement in survival rates and colon length. Moreover, the probiotic consortium stimulated intestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation, enhanced the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier, and regulated redox imbalance and inflammatory responses in irradiated mice. Notably, the treatment induced a restructuring of the gut microbiota composition, particularly enriching short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. Metabolomic analysis revealed distinctive metabolic changes associated with the probiotic consortium, including elevated levels of anti-inflammatory and antiradiation metabolites.

CONCLUSIONS

The probiotic consortium attenuated RIII by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites, improving inflammatory symptoms, and regulating oxidative stress. These findings provide new insights into the maintenance of intestinal health with probiotic consortium supplementation and will facilitate the development of probiotic-based therapeutic strategies for RIII in clinical practice.

The Microbiome Modulates the Immune System to Influence Cancer Therapy

The gut microbiota composition can affect the tumor microenvironment and its interaction with the immune system, thereby having implications for treatment predictions. This article reviews the studies available to better understand how the gut microbiome helps the immune system fight cancer. To describe this fact, different mechanisms and approaches utilizing probiotics to improve advancements in cancer treatment will be discussed. Moreover, not only calorie intake but also the variety and quality of diet can influence cancer patients' immunotherapy treatment because dietary patterns can impair immunological activities either by stimulating or suppressing innate and adaptive immunity. Therefore, it is interesting and critical to understand gut microbiome composition as a biomarker to predict cancer immunotherapy outcomes and responses. Here, more emphasis will be given to the recent development in immunotherapies utilizing microbiota to improve cancer therapies, which is beneficial for cancer patients.

An Update on the Pivotal Roles of Probiotics, Their Components, and Metabolites in Preventing Colon Cancer

Diet, lifestyle, and gut microbiota composition are key risk factors for the progression of colon cancer. Probiotics are living microorganisms that can offer health benefits to the parasitifer when ingested in competent quantities. Several in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies have demonstrated that probiotics can prevent and mitigate the development of colon cancer. The anti-colon cancer mechanisms of probiotics include the suppression of cell proliferation and the promotion of cancer cell apoptosis, immunomodulation, the modulation of intestinal microorganisms and their metabolism, strengthening the intestinal barrier, and antioxidant effects. This article describes the pathogenesis of colon cancer and the available therapeutic options. In addition, this paper reviews the mechanisms by which probiotics mitigate colon cancer as well as the mitigating effects of probiotic components and metabolites on colon cancer.

In Vitro Prebiotic Effects and Antibacterial Activity of Five Leguminous Honeys

Honey is a natural remedy for various health conditions. It exhibits a prebiotic effect on the gut microbiome, including lactobacilli, essential for maintaining gut health and regulating the im-mune system. In addition, monofloral honey can show peculiar therapeutic properties. We in-vestigated some legumes honey's prebiotic properties and potential antimicrobial action against different pathogens. We assessed the prebiotic potentiality of honey by evaluating the antioxidant activity, the growth, and the in vitro adhesion of Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus gasseri, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus intact cells. We also tested the honey's capacity to inhibit or limit the biofilm produced by five pathogenic strains. Finally, we assessed the anti-biofilm activity of the growth medium of probiotics cultured with honey as an energy source. Most probiotics increased their growth or the in vitro adhesion ability to 84.13% and 48.67%, respectively. Overall, alfalfa honey best influenced the probiotic strains' growth and in vitro adhesion properties. Their radical-scavenging activity arrived at 83.7%. All types of honey increased the antioxidant activity of the probiotic cells, except for the less sensitive L. plantarum. Except for a few cases, we observed a bio-film-inhibitory action of all legumes' honey, with percentages up to 81.71%. Carob honey was the most effective in inhibiting the biofilm of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus; it retained almost entirely the ability to act against the bio-film of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. aureus also when added to the bacterial growth medium instead of glucose. On the other hand, alfalfa and astragalus honey exhibited greater efficacy in acting against the biofilm of Acinetobacter baumannii. Indigo honey, whose biofilm-inhibitory action was fragile per se, was very effective when we added it to the culture broth of L. casei, whose supernatant exhibited an anti-biofilm activity against all the pathogenic strains tested. Conclusions: the five kinds of honey in different ways can improve some prebiotic properties and have an inhibitory biofilm effect when consumed.

Recent Perspective of Lactobacillus in Reducing Oxidative Stress to Prevent Disease

During oxidative stress, an important factor in the development of many diseases, cellular oxidative and antioxidant activities are imbalanced due to various internal and external factors such as inflammation or diet. The administration of probiotic Lactobacillus strains has been shown to confer a range of antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects in the host. This review focuses on the potential role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), cancer, and liver-related diseases in the context of preventive and therapeutic effects associated with Lactobacillus. This article reviews studies in cell lines and animal models as well as some clinical population reports that suggest that Lactobacillus could alleviate basic symptoms and related abnormal indicators of IBD, cancers, and liver damage, and covers evidence supporting a role for the Nrf2, NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways in the effects of Lactobacillus in alleviating inflammation, oxidative stress, aberrant cell proliferation, and apoptosis. This review also discusses the unmet needs and future directions in probiotic Lactobacillus research including more extensive mechanistic analyses and more clinical trials for Lactobacillus-based treatments.

Probiotic immunonutrition impacts on colon cancer immunotherapy and prevention

The important role of the immune system in treating cancer has attracted the attention of researchers to the emergence of oncology research. Immunotherapy has shown that the immune system is important in the fight against cancer. The challenge has led researchers to analyze the impact of immunotherapy on improving the status of the immune system, modifying the resulting safety response, reducing toxicity, and improving the results. This study aimed to discuss the potential mechanisms of probiotics in preventing colon cancer. The mechanisms include the change in intestinal microbiota, the metabolic activity of microbiota, the binding and degradation of the carcinogenic compounds present in the lumen of the intestine, the production of compounds with anticancer activity, immune system modification, intestinal dysfunction, changes in host physiology, and inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in cancerous cells. By contrast, very few reports have shown the harmful effects of oral probiotic supplements. According to available evidence, further studies on probiotics are needed, especially in identifying bacterial species with anticancer potential, studying the survival of the strains after passing the digestive tract, reviewing potential side effects in people with a weak immune system, and ultimately consuming and repeating its use. This study emphasizes that the nutritional formula can modulate inflammatory and immune responses in cancer patients. This effect reduces acute toxicity, although the pathways and measurement of this immune response are unclear. Nutrition safety is an emerging field in oncology, and further research is required.

Chemopreventive role of probiotics against cancer: a comprehensive mechanistic review

Probiotics use different mechanisms such as intestinal barrier improvement, bacterial translocation and maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis to treat cancer. Probiotics' ability to induce apoptosis against tumor cells makes them more effective to treat cancer. Moreover, probiotics stimulate immune function through an immunomodulation mechanism that induces an anti-tumor effect. There are different strains of probiotics, but the most important ones are lactic acid bacteria (LAB) having antagonistic and anti-mutagenic activities. Live and dead probiotics have anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-oxidant and anti-metastatic properties which are useful to fight against different diseases, especially cancer. The main focus of this article is to review the anti-cancerous properties of probiotics and their role in the reduction of different types of cancer. However, further investigations are in progress to improve the efficiency of probiotics in cancer treatment.

Whole genome sequencing for the risk assessment of probiotic lactic acid bacteria

Probiotic bacteria exhibit beneficial effects on human and/or animal health, and have been widely used in foods and fermented products for decades. Most probiotics consist of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are used in the production of various food products but have also been shown to have the ability to prevent certain diseases. With the expansion of applications for probiotic LAB, there is an increasing concern with regard to safety, as cases with adverse effects, i.e., severe infections, transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes, etc., can occur. Currently, in vitro assays remain the primary way to assess the properties of LAB. However, such methodologies are not meeting the needs of strain risk assessment on a high-throughput scale, in the context of the evolving concept of food safety. Analyzing the complete genetic information, including potential virulence genes and other determinants with a negative impact on health, allows for assessing the safe use of the product, for which whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of individual LAB strains can be employed. Genomic data can also be used to understand subtle differences in the strain level important for beneficial effects, or protect patents. Here, we propose that WGS-based bioinformatics analyses are an ideal and cost-effective approach for the initial in silico microbial risk evaluation, while the technique may also increase our understanding of LAB strains for food safety and probiotic property evaluation.

Bacteria therapeutics for cancer oncology: a crossroads for new paradigms

A promising treatment for cancer remains challenging owing to insufficient tumor targeting and predictable resistance. Current therapies have their drawbacks and there is a need for innovative treatment that can overcome all the limitations with the traditional approaches. One of the novel treatments is bacteria-mediated cancer therapy, which has shown a beneficial impact on tumor regression and metastasis inhibition. It can selectively target cancer cells and potentially serve as a therapeutic-gene-drug delivery approach. In their original form, genetically or chemically modified, or combined with conventional therapeutic approaches, bacteria produce safe and effective cancer with minimized cytotoxicity. This review discusses the key benefits, applicability and further implementations in the clinical translation of bacteriotherapy for cancer treatments.

Gastrointestinal Microbiota Dysbiosis Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Colorectal Cancer: The Implication of Probiotics

The complexity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)’s pathophysiology is such that microbial dysbiosis in the lung and gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota may be involved in its pathogenic process. GI microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with respiratory disorders, including COVID-19, as well as sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) through imbalanced microbiota and compromised immune response. It is pertinent to understand the possible role of probiotics in stabilizing the microbial environment and maintaining the integrity of the respiratory and GI tracts in SARS-CoV-2 induced dysbiosis and colorectal carcinogenesis. The long-term implication of SARS-CoV-2 in GI dysbiosis via microbiota-gut-lung cross-talk could increase the risk of new CRC diagnosis or worsen the condition of previously diagnosed individuals. Recent knowledge shows that the immune-modulatory response to probiotics is shifting the beneficial use of probiotics towards the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we highlight the potential impact of probiotics on SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with CRC through microbiota imbalance in COVID-19 patients.

An Update on the Effects of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Cancers

Because of their increasing prevalence, gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are regarded as an important global health challenge. Microorganisms residing in the human GI tract, termed gut microbiota, encompass a large number of living organisms. The role of the gut in the regulation of the gut-mediated immune responses, metabolism, absorption of micro- and macro-nutrients and essential vitamins, and short-chain fatty acid production, and resistance to pathogens has been extensively investigated. In the past few decades, it has been shown that microbiota imbalance is associated with the susceptibility to various chronic disorders, such as obesity, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psychiatric disorders, and various types of cancer. Emerging evidence has shown that oral administration of various strains of probiotics can protect against cancer development. Furthermore, clinical investigations suggest that probiotic administration in cancer patients decreases the incidence of postoperative inflammation. The present review addresses the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of action of probiotics against GI cancers. The safety of the most commercial probiotic strains has been confirmed, and therefore these strains can be used as adjuvant or neo-adjuvant treatments for cancer prevention and improving the efficacy of therapeutic strategies. Nevertheless, well-designed clinical studies are still needed for a better understanding of the properties and mechanisms of action of probiotic strains in mitigating GI cancer development.

Traditional fermented foods as vehicle of non-dairy probiotics: Perspectives in South East Asia countries

Food fermentation is a food processing technology that utilizes the growth and metabolic activity of microorganisms for the stabilization and transformation of food materials. Notwithstanding, the technology has evolved beyond food preservation into a tool for creating desirable organoleptic, nutritional, and functional attributes in food products. This narrative review outlines a compilation of traditional fermented foods which available in the South East Asia (SEA) regions as a source vehicle for non-dairy probiotics. The nutritional values of traditional fermented foods are well-appreciated, especially in the resource-poor regions. The sensory and organoleptic preferences of traditional fermented foods as means of dietary routine variations were demonstrated. Furthermore, the evidence underlying its potent impacts on public health promotion and disease prevention is outlined. Lastly, the challenges and future prospects for the integration of traditional fermented foods practice are elucidated.

In Vitro Antidiabetic, Antioxidant Activity, and Probiotic Activities of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Strains

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of lactic acid bacteria strains isolated from humans and food products and investigate the probiotic properties of the selected four strains. The hypoglycemic activity of the isolated strains was examined by evaluating the α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. The antioxidant activity was measured using the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Four strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum MG4229, MG4296, MG5025, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei MG5012) exhibited potent α-glucosidase inhibitory (>75%) and α-amylase inhibitory (>85%) activities, which were comparable to those of acarbose (>50%; 1000 μg/mL). Similarly, the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of the four strains were comparable to those of ascorbic acid (50 μg/mL). Additionally, the probiotic properties of the four selected strains were examined based on acid and bile salt tolerance, auto-aggregation ability, and antibiotic resistance. The four strains were resistant to pH 2 (>50% of survivability) and 0.5% bile salt (>80% of survivability). Therefore, we suggest that the selected strains with hypoglycemic, antioxidant, probiotic properties can potentially prevent diabetes.

Research Development on Anti-Microbial and Antioxidant Properties of Camel Milk and Its Role as an Anti-Cancer and Anti-Hepatitis Agent

Camel milk is a rich source of vitamin C, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), beta-caseins and milk whey proteins, including lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, alpha-lactalbumin and immunoglobulin. The lactoferrin plays a key role in several physiological functions, such as conferring antioxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory functions in cells. Similarly, the camel milk alpha-lactalbumin has shown greater antioxidative activity because of its higher antioxidant amino acid residues. The antioxidant properties of camel milk have also been ascribed to the structural conformation of its beta-caseins. Upon hydrolysis, the beta-caseins lead to some bioactive peptides having antioxidant activities. Consequently, the vitamin C in camel milk has a significant antioxidant effect and can be used as a source of vitamin C when the climate is harsh. Furthermore, the lysozyme and immunoglobulins in camel milk have anti-microbial and immune regulatory properties. The LAB isolated from camel milk have a protective role against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Moreover, the LAB can be used as a probiotic and may restore the oxidative status caused by various pathogenic bacterial infections. Various diseases such as cancer and hepatitis have been associated with oxidative stress. Camel milk could increase antiproliferative effects and regulate antioxidant genes during cancer and hepatitis, hence ameliorating oxidative stress. In the current review, we have illustrated the anti-microbial and antioxidant properties of camel milk in detail. In addition, the anti-cancer and anti-hepatitis properties of camel milk have also been discussed.

Probiotics for the Chemoprotective Role Against the Toxic Effect of Cancer Chemotherapy

BACKGROUND

The processes of chemo- and radiation therapy-based clinical management of different types of cancers are associated with toxicity and side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. So, there is always an unmet need to explore agents to reduce such risk factors. Among these, natural products have generated much attention because of their potent antioxidant and antitumor effects. In the past, some breakthrough outcomes established that various bacteria in the human intestinal gut are bearing growth-promoting attributes and suppressing the conversion of pro-carcinogens into carcinogens. Hence, probiotics integrated approaches are nowadays being explored as rationalized therapeutics in the clinical management of cancer.

METHODS

Here, published literature was explored to review chemoprotective roles of probiotics against toxic and side effects of chemotherapeutics.

RESULTS

Apart from excellent anti-cancer abilities, probiotics are bearing and alleviate toxicity and side effects of chemotherapeutics, with a high degree of safety and efficiency.

CONCLUSION

Preclinical and clinical evidence suggested that due to the chemoprotective roles of probiotics against side effects and toxicity of chemotherapeutics, their integration in chemotherapy would be a judicious approach.

Diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure: the prevalence of congestive heart failure in patients with and without diabetes in Poland

INTRODUCTION

Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease and has a negative effect on the cardiovascular system. This paper aimed to present a retrospective analysis of morbidity associated with heart failure in subgroups of patients with and without diabetes in Poland in 2012.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Data from the National Health Fund were used for the study. In general, 656,937 patients with heart failure, including 281,538 males and 375,354 females, were studied. In this population, additionally, 201,043 patients with heart failure (main diagnosis) and diabetes were studied, including 82,117 males and 118,926 females.

RESULTS

The mean index of morbidity associated with heart failure in the whole subpopulation of diabetes patients was 9.03%; 8.42% for males and 9.50% for females. Morbidity associated with heart failure in the population of patients diagnosed with diabetes in Poland in 2012 was seven times higher compared to morbidity associated with heart failure in non-diabetes patients. Morbidity associated with heart failure in females was significantly higher compared to morbidity in males in the whole population, in both the subpopulations of patients with and without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes mellitus significantly increases risk of heart failure in both women and men. The risk is significantly high after the age of 60 years and higher in females.

Lactobacillus salivarius, a Potential Probiotic to Improve the Health of LPS-Challenged Piglet Intestine by Alleviating Inflammation as Well as Oxidative Stress in a Dose-Dependent Manner During Weaning Transition

Intestinal health is a critical issue for piglets during their weaning transition period. Previous reports have emphasized the promise of distinct probiotics in improving the enteric health. Here in this research, a newly isolated Lactobacillus salivarius strain was pretreated to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged piglets and its association with integrity of the intestinal barrier coupled with effective dosage were expected to be signified. In the present study, 72 piglets (Landrace × Yorkshiere × Duroc) were randomly allotted to four groups, each group with six replicates. The subjects in the control group were provided with basal diet while those in other tested groups with extra 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% L. salivarius, respectively. Fourteen days later, LPS was intraperitoneally injected and sodium pentobarbital was then delivered to euthanize those LPS-challenged piglets. An increase of average daily gain and body weight along with an apparent decline of diarrhea rate were observed in L. salivarius-treated groups. Both 0.1 and 0.2% L. salivarius supplement in total diet had the capability to markedly elevate levels of CAT, GSH-Px, SOD, anti-inflammatory cytokine from the serum as well as tight junction proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1) extracted from intestine in LPS-challenged piglets. These changes were accompanied by the obvious downregulation of D-lactic acid, DAO, MDA and pro-inflammatory mediators in the serum, including IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Meanwhile, the expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were significantly lower whereas the oxidation-related gene, ho-1 was up-regulated with L. salivarius administration. Our findings suggested that relatively high dose L. salivarius (0.1–0.2%) could regulate the progression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress when individuals were exposed to LPS, thus probably offering valuable assistance in restoring barrier function and improving overall performance.

Probiotics for cancer alternative prevention and treatment

Cancer is a fatal malignancy with high clinical significance and remains one of the major causes of illness and death. It has no suitable cure existing till now. The safety and stability of the standard chemotherapeutics drugs and synthetic agents used to manage cancer are doubtful. These agents are affecting the quality of life or contributing for development of drug resistance and are not affordable to the majority of the patients. Therefore, scientists are looking into clinical management of the cancer with high efficiency. This review focuses on the role of probiotics as alternative prevention and treatment of cancer. In this regard, we discuss the alternative cancer biotherapeutic drugs including live or dead probiotics and their metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids, inhibitory compounds of protein, polysaccharide, nucleic acid and ferrichrome in in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. We also discuss the effectiveness of these biotherapeutics in prevention and treatment of various types of cancer linked with probiotic bacterial or fungal strains, probiotic dose, and time of exposure. More in vivo mainly clinical trials are necessary to further reveal and approve the significant role of live and dead probiotics as well as their metabolic products in cancer prevention and treatment. Finally, the majority of the positive results provided by probiotic treatments are limited to experimental settings. To minimize side effects associated with probiotics, short and long term effect studies in the direction of methodology standardization are required.

Lyophilized Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Viability in Potato Chips and Its Impact on Oil Oxidation

To produce a new probiotic-containing food product, potato chips, as the most preferred fast food, were chosen. Preferably, it should be preserved for a long period without oxidation. The presented study aimed to compare potato chips containing two lyophilized probiotic lactic acid bacteria (Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15708 and Lactobacillus helveticus LH-B02) in order to retard lipid oxidation. Lyophilization of probiotics was carried out into two cryoprotective media-skim milk (SM) and gelatin/glycerol (GG) as lactose-free medium. Results revealed that GG and SM media were the most suitable for lyophilization of B. longum and L. helveticus, respectively. . The lyophilized live cells were incorporated in potato chips, packed and their effect on oil oxidation was assessed. . Results showed that the lyophilized B. longum in SM remained alive at 6.5 log CFU/g for 4 months at 30 °C. Interestingly, potato chip bags containing B. longum lyophilized in SM medium exhibited a decrease in peroxide value (PV) and acid value (AV) of the extracted oil by 40.13% and 25%, respectively, compared to the control bags. The created probiotic potato chips containing B. longum fulfill the criteria of the probiotic product besides the prime quality and sensory attributes.

A Novel Lactic Acid Bacteria Mixture: Macrophage-Targeted Prophylactic Intervention in Colorectal Cancer Management

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common forms of cancer. Its onset from chronic inflammation is widely accepted. Moreover, dysbiosis plays an undeniable role, thus the use of probiotics in CRC has been suggested. They exhibit both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties and restore balance in the microbiota. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory properties of six lactobacilli with probiotic features in an in vitro model of macrophage-like cells and to test these pooled probiotics for their anti-tumour properties in a chemically induced CRC model using Wistar male rats. Upon co-culture of M1- and M2-like macrophages with lactobacilli, cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-23) and phagocytic activity using fluorescent-labelled bacteria were tested. The effects of orally administered probiotics on basic cancer and immune parameters and cytokine concentration (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18) in colon tumours were studied. Tested lactobacilli exhibited both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties in in vitro conditions. In vivo study showed that the administration of probiotics was able to decrease multiplicity, volume and total tumour numbers, restore colon length (p < 0.05) and increase IL-18 production (p < 0.05) in tumour tissue. These data indicate both an immunomodulatory effect of probiotics on distinct macrophage subsets and a protective effect against chemically-induced CRC.

The Role of Probiotics in Colorectal Cancer Management

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancerous diseases worldwide and causes leading cancer-associated deaths. Several factors are related to the incidence of CRC such as unhealthy diet and lifestyle, heredity, metabolic disorders, and genetic factors. Even though several advanced medical procedures are available for CRC treatment, the survival rates are poor with many adverse treatments associated side effects, which affects the quality of life. Probiotics are a well-known bioactive candidate for the treatment of several diseases and ill-health conditions. The recent scientific evidence suggested that probiotic supplementation protects the CRC patients from treatment-associated adverse effects. The manuscript summarizes the influence of probiotic supplementation on the health status of CRC patients and discusses the possible mechanism behind the protective effect of probiotics against CRC. The literature survey revealed that beneficial impact of probiotic supplementation depends on several factors such as strain, dosage, duration of the intervention, host physiology, and other food supplements. The probiotic intervention improves the microbiota, releases antimicrobials and anticarcinogenic agents, helps to remove carcinogens, and improves the intestinal permeability, tight junction function, and enzyme activity in CRC patients. Besides, not all probiotic strains exhibit anti-CRC activities; it is necessary to screen the potent strain for the development of a probiotic-based therapeutic agent to control or prevent the incidence of CRC.

Oral supplementation with lactobacilli to prevent colorectal cancer in preclinical models

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still a major threat for public health, as it is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women and it ranks second among tumors in terms of mortality. Evidence from the last decades emphasizes the complex role of gut microbial composition in CRC development. Historically, it is believed that dairy products, a source of lactobacilli and other lactic acid bacteria, are beneficial for human health and help in preventing CRC. We searched online literature for trials evaluating the preventive role of lactobacilli in CRC animal models. Most of selected studied assessed a relevant role of lactobacilli in preventing CRC and precursor lesions. Mechanisms through which this effect was achieved are supposed to regard immunomodulation, regulation of apoptosis, gut microbial modulation, genes expression, reduction of oxidative stress and others. Lactobacilli oral supplementation is reported to be effective in preventing CRC in animal models, even if the underlying mechanisms of action are still not fully understood.

Heat-killed probiotic bacteria induce apoptosis of HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line via the regulation of Bax/Bcl2 and caspases pathway

Apoptosis induction in cancer cells is one of the most efficient ways to treat cancer and find anticancer compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of heat-killed indigenous probiotic bacteria and apoptosis induction in the HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. The growth-inhibitory effects of probiotic heat-killed Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from the traditional Iranian food "Terxine" on the HT-29 cell line were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry by Annexin-FITC kit, DNA fragmentation assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and the expression of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were used to analyze apoptosis. MTT results demonstrated that the heat-killed bacteria inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells and induced apoptosis in a time-, dose-, and strain-dependent manner. The results demonstrated that both bacteria could induce apoptosis in the HT-29 cell line. Heat-killed probiotic bacteria increased the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 mRNA levels in HT-29 cell lines. Also, heat-killed probiotic bacteria reduced the expression of Bcl2 in HT-29 cells. The heat-killed probiotic bacteria in this study exhibited potent growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells. The results demonstrated that L. brevis has a greater ability to inhibit the growth of HT-29 cells and induce apoptosis, compared with L. paracasei. It is proposed that these bacteria can be used as biological products for the treatment and prevention of cancer, pending further investigation.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Probiotic Bacterium Lactobacillus mucosae AN1 and Lactobacillus fermentum SNR1 in Wistar Albino Rats

The potent antioxidant probiotic strains Lactobacillus mucosae AN1 and Lactobacillus fermentum SNR1 were assessed for anti-inflammatory properties in carrageenan (acute) and complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced inflammation (chronic) models in the present study. The two probiotic strains were administered orally along with feed to the Wistar albino male rats as whole cell as well as microencapsulated form. The following experiments were performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of probiotic strains and the results were observed that the encapsulated and unencapsulated probiotic strains have exhibited statistically significant decrease in paw thickness. Percentage of inhibition in paw thickness of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria (Group VIII), unencapsulated strains (Group IX) were revealed 85 ± 13% and 77 ± 25%, respectively. In Hematoxylin and Eosin staining, results were revealed that the probiotic strains were exhibited anti-inflammatory effects on inflammation-induced paw tissues. qRT-PCR studies revealed upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine genes and down-regulation pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in probiotic-treated rat paw tissues. Further, the expression of anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines were examined using immunohistochemistry and ELISA methods. The probiotic administered rat paw tissue in different groups have exhibited the low level of lipid peroxides formation and higher anti-oxidant activities when compared to the control and inflammation control tissues.

Lactic Acid Bacteria With Antioxidant Activities Alleviating Oxidized Oil Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice

In order to screening new Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains to alleviating liver injury induced by oxidized oil, we isolated and screened LAB from Chinese fermented foods. Lactobacillus plantarum AR113, Pediococcus pentosaceus AR243, and Lactobacillus plantarum AR501 showed higher scavenging activity of α, α-Diphenyl-β-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen radical, stronger inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and better protective effect on yeast cells in vitro. In vivo, oral administration of L. plantarum AR501 improved the antioxidant status of injury mice induced by oxidized oil including decreasing lipid peroxidation, recovering activities of antioxidant enzymes. Meanwhile, the gene expression of Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) of L. plantarum AR501 group was markedly elevated, and several antioxidant genes such as glutathione S-transferase (GSTO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-l (NQO1) were subsequently up regulated in mice liver. Therefore, L. plantarum AR501 could be considered as potential candidates for production of functional foods that can alleviate the oxidative damage induced by oxidized oil.

Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidative activity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives

Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, their isolated constituents and substances that they secrete exert various anti-cancer actions, resulting from their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidant properties. They can express and secrete anti-oxidant enzymes, bind reactive oxygen species, release small molecular weight anti-oxidants and chelate transition metals, preventing detrimental actions of many carcinogens. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can interact with proteins regulating the cell cycle inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells, which often are intrinsically resistant to apoptosis. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria can break this resistance through activation of pro-caspases and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax proteins. Anti-cancer effects of these bacteria can be also associated with their multi-pathways action in the microbiota. However, exact mechanism of their anti-cancer action is poorly known and needs further studies, which are justified by the important role of these bacteria in cancer biology as well as their potential preventive and therapeutic use.

Pre-, pro- and synbiotics in cancer prevention and treatment-a review of basic and clinical research

There is a growing appreciation of the role of the human microbiota in the pathophysiology of cancer. Pre-, pro- and synbiotics are some of the best evidenced means of manipulating the microbiota for therapeutic benefit and their potential role in the prevention and treatment of cancer has garnered significant interest. In this review, we discuss how these agents may have oncosuppressive effects by maintaining intestinal barrier function, immunomodulation, metabolism and preventing host cell proliferation. We highlight the epidemiological and trials-based evidence supporting a role for pre-, pro- and synbiotics in the prevention of cancer. Ultimately, there is more evidence in support of these agents as adjuncts in the treatment of cancer. We discuss their roles in optimising the efficacy and/or minimising the adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, antibiotics and surgery. Although we see significant promise in the application of pre-, pro- and synbiotics for clinical benefit in oncology patients, the field is very much in its infancy and oncologists face substantial challenges in advising their patients appropriately.

Intestinal microbiota: a novel perspective in colorectal cancer biotherapeutics

It is believed that genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis contribute to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The beneficial role played by the direct regulation of IM in inflammatory bowel disease treatment is identified by the decreased growth of harmful bacteria and the increased production of anti-inflammatory factors. Interestingly, gut microbiota has been proven to inhibit tumor formation and progression in inflammation/carcinogen-induced CRC mouse models. Recently, evidence has indicated that IM is involved in the negative regulation of tumor immune response in tumor microenvironment, which then abolishes or accelerates anticancer immunotherapy in several tumor animals. In clinical trials, a benefit of IM-based CRC therapies in improving the intestinal immunity balance, epithelial barrier function, and quality of life has been reported. Meanwhile, specific microbiota signature can modulate host's sensitivity to chemo-/radiotherapy and the prognosis of CRC patients. In this review, we aim to 1) summarize the potential methods of IM-based therapeutics according to the recent results; 2) explore its roles and underlying mechanisms in combination with other therapies, especially in biotherapeutics; 3) discuss its safety, deficiency, and future perspectives.

Gene expression profile changes in the jejunum of weaned piglets after oral administration of Lactobacillus or an antibiotic

The small intestine plays an essential role in the health and well-being of animals. Previous studies have shown that Lactobacillus has a protective effect on intestinal morphology, intestinal epithelium integrity and appropriate maturation of gut-associated tissues. Here, gene expression in jejunum tissue of weaned piglets was investigated by RNA-seq analysis after administration of sterile saline, Lactobacillus reuteri, or an antibiotic (chlortetracycline). In total, 401 and 293 genes were significantly regulated by chlortetracycline and L. reuteri, respectively, compared with control treatment. Notably, the HP, NOX1 and GPX2 genes were significantly up-regulated in the L. reuteri group compared with control, which is related to the antioxidant ability of this strain. In addition, the expression of genes related to arachidonic acid metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism enriched after treatment with L. reuteri. The fatty acid composition in the jejunum and colon was examined by GC-MS analysis and suggested that the MUFA C18:1n9c, and PUFAs C18:2n6c and C20:4n6 were increased in the L. reuteri group, verifying the GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses of the RNA-seq results. The results contribute to our understanding of the probiotic activity of this strain and its application in pig production.

Antioxidant status and gut microbiota change in an aging mouse model as influenced by exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 isolated from Tibetan kefir

This study investigated the effect of exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Lactobacillus plantarum YW11 on the oxidative status and gut microbiota in an aging mouse model induced with d-galactose. The in vitro assay of the antioxidant activity of the EPS showed concentration-dependent (0.25-3.0 mg/mL) activities. At 3.0 mg/mL, the EPS reached the highest scavenging activities with half maximal inhibitory concentration values against hydroxyl radicals at 75.10% and 1.22 mg/mL, superoxide anion at 62.71% and 1.54 mg/mL, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl at 35.11% and 0.63 mg/mL, and the maximal chelating rate on ferrous ion and the half-maximal chelating concentration of the EPS at 41.09% and 1.07 mg/mL, respectively. High doses of EPS (50 mg/kg per day) effectively relieved the oxidative stress in the aging mice with increased levels of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total antioxidant capacity in mice serum by 21.55, 33.14, 61.09, and 38.18%, respectively, and decreased malondialdehyde level from 11.69 to 5.89 mmol/mL compared with those in the untreated aging mice model. The analysis of pyrosequencing sequence data from the gut microbiota revealed that the EPS could recover the microbiota diversity and phylotypes decreased or eliminated by the d-galactose treatment. The EPS could selectively decrease the abundance of Flexispira (37.5 fold), and increase the abundance of Blautia (36.5 fold) and Butyricicoccus (9.5 fold), which correspondingly decreased the content of nitrogen oxides to 9.87% and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids by 2.23 fold, thereby improving the oxidative and health conditions of the host intestinal tract. Further correlation analysis of core-microbiota variation induced by different treatments showed a strong correlation with oxidative phenotypes [catalase, goodness of prediction (Q²) = 0.49; total antioxidant capacity, Q² = 0.45; nitrogen oxides, Q² = 0.67; short-chain fatty acids, Q² = 0.55]. The fermented milk with L. plantarum YW11 containing EPS also showed favorable antioxidant and gut microbiota regulating activities. The present finding provided new insights into the functional mechanism of probiotics bioactivity.

Lactobacilli enhance reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis-inducing signaling

H₂O₂-producing lactobacilli in the vaginal fluid have been suggested to play a potential tumor-preventive role in addition to the control of undesirable microorganisms. As the vaginal fluid also contains a significant concentration of peroxidase that might utilize lactobacilli-derived H₂O₂ as substrate for HOCl synthesis, a dominant biological role of HOCl in both natural defence systems has been postulated.

Our study shows that lactobacillus-derived H₂O₂ per se is not likely to be beneficial for the vaginal epithelium, as it causes apoptosis nonselectively in nontransformed as well as transformed cells. However, the combination of lactobacilli and peroxidase, i.e. the situation that is actually found in vivo, leads to the conversion of H₂O₂ to HOCl which does not affect non-malignant cells, as these do not generate extracellular superoxide anions. In contrast, malignant cells, due to their abundant extracellular superoxide anion generation allow the generation of apoptosis-inducing hydroxyl radicals through HOCl/superoxide anion interaction. In total, our data show that the combination of H₂O₂ -generating lactobacilli and peroxidase causes the selective elimination of malignant cells and thus might contribute to the tumorpreventive potential of lactobacilli. These findings are in good agreement with epidemiological data. The contribution of lactobacilli in this system can be completely mimicked by H₂O₂-generating glucose oxidase, indicating that it is fully explained by bacterial generation of H₂O₂.

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Lactobacillus-derived H₂O₂ induces apoptosis in nontransformed and transformed cells.

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MPO converts H₂O₂ into HOCl that exerts a selective apoptosis-inducing effect on malignant cells.

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Extracellular superoxide anions of malignant cells are crucial for selective apoptosis induction.

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A model for the tumor protective role of lactobacilli in the presence of peroxidase is presented.

Gum odina: an emerging gut modulating approach in colorectal cancer prevention

This study is focused on Gum Odina (GO), a reported prebiotic in our earlier work, and its impact on colorectal cancer (CRC).

Review of the mechanisms of probiotic actions in the prevention of colorectal cancer

The purpose of this review is to discuss the potential mechanisms of probiotics action in colorectal cancer prevention. In this regard, the composition of the intestinal microbiota is considered as an important risk factor in the development of colorectal cancer, and probiotics are able to positively modulate the composition of this microbiota. Studies have shown that the regular consumption of probiotics could prevent the development of colorectal cancer. In this respect, in vitro and experimental studies suggest some potential mechanisms responsible for this anticarcinogenic action. The mechanisms include modification of the intestinal microbiota composition, changes in metabolic activity of the microbiota, binding and degradation of carcinogenic compounds present in the intestinal lumen, production of compounds with anticarcinogenic activity, immunomodulation, improvement of the intestinal barrier, changes in host physiology, inhibition of cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. In contrast, very few reports demonstrate adverse effects of probiotic oral supplementation. In light of the present evidence, more specific studies are needed on probiotic bacteria, especially regarding the identification of the bacterial strains with greater anticarcinogenic potential; the verification of the viability of these strains after passing through the gastrointestinal tract; the investigation of potential adverse effects in immunocompromised individuals; and finally establishing the dosage and frequency of use.

The Potential Role of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention and Treatment

The human gut microbiota has a significant effect on many aspects of human physiology such as metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Imbalance of the microbiota has been implicated in many disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, asthma, psychiatric illnesses, and cancers. As a kind of functional foods, probiotics have been shown to play a protective role against cancer development in animal models. Clinical application of probiotics indicated that some probiotic strains could diminish the incidence of postoperative inflammation in cancer patients. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy-related diarrhea was relieved in patients who were administered oral probiotics. The present review summarizes the up-to-date studies on probiotic effects and the underlying mechanisms related to cancer. At present, it is commonly accepted that most commercial probiotic products are generally safe and can improve the health of the host. By modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response, some strains of probiotics can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or/and treatment.

Gut Microbiota Modification: Another Piece in the Puzzle of the Benefits of Physical Exercise in Health?

Regular physical exercise provides many health benefits, protecting against the development of chronic diseases, and improving quality of life. Some of the mechanisms by which exercise provides these effects are the promotion of an anti-inflammatory state, reinforcement of the neuromuscular function, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Recently, it has been proposed that physical exercise is able to modify gut microbiota, and thus this could be another factor by which exercise promotes well-being, since gut microbiota appears to be closely related to health and disease. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent findings on gut microbiota modification by exercise, proposing several mechanisms by which physical exercise might cause changes in gut microbiota.

Probiotics: a proactive approach to health. A symposium report

This report summarises talks given at the 8th International Yakult Symposium, held on 23-24 April 2015 in Berlin. Two presentations explored different aspects of probiotic intervention: the small intestine as a probiotic target and inclusion of probiotics into integrative approaches to gastroenterology. Probiotic recommendations in gastroenterology guidelines and current data on probiotic efficacy in paediatric patients were reviewed. Updates were given on probiotic and gut microbiota research in obesity and obesity-related diseases, the gut-brain axis and development of psychobiotics, and the protective effects of equol-producing strains for prostate cancer. Recent studies were presented on probiotic benefit for antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and people with HIV, as well as protection against the adverse effects of a short-term high-fat diet. Aspects of probiotic mechanisms of activity were discussed, including immunomodulatory mechanisms and metabolite effects, the anti-inflammatory properties of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, the relationship between periodontitis, microbial production of butyrate in the oral cavity and ageing, and the pathogenic mechanisms of Campylobacter. Finally, an insight was given on a recent expert meeting, which re-examined the probiotic definition, advised on the appropriate use and scope of the term and outlined different probiotic categories and the prevalence of different mechanisms of activity.

Evolving Roles of Probiotics in Cancer Prophylaxis and Therapy

In nutraceutical science, the ingestible live microbes 'probiotics' are regarded for their ability to confer multiplicity of health benefits on the consumers. Wide spectrum impact of these friendly microbes on the host health has been proved very frequently. They have been confirmed to boost immunity, aid in digestion, eliminate pathogens, curb inflammatory bowel diseases, moderate side effects of antibiotic therapy, lower cholesterol and blood glycemic index and produce vitamins. This review, however, focuses on the incipient, but promising area of probiotic diet-based prevention and remedy of cancer. Researchers are in universal agreement with the critical role of probiotics in getting rid of mutagens, delaying the onset of tumors, alleviating the side effects, pepping up chemotherapy, easing the postoperative complications, foiling remission and lifting the spirit of survivors. The key findings in the emerging roles of probiotics in onco-care have been summarized; the biological pathways discussed and anticipated developments in coming times are presented.

In vitro importance of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum related to medical field

Lactobacillus plantarum is a Gram positive lactic acid bacterium commonly found in fermented food and in the gastro intestinal tract and is commonly used in the food industry as a potential starter probiotic. Recently, the consumption of food together with probiotics has tremendously increased. Among the lactic acid bacteria, L. plantarum attracted many researchers because of its wide applications in the medical field with antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, anti-obesity and antidiabetic properties. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro importance of L. plantarum toward medical applications. Moreover, this report short listed various reports related to the applications of this promising strain. In conclusion, this study would attract the researchers in commercializing this strain toward the welfare of humans related to medical needs.

Probiotics as potential antioxidants: a systematic review

Probiotics are known for their health beneficial effects and are established as dietary adjuncts. Probiotics have been known for many beneficial health effects. In this view, there is interest to find the potential probiotic strains that can exhibit antioxidant properties along with health benefits. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that probiotics exhibit antioxidant potential. In this view, consumption of probiotics alone or foods supplemented with probiotics may reduce oxidative damage, free radical scavenging rate, and modification in activity of crucial antioxidative enzymes in human cells. Incorporation of probiotics in foods can provide a good strategy to supply dietary antioxidants, but more studies are needed to standardize methods and evaluate antioxidant properties of probiotics before they can be recommended for antioxidant potential. In this paper, the literature related to known antioxidant potential of probiotics and proposing future perspectives to conduct such studies has been reviewed.

The multifaceted role of commensal microbiota in homeostasis and gastrointestinal diseases

The gastrointestinal tract houses a complex and diverse community of microbes. In recent years, an increased understanding of the importance of intestinal microbiota for human physiology has been gained. In the steady state, commensal microorganisms have a symbiotic relationship with the host and possess critical and distinct functions, including directly influencing immunity. This means that recognition of commensal antigens is necessary for the development of complete immune responses. Therefore, the immune system must face the challenge of maintaining mucosal homeostasis while dealing with undue passage of commensal or pathogenic microbes, as well as the host nutritional status or drug use. Disruption of this fine balance has been associated with the development of several intestinal inflammatory diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms involved in the modulation of host-microbe interactions and how the breakdown of this homeostatic association can lead to intestinal inflammation and pathology.

Gastrointestinal cancers: influence of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics

Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract continue to represent a major health problem, despite progress in therapy. Gut microbiota is a key element related to the genesis of GI cancers, countless papers addressing this burning issue across the world. We provide an updated knowledge of the involvement of gut microbiota in GI tumorigenesis, including its underlying mechanisms. We present also a comprehensive review of the evidence from animal and clinical studies using probiotics and/or prebiotics in the prevention and/or therapy of GI tumours, of GI cancer therapy-related toxicity and of post-operative complications. We summarize the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of these biotherapeutics from in vitro, animal and clinical interventions. More research is required to reveal the interactions of microflora with genetic, epigenetic and immunologic factors, diet and age, before any firm conclusion be drawn. Well-designed, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled human studies using probiotics and/or prebiotics, with adequate follow-up are necessary in order to formulate directions for prevention and therapy.