Participation of Magnesium in the Secretion and Signaling Pathways of Insulin: an Updated Review

Association between magnesium deficiency score and sleep quality in adults: A population-based cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The association between magnesium status and sleep quality is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between renal reabsorption-related magnesium depletion score (MDS) and sleep quality.

METHODS

This study was conducted through a cross-sectional survey of adults aged ≥20 years who participated in NHANES 2005-2014. We used weighted logistic regression to examine the association between MDS and sleep quality and performed trend tests to analyze for the presence of a dose-response relationship. Subgroup analyses were performed based on various sleep outcomes and covariates.

RESULTS

A total of 20,585 participants were included in the study, with a mean age of 48.8 years and 50.7 % female. After adjusting for all covariates, we found a graded dose-response relationship between MDS and sleep trouble as well as sleep disorder. Further analyses revealed a significant positive association between MDS and sleep apnea (OR = 3.01; 95 % CI 1.37-6.62), but no association with restless legs, insomnia or insufficient sleep. In addition, subgroup analyses revealed that middle-aged, male, obese, low magnesium intake, and depressed patients were more prone to sleep trouble and sleep disorder; interestingly, MDS was positively associated with excessive sleep in subjects ≥60 years and without depression.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study found a significant association between MDS and sleep quality, particularly sleep apnea, but adequate magnesium intake may be beneficial in mitigating this association. MDS may be associated with excessive sleep in older adults, but not with insufficient sleep or insomnia.

Serum magnesium and calcium were inversely associated with hemoglobin glycation index and triglyceride-glucose index in adults with coronary artery disease

Little is known about the associations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) with hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) and triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in adults. In this study, we examined the associations of serum Mg and Ca with HGI and TyG in adults with coronary artery disease (CAD). This hospital-based cross-sectional study included 10757 CAD patients with a mean age of 61.6 years. Serum concentrations of Mg and Ca were measured in clinical laboratory. Overall, serum Mg and Ca were inversely associated with HGI and TyG. In multivariable analyses, Mg and Ca were inversely associated with HGI (MgQ4 vs. Q3: -0.601 vs. -0.528; CaQ4 vs. Q1: -0.769 vs. -0.645). In terms of TyG, inverse associations of serum Mg and Ca with TyG were observed. The corresponding TyG values were 9.054 (vs. 9.099) for Mg and 9.068 (vs. 9.171) for Ca in the fourth quartile compared with the first quartile. Moreover, Mg, Ca or Mg/Ca ratio were also inversely associated with HbA1c and FBG. In path analysis, no mediating effects of obesity on "serum Mg (or Ca)- HGI (or TyG)" associations were observed. Generally, our study identified the inverse associations of the serum Mg and Ca levels with HGI and TyG in adults with CAD. Large sample longitudinal study, and particularly randomized controlled trials, are warranted to validate our findings and overcome the limitations of cross-sectional studies.

Effects of co-supplementation of chromium and magnesium on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress in impaired glucose tolerance

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effects of chromium (Cr) and magnesium (Mg) ions on metabolic profiles, inflammation, and oxidative stress with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and insulin resistance (IR).

METHODS

120 individuals with IGT and IR were randomly divided into four groups treated with (1) chromium, (2) magnesium, (3) chromium and magnesium or (4) placebo. Metabolic and inflammatory indicators were measured at baseline and after 3 months intervention.

RESULTS

Comparison among groups showed that fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2 h post glucose (2hPPG), fasting insulin (FINS) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in Cr + Mg group were significantly decreased compared with the other three groups (p < .05), and high density lipoprotein (HDL-c) levels were higher. 8-iso prostaglandin F2 alpha (8-iso-PGF2a) decreased in Cr, Mg, and Cr + Mg groups compared with placebo (p < .05), and 8-iso-PGF2a decreased in Cr + Mg groups compared with Cr group and Mg groups (p > .05). Intra-group comparison showed that the levels of FPG, 2hPPG and FINS in Cr + Mg group were significantly decreased after intervention (p < .05), and FINS in Mg group was significantly decreased (p < .01). The levels of HDL-c and triacylglycerol (TG) in Cr + Mg group were significantly improved (p < .05). The level of HDL-c in Mg group was significantly improved compared with baseline (p < .05). Compared with baseline, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels in Cr + Mg group and Mg group were significantly decreased (p < .05).

CONCLUSIONS

The co-supplementation of Cr and Mg improves glycemic and lipid levels and reduces the inflammatory response and oxidative stress profiles of individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.

Changes in the urinary proteome of rats after short-term intake of magnesium L-threonate(MgT)

Introduction

Magnesium (Mg) is an important mineral in living organisms. Magnesium has multiple functions in the human body, wherein it plays an important therapeutic and preventive role in a variety of diseases.

Methods

Urine samples of rats before and after gavage of magnesium L-threonate (MgT) were collected, and the urinary proteome was identified using the LC-MS/MS technique and analyzed using various databases.

Results and discussion

The results illustrated that the urinary proteome of rats was significantly altered after short-term intake of magnesium supplements and that the differential proteins and the biological functions were related to magnesium. This study innovatively establishes a method to study nutrients from the perspective of urine proteomics. This work demonstrates that the urinary proteome is capable of reflecting the effects of nutrient intake on the organism in a more systematic and comprehensive manner and has the potential to provide clues for clinical nutrition research and practice.

Association of Eating Pattern, Chronotype, and Social Jetlag: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Data Accumulated in a Japanese Food-Logging Mobile Health Application

Chronotype (morningness-eveningness) and social jetlag (SJL; discrepancy in the sleep pattern between the weekday and weekend) are related to eating behavior and health. The association between sleep behavior and the daily macro- and micronutrient eating pattern of each meal (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) have not been discussed well and need more evidence. Here, meal pattern datasets of Japanese participants aged 20-59 years were obtained as averages over 1 month from the data stored in the food-logging app "Asken". We allocated three groups for each chronotype and SJL. Multiple regression analyses revealed that morning chronotype and small SJL were associated with higher total daily intake of potassium, fiber, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin K. Breakfast energy intake and consumption of nutrients, including protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and minerals, were higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Lunch intake of potassium, cholesterol, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin K was also higher in the morning chronotype or small SJL. Dinner energy intake and nutrient intake of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, sodium, and saturated fatty acids were lower in the morning chronotype or small SJL. The current data would help to establish a detailed reference for dietary intake which considers eating patterns over a day.

Longitudinal plasma magnesium status during pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study

Emerging evidence has shown that magnesium (Mg) was associated with type 2 diabetes while few focused on abnormal glucose metabolism during pregnancy. The study is aimed at investigating the association between longitudinal changes in plasma Mg during pregnancy and subsequent risk of gestational diabetes (GDM) and exploring the possible influence of iron supplementation on the changes of plasma Mg levels. One thousand seven hundred fifty-six pregnant women from Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC) were involved. Blood samples were collected at gestational weeks 17.0 ± 0.9 and later 26.2 ± 1.4. Plasma Mg was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with decline rates calculated. Information on general characteristics and iron supplementation was collected by questionnaires. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted at 24-28 gestational weeks to diagnose GDM. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate relative risks (RR) of GDM. Median concentrations of plasma Mg were 0.69 mmol/L and 0.63 mmol/L respectively at two collections. The prevalence of hypomagnesemia at the first collection was 73% and associated with a 1.59 (95%CI: 1.07, 2.37) fold risk of GDM. Adjusted RRs were 1.74 (95%CI: 1.06, 2.83) and 2.44 (95%CI: 1.54, 3.85) for women with hypomagnesemia and followed more tertile (T2 and T3 vs. T1) of Mg decrement. Iron supplementation above 30 mg/day was found associated with more Mg decrement (25.5% and 27.5% in T2 and T3 vs. 19.5% in T1). In conclusion, hypomagnesemia during pregnancy is prevalent and associated with increased GDM risk, especially in women followed by more plasma Mg decrement during pregnancy. High-dose iron supplementation may involve more plasma Mg decrement.

Association of vitamin D and magnesium with insulin sensitivity and their influence on glycemic control

Insulin resistance increases the risk of developing diabetes, and the degree of resistance influences the glycemic control of patients with diabetes. Numerous researchers have focused on improving insulin sensitivity in order to prevent diabetes-related complications and other chronic diseases. Several studies have also linked vitamin D levels to insulin secretion and resistance, given that both vitamin D and its receptor complex play important roles in regulating pancreatic β-cells. It has been suggested that vitamin D supplementation improves vitamin D levels, but further research is needed to confirm this as neither insulin function nor glycemic control improves when vitamin D levels increase. Magnesium is a cofactor for many enzymes. Although the role of magnesium in the management of diabetes has long been evaluated, it has not yet been determined whether magnesium supplements improve insulin function. However, several researchers have found that patients with good glycemic control have high magnesium levels. Magnesium is closely related to vitamin D and is necessary for the transport and activation of vitamin D in humans. Combined supplementation with vitamin D and magnesium improves glycemic control in patients with diabetes.