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Mazuryk J, Klepacka K, Kutner W, Sharma PS. Glyphosate: Hepatotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity, Hemotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Clinical Cases of Endocrine, Reproductive, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary System Intoxication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1205-1236. [PMID: 38751624 PMCID: PMC11092036 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLP) is an active agent of GLP-based herbicides (GBHs), i.e., broad-spectrum and postemergent weedkillers, commercialized by Monsanto as, e.g., Roundup and RangerPro formulants. The GBH crop spraying, dedicated to genetically engineered GLP-resistant crops, has revolutionized modern agriculture by increasing the production yield. However, abusively administered GBHs' ingredients, e.g., GLP, polyoxyethyleneamine, and heavy metals, have polluted environmental and industrial areas far beyond farmlands, causing global contamination and life-threatening risk, which has led to the recent local bans of GBH use. Moreover, preclinical and clinical reports have demonstrated harmful impacts of GLP and other GBH ingredients on the gut microbiome, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and endocrine, as well as reproductive, and cardiopulmonary systems, whereas carcinogenicity of these herbicides remains controversial. Occupational exposure to GBH dysregulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, responsible for steroidogenesis and endocrinal secretion, thus affecting hormonal homeostasis, functions of reproductive organs, and fertility. On the other hand, acute intoxication with GBH, characterized by dehydration, oliguria, paralytic ileus, as well as hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, pulmonary edema, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis, may occur fatally. As no antidote has been developed for GBH poisoning so far, the detoxification is mainly symptomatic and supportive and requires intensive care based on gastric lavage, extracorporeal blood filtering, and intravenous lipid emulsion infusion. The current review comprehensively discusses the molecular and physiological basics of the GLP- and/or GBH-induced diseases of the endocrine and reproductive systems, and cardiopulmonary-, nephro-, and hepatotoxicities, presented in recent preclinical studies and case reports on the accidental or intentional ingestions with the most popular GBHs. Finally, they briefly describe modern and future healthcare methods and tools for GLP detection, determination, and detoxification. Future electronically powered, decision-making, and user-friendly devices targeting major GLP/GBH's modes of actions, i.e., dysbiosis and the inhibition of AChE, shall enable self-handled or point-of-care professional-assisted evaluation of the harm followed with rapid capturing GBH xenobiotics in the body and precise determining the GBH pathology-associated biomarkers levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Mazuryk
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Bio
& Soft Matter, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université catholique de Louvain, 1 Place Louis Pasteur, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katarzyna Klepacka
- ENSEMBLE sp. z o. o., 01-919 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Kutner
- Department
of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Natural Sciences. School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piyush Sindhu Sharma
- Functional
Polymers Research Team, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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Sun H, He Z, Gao Y, Yang Y, Wang Y, Gu A, Xu J, Quan Y, Yang Y. Polyoxyethylene tallow amine and glyphosate exert different developmental toxicities on human pluripotent stem cells-derived heart organoid model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170675. [PMID: 38316312 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The early stage of heart development is highly susceptible to various environmental factors. While the use of animal models has aided in identifying numerous environmental risk factors, the variability between species and the low throughput limit their translational potential. Recently, a type of self-assembling cardiac structures, known as human heart organoids (hHOs), exhibits a remarkable biological consistency with human heart. However, the feasibility of hHOs for assessing cardiac developmental risk factors remains unexplored. Here, we focused on the cardiac developmental effects of core components of Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), the most widely used herbicides, to evaluate the reliability of hHOs for the prediction of possible cardiogenesis toxicity. GBHs have been proven toxic to cardiac development based on multiple animal models, with the mechanism remaining unknown. We found that polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA), the most common surfactant in GBHs formulations, played a dominant role in GBHs' heart developmental toxicity. Though there were a few differences in transcriptive features, hHOs exposed to sole POEA and combined POEA and Glyphosate would suffer from both disruption of heart contraction and disturbance of commitment in cardiomyocyte isoforms. By contrast, Glyphosate only caused mild epicardial hyperplasia. This study not only sheds light on the toxic mechanism of GBHs, but also serves as a methodological demonstration, showcasing its effectiveness in recognizing and evaluating environmental risk factors, and deciphering toxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zhazheng He
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yanhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yachang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yingyi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine and Offspring Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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Le Quilliec E, Fundere A, Al-U’datt DGF, Hiram R. Pollutants, including Organophosphorus and Organochloride Pesticides, May Increase the Risk of Cardiac Remodeling and Atrial Fibrillation: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2427. [PMID: 37760868 PMCID: PMC10525278 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common type of cardiac rhythm disorder. Recent clinical and experimental studies reveal that environmental pollutants, including organophosphorus-organochloride pesticides and air pollution, may contribute to the development of cardiac arrhythmias including AF. Here, we discussed the unifying cascade of events that may explain the role of pollutant exposure in the development of AF. Following ingestion and inhalation of pollution-promoting toxic compounds, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) stimuli activate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress that may negatively affect the respiratory, cognitive, digestive, and cardiac systems. Although the detailed mechanisms underlying the association between pollutant exposure and the incidence of AF are not completely elucidated, some clinical reports and fundamental research data support the idea that pollutant poisoning can provoke perturbed ion channel function, myocardial electrical abnormalities, decreased action potential duration, slowed conduction, contractile dysfunction, cardiac fibrosis, and arrhythmias including AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Le Quilliec
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
| | - Alexia Fundere
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
| | - Doa’a G. F. Al-U’datt
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada;
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Printemps R, Guilbot S, Didier H, Nalin R, Le Grand B. The Cardiotoxic Effect of Roundup® is not Induced by Glyphosate: A Non-specific Blockade of Human Ca V1.2 Channels. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:676-688. [PMID: 35595953 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In Roundup®, the active principle glyphosate is formulated with adjuvants that help it to penetrate the plants' cell membranes. Several reports and reviews report cardiovascular effects of Roundup®, pointing the presence of arrhythmias as a potential consequence of Roundup® toxicity and death cause. However, it still remains debatable whether these cardiac events are related to glyphosate per se or to the Roundup® adjuvants. The present study aims to compare the pro-arrhythmogenic properties of Roundup® and glyphosate in an animal model and in human cardiomyocytes. In isolated guinea pig heart, the cardiotoxicity of Roundup® (significant effect on heart rate and depressive effect on ventricular contractility) was demonstrated with the highest concentrations (100 µM). In human cardiomyocytes, the cardiotoxicity is confirmed by a marked effect on contractility and a strong effect on cell viability. Finally, this Roundup® depressive effect on heart contractility is due to a concentration-dependent blocking effect on cardiac calcium channel CaV1.2 with an IC50 value of 3.76 µM. Surprisingly, no significant effect on each parameter has been shown with glyphosate. Glyphosate was devoid of major effect on cardiac calcium channel with a maximal effect at 100 µM (- 27.2 ± 1.7%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, Roundup® could induce severe cardiac toxicity by a blockade of CaV1.2 channel, leading to a worsening of heart contractility and genesis of arrhythmias. This toxicity could not be attributed to glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hélène Didier
- PhysioStim, 10 rue Henri Regnault, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Renaud Nalin
- PhysioStim, 10 rue Henri Regnault, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Bruno Le Grand
- PhysioStim, 10 rue Henri Regnault, 81100, Castres, France
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5
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Maia FCC, Porto RA, Magalhães LR, Chagas PHN, Nai GA. Cardiovascular damage associated with subchronic exposure to the glyphosate herbicide in Wistar rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2021; 37:210-218. [PMID: 33625310 DOI: 10.1177/0748233721996578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in the world. Although some studies have shown cardiac electrophysiological changes associated to glyphosate, the histopathological changes that this herbicide may cause in the cardiovascular system are not yet established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of subchronic oral and inhalation exposure to the glyphosate herbicide in rats. Eighty albino Wistar rats were distributed into eight groups (five males and five females/group): inhalation control: nebulization with sodium chloride solution (NaCl); oral control: nebulized feed with NaCl; low inhalation concentration: nebulization with 3.71 × 10-3 grams of active ingredient per hectare (g.a.i./ha) of glyphosate; low oral concentration: nebulized feed with 3.71 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha of glyphosate; medium inhalation concentration: nebulization with 6.19 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha of glyphosate; medium oral concentration: nebulized feed with 6.19 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha of glyphosate; high inhalation concentration: nebulization with 9.28 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha of glyphosate; and high oral concentration: nebulized feed with 9.28 × 10-3 g.a.i./ha of glyphosate. After 75 days of exposure, the animals were euthanized, and aortas and hearts were collected for histopathological analysis. Fatty streaks were observed in most animals exposed to glyphosate and were more prevalent in male rats, regardless of the route of exposure (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the measurements of the thickness of the right and left ventricle or in the collagen density of both ventricles in any of the groups evaluated (p > 0.05). Our study suggests that glyphosate has atherogenic potential, regardless of the concentration and route of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cézar Cardoso Maia
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rebecca Andrade Porto
- Faculty of Medicine, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rocha Magalhães
- Faculty of Medicine, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gisele Alborghetti Nai
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Medicine, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Pathology, 70799Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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Turkmen R, Dogan I. Determination of acute oral toxicity of glyphosate isopropylamine salt in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:19298-19303. [PMID: 31960240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aim to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of glyphosate isopropylamine salt (GI), which is commonly used in the world and especially in Turkey against to weeds, in male and female rats by using the probit or logit analysis method. A total of 140 Wistar rats were used, including 70 females and 70 males. To determine LD50, the male and female rats were randomized into 7 groups made up of 10 animals in each group. At doses of 6000, 6500, 7000, 7500, 8000, 8500, and 9000 mg / kg, GI was administered to the male and female rats by oral gavage. After dosing, the animals were periodically monitored for 14 days. No deaths were observed after 48 h of herbicide application. In this study, only logit analysis was used for the LD50 value to be calculated in the male rats within 24 h, while other analyses were carried out with the probit method. In the female and male rats, the LD50 levels of GI between 24 and 48 h were determined as 7444.26-7878.50 mg/kg and 7203.58-7397.25 mg/kg, respectively. According to these results, it was concluded that female rats are more sensitive to GI than male rats. We believe that the findings that were obtained will guide researchers, clinicians, and toxicologists through preventive and curative studies against acute poisoning that may occur with GI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhi Turkmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, 03200, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Ilkay Dogan
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Bulka CM, Daviglus ML, Persky VW, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Lash JP, Elfassy T, Lee DJ, Ramos AR, Tarraf W, Argos M. Association of occupational exposures with cardiovascular disease among US Hispanics/Latinos. Heart 2019; 105:439-448. [PMID: 30538094 PMCID: PMC6580877 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the USA. The role of occupational exposures to chemicals in the development of CVD has rarely been studied even though many agents possess cardiotoxic properties. We therefore evaluated associations of self-reported exposures to organic solvents, metals and pesticides in relation to CVD prevalence among diverse Hispanic/Latino workers. METHODS Cross-sectional data from 7404 employed individuals, aged 18-74 years, enrolled in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) were analysed. Participants from four US cities provided questionnaire data and underwent clinical examinations, including ECGs. CVD was defined as the presence of at least one of the following: coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heart failure or cerebrovascular disease. Prevalence ratios reflecting the relationship between each occupational exposure and CVD as well as CVD subtypes were calculated using Poisson regression models. RESULTS Hispanic/Latino workers reported exposures to organic solvents (6.5%), metals (8.5%) and pesticides (4.7%) at their current jobs. Overall, 6.1% of participants had some form of CVD, with coronary heart disease as the most common (4.3%) followed by cerebrovascular disease (1.0%), heart failure (0.8%) and atrial fibrillation (0.7%). For individuals who reported working with pesticides, the prevalence ratios for any CVD were 2.18 (95% CI 1.34 to 3.55), coronary heart disease 2.20 (95% CI 1.31 to 3.71), cerebrovascular disease 1.38 (95% CI 0.62 3.03), heart failure 0.91 (95% CI 0.23 to 3.54) and atrial fibrillation 5.92 (95% CI 1.89 to 18.61) after adjustment for sociodemographic, acculturation, lifestyle and occupational characteristics. Metal exposures were associated with an almost fourfold (3.78, 95% CI 1.24 to 11.46) greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation. Null associations were observed for organic solvent exposures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that working with metals and pesticides could be risk factors for CVD among Hispanic/Latino workers. Further work is needed to evaluate these relationships prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Bulka
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Victoria W Persky
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon A Durazo-Arvizu
- Division of Academic Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Lash
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tali Elfassy
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - David J Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Healthcare Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Maria Argos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Vanlaeys A, Dubuisson F, Seralini GE, Travert C. Formulants of glyphosate-based herbicides have more deleterious impact than glyphosate on TM4 Sertoli cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:14-22. [PMID: 29775650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Roundup and Glyphogan are glyphosate-based herbicides containing the same concentration of glyphosate and confidential formulants. Formulants are declared as inert diluents but some are more toxic than glyphosate, such as the family of polyethoxylated alkylamines (POEA). We tested glyphosate alone, glyphosate-based herbicide formulations and POEA on the immature mouse Sertoli cell line (TM4), at concentrations ranging from environmental to agricultural-use levels. Our results show that formulations of glyphosate-based herbicides induce TM4 mitochondrial dysfunction (like glyphosate, but to a lesser extent), disruption of cell detoxification systems, lipid droplet accumulation and mortality at sub-agricultural doses. Formulants, especially those present in Glyphogan, are more deleterious than glyphosate and thus should be considered as active principles of these pesticides. Lipid droplet accumulation after acute exposure to POEA suggests the rapid penetration and accumulation of formulants, leading to mortality after 24 h. As Sertoli cells are essential for testicular development and normal onset of spermatogenesis, disturbance of their function by glyphosate-based herbicides could contribute to disruption of reproductive function demonstrated in mammals exposed to these pesticides at a prepubertal stage of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Vanlaeys
- Normandie Univ, F14032 Caen Cedex 5, France; University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN), Faculty of Sciences, EA 2608, OeReCa, F-14032 Caen, France; University of Picardie Jules Verne, EA4667, Faculty of Sciences, F-80039 Amiens, France
| | - Florine Dubuisson
- Normandie Univ, F14032 Caen Cedex 5, France; University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN), Faculty of Sciences, EA 2608, OeReCa, F-14032 Caen, France; UMR 85, INRA, CNRS, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Gilles-Eric Seralini
- Normandie Univ, F14032 Caen Cedex 5, France; University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN), Faculty of Sciences, EA 2608, OeReCa, F-14032 Caen, France; Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Carine Travert
- Normandie Univ, F14032 Caen Cedex 5, France; University of Caen Normandy (UNICAEN), Faculty of Sciences, EA 2608, OeReCa, F-14032 Caen, France.
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Vandenberg LN, Blumberg B, Antoniou MN, Benbrook CM, Carroll L, Colborn T, Everett LG, Hansen M, Landrigan PJ, Lanphear BP, Mesnage R, vom Saal FS, Welshons WV, Myers JP. Is it time to reassess current safety standards for glyphosate-based herbicides? J Epidemiol Community Health 2017; 71:613-618. [PMID: 28320775 PMCID: PMC5484035 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2016-208463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) increased ∼100-fold from 1974 to 2014. Additional increases are expected due to widespread emergence of glyphosate-resistant weeds, increased application of GBHs, and preharvest uses of GBHs as desiccants. Current safety assessments rely heavily on studies conducted over 30 years ago. We have considered information on GBH use, exposures, mechanisms of action, toxicity and epidemiology. Human exposures to glyphosate are rising, and a number of in vitro and in vivo studies challenge the basis for the current safety assessment of glyphosate and GBHs. We conclude that current safety standards for GBHs are outdated and may fail to protect public health or the environment. To improve safety standards, the following are urgently needed: (1) human biomonitoring for glyphosate and its metabolites; (2) prioritisation of glyphosate and GBHs for hazard assessments, including toxicological studies that use state-of-the-art approaches; (3) epidemiological studies, especially of occupationally exposed agricultural workers, pregnant women and their children and (4) evaluations of GBHs in commercially used formulations, recognising that herbicide mixtures likely have effects that are not predicted by studying glyphosate alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Vandenberg
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts—Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael N Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Charles M Benbrook
- University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK
- Benbrook Consulting Services, Enterprise, Oregon, USA
| | - Lynn Carroll
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Paonia, Colorado, USA
| | - Theo Colborn
- TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, Paonia, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Philip J Landrigan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child & Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Frederick S vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Wade V Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - John Peterson Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Kavousi-Gharbi S, Jalli R, Rasekhi-Kazerouni A, Habibagahi Z, Marashi SM. Discernment scheme for paraquat poisoning: A five-year experience in Shiraz, Iran. World J Exp Med 2017; 7:31-39. [PMID: 28261553 PMCID: PMC5316902 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v7.i1.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate various schemes for paraquat poisoning and different variables that influence the outcome of acute paraquat poisoning.
METHODS In a cross-sectional study, the information about all cases of acute paraquat poisoning who were admitted to teaching hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, in a five year period (September 2010 to September 2015) were evaluated. The variables included: Demographic data, medical assessment, therapeutic options, laboratory findings, and the outcomes. Data were analyzed using SPSS, version 22. Significant difference between groups was tested using t-test for continues outcomes and χ2 test for categorical. The significance level was considered to be P < 0.05.
RESULTS A total of 104 patients (66.3% male) were evaluated. The mean age of the female patients was 22.81 ± 9.87 years and the male patients’ was 27.21 ± 11.06 years. Ninety seven (93.3%) of all the cases were suicide attempts with mortality rate of 43.2%. Despite the necessity for emergency hemodialysis during the first 6 h of intoxication, none of the patients had dialysis during this time. Immunosuppressive and corticosteroid medications were not administrated in adequate dosage in 31.1% and 60% of the patients, respectively. Ingestion of more than 22.5 cc of paraquat and increase in creatinine level were the most important predictors of mortality.
CONCLUSION Treatment should start immediately for these patients. Moreover, creating a clinical guideline according to the findings can have an impact on the treatment procedure which seems to be necessary.
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Chłopecka M, Mendel M, Dziekan N, Karlik W. The effect of glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup and its co-formulant, POEA, on the motoric activity of rat intestine - In vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 49:156-162. [PMID: 28049099 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study was aimed at evaluating the effect of Roundup, polyoxyethylene tallow amine (POEA) and mixture of glyphosate and POEA in different levels on the motoric activity of jejunum strips. The incubation in the Roundup solutions caused a significant, mostly miorelaxant, reversible reaction of smooth muscle; only in the highest tested dose which is equivalent to the agricultural concentration (1% corresponding to 1.7g glyphosate/L) there was an irreversible disturbance of the spontaneous contractility and reactivity. The incubation in POEA solutions in the range of low doses (0.256; 1.28; 6.4mg/L) resulted in a biphasic muscle reaction (relaxation and contraction); whereas in the range of high doses, i.e. 32; 160 and 800mg/L (agricultural spray concentrations) induced only a miorelaxant, irreversible response. The results indicate very high toxicity of POEA which exceeds the toxicity of the commercial formulations. Besides, it is postulated that glyphosate and POEA may display antagonistic interaction towards the motoric activity of gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chłopecka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St.,02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Mendel
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St.,02-786 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Natalia Dziekan
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St.,02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St.,02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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Kim YH, Lee JH, Cho KW, Lee DW, Kang MJ, Lee KY, Lee YH, Hwang SY, Lee NK. Prognostic Factors in Emergency Department Patients with Glyphosate Surfactant Intoxication: Point-of-Care Lactate Testing. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:604-610. [PMID: 27224736 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of suicide attempts involve the ingestion of glyphosate surfactant; hence, clinical toxicologists may encounter severe cases of glyphosate surfactant intoxication. In several other clinical conditions, serum lactate is used to predict outcome. We investigated the relationship between lactate levels and 30-day mortality from glyphosate surfactant poisoning. This retrospective analysis involved 232 patients who were admitted to the emergency department after acute glyphosate surfactant poisoning between January 2004 and June 2014. We used a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve to define the optimal cut-off point for lactate levels. A Kaplan-Meier 30-day survival curve was then analysed in terms of the defined cut-off level. We used multi-variate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to determine the risk factors for 30-day mortality. Of the 232 patients, 29 died, yielding a case fatality rate of 12.5%. Lactate was significantly higher in non-survivors (6.5 ± 3.1 mmol/L) than in survivors (3.3 ± 2.2 mmol/L; p < 0.001), and elevated lactate was significantly associated with 30-day mortality. The area under the ROC curve of lactate levels was 0.836 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.716-0.869]. Lactate levels higher than 4.7 mmol/L were associated with increased mortality in multi-variable analysis (hazard ratio: 3.2; 95% CI: 1.1-8.7). Besides lactate, age >59 years, corrected QT interval >495 ms and potassium >5.5 mmol/L were independent risk factors for 30-day mortality. Lactate is an independent predictor of 30-day mortality in patients with glyphosate surfactant poisoning. Early measurement of lactate levels may be a simple and practical way to assess the severity of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Kwang Won Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Mun Ju Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
| | - Seong Youn Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, Korea
| | - Na Kyoung Lee
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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Gress S, Laurant C, Defarge N, Travert C, Séralini GÉ. Dig1 protects against locomotor and biochemical dysfunctions provoked by Roundup. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:234. [PMID: 27450510 PMCID: PMC4957837 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1226-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant medicinal extracts may be claimed to prevent or cure chemical intoxications. Few of these are tested for their mechanisms of actions in vivo and for their cellular impacts. In 2011, we demonstrated that hepatic cell mortality induced by environmentally realistic levels of the widely used herbicide Roundup (R) in vitro can be almost entirely prevented by plant extracts called Dig1 (D, Digeodren). METHODS We tested the in vivo effects of D alone (1.2 ml/kg bw/d), but also prior to and during 8 days of R intoxication (at 135 mg/kg bw/d) in a total of 4 groups of 40 adult Sprague-Dawley male rats each. After treatments, horizontal and vertical locomotor activities of the animals were measured by use of actimeters. Brain, liver, kidneys, heart and testes were collected and weighted. Body weights as well as feed and water consumption were recorded. Proteins, creatinine, urea, phosphate, potassium, sodium, calcium, chloride ions, testosterone, estradiol, AST and ALT were measured in serum. In liver S9 fractions, GST, GGT, and CYP450 (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4) were assessed. RESULTS D did not have any physiological or biochemical observable impact alone at 2 %. Out of a total of 29 measured parameters, 8 were significantly affected by R absorption within only 8 days. On these 8 parameters, only 2 were not restored by D (GGT activity and plasmatic phosphate), 5 were totally restored (horizontal and vertical locomotor activities, CYP2D6 activity, plasmatic Na + and estradiol), and the 6th was almost restored (plasmatic K+). The specificities of the toxic effects of R and of the therapeutic effects of D treatment were thus demonstrated, both at the behavioural and biochemical levels. CONCLUSIONS D, without any side effect observable in these conditions, presented strong preventive and therapeutic properties in vivo after a short-term intoxication by the widely used pesticide Roundup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Gress
- University of Caen Normandy (UCN), Institute of Biology (IBFA), EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Nicolas Defarge
- University of Caen Normandy (UCN), Institute of Biology (IBFA), EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Carine Travert
- University of Caen Normandy (UCN), Institute of Biology (IBFA), EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - Gilles-Éric Séralini
- University of Caen Normandy (UCN), Institute of Biology (IBFA), EA2608 and Network on Risks, Quality and Sustainable Environment MRSH, Esplanade de la Paix, CS 14032, Caen Cedex 5, France.
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