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Shu Z, Yang Y, Ding Z, Wang W, Zhong R, Xia T, Li W, Kuang H, Wang Y, Sun X. Structural characterization and cardioprotective activity of a novel polysaccharide from Fructus aurantii. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 144:847-856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chai SC, Davis K, Zhang Z, Zha L, Kirschner KF. Effects of Tart Cherry Juice on Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Older Adults. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020228. [PMID: 30678193 PMCID: PMC6413159 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress are important factors in the development of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. The findings of our previous study suggest that 12 weeks consumption of tart cherry juice lowers the levels of systolic blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in older adults. The present study investigated the effects of tart cherry juice on blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. In this randomized-controlled clinical trial, a total of 37 men and women between the ages of 65–80 were randomly assigned to consume 480 mL of tart cherry juice or control drink daily for 12 weeks. Several blood biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks intervention. After the 12 weeks intervention, tart cherry juice significantly increased the plasma levels of DNA repair activity of 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (p < 0.0001) and lowered (p = 0.03) the mean c-reactive protein (CRP) level compared to the control group. There was a significant group effect observed for plasma CRP (p = 0.03) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0.03), and a borderline significant group effect observed for plasma oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) (p = 0.07). Within group analysis showed that the plasma levels of CRP, MDA, and OxLDL decreased numerically by 25%, 3%, and 11%, respectively after 12 weeks of tart cherry juice consumption compared with corresponding baseline values. The present study suggests that the ability of tart cherry juice to reduce systolic BP and LDL cholesterol, in part, may be due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Larger and longer follow-up studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheau C Chai
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Kristina Davis
- Department of Behavioral Health and Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Zugui Zhang
- Value Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE 19718, USA.
| | - Longying Zha
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Gusdon AM, Fernandez-Bueno GA, Wohlgemuth S, Fernandez J, Chen J, Mathews CE. Respiration and substrate transport rates as well as reactive oxygen species production distinguish mitochondria from brain and liver. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:22. [PMID: 26358560 PMCID: PMC4564979 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant mitochondrial function, including excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases. The use of mitochondrial inhibitors to ascertain the sites in the electron transport chain (ETC) resulting in altered ROS production can be an important tool. However, the response of mouse mitochondria to ETC inhibitors has not been thoroughly assessed. Here we set out to characterize the differences in phenotypic response to ETC inhibitors between the more energetically demanding brain mitochondria and less energetically demanding liver mitochondria in commonly utilized C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS We show that in contrast to brain mitochondria, inhibiting distally within complex I or within complex III does not increase liver mitochondrial ROS production supported by complex I substrates, and liver mitochondrial ROS production supported by complex II substrates occurred primarily independent of membrane potential. Complex I, II, and III enzymatic activities and membrane potential were equivalent between liver and brain and responded to ETC. inhibitors similarly. Brain mitochondria exhibited an approximately two-fold increase in complex I and II supported respiration compared with liver mitochondria while exhibiting similar responses to inhibitors. Elevated NADH transport and heightened complex II-III coupled activity accounted for increased complex I and II supported respiration, respectively in brain mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that important mechanistic differences exist between mouse liver and brain mitochondria and that mouse mitochondria exhibit phenotypic differences compared with mitochondria from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Gusdon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Gabriel A Fernandez-Bueno
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Stephanie Wohlgemuth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Jenelle Fernandez
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- , Present address: 1275 Center Dr, Room J597, P.O. Box 100275, Gainesville, FL, 32610-0275, USA.
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Rahsepar AA, Mirzaee A, Moodi F, Moohebati M, Tavallaie S, Khorashadizadeh F, Mottahedi B, Esfehanizadeh J, Azari A, Khojasteh R, Mousavi S, Paydar R, Amini M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Sahebkar A. Malondialdehyde-Modified LDL IgG Antibody Levels and Indices of Cardiac Function in Valvular Heart and Coronary Artery Disease Patients. Med Princ Pract 2015; 24:424-31. [PMID: 26139161 PMCID: PMC5588258 DOI: 10.1159/000431178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the changes in anti-malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) IgG levels among patients undergoing off-pump and on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or valvuloplasty. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 38, 39 and 34 patients who underwent off-pump CABG, on-pump CABG and valvuloplasty, respectively, were enrolled in this study. Serum anti-MDA-LDL IgG values were measured 24 h before and after the operative procedures and at discharge. Echocardiography was also done before surgery and before discharge. The results were compared with values from 50 healthy controls. RESULTS In all patients, a reduction in antibody titers was observed post-operatively. However, the decrease was significant only in the off-pump CABG - before surgery: 42.33 (25.83-58.51), after surgery: 30.86 (16.36-51.33) and at discharge: 10.96 (6.82-23.57; p = 0.027). There was a significant positive association between anti-MDA-LDL IgG levels and ejection fraction (r = 0.248, p = 0.036) and a negative association with E/E', a marker of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, in the coronary patients (r = -0.345, p = 0.012), but no significant associations were found in patients with valvular heart disease. CONCLUSIONS Serum anti-MDA-LDL IgG levels were associated with cardiac function indices in coronary patients undergoing CABG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Rahsepar
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mirzaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moodi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moohebati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavallaie
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Khorashadizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Ali Azari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roshanak Khojasteh
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mousavi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Paydar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maral Amini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran
- *Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad 9177948564 (Iran), E-Mail
| | - Gordon A. Ferns
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, UK
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, W.A., Australia
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Structural characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Citrus aurantium L. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 67:112-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chen J, Mathews CE. Use of chemical probes to detect mitochondrial ROS by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry. Methods Enzymol 2014; 542:223-41. [PMID: 24862269 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416618-9.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic respiration is a major source of energy in eukaryotic cells. In this setting, ATP production by the mitochondrial respiratory chain relies on the availability of NADH and FADH2 to donate protons and electrons. The flux of electrons down the electron transport chain, based on a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, releases energy that allow for the transport of H(+) ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The resulting proton-motive force is employed to drive ATP synthesis, while the final acceptor of the electrons flowing through the respiratory chain if molecular oxygen. A side effect of this process is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). While mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production has been linked to many pathological conditions (i.e., aging and tumorigenesis), recent evidence suggests that multiple cells, including malignant cells, employ these by-products of energy production as signals to control various cellular processes. Here, we describe protocols to use chemical probes for measuring mtROS production in intact cells by flow cytometry and spectrofluorometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clayton E Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Sun GB, Sun X, Wang M, Ye JX, Si JY, Xu HB, Meng XB, Qin M, Sun J, Wang HW, Sun XB. Oxidative stress suppression by luteolin-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:229-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Rahsepar AA, Mirzaee A, Moodi F, Moohebati M, Tavallaie S, Eshraghi A, Alavi MS, Zarrabi L, Pourghadamyari H, Paydar R, Khojasteh R, Mousavi S, Kia N, Amini M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GAA. Anti-Heat Shock Protein 27 Titers and Oxidative Stress Levels are Elevated in Patients With Valvular Heart Disease. Angiology 2012; 63:609-16. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319711433308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the immune responses to heat shock protein (Hsp)-27 and pro-oxidant–antioxidant balance (PAB) values in patients with valvular heart disease, but free of angiographically evident coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients who were candidates for valvuloplasty surgery and 30 healthy matched controls were recruited. The anti-Hsp-27 antibody titers were 0.35 ± 0.04 absorbency units (AU) in the valvuloplasty group, being significantly higher than for the controls (0.11 ± 0.02 AU; P < .05). The PAB values were significantly higher in cases (134.67 ± 13.69 Hamidi-Koliakos(HK) unit) when compared with controls (49.78 ± 6.75 HK unit; P < .05). In cases, the ejection fraction was inversely correlated with anti-Hsp-27 antibody ( P < .05) but was not significantly related to PAB values ( P > .05). Based on the echocardiographic findings, the patients had no evident heart failure, but the high levels of anti-Hsp-27 and PAB values in patients with valvular heart disease may indicate that these variables can be used as markers of heart failure. However, a longitudinal study is required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Rahsepar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
- Young Researchers Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Asadollah Mirzaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Quem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moodi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Moohebati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shima Tavallaie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Eshraghi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam-Sadat Alavi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Laya Zarrabi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Pourghadamyari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Paydar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Roshanak Khojasteh
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Somayeh Mousavi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nadia Kia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maral Amini
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Young Researchers Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, MUMS, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A. A. Ferns
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Thornburrow Drive, University of Keele, Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, ST4 7QB
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Rahsepar AA, Mirzaee A, Moodi F, Moohebati M, Tavallaie S, Eshraghi A, Alavi MS, Khorashadizadeh F, Pourghadamyari H, Paydar R, Amini M, Khojasteh R, Mousavi S, Sahebi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA. Prooxidant-Antioxidant Balance and Antioxidized LDL Antibody Level Values and Cardiac Function in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Cardiology 2012; 122:203-9. [DOI: 10.1159/000339273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Prooxidant–anti-oxidant balance is not associated with extent of coronary artery disease. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1304-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Vitamin E dose-dependently reduces aortic fatty lesion formation in orchidectomized aged rats. Aging Clin Exp Res 2011; 23:11-6. [PMID: 20065626 DOI: 10.1007/bf03337742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although the cardioprotective effects of supplemental doses of vitamin E have been investigated in several conditions, its role in gonadectomy- induced fatty lesion formation is unclear. The present study was designed to examine the efficacy of vitamin E in a dose-dependent manner on indices of oxidative stress and in preventing the formation of aortic fatty lesions in orchidectomized (Orx) aged rats. METHODS Forty 12-month old male Sprague-Dawley rats were either sham-operated (Sham) or Orx and fed a semi-purified control diet for 120 days. Thereafter, rats were assigned to four treatment groups (n=10): Sham and one Orx group received 75 IU vitamin E and served as controls, and the other two Orx groups received either 250 or 500 IU vitamin E per kg diet for 90 days. RESULTS Vitamin E at the highest dose (500 IU) was able to lower serum total cholesterol by 16% and significantly increase superoxide dismutase by 9% compared to Orx controls. Similarly, this dose was able to significantly reduce the development of atherosclerotic lesion formation and aortic fatty streak area by 93% compared to Orx controls. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest that dietary vitamin E supplementation in Orx aged rats provide anti-atherogenic effects, in part, due to vitamin E's antioxidative properties. Clinical studies are needed to confirm whether supplemental doses of vitamin E can prevent the development of atherosclerosis in older men particularly with low testosterone level.
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Determination of Prooxidant—Antioxidant Balance After Acute Coronary Syndrome Using a Rapid Assay: A Pilot Study. Angiology 2009; 60:657-62. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319709333868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to investigate a novel measure of oxidative stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) using a pro-oxidant—antioxidant balance (PAB) assay, which is simple and rapid. Blood samples were taken from 94 patients admitted with ACS. Pro-oxidant—antioxidant balance values were determined in the first and second 12 hours after the onset of symptoms and compared with values for 81 age- and sex-matched controls. The mean PAB values in the first and second 12-hour samples of patients were both significantly higher than that of controls (P < .001). Among patients, PAB values were also significantly higher in the second samples compared with the first samples (P < .001). These findings indicate a heightened state of oxidative stress following ACS and suggest that the PAB value may be considered as a cardiovascular risk predictor to estimate the extent of oxidative stress.
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Gusdon AM, Votyakova TV, Mathews CE. mt-Nd2a suppresses reactive oxygen species production by mitochondrial complexes I and III. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:10690-7. [PMID: 18281288 PMCID: PMC2447668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of human diseases. A cytosine to adenine transversion in the mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (mt-ND2, human; mt-Nd2, mouse) gene results in resistance against type 1 diabetes and several additional ROS-associated conditions. Our previous studies have demonstrated that the adenine-containing allele (mt-Nd2(a)) is also strongly associated with resistance against type 1 diabetes in mice. In this report we have confirmed that the cytosine-containing allele (mt-Nd2(c)) results in elevated mitochondrial ROS production. Using inhibitors of the electron transport chain, we show that when in combination with nuclear genes from the alloxan-resistant (ALR) strain, mt-Nd2(c) increases ROS from complex III. Furthermore, by using alamethicin-permeabilized mitochondria, we measured a significant increase in electron transport chain-dependent ROS production from all mt-Nd2(c)-encoding strains including ALR.mt(NOD), non-obese diabetic (NOD), and C57BL/6 (B6). Studies employing alamethicin and inhibitors were able to again localize the heightened ROS production in ALR.mt(NOD) to complex III and identified complex I as the site of elevated ROS production from NOD and B6 mitochondria. Using submitochondrial particles, we confirmed that in the context of the NOD or B6 nuclear genomes, mt-Nd2(c) elevates complex I-specific ROS production. In all assays mitochondria from mt-Nd2(a)-encoding strains exhibited low ROS production. Our data suggest that lowering overall mitochondrial ROS production is a key mechanism of disease protection provided by mt-Nd2(a).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Gusdon
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0275, USA
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Abstract
Oxidative stress is a continuous level of oxidative damage in animal cells, which is caused by an overabundance of reactive oxygen species or a decline in antioxidant ability against them. Oxidative stress increases with individual risk factors of atherosclerosis such as obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and smoking. Thus, oxidative stress is considered to play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. This review discusses the relationship between oxidative stress and atherosclerosis based on findings from our research group. We have found that atherosclerotic lesions are formed in the aorta of mice fed a high-cholesterol and high-linoleic diet, in parallel with elevated serum lipid peroxide levels. This model is useful for primary screening of antiatherosclerotic agents with antioxidative activity. One notable factor in the development of atherosclerosis is oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL). In order to examine OxLDL levels in blood, we have developed anion-exchange HPLC methods using stepwise elution. Using these methods, we have found that OxLDL markedly increases in a rat model of metabolic syndrome, in animals exposed to cigarette smoke and in smokers in parallel with other oxidative stress markers. These oxidative stress markers have been attenuated by administration of several antioxidants. In addition, we have found that smoking accelerates atherogenesis in the aorta of apoE-deficient mice and this acceleration can be ameliorated by administration of vitamin E. These observations suggest that antioxidant supplementation may be an effective therapeutic strategy for metabolic syndrome and smoking-induced diseases in which elevated oxidative stress plays a pivotal role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Kunitomo
- School of Pharmacy and Parmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68 Koshien kuban-cho, Nishinomiya City, 663-8179, Japan.
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