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Lobato TB, Manoel R, Pereira ACG, Correa IS, Iser-Bem PN, Santos ESDS, Pereira JNB, de Araújo MJL, Borges JCDO, Pauferro JRB, Diniz VLS, Scervino MVM, Serdan TD, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Hirabara SM, Curi R, Gorjão R. Insulin resistance in nonobese type 2 diabetic Goto Kakizaki rats is associated with a proinflammatory T lymphocyte profile. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:2566-2580. [PMID: 39095330 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats develop a well-defined insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without presenting obesity. The lymphocyte profile in nonobese diabetic conditions is not yet characterized. Therefore, GK rats were chosen to explore T lymphocyte (TL) dynamics at various stages (21, 60, and 120 days) compared to Wistar rats. GK rats exhibit progressive disruption of glucose regulation, with early glucose intolerance at 21 days and reduced insulin sensitivity at 60 days, confirming IR. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) expression was consistently elevated in GK rats, suggesting heightened TL activation. T-regulatory lymphocyte markers diminished at 21 days. However, GK rats showed increased Th1 markers and reduced Gata-3 expression (crucial for Th2 cell differentiation) at 120 days. These findings underscore an early breakdown of anti-inflammatory mechanisms in GK rats, indicating a proinflammatory TL profile that may worsen chronic inflammation in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richelieau Manoel
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ilana Souza Correa
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nancy Iser-Bem
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tamires Duarte Serdan
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina-UFSC, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Silveira ASDA, Alves ACDA, Gimenes GM, Quessada PDS, Lobato TB, Dias BB, Pereira ACG, Iser-Bem PN, Pereira JNB, Hatanaka E, Masi LN, Pithon-Curi TC, Mattaraia VGDM, Hirabara SM, Crisma AR, Gorjão R, Curi R. Evidence for a Pro-Inflammatory State of Macrophages from Non-Obese Type-2 Diabetic Goto-Kakizaki Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:10240. [PMID: 39408569 PMCID: PMC11477416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms251910240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity causes insulin resistance (IR) through systemic low-grade inflammation and can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the mechanisms that cause IR and T2DM in non-obese individuals are unclear. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat develops IR spontaneously and is a model of non-obese T2DM. These rats exhibit hyperglycemia beginning at weaning and exhibit lower body mass than control Wistar rats. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that macrophages of GK rats are permanently in a pro-inflammatory state, which may be associated with a systemic inflammation condition that mimics the pathogenesis of obesity-induced T2DM. Using eighteen-week-old GK and control Wistar rats, we investigated the proportions of M1 (pro-inflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory) macrophages isolated from the peritoneal cavity. Additionally, the production of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured macrophages under basal and stimulated conditions was assessed. It was found that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) stimulation increased GK rat macrophage ROS production 90-fold compared to basal levels. This response was also three times more pronounced than in control cells (36-fold). The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), tended to be upregulated in cultured macrophages from GK rats under basal conditions. Macrophages from GK rats produced 1.6 times more granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), 1.5 times more monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and 3.3 times more TNF-α than control cells when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (p = 0.0033; p = 0.049; p = 0.002, respectively). Moreover, compared to control cells, GK rats had 60% more M1 (p = 0.0008) and 23% less M2 (p = 0.038) macrophages. This study is the first to report macrophage inflammatory reprogramming towards a pro-inflammatory state in GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Santos de Almeida Silveira
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Amara Cassandra dos Anjos Alves
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Gabriela Mandú Gimenes
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Patrícia da Silva Quessada
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Tiago Bertola Lobato
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Beatriz Belmiro Dias
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Patrícia Nancy Iser-Bem
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Joice Naiara Bertaglia Pereira
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Multicenter Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC 88037-000, Brazil
| | - Tânia Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | | | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Amanda Rabello Crisma
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80210-170, PR, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjão
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
| | - Rui Curi
- Interdisciplinary Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil (T.B.L.); (S.M.H.)
- Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil
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3
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Borges JCO, Oliveira VAB, Serdan TDA, Silva FLR, Santos CS, Pauferro JRB, Ribas ASF, Manoel R, Pereira ACG, Correa IS, Pereira JNB, Bazotte RB, Levada-Pires AC, Pithon-Curi TC, Gorjão R, Curi R, Hirabara SM, Masi LN. Brain glucose hypometabolism and hippocampal inflammation in Goto-Kakizaki rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e12742. [PMID: 37377307 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e12742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain glucose hypometabolism and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic manifestations in neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation may also disrupt leptin signaling, an adipokine that centrally regulates appetite and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus and exerting neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model used to investigate diabetes-associated molecular mechanisms without obesity jeopardizing effects. Wistar and GK rats received the maintenance adult rodent diet. Also, an additional control group of Wistar rats received a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS) provided by free consumption of condensed milk. All diets and water were provided ad libitum for eight weeks. Brain glucose uptake was evaluated by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose under basal (saline administration) or stimulated (CL316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist) conditions. The animals were fasted for 10-12 h, anesthetized, and euthanized. The brain was quickly dissected, and the hippocampal area was sectioned and stored at -80°C in different tubes for protein and RNA analyses on the same animal. GK rats exhibited attenuated brain glucose uptake compared to Wistar animals and the HFHS group under basal conditions. Also, the hippocampus of GK rats displayed upregulated leptin receptor, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression and IL-1β and the subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB (p-p65) protein expression. No significant alterations were detected in the hippocampus of HFHS rats. Our data indicated that a genetic predisposition to T2DM has significant brain deteriorating features, including brain glucose hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, and leptin signaling disruption in the hippocampal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C O Borges
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V A B Oliveira
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T D A Serdan
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - F L R Silva
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C S Santos
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J R B Pauferro
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A S F Ribas
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Manoel
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A C G Pereira
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - I S Correa
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - J N B Pereira
- Seção de Produção de Imunobiológicos, Bioindustrial Centro, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R B Bazotte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Farmacologia e Terapêutica, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - A C Levada-Pires
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - T C Pithon-Curi
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Gorjão
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Curi
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Seção de Produção de Imunobiológicos, Bioindustrial Centro, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - S M Hirabara
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - L N Masi
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
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Interplay between Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4, Fetuin-A, Retinol Binding Protein 4 and Thyroid Function in Metabolic Dysregulation. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040300. [PMID: 35448487 PMCID: PMC9026429 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signalling between the tissues integrating synthesis, transformation and utilization of energy substrates and their regulatory hormonal axes play a substantial role in the development of metabolic disorders. Interactions between cytokines, particularly liver derived hepatokines and adipokines, secreted from adipose tissue, constitute one of major areas of current research devoted to metabolic dysregulation. The thyroid exerts crucial influence on the maintenance of basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, while its dysfunction promotes the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the interplay between three adipokines: fatty acid binding protein type 4, fetuin-A, retinol binding protein type 4 and thyroid hormones, that shed a new light onto mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis, cardiovascular complications, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes accompanying thyroid dysfunction. Furthermore, we summarize clinical findings on those cytokines in the course of thyroid disorders.
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5
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Galán B, Serdan T, Rodrigues L, Manoel R, Gorjão R, Masi L, Pithon-Curi T, Curi R, Hirabara S. Reviewing physical exercise in non-obese diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11795. [PMID: 35648976 PMCID: PMC9150428 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e11795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high incidence of non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-obese-T2DM) cases, particularly in Asian countries, for which the pathogenesis remains mainly unclear. Interestingly, Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats spontaneously develop insulin resistance (IR) and non-obese-T2DM, making them a lean diabetes model. Physical exercise is a non-pharmacological therapeutic approach to reduce adipose tissue mass, improving peripheral IR, glycemic control, and quality of life in obese animals or humans with T2DM. In this narrative review, we selected and analyzed the published literature on the effects of physical exercise on the metabolic features associated with non-obese-T2DM. Only randomized controlled trials with regular physical exercise training, freely executed physical activity, or skeletal muscle stimulation protocols in GK rats published after 2008 were included. The results indicated that exercise reduces plasma insulin levels, increases skeletal muscle glycogen content, improves exercise tolerance, protects renal and myocardial function, and enhances blood oxygen flow in GK rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.S.M. Galán
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
| | - T.D.A. Serdan
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil; New York University, USA
| | - L.E. Rodrigues
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
| | - R. Manoel
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
| | - R. Gorjão
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
| | - L.N. Masi
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
| | - T.C. Pithon-Curi
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
| | - R. Curi
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil; Instituto Butantan, Brasil
| | - S.M. Hirabara
- Instituto de Atividade Física e Esportes, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, Brasil
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6
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Mendez DA, Ortiz RM. Thyroid hormones and the potential for regulating glucose metabolism in cardiomyocytes during insulin resistance and T2DM. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14858. [PMID: 34405550 PMCID: PMC8371345 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In order for the heart to maintain its continuous mechanical work and provide the systolic movement to uphold coronary blood flow, substantial synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is required. Under normal conditions cardiac tissue utilizes roughly 70% fatty acids (FA), and 30% glucose for the production of ATP; however, during impaired metabolic conditions like insulin resistance and diabetes glucose metabolism is dysregulated and FA account for 99% of energy production. One of the major consequences of a shift in FA metabolism in cardiac tissue is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipotoxicity, which ultimately lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. Thyroid hormones (TH) have direct effects on cardiac function and glucose metabolism during impaired metabolic conditions suggesting that TH may improve glucose metabolism in an insulin resistant condition. None-classical TH signaling in the heart has shown to phosphorylate protein kinase B (Akt) and increase activity of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), which are critical mediators in the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake pathway. Studies on peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle and adipocytes have demonstrated TH treatment improved glucose intolerance in a diabetic model and increased insulin-regulated glucose transporter (GLUT4) mRNA levels. GLUT4 is a downstream target of thyroid response element (TRE), which demonstrates that THs regulate glucose via GLUT4. Elevated 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) increased glucose oxidation rate and decreased the glycolytic intermediate, fructose 6-phosphate (F6P) in cardiomyocytes, in addition to increasing mitochondrial biogenesis and pyruvate transport across the mitochondrial membrane. These findings along with a few other studies on T3 treatment in cardiac tissue suggest TH may improve glucose metabolism in an insulin resistant model and ameliorate the effects of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This review highlights the potential benefits of exogenous TH on ameliorating metabolic dysfunction in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora A. Mendez
- Department of Molecular & Cell BiologySchool of Natural SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
| | - Rudy M. Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cell BiologySchool of Natural SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
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