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Soni D, Upadhayay S, Dhureja M, Arthur R, Kumar P. Crosstalk between gut-brain axis: unveiling the mysteries of gut ROS in progression of Parkinson's disease. Inflammopharmacology 2024:10.1007/s10787-024-01510-2. [PMID: 38992324 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-024-01510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
"Path to a good mood lies through the gut." This statement seems to imply that it has long been believed that the gut is connected with the brain. Research has shown that eating food activates the reward system and releases dopamine (DA), establishing a link between the peripheral and central nervous system. At the same time, researchers also trust that the gut is involved in the onset of many diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD), in which gastrointestinal dysfunction is considered a prevalent symptom. Reports suggest that PD starts from the gut and reaches the brain via the vagus nerve. Recent studies have revealed an intriguing interaction between the gut and brain, which links gut dysbiosis to the etiology of PD. This review aims to explore the mechanistic pathway how reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the gut affects the makeup and operation of the dopamine circuitry in the brain. Our primary concern is ROS generation in the gut, which disrupts the gut microbiome (GM), causing α-synuclein accumulation and inflammation. This trio contributes to the loss of DA neurons in the brain, resulting in PD development. This review also compiles pre-clinical and clinical studies on antioxidants, demonstrating that antioxidants reduce ROS and increase DA levels. Collectively, the study highlights the necessity of comprehending the gut-brain axis for unraveling the riddles of PD pathogenesis and considering new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Soni
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Upadhayay
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Maanvi Dhureja
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Richmond Arthur
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Zhao C, Pan M, Chen J, Li L, Zhang Y, Liu W, Matthay MA, Wang H, Jin X, Xu JF, Su X. Vagal-α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling exacerbates influenza severity by promoting lung epithelial cell infection. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29768. [PMID: 38978388 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The vagus nerve circuit, operating through the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR), regulates the inflammatory response by influencing immune cells. However, the role of vagal-α7 nAChR signaling in influenza virus infection is unclear. In particular, does vagal-α7 nAChR signaling impact the infection of alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), the primary target cells of influenza virus? Here, we demonstrated a distinct role of α7 nAChR in type II AECs compared to its role in immune cells during influenza infection. We found that deletion of Chrna7 (encoding gene of α7 nAChR) in type II AECs or disruption of vagal circuits reduced lung influenza infection and protected mice from influenza-induced lung injury. We further unveiled that activation of α7 nAChR enhanced influenza infection through PTP1B-NEDD4L-ASK1-p38MAPK pathway. Mechanistically, activation of α7 nAChR signaling decreased p38MAPK phosphorylation during infection, facilitating the nuclear export of influenza viral ribonucleoproteins and thereby promoting infection. Taken together, our findings reveal a mechanism mediated by vagal-α7 nAChR signaling that promotes influenza viral infection and exacerbates disease severity. Targeting vagal-α7 nAChR signaling may offer novel strategies for combating influenza virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqi Zhao
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao Pan
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Li
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Department of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Haichao Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Serum Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Fu Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Su
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Rahman A, Russell M, Zheng W, Eckrich D, Ahmed I. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increase in new diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorder: A study using the US national COVID cohort collaborative (N3C). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295891. [PMID: 38814888 PMCID: PMC11139284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Amid the ongoing global repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, it is crucial to comprehend its potential long-term psychiatric effects. Several recent studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 and subsequent mental health disorders. Our investigation joins this exploration, concentrating on Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders (SSPD). Different from other studies, we took acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 lab-negative cohorts as control groups to accurately gauge the impact of COVID-19 on SSPD. Data from 19,344,698 patients, sourced from the N3C Data Enclave platform, were methodically filtered to create propensity matched cohorts: ARDS (n = 222,337), COVID-19 positive (n = 219,264), and COVID-19 negative (n = 213,183). We systematically analyzed the hazard rate of new-onset SSPD across three distinct time intervals: 0-21 days, 22-90 days, and beyond 90 days post-infection. COVID-19 positive patients consistently exhibited a heightened hazard ratio (HR) across all intervals [0-21 days (HR: 4.6; CI: 3.7-5.7), 22-90 days (HR: 2.9; CI: 2.3 -3.8), beyond 90 days (HR: 1.7; CI: 1.5-1.)]. These are notably higher than both ARDS and COVID-19 lab-negative patients. Validations using various tests, including the Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test, Wald Test, and Log-rank Test confirmed these associations. Intriguingly, our data indicated that younger individuals face a heightened risk of SSPD after contracting COVID-19, a trend not observed in the ARDS and COVID-19 negative groups. These results, aligned with the known neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and earlier studies, accentuate the need for vigilant psychiatric assessment and support in the era of Long-COVID, especially among younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Rahman
- Department of Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Michael Russell
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Wanhong Zheng
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
| | - Daniel Eckrich
- Nemours Children’s Health, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
| | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
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Aljeradat B, Kumar D, Abdulmuizz S, Kundu M, Almealawy YF, Batarseh DR, Atallah O, Ennabe M, Alsarafandi M, Alan A, Weinand M. Neuromodulation and the Gut-Brain Axis: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Implications for Gastrointestinal and Neurological Disorders. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:244-268. [PMID: 38804299 PMCID: PMC11130832 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a complex, bidirectional communication network that intricately connects the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding and intervening in this axis opens a pathway for therapeutic advancements for neurological and gastrointestinal diseases where the GBA has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. In light of this, the current review assesses the effectiveness of neuromodulation techniques in treating neurological and gastrointestinal disorders by modulating the GBA, involving key elements such as gut microbiota, neurotrophic factors, and proinflammatory cytokines. Through a comprehensive literature review encompassing PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, this research highlights the role played by the GBA in neurological and gastrointestinal diseases, in addition to the impact of neuromodulation on the management of these conditions which include both gastrointestinal (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)) and neurological disorders (Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neuropsychiatric disorders). Despite existing challenges, the ability of neuromodulation to adjust disrupted neural pathways, alleviate pain, and mitigate inflammation is significant in improving the quality of life for patients, thereby offering exciting prospects for future advancements in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baha’ Aljeradat
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Danisha Kumar
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Sulaiman Abdulmuizz
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Kwara, Nigeria
| | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751029, India
| | - Yasser F. Almealawy
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa P.O. Box 21, Iraq
| | - Dima Ratib Batarseh
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Oday Atallah
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michelle Ennabe
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Muath Alsarafandi
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- College of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Rafa Refugee Camp, Rafa P.O. Box 108, Palestine
- Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine
| | - Albert Alan
- Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA; (B.A.); (D.K.); (S.A.); (M.K.); (Y.F.A.); (D.R.B.); (O.A.); (M.E.); (M.A.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Martin Weinand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA;
- College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85004, USA
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Falvey A, Palandira SP, Chavan SS, Brines M, Dantzer R, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in male mice can regulate inflammation without affecting the heart rate. Brain Behav Immun 2024:S0889-1591(24)00376-3. [PMID: 38670240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vagus nerve plays an important role in neuroimmune interactions and in the regulation of inflammation. A major source of efferent vagus nerve fibers that contribute to the regulation of inflammation is the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) as recently shown using optogenetics. In contrast to optogenetics, electrical neuromodulation has broad therapeutic implications. However, the anti-inflammatory effectiveness of electrical stimulation of the DMN (eDMNS) and the possible heart rate (HR) alterations associated with this approach have not been investigated. Here, we examined the effects of eDMNS on HR and cytokine levels in mice administered with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) and in mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) sepsis. METHODS Anesthetized male 8-10-week-old C57BL/6 mice on a stereotaxic frame were subjected to eDMNS using a concentric bipolar electrode inserted into the left or right DMN or sham stimulation. eDMNS (500, 250 or 50 μA at 30 Hz, for 1 min) was performed and HR recorded. In endotoxemia experiments, sham or eDMNS utilizing 250 μA or 50 μA was performed for 5 mins and was followed by LPS (0.5 mg/kg) i.p. administration. eDMNS was also applied in mice with cervical unilateral vagotomy or sham operation. In CLP experiments sham or left eDMNS was performed immediately post CLP. Cytokines and corticosterone were analyzed 90 mins after LPS administration or 24 h after CLP. CLP survival was monitored for 14 days. RESULTS Either left or right eDMNS at 500 μA and 250 μA decreased HR, compared with baseline pre-stimulation. This effect was not observed at 50 μA. Left side eDMNS at 50 μA, compared with sham stimulation, significantly decreased serum and splenic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and increased serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 during endotoxemia. The anti-inflammatory effect of eDMNS was abrogated in mice with unilateral vagotomy and was not associated with serum corticosterone alterations. Right side eDMNS in endotoxemic mice suppressed serum TNF and increased serum IL-10 levels but had no effects on splenic cytokines. In mice with CLP, left side eDMNS suppressed serum IL-6, as well as splenic IL-6 and increased splenic IL-10 and significantly improved the survival rate of CLP mice. CONCLUSIONS For the first time we show that a regimen of eDMNS which does not cause bradycardia alleviates LPS-induced inflammation. These eDMNS anti-inflammatory effects require an intact vagus nerve and are not associated with corticosteroid alterations. eDMNS also decreases inflammation and improves survival in a model of polymicrobial sepsis. These findings are of interest for further studies exploring bioelectronic anti-inflammatory approaches targeting the brainstem DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Falvey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Santhoshi P Palandira
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Symptom Research, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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Gandasasmita N, Li J, Loane DJ, Semple BD. Experimental Models of Hospital-Acquired Infections After Traumatic Brain Injury: Challenges and Opportunities. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:752-770. [PMID: 37885226 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients hospitalized after a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at increased risk of nosocomial infections, including bacterial pneumonia and other upper respiratory tract infections. Infections represent a secondary immune challenge for vulnerable TBI patients that can lead to increased morbidity and poorer long-term prognosis. This review first describes the clinical significance of infections after TBI, delving into the known mechanisms by which a TBI can alter systemic immunological responses towards an immunosuppressive state, leading to promotion of increased vulnerability to infections. Pulmonary dysfunction resulting from respiratory tract infections is considered in the context of neurotrauma, including the bidirectional relationship between the brain and lungs. Turning to pre-clinical modeling, current laboratory approaches to study experimental TBI and lung infections are reviewed, to highlight findings from the limited key studies to date that have incorporated both insults. Then, practical decisions for the experimental design of animal studies of post-injury infections are discussed. Variables associated with the host animal, the infectious agent (e.g., species, strain, dose, and administration route), as well as the timing of the infection relative to the injury model are important considerations for model development. Together, the purpose of this review is to highlight the significant clinical need for increased pre-clinical research into the two-hit insult of a hospital-acquired infection after TBI to encourage further scientific enquiry in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bridgette D Semple
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine (Royal Melbourne Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Haas A, Chung J, Kent C, Mills B, McCoy M. Vertebral Subluxation and Systems Biology: An Integrative Review Exploring the Salutogenic Influence of Chiropractic Care on the Neuroendocrine-Immune System. Cureus 2024; 16:e56223. [PMID: 38618450 PMCID: PMC11016242 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper we synthesize an expansive body of literature examining the multifaceted influence of chiropractic care on processes within and modulators of the neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) system, for the purpose of generating an inductive hypothesis regarding the potential impacts of chiropractic care on integrated physiology. Taking a broad, interdisciplinary, and integrative view of two decades of research-documented outcomes of chiropractic care, inclusive of reports ranging from systematic and meta-analysis and randomized and observational trials to case and cohort studies, this review encapsulates a rigorous analysis of research and suggests the appropriateness of a more integrative perspective on the impact of chiropractic care on systemic physiology. A novel perspective on the salutogenic, health-promoting effects of chiropractic adjustment is presented, focused on the improvement of physical indicators of well-being and adaptability such as blood pressure, heart rate variability, and sleep, potential benefits that may be facilitated through multiple neurologically mediated pathways. Our findings support the biological plausibility of complex benefits from chiropractic intervention that is not limited to simple neuromusculoskeletal outcomes and open new avenues for future research, specifically the exploration and mapping of the precise neural pathways and networks influenced by chiropractic adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Haas
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Jonathan Chung
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Christopher Kent
- Research, Sherman College, Spartanburg, USA
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Brooke Mills
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
| | - Matthew McCoy
- Research, Foundation for Vertebral Subluxation, Kennesaw, USA
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Jung B, Yang C, Lee SH. Vagus Nerves Stimulation: Clinical Implication and Practical Issue as a Neuropsychiatric Treatment. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:13-22. [PMID: 38247408 PMCID: PMC10811398 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been approved as an adjunctive treatment for epilepsy and depression. As the progress of VNS treatment for these neuropsychiatric disorders continues, its applications have expanded to a wide range of conditions, including inflammatory diseases to cognitive dysfunctions. The branches of the vagal nerves directly or indirectly innervate the anatomical structures implicated in these neuropsychiatric conditions, which has led to promising results regarding the effectiveness of VNS. Previous studies investigating the effectiveness of VNS have mostly utilized invasive forms of stimulation. However, current preclinical and clinical research indicates that non-invasive forms of VNS, such as transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation, hold the promise for treating various neuropsychiatric conditions. This review aims to delve into relevant clinical studies of VNS in various illness states, different methods of VNS, and the potential mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects in these neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bori Jung
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Psychology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeyeon Yang
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Inje University, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
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Gerdle B, Dahlqvist Leinhard O, Lund E, Lundberg P, Forsgren MF, Ghafouri B. Pain and the biochemistry of fibromyalgia: patterns of peripheral cytokines and chemokines contribute to the differentiation between fibromyalgia and controls and are associated with pain, fat infiltration and content. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1288024. [PMID: 38304854 PMCID: PMC10830731 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1288024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This explorative study analyses interrelationships between peripheral compounds in saliva, plasma, and muscles together with body composition variables in healthy subjects and in fibromyalgia patients (FM). There is a need to better understand the extent cytokines and chemokines are associated with body composition and which cytokines and chemokines differentiate FM from healthy controls. Methods Here, 32 female FM patients and 30 age-matched female healthy controls underwent a clinical examination that included blood sample, saliva samples, and pain threshold tests. In addition, the subjects completed a health questionnaire. From these blood and saliva samples, a panel of 68 mainly cytokines and chemokines were determined. Microdialysis of trapezius and erector spinae muscles, phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy of erector spinae muscle, and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging for determination of body composition (BC)-i.e., muscle volume, fat content and infiltration-were also performed. Results After standardizing BC measurements to remove the confounding effect of Body Mass Index, fat infiltration and content are generally increased, and fat-free muscle volume is decreased in FM. Mainly saliva proteins differentiated FM from controls. When including all investigated compounds and BC variables, fat infiltration and content variables were most important, followed by muscle compounds and cytokines and chemokines from saliva and plasma. Various plasma proteins correlated positively with pain intensity in FM and negatively with pain thresholds in all subjects taken together. A mix of increased plasma cytokines and chemokines correlated with an index covering fat infiltration and content in different tissues. When muscle compounds were included in the analysis, several of these were identified as the most important regressors, although many plasma and saliva proteins remained significant. Discussion Peripheral factors were important for group differentiation between FM and controls. In saliva (but not plasma), cytokines and chemokines were significantly associated with group membership as saliva compounds were increased in FM. The importance of peripheral factors for group differentiation increased when muscle compounds and body composition variables were also included. Plasma proteins were important for pain intensity and sensitivity. Cytokines and chemokines mainly from plasma were also significantly and positively associated with a fat infiltration and content index. Conclusion Our findings of associations between cytokines and chemokines and fat infiltration and content in different tissues confirm that inflammation and immune factors are secreted from adipose tissue. FM is clearly characterized by complex interactions between peripheral tissues and the peripheral and central nervous systems, including nociceptive, immune, and neuroendocrine processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping, Sweden
| | - Olof Dahlqvist Leinhard
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping, Sweden
- Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eva Lund
- Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundberg
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Radiation Physics, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Fredrik Forsgren
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping, Sweden
- Radiation Physics, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- AMRA Medical AB, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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10
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Danilov AB, Kukushkin ML, Suponeva NA, Amelin AV, Zhivolupov SA, Shirokov VA, Davydov OS, Strokov IA, Churyukanov MV, Kozlov IG. [Role and place of ipidacrine in the therapy of diseases of the peripheral nervous system. The resolution of the expert council]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:158-164. [PMID: 38465826 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2024124021158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The resolution of the expert council is devoted to discussing aspects of the use of ipidacrine for the treatment of mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies and radiculopathies of various etiologies. Specialists prepared recommendations for ipidacrine's application in treating peripheral nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Danilov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - M L Kukushkin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - A V Amelin
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - V A Shirokov
- Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene, Mytishchi, Russia
| | - O S Davydov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I A Strokov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - M V Churyukanov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - I G Kozlov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
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11
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Rahman A, Russell M, Zheng W, Eckrich D, Ahmed I. SARS-CoV-2 Infection is Associated with an Increase in New Diagnoses of Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorder: A Study Using the US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.12.05.23299473. [PMID: 38106125 PMCID: PMC10723510 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.23299473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Amid the ongoing global repercussions of SARS-CoV-2, it's crucial to comprehend its potential long-term psychiatric effects. Several recent studies have suggested a link between COVID-19 and subsequent mental health disorders. Our investigation joins this exploration, concentrating on Schizophrenia Spectrum and Psychotic Disorders (SSPD). Different from other studies, we took acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 lab negative cohorts as control groups to accurately gauge the impact of COVID-19 on SSPD. Data from 19,344,698 patients, sourced from the N3C Data Enclave platform, were methodically filtered to create propensity matched cohorts: ARDS (n = 222,337), COVID-positive (n = 219,264), and COVID-negative (n = 213,183). We systematically analyzed the hazard rate of new-onset SSPD across three distinct time intervals: 0-21 days, 22-90 days, and beyond 90 days post-infection. COVID-19 positive patients consistently exhibited a heightened hazard ratio (HR) across all intervals [0-21 days (HR: 4.6; CI: 3.7-5.7), 22-90 days (HR: 2.9; CI: 2.3 -3.8), beyond 90 days (HR: 1.7; CI: 1.5-1.)]. These are notably higher than both ARDS and COVID-19 lab-negative patients. Validations using various tests, including the Cochran Mantel Haenszel Test, Wald Test, and Log-rank Test confirmed these associations. Intriguingly, our data indicated that younger individuals face a heightened risk of SSPD after contracting COVID-19, a trend not observed in the ARDS and COVID-negative groups. These results, aligned with the known neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and earlier studies, accentuate the need for vigilant psychiatric assessment and support in the era of Long-COVID, especially among younger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Rahman
- Department of Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael Russell
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Wanhong Zheng
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Imtiaz Ahmed
- Department of Industrial & Management Systems Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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12
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Li S, Zhao L, Xiao J, Guo Y, Fu R, Zhang Y, Xu S. The gut microbiome: an important role in neurodegenerative diseases and their therapeutic advances. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6. [PMID: 37787835 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04853-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
There are complex interactions between the gut and the brain. With increasing research on the relationship between gut microbiota and brain function, accumulated clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that gut microbiota is intimately involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). Increasingly studies are beginning to focus on the association between gut microbiota and central nervous system (CNS) degenerative pathologies to find potential therapies for these refractory diseases. In this review, we summarize the changes in the gut microbiota in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and contribute to our understanding of the function of the gut microbiota in NDs and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis. We subsequently discuss therapeutic approaches targeting gut microbial abnormalities in these diseases, including antibiotics, diet, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Furthermore, we summarize some completed and ongoing clinical trials of interventions with gut microbes for NDs, which may provide new ideas for studying NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Li
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuying Guo
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Fu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunsha Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.
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13
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Zaghloul N, Cohen NS, Ayasolla KR, Li HL, Kurepa D, Ahmed MN. Galantamine ameliorates hyperoxia-induced brain injury in neonatal mice. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:890015. [PMID: 37424990 PMCID: PMC10323435 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.890015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Prolonged oxygen therapy in preterm infants often leads to cognitive impairment. Hyperoxia leads to excess free radical production with subsequent neuroinflammation, astrogliosis, microgliosis and apoptosis. We hypothesized that Galantamine, an acetyl choline esterase inhibitor and an FDA approved treatment of Alzheimer's disease, will reduce hyperoxic brain injury in neonatal mice and will improve learning and memory. Methods Mouse pups at postnatal day 1 (P1) were placed in a hyperoxia chamber (FiO2 95%) for 7 days. Pups were injected IP daily with Galantamine (5 mg/kg/dose) or saline for 7 days. Results Hyperoxia caused significant neurodegeneration in cholinergic nuclei of the basal forebrain cholinergic system (BFCS), laterodorsal tegmental (LDT) nucleus and nucleus ambiguus (NA). Galantamine ameliorated this neuronal loss. Treated hyperoxic group showed a significant increase of choline acetyl transferase (ChAT) expression and a decrease of acetyl choline esterase activity, thus increasing acetyl choline levels in hyperoxia environment. Hyperoxia increased pro-inflammatory cytokines namely IL -1β, IL-6 and TNF α, HMGB1, NF-κB activation. Galantamine showed its potent anti- inflammatory effect, by blunting cytokines surges among treated group. Treatment with Galantamine increased myelination while reducing apoptosis, microgliosis, astrogliosis and ROS production. Long term neurobehavioral outcomes at P60 showed improved locomotor activity, coordination, learning and memory, along with increased hippocampal volumes on MRI with Galantamine treated versus non treated hyperoxia group. Conclusion Together our findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for Galantamine in attenuating hyperoxia-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Zaghloul
- Steele Children's Research Center, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Naomi S. Cohen
- Neonatology Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | - Hsiu-Ling Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dalibor Kurepa
- Neonatology Research Laboratory, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Mohamed N. Ahmed
- Steele Children's Research Center, Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Erin N, Szallasi A. Carcinogenesis and Metastasis: Focus on TRPV1-Positive Neurons and Immune Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:983. [PMID: 37371563 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Both sensory neurons and immune cells, albeit at markedly different levels, express the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor, Transient Receptor Potential, Vanilloid-1 (TRPV1). Activation of TRPV1 channels in sensory afferent nerve fibers induces local effector functions by releasing neuropeptides (most notably, substance P) which, in turn, trigger neurogenic inflammation. There is good evidence that chronic activation or inactivation of this inflammatory pathway can modify tumor growth and metastasis. TRPV1 expression was also demonstrated in a variety of mammalian immune cells, including lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Therefore, the effects of TRPV1 agonists and antagonists may vary depending on the prominent cell type(s) activated and/or inhibited. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of TRPV1 activity on immune cells and nerve endings in distinct locations is necessary to predict the outcome of therapies targeting TRPV1 channels. Here, we review the neuro-immune modulation of cancer growth and metastasis, with focus on the consequences of TRPV1 activation in nerve fibers and immune cells. Lastly, the potential use of TRPV1 modulators in cancer therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Erin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Immuno-Oncology Unit, School of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Arpad Szallasi
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Occhinegro A, McAllen RM, McKinley MJ, Martelli D. Acute Inhibition of Inflammation Mediated by Sympathetic Nerves: The Inflammatory Reflex. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:135-142. [PMID: 37302390 PMCID: PMC10428141 DOI: 10.1159/000531469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will try to convince the readers that the immune system is controlled by an endogenous neural reflex, termed inflammatory reflex, that inhibits the acute immune response during the course of a systemic immune challenge. We will analyse here the contribution of different sympathetic nerves as possible efferent arms of the inflammatory reflex. We will discuss the evidence that demonstrates that neither the splenic sympathetic nerves nor the hepatic sympathetic nerves are necessary for the endogenous neural reflex inhibition of inflammation. We will discuss the contribution of the adrenal glands to the reflex control of inflammation, noting that the neurally mediated release of catecholamines in the systemic circulation is responsible for the enhancement of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) but not of the inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor α (TNF). We will conclude by reviewing the evidence that demonstrates that the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway, composed by preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic splanchnic fibres with different target organs, including the spleen and the adrenal glands, is the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex. During the course of a systemic immune challenge, the splanchnic anti-inflammatory pathway is endogenously activated to inhibit the TNF and enhance the IL-10 response, independently, presumably acting on separate populations of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Occhinegro
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Robin M. McAllen
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael J. McKinley
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Davide Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Chen Y, Liu Z, Gong Y. Neuron-immunity communication: mechanism of neuroprotective effects in EGCG. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37216484 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2212069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a naturally occurring active ingredient unique to tea, has been shown to have neuroprotective potential. There is growing evidence of its potential advantages in the prevention and treatment of neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and neurological damage. Neuroimmune communication is an important physiological mechanism in neurological diseases, including immune cell activation and response, cytokine delivery. EGCG shows great neuroprotective potential by modulating signals related to autoimmune response and improving communication between the nervous system and the immune system, effectively reducing the inflammatory state and neurological function. During neuroimmune communication, EGCG promotes the secretion of neurotrophic factors into the repair of damaged neurons, improves intestinal microenvironmental homeostasis, and ameliorates pathological phenotypes through molecular and cellular mechanisms related to the brain-gut axis. Here, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of inflammatory signaling exchange involving neuroimmune communication. We further emphasize that the neuroprotective role of EGCG is dependent on the modulatory role between immunity and neurology in neurologically related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Educatioxn, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Educatioxn, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Education Ministry for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Gene Resources of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yushun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Educatioxn, Changsha, China
- National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, Changsha, China
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17
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Falvey A, Palandira SP, Chavan SS, Brines M, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Electrical stimulation of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus regulates inflammation without affecting the heart rate. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.17.541191. [PMID: 37292846 PMCID: PMC10245723 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.17.541191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background The vagus nerve plays an important role in neuroimmune interactions and in the regulation of inflammation. A major source of efferent vagus nerve fibers that contribute to the regulation of inflammation is the brainstem dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMN) as recently shown using optogenetics. In contrast to optogenetics, electrical neuromodulation has broad therapeutic implications, but the anti-inflammatory efficacy of electrical DMN stimulation (eDMNS) was not previously investigated. Here, we examined the effects of eDMNS on heart rate (HR) and cytokine levels in murine endotoxemia as well as the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Methods Anesthetized male 8-10-week-old C57BL/6 mice on a stereotaxic frame were subjected to eDMNS using a concentric bipolar electrode inserted into the left or right DMN or sham stimulation. eDMNS (50, 250 or 500 μA and 30 Hz, for 1 min) was performed and HR recorded. In endotoxemia experiments, sham or eDMNS utilizing 250 μA or 50 μA was performed for 5 mins and was followed by LPS (0.5 mg/kg) i.p. administration. eDMNS was also applied in mice with cervical unilateral vagotomy or sham operation. In CLP experiments sham or left eDMNS was performed immediately post CLP. Cytokines and corticosterone were analyzed 90 mins after LPS administration or 24h after CLP. CLP survival was monitored for 14 days. Results Either left or right eDMNS at 250 μA and 500 μA decreased HR, compared with pre- and post-stimulation. This effect was not observed at 50 μA. Left side eDMNS at 50 μA, compared with sham stimulation, significantly decreased serum and splenic levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and increased serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 during endotoxemia. The anti-inflammatory effect of eDMNS was abrogated in mice with unilateral vagotomy and were not associated with serum corticosterone alterations. Right side eDMNS suppressed serum TNF levels but had no effects on serum IL-10 and on splenic cytokines. In mice with CLP, left side eDMNS suppressed serum TNF and IL-6, as well as splenic IL-6 and increased splenic IL-10 and significantly improved the survival rate of CLP mice. Conclusions For the first time we show that a regimen of eDMNS which does not cause bradycardia alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and these effects require an intact vagus nerve and are not associated with corticosteroid alterations. eDMNS also decreases inflammation and improves survival in a model of polymicrobial sepsis. These findings are of interest for further studies exploring bioelectronic anti-inflammatory approaches targeting the brainstem DMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Falvey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Santhoshi P. Palandira
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Sangeeta S. Chavan
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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18
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Seesing MFJ, Janssen HJB, Geraedts TCM, Weijs TJ, van Ark I, Leusink-Muis T, Folkerts G, Garssen J, Ruurda JP, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, van Hillegersberg R, Luyer MDP. Exploring the Modulatory Effect of High-Fat Nutrition on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Vagotomized Rats and the Role of the Vagus Nerve. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102327. [PMID: 37242210 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
During esophagectomy, the vagus nerve is transected, which may add to the development of postoperative complications. The vagus nerve has been shown to attenuate inflammation and can be activated by a high-fat nutrition via the release of acetylcholine. This binds to α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) and inhibits α7nAChR-expressing inflammatory cells. This study investigates the role of the vagus nerve and the effect of high-fat nutrition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury in rats. Firstly, 48 rats were randomized in 4 groups as follows: sham (sparing vagus nerve), abdominal (selective) vagotomy, cervical vagotomy and cervical vagotomy with an α7nAChR-agonist. Secondly, 24 rats were randomized in 3 groups as follows: sham, sham with an α7nAChR-antagonist and cervical vagotomy with an α7nAChR-antagonist. Finally, 24 rats were randomized in 3 groups as follows: fasting, high-fat nutrition before sham and high-fat nutrition before selective vagotomy. Abdominal (selective) vagotomy did not impact histopathological lung injury (LIS) compared with the control (sham) group (p > 0.999). There was a trend in aggravation of LIS after cervical vagotomy (p = 0.051), even after an α7nAChR-agonist (p = 0.090). Cervical vagotomy with an α7nAChR-antagonist aggravated lung injury (p = 0.004). Furthermore, cervical vagotomy increased macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and negatively impacted pulmonary function. Other inflammatory cells, TNF-α and IL-6, in the BALF and serum were unaffected. High-fat nutrition reduced LIS after sham (p = 0.012) and selective vagotomy (p = 0.002) compared to fasting. vagotomy. This study underlines the role of the vagus nerve in lung injury and shows that vagus nerve stimulation using high-fat nutrition is effective in reducing lung injury, even after selective vagotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten F J Seesing
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tessa C M Geraedts
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Teus J Weijs
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid van Ark
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Leusink-Muis
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research & Innovation, Immunology, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle P Ruurda
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard van Hillegersberg
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha D P Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, 5623 Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Salgado HC, Brognara F, Ribeiro AB, Lataro RM, Castania JA, Ulloa L, Kanashiro A. Autonomic Regulation of Inflammation in Conscious Animals. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:102-112. [PMID: 37232031 DOI: 10.1159/000530908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioelectronic medicine is a novel field in modern medicine based on the specific neuronal stimulation to control organ function, cardiovascular, and immune homeostasis. However, most studies addressing neuromodulation of the immune system have been conducted on anesthetized animals, which can affect the nervous system and neuromodulation. Here, we review recent studies involving conscious experimental rodents (rats and mice) to better understand the functional organization of neural control of immune homeostasis. We highlight typical experimental models of cardiovascular regulation, such as electrical activation of the aortic depressor nerve or the carotid sinus nerve, bilateral carotid occlusion, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex, and intravenous administration of the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. These models have been used to investigate the relationship between neuromodulation of the cardiovascular and immune systems in conscious rodents (rats and mice). These studies provide critical information about the neuromodulation of the immune system, particularly the role of the autonomic nervous system, i.e., the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches acting both centrally (hypothalamus, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus tractus solitarius, caudal ventrolateral medulla, and rostral ventrolateral medulla), and peripherally (particularly spleen and adrenal medulla). Overall, the studies in conscious experimental models have certainly highlighted to the reader how the methodological approaches used to investigate cardiovascular reflexes in conscious rodents (rats and mice) can also be valuable for investigating the neural mechanisms involved in inflammatory responses. The reviewed studies have clinical implications for future therapeutic approaches of bioelectronic modulation of the nervous system to control organ function and physiological homeostasis in conscious physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio Cesar Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Nursing, General and Specialized, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Maria Lataro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jaci Airton Castania
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin Medical Sciences Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Hosomoto K, Sasaki T, Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Sasada S, Kin I, Kuwahara K, Kawauchi S, Okazaki Y, Yabuno S, Sugahara C, Kawai K, Nagase T, Tanimoto S, Borlongan CV, Date I. Continuous vagus nerve stimulation exerts beneficial effects on rats with experimentally induced Parkinson's disease: Evidence suggesting involvement of a vagal afferent pathway. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:594-603. [PMID: 36914065 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models of central nervous system disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD). VNS setting applied for experimental models is limited into single-time or intermittent short-duration stimulation. We developed a VNS device which could deliver continuous stimulation for rats. To date, the effects of vagal afferent- or efferent-selective stimulation on PD using continuous electrical stimulation remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of continuous and selective stimulation of vagal afferent or efferent fiber on Parkinsonian rats. METHODS Rats were divided into 5 group: intact VNS, afferent VNS (left VNS in the presence of left caudal vagotomy), efferent VNS (left VNS in the presence of left rostral vagotomy), sham, vagotomy. Rats underwent the implantation of cuff-electrode on left vagus nerve and 6-hydroxydopamine administration into the left striatum simultaneously. Electrical stimulation was delivered just after 6-OHDA administration and continued for 14 days. In afferent VNS and efferent VNS group, the vagus nerve was dissected at distal or proximal portion of cuff-electrode to imitate the selective stimulation of afferent or efferent vagal fiber respectively. RESULTS Intact VNS and afferent VNS reduced the behavioral impairments in cylinder test and methamphetamine-induced rotation test, which were accompanied by reduced inflammatory glial cells in substantia nigra with the increased density of the rate limiting enzyme in locus coeruleus. In contrast, efferent VNS did not exert any therapeutic effects. CONCLUSION Continuous VNS promoted neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect in experimental PD, highlighting the crucial role of the afferent vagal pathway in mediating these therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakeru Hosomoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Sasada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ittetsu Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kuwahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawauchi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Satoru Yabuno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chiaki Sugahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koji Kawai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nagase
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shun Tanimoto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL, 33611, USA
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
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Guo TT, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Zhu RY, Wang FX, Ma LJ, Jiang L, Liu HD. Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040930. [PMID: 36839287 PMCID: PMC9960062 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent type of neurodegenerative disease. There is mounting evidence that the gut microbiota is involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Sodium butyrate (NaB) can regulate gut microbiota and improve brain functioning in neurological disorders. Hence, we examined whether the neuroprotective function of NaB on PD was mediated by the modulation of gut microbial dysbiosis and revealed its possible mechanisms. Mice were administered 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 consecutive days to construct the PD model. NaB gavage was given 2 h after the daily MPTP injections for 21 days. NaB improved the motor functioning of PD mice, increased striatal neurotransmitter levels, and reduced the death of dopaminergic neurons. The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that NaB restored the gut microbial dysbiosis. NaB also attenuated the intestinal barrier's disruption and reduced serum, colon, and striatal pro-inflammatory cytokines, along with inhibiting the overactivation of glial cells, suggesting an inhibitory effect on inflammation from NaB throughout the gut-brain axis of the PD mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that NaB treatment suppressed the TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB pathway in the colon and striatum. In summary, NaB had a neuroprotective impact on the PD mice, likely linked to its regulation of gut microbiota to inhibit gut-brain axis inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Tong Guo
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Rui-Yang Zhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fei-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lian-Ju Ma
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Han-Deng Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-23-65712090
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22
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Oshaghi M, Kourosh-Arami M, Roozbehkia M. Role of neurotransmitters in immune-mediated inflammatory disorders: a crosstalk between the nervous and immune systems. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:99-113. [PMID: 36169755 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are a group of common heterogeneous disorders, characterized by an alteration of cellular homeostasis. Primarily, it has been shown that the release and diffusion of neurotransmitters from nervous tissue could result in signaling through lymphocyte cell-surface receptors and the modulation of immune function. This finding led to the idea that the neurotransmitters could serve as immunomodulators. It is now manifested that neurotransmitters can also be released from leukocytes and act as autocrine or paracrine modulators. Increasing data indicate that there is a crosstalk between inflammation and alterations in neurotransmission. The primary goal of this review is to demonstrate how these two pathways may converge at the level of the neuron and glia to involve in IMID. We review the role of neurotransmitters in IMID. The different effects that these compounds exert on a variety of immune cells are also reviewed. Current and future developments in understanding the cross-talk between the immune and nervous systems will undoubtedly identify new ways for treating immune-mediated diseases utilizing agonists or antagonists of neurotransmitter receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Roozbehkia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Palandira SP, Carrion J, Turecki L, Falvey A, Zeng Q, Liu H, Tsaava T, Herschberg D, Brines M, Chavan SS, Chang EH, Vo A, Ma Y, Metz CN, Al-Abed Y, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. A dual tracer [ 11C]PBR28 and [ 18F]FDG microPET evaluation of neuroinflammation and brain energy metabolism in murine endotoxemia. Bioelectron Med 2022; 8:18. [PMID: 36451231 PMCID: PMC9710165 DOI: 10.1186/s42234-022-00101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metabolic alterations and neuroinflammation have been reported in several peripheral inflammatory conditions and present significant potential for targeting with new diagnostic approaches and treatments. However, non-invasive evaluation of these alterations remains a challenge. METHODS Here, we studied the utility of a micro positron emission tomography (microPET) dual tracer ([11C]PBR28 - for microglial activation and [18F]FDG for energy metabolism) approach to assess brain dysfunction, including neuroinflammation in murine endotoxemia. MicroPET imaging data were subjected to advanced conjunction and individual analyses, followed by post-hoc analysis. RESULTS There were significant increases in [11C]PBR28 and [18F]FDG uptake in the hippocampus of C57BL/6 J mice 6 h following LPS (2 mg/kg) intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration compared with saline administration. These results confirmed previous postmortem observations. In addition, patterns of significant simultaneous activation were demonstrated in the hippocampus, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus in parallel with other tracer-specific and region-specific alterations. These changes were observed in the presence of robust systemic inflammatory responses manifested by significantly increased serum cytokine levels. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings demonstrate the applicability of [11C]PBR28 - [18F]FDG dual tracer microPET imaging for assessing neuroinflammation and brain metabolic alterations in conditions "classically" characterized by peripheral inflammatory and metabolic pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Carrion
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Turecki
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Aidan Falvey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Qiong Zeng
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Dov Herschberg
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Eric H Chang
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - An Vo
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Yilong Ma
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Christine N Metz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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24
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Gerdle B, Wåhlén K, Gordh T, Bäckryd E, Carlsson A, Ghafouri B. Plasma proteins from several components of the immune system differentiate chronic widespread pain patients from healthy controls - an exploratory case-control study combining targeted and non-targeted protein identification. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31013. [PMID: 36401429 PMCID: PMC9678582 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic widespread pain (CWP), including fibromyalgia (FM), is characterized by generalized musculoskeletal pain and hyperalgesia. Plasma proteins from proteomics (non-targeted) and from targeted inflammatory panels (cytokines/chemokines) differentiate CWP/FM from controls. The importance of proteins obtained from these two sources, the protein-protein association network, and the biological processes involved were investigated. Plasma proteins from women with CWP (n = 15) and CON (n = 23) were analyzed using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis and a multiplex proximity extension assay for analysis of cytokines/chemokines. Associations between the proteins and group were multivarietly analyzed. The protein-protein association network and the biological processes according to the Gene Ontology were investigated. Proteins from both sources were important for group differentiation; the majority from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis. 58 proteins significantly differentiated the two groups (R2 = 0.83). A significantly enriched network was found; biological processes were acute phase response, complement activation, and innate immune response. As with other studies, this study shows that plasma proteins can differentiate CWP from healthy subjects. Focusing on cytokines/chemokines is not sufficient to grasp the peripheral biological processes that maintain CWP/FM since our results show that other components of the immune and inflammation systems are also highly significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Gerdle
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Björn Gerdle, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden (e-mail: )
| | - Karin Wåhlén
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Torsten Gordh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emmanuel Bäckryd
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Carlsson
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Bijar Ghafouri
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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25
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Pavlov VA, Tracey KJ. Bioelectronic medicine: Preclinical insights and clinical advances. Neuron 2022; 110:3627-3644. [PMID: 36174571 PMCID: PMC10155266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system maintains homeostasis and health. Homeostatic disruptions underlying the pathobiology of many diseases can be controlled by bioelectronic devices targeting CNS and peripheral neural circuits. New insights into the regulatory functions of the nervous system and technological developments in bioelectronics drive progress in the emerging field of bioelectronic medicine. Here, we provide an overview of key aspects of preclinical research, translation, and clinical advances in bioelectronic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA; Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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26
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Xie X, Zhang N, Fu J, Wang Z, Ye Z, Liu Z. The potential for traditional Chinese therapy in treating sleep disorders caused by COVID-19 through the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1009527. [PMID: 36299906 PMCID: PMC9589290 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1009527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2019, it has spread rapidly across the globe. Sleep disorders caused by COVID-19 have become a major concern for COVID-19 patients and recovered patients. So far, there’s no effective therapy on this. Traditional Chinese therapy (TCT) has a great effect on sleep disorders, with rare side effects and no obvious withdrawal symptoms. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, a neuroregulatory pathway in the central nervous system that uses cholinergic neurons and neurotransmitters to suppress inflammatory responses, has been reported to be associated with sleep disorders and psychiatric symptoms. Many studies have shown that TCT activates the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP), inhibits inflammation, and relieves associated symptoms. Therefore, we believe that TCT may be a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate sleep disorders induced by COVID-19 through CAP. In this review, we analyzed the relationship between cytokine storm induced by Coronavirus and sleep disorders, explained the influence of CAP on sleep disorders, discussed the TCT’s effect on CAP, and summarized the treatment effect of TCT on sleep disorders. Based on these practical researches and theoretical basis, we propose potential strategies to effectively improve the sleep disorders caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Xie
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, China
| | - Nana Zhang
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingya Fu
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, China
| | - Zhenzhi Wang
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xian yang, China
| | - Zirun Ye
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Institute of Regenerative and Reconstructive Medicine, Med-X Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Zhijun Liu,
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27
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Battaglin F, Jayachandran P, Strelez C, Lenz A, Algaze S, Soni S, Lo JH, Yang Y, Millstein J, Zhang W, Roussos Torres ET, Shih JC, Mumenthaler SM, Neman J, Lenz HJ. Neurotransmitter signaling: a new frontier in colorectal cancer biology and treatment. Oncogene 2022; 41:4769-4778. [PMID: 36182970 PMCID: PMC10591256 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The brain-gut axis, a bidirectional network between the central and enteric nervous system, plays a critical role in modulating the gastrointestinal tract function and homeostasis. Recently, increasing evidence suggests that neuronal signaling molecules can promote gastrointestinal cancers, however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Aberrant expression of neurotransmitter signaling genes in colorectal cancer supports the role of neurotransmitters to stimulate tumor growth and metastatic spread by promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis. In addition, neurotransmitters can interact with immune and endothelial cells in the tumor microenvironment to promote inflammation and tumor progression. As such, pharmacological targeting of neurotransmitter signaling represent a promising novel anticancer approach. Here, we present an overview of the current evidence supporting the role of neurotransmitters in colorectal cancer biology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Priya Jayachandran
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carly Strelez
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Annika Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandra Algaze
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae Ho Lo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Millstein
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wu Zhang
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Evanthia T Roussos Torres
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Mumenthaler
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Josh Neman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, USC Brain Tumor Center, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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28
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Yasmin F, Sahito AM, Mir SL, Khatri G, Shaikh S, Gul A, Hassan SA, Koritala T, Surani S. Electrical neuromodulation therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2022; 13:128-142. [PMID: 36187600 PMCID: PMC9516456 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v13.i5.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It has financial and quality of life impact on patients. Although there has been a significant advancement in treatments, a considerable number of patients do not respond to it or have severe side effects. Therapeutic approaches such as electrical neuromodulation are being investigated to provide alternate options. Although bioelectric neuromodulation technology has evolved significantly in the last decade, sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for fecal incontinence remains the only neuromodulation protocol commonly utilized use for GI disease. For IBD treatment, several electrical neuromodulation techniques have been studied, such as vagus NS, SNS, and tibial NS. Several animal and clinical experiments were conducted to study the effectiveness, with encouraging results. The precise underlying mechanisms of action for electrical neuromodulation are unclear, but this modality appears to be promising. Randomized control trials are required to investigate the efficacy of intrinsic processes. In this review, we will discuss the electrical modulation therapy for the IBD and the data pertaining to it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Yasmin
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Moiz Sahito
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Lamiya Mir
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Govinda Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Somina Shaikh
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan
| | - Ambresha Gul
- Department of Medicine, People’s University of Medical and Health Sciences, Nawabshah 67480, Pakistan
| | - Syed Adeel Hassan
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louiseville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Thoyaja Koritala
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY 55902, United States
| | - Salim Surani
- Department of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, United States
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Yu J, Zhang RF, Mao YL. Cerebellar fastigial nucleus electrostimulation attenuates inflammation in a Post-Infarction rat model by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathways. Neurosci Lett 2022; 788:136860. [PMID: 36041546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are negative correlations between indices of heart rate variability (HRV) and markers of inflammation. The inflammation plays an important role in myocardial damages after myocardial infarction (MI). Our previous study found that fastigial nucleus electrostimulation (FNS) improved abnormal HRV in a rat model of MI. Whether and how it can reduce inflammation and improve cardiac function after MI and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. 66 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: i) Sham operation group (Sham); ii) Myocardial infarction group (MI); iii) FNS+MI group (FNS plus MI): left fastigial nucleus electrostimulation; iv) FNL+FNS+MI group (left fastigial nucleus lesion plus FNS plus MI). The serum expressions of acetylcholine (ACh), pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 after FNS were measured using ELISA. Subsequently, the infarct size, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, the fibrotic area, and cardiac function were also evaluated. Additionally, the effects of FNS on the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP)-related proteins expression were determined by Western blot. We found that FNS significantly upregulated ACh and IL-10 expressions in serum, and decreased TNF-α and IL-6 levels. FNS significantly attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and infarct size, decreased fibrosis, increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and reduced mortality. Besides, the levels of p-STAT3/STAT3 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB significantly elevated after MI. FNS down-regulated the expression of p-STAT3/STAT3 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB. The protective effects of FNS were partially reversed by the fastigial nucleus lesion. Our data suggested that FNS can alleviate the inflammation after MI, and its cardiac neuroprotective mechanism may be achieved by increasing vagus tone, releasing ACh, and further activating the CAP via α7nAChR. The precise mechanism remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China; Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China
| | - Run-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yi-Li Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Mianyang/Sichuan Mental Health Center, Mianyang 621000, Sichuan, China
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Elkholey K, Niewiadomska M, Morris L, Whyte S, Houser J, Humphrey MB, Stavrakis S. Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Ameliorates the Phenotype of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Through Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects. Circ Heart Fail 2022; 15:e009288. [PMID: 35862007 PMCID: PMC9388556 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.122.009288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A systemic proinflammatory state plays a central role in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Low-level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (LLTS) suppresses inflammation in animals and humans, mediated by an α7nAchR (alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor)-dependent pathway. We examined the effects of LLTS on cardiac function, inflammation, and fibrosis in the presence of α7nAchR pharmacological blockade in a rat model of HFpEF. METHODS Dahl salt-sensitive rats at 7 weeks of age were treated with high-salt diet for 6 weeks to induce HFpEF, followed by 4 weeks of (1) LLTS, (2) LLTS with the α7nAchR blocker methyllycaconitine, (3) sham, and (4) olmesartan. Blood pressure, cardiac function by echocardiography, heart rate variability, and serum cytokines were measured at 13 and 17 weeks of age. Cardiac fibrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and gene expression were determined at 17 weeks. RESULTS LLTS attenuated the increase in blood pressure; improved cardiac function; decreased inflammatory cytokines, macrophage infiltration, and fibrosis; and improved survival compared with other groups. Methyllycaconitine attenuated these effects, whereas olmesartan did not improve cardiac function or fibrosis despite maintaining similar blood pressure as LLTS. Heart rate variability was similarly improved in the LLTS and LLTS plus methyllycaconitine groups but remained low in the other groups. LLTS reversed the dysregulated inflammatory signaling pathways in HFpEF hearts. CONCLUSIONS Neuromodulation with LLTS improved cardiac function in a rat model of HFpEF through its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. These results provide the basis for further clinical trials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Elkholey
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine (K.E., M.N., L.M., S.W., S.S.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Monika Niewiadomska
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine (K.E., M.N., L.M., S.W., S.S.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Lynsie Morris
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine (K.E., M.N., L.M., S.W., S.S.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Seabrook Whyte
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine (K.E., M.N., L.M., S.W., S.S.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Jeremy Houser
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine (J.H., M.B.H.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Mary Beth Humphrey
- Rheumatology Section, Department of Medicine (J.H., M.B.H.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Stavros Stavrakis
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Medicine (K.E., M.N., L.M., S.W., S.S.), University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City
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Kelly MJ, Breathnach C, Tracey KJ, Donnelly SC. Manipulation of the inflammatory reflex as a therapeutic strategy. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100696. [PMID: 35858588 PMCID: PMC9381415 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is the efferent arm of the inflammatory reflex, a neural circuit through which the CNS can modulate peripheral immune responses. Signals communicated via the vagus and splenic nerves use acetylcholine, produced by Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ T cells, to downregulate the inflammatory actions of macrophages expressing α7 nicotinic receptors. Pre-clinical studies using transgenic animals, cholinergic agonists, vagotomy, and vagus nerve stimulation have demonstrated this pathway's role and therapeutic potential in numerous inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize what is understood about the inflammatory reflex. We also demonstrate how pre-clinical findings are being translated into promising clinical trials, and we draw particular attention to innovative bioelectronic methods of harnessing the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Kelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Seamas C Donnelly
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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32
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Ahmad F. Medicinal nicotine in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome, the new corticosteroid. World J Crit Care Med 2022; 11:228-235. [PMID: 36051943 PMCID: PMC9305679 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i4.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) refers to the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system. Existence of this pathway was first demonstrated when acetylcholinesterase inhibitors showed benefits in animal models of sepsis. CAP functions via the vagus nerve. The systemic anti-inflammatory effects of CAP converges on the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on splenic macrophages, leading to suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and simultaneous stimulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 10. CAP offers a novel mechanism to mitigate inflammation. Electrical vagal nerve stimulation has shown benefits in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. Direct agonists like nicotine and GTS-1 have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in models of sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, as have acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like Galantamine and Physostigmine. Experience with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) induced acute respiratory distress syndrome indicates that immunomodulators have a protective role in patient outcomes. Dexamethasone is the only medication currently in use that has shown to improve clinical outcomes. This is likely due to the suppression of what is referred to as a cytokine storm, which is implicated in the lethality of viral pneumonia. Nicotine transdermal patch activates CAP and harvests its anti-inflammatory potential by means of an easily administered depot delivery mechanism. It could prove to be a promising, safe and inexpensive additional tool in the currently limited armamentarium at our disposal for management of COVID-19 induced acute hypoxic respiratory failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester, MA 01608, United States
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33
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Prevention and Treatment of Life-Threatening COVID-19 May Be Possible with Oxygen Treatment. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050754. [PMID: 35629421 PMCID: PMC9142938 DOI: 10.3390/life12050754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most SARS CoV-2 infections probably occur unnoticed or cause only cause a mild common cold that does not require medical intervention. A significant proportion of more severe cases is characterized by early neurological symptoms such as headache, fatigue, and impaired consciousness, including respiratory distress. These symptoms suggest hypoxia, specifically affecting the brain. The condition is best explained by primary replication of the virus in the nasal respiratory and/or the olfactory epithelia, followed by an invasion of the virus into the central nervous system, including the respiratory centers, either along a transneural route, through disruption of the blood-brain barrier, or both. In patients, presenting with early dyspnea, the primary goal of therapy should be the reversal of brain hypoxia as efficiently as possible. The first approach should be intermittent treatment with 100% oxygen using a tight oronasal mask or a hood. If this does not help within a few hours, an enclosure is needed to increase the ambient pressure. This management approach is well established in the hypoxia-related diseases in diving and aerospace medicine and preserves the patient’s spontaneous breathing. Preliminary research evidence indicates that even a small elevation of the ambient pressure might be lifesaving. Other neurological symptoms, presenting particularly in long COVID-19, suggest imbalance of the autonomous nervous system, i.e., dysautonomia. These patients could benefit from vagal nerve stimulation.
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34
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Bourhy L, Mazeraud A, Bozza FA, Turc G, Lledo PM, Sharshar T. Neuro-Inflammatory Response and Brain-Peripheral Crosstalk in Sepsis and Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 13:834649. [PMID: 35464410 PMCID: PMC9022190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.834649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, ischemic stroke is still a leading cause of death and disability. There is renewed attention on peripheral inflammatory signaling as a way of modulating the post-ischemic neuro-inflammatory process. The immune-brain crosstalk has long been the focus for understanding the mechanisms of sickness behavior, which is an adaptive autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral response to a peripheral inflammation. It is mediated by humoral and neural pathways that mainly involve the circumventricular organs and vagal nerve, respectively. In this review we address the question of how sepsis and stroke can dysregulate this adaptive response, notably by impairing the central integration of peripheral signaling, but also by efferent control of the immune response. We highlight the potential role of gut–brain and brain–spleen signaling in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Mazeraud
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France.,Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- National Institute of Infectious Disease Evandro Chagas (INI), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,D'Or Institute for Research and Education (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guillaume Turc
- Department of Neurology, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche (CNRS UMR) 3571, Perception and Memory Unit, Paris, France
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Neuro-Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire (GHU) Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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35
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Ottaviani MM, Vallone F, Micera S, Recchia FA. Closed-Loop Vagus Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases: State of the Art and Future Directions. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:866957. [PMID: 35463766 PMCID: PMC9021417 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.866957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system exerts a fine beat-to-beat regulation of cardiovascular functions and is consequently involved in the onset and progression of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Selective neuromodulation of the brain-heart axis with advanced neurotechnologies is an emerging approach to corroborate CVDs treatment when classical pharmacological agents show limited effectiveness. The vagus nerve is a major component of the cardiac neuroaxis, and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising application to restore autonomic function under various pathological conditions. VNS has led to encouraging results in animal models of CVDs, but its translation to clinical practice has not been equally successful, calling for more investigation to optimize this technique. Herein we reviewed the state of the art of VNS for CVDs and discuss avenues for therapeutic optimization. Firstly, we provided a succinct description of cardiac vagal innervation anatomy and physiology and principles of VNS. Then, we examined the main clinical applications of VNS in CVDs and the related open challenges. Finally, we presented preclinical studies that aim at overcoming VNS limitations through optimization of anatomical targets, development of novel neural interface technologies, and design of efficient VNS closed-loop protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Maria Ottaviani
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Vallone
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- Department of Excellence in Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational Neural Engineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabio A. Recchia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
- Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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36
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Bloom O, Tracey KJ, Pavlov VA. Exploring the vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex for therapeutic benefit in chronic spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Neurol 2022; 35:249-257. [PMID: 35102123 PMCID: PMC9258775 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To describe features and implications of chronic systemic inflammation in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to summarize the growing therapeutic possibilities to explore the vagus nerve-mediated inflammatory reflex in this context. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of the inflammatory reflex provides a rationale to explore neuromodulation modalities, that is, electrical vagus nerve stimulation and pharmacological cholinergic modalities to regulate inflammation after SCI. SUMMARY Inflammation in individuals with SCI may negatively impact functional recovery and medical consequences after SCI. Exploring the potential of the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex to restore autonomic regulation and control inflammation may provide a novel approach for functional improvement in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona Bloom
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Kevin J. Tracey
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Valentin A. Pavlov
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA
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37
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The Association between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction after Bacterial Infection. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a known measure of cardiac autonomic function. A cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (CAD), measured as changes in HRV, is usually presented after an infectious process. The aim of the present study is to assess the association between serum inflammatory markers and CAD. For this purpose, 50 volunteers (13 of them recovering from an infection) were recruited and followed-up for 6 weeks. Their serum inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, IL1, IL4, IL6, IL10, and TNFalpha) were quantified throughout those weeks, along with their HRV resting, in response to the Valsalva maneuver, metronome breathing, standing and sustained handgrip. The correlation of within-subject changes in both HRV and inflammatory biomarkers was assessed to evaluate the concurrent changes. An inverse within-subject correlation was found between CRP and HRV in response to the Valsalva maneuver (rho (95% CI): −0.517 (−0.877 to −0.001); p = 0.032) and HRV standing (rho (95% CI): −0.490 (−0.943 to −0.036); p = 0.034). At the beginning, increased values of CRP are found along with reduced levels of HRV. Then, the CRP was reduced, accompanied by an improvement (increase) in HRV. These results suggest that CRP is a potential marker of CAD. Whether it is the cause, the consequence or a risk indicator non-causally associated is still to be determined.
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38
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Zhang L, Lu J, Wu Z. Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Neutrophil Infiltration and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Formation. Shock 2022; 57:427-434. [PMID: 34482317 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Vagus nerve stimulation has been shown to exert anti-inflammation activities in sepsis. However, surgical implantation of stimulation devices is performed under general anesthesia, which limits its clinical application. Auricular vagus nerve stimulation (AVNS) is a minimal invasive technique that delivers electrical currents to the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of AVNS on systemic inflammation, lung injury, neutrophil infiltration, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in the lung. In a LPS challenge lung-injury mice model, AVNS was applied to bilateral ears. Twelve hours after LPS administration, samples of blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and lung tissues were processed for investigations. We found that the treatment with AVNS significantly attenuated histopathological changes and neutrophil infiltration in the lung tissue, inhibited inflammatory cytokine elevations in serum and BALF, and decreased protein concentrations in BALF. Besides, AVNS decreased leukocyte and neutrophil accounts in BALF. Furthermore, colocalization of citrullination of histone H3 and myeloperoxidase expressions (highly specific marker of NETs) was reduced in AVNS mice. In conclusion, AVNS reduced systemic inflammation, attenuated lung edema, and inhibited neutrophil infiltration and NETs formation in the lung in LPS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyang Wu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Luan M, Jin J, Wang Y, Li X, Xie A. Association of PGLYRP2 gene polymorphism and sporadic Parkinson's disease in northern Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2022; 775:136547. [PMID: 35218888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gut inflammation is increasingly corroborated to take part in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The PGLYRP2 gene has been proven to increase susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The present study aimed to explore the genetic relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the PGLYRP2 gene and the risk of sporadic PD in the Han population of northern China. The genotypes of the rs3813135 T/C, rs733731 C/T and rs892145 A/T polymorphisms of the PGLYRP2 gene in 400 Chinese Han patients with PD and 400 healthy age-and sex-matched individuals were identified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The results showed that the frequency of the rs892145 AT heterozygote significantly differed between the PD and control groups (OR = 1.459, 95%CI = 1.459-1.039, P = 0.029), as well as the early-onset PD and control groups (P = 0.024). The rs3813135 polymorphism yielded only one significant result: C allele was more common in the male PD group than in the male control group (P = 0.045). Conversely, no significant difference in the genotype frequency of rs733731 was found between the PD and control groups. Five common haplotypes were assessed, of which the TTA and TCA haplotypes were related to PD susceptibility. In summary, our results indicated that the PGLYRP2 gene is associated with sporadic PD in the Chinese Han population, in which the rs892145 AT heterozygote might increase the risk of PD and possibly the risk of early-onset PD. Moreover, linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis showed these three PGLYRP2 polymorphisms has a strong linkage in causing mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Luan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Anmu Xie
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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40
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Reduction of serum level of interleukin-2 and pruritus severity after acupuncture at Quchi (LI11) in hemodialysis patients: a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE AND TUINA SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11726-022-1299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Namgung U, Kim KJ, Jo BG, Park JM. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates hippocampal inflammation caused by continuous stress in rats. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:33. [PMID: 35109857 PMCID: PMC8812005 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can attenuate inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues and also improve some neurological disorders and cognitive function in the brain. However, it is not clear how VNS is involved in neuropathological processes in brain tissues. Here, we investigated the regulatory effects of VNS on the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus of an animal model of continuous stress (CS). Methods CS was induced by placing rats in cages immersed with water, and acute or chronic electrical stimulation was applied to the cervical vagus nerve of CS animals. Protein levels in the gastric and hippocampal tissues were measured by western blotting and protein signals analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. von Frey test and forced swimming test were performed to assess pain sensitivity and depressive-like behavior in rats, respectively. Results Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the gastric and hippocampal tissues were significantly increased in CS animals compared to the untreated control and downregulated by acute VNS (aVNS). Iba-1-labeled microglial cells in the hippocampus of CS animals revealed morphological features of activated inflammatory cells and then changed to a normal shape by VNS. VNS elevated hippocampal expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7 nAChR) in CS animals, and pharmacological blockade of α7 nAChR increased the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, thus suppressing cholinergic anti-inflammatory activity that was mediated by VNS. Chronic VNS (cVNS) down-regulated the hippocampal production of active form of caspase 3 and 5-HT1A receptors and also decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the gastric and hippocampal tissues of CS animals. Pain sensitivity and depressive-like behavior, which were increased by CS, were improved by cVNS. Conclusions Our data suggest that VNS may be involved in modulating pathophysiological processes caused by CS in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uk Namgung
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea.
| | - Ki-Joong Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gon Jo
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
| | - Jong Min Park
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Institute of Bioscience and Integrative Medicine, Daejeon University, Daehak-ro 62, Daejeon, 34520, South Korea
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Stavrakis S, Elkholey K, Morris L, Niewiadomska M, Asad ZUA, Humphrey MB. Neuromodulation of Inflammation to Treat Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023582. [PMID: 35023349 PMCID: PMC9238491 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background A systemic proinflammatory state plays a central role in the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation suppresses inflammation in humans. We conducted a sham‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized clinical trial to examine the effect of chronic low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation on cardiac function, exercise capacity, and inflammation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Methods and Results Patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and at least 2 additional comorbidities (obesity, diabetes, hypertension, or age ≥65 years) were randomized to either active (tragus) or sham (earlobe) low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 1 mA below discomfort threshold), for 1 hour daily for 3 months. Echocardiography, 6‐minute walk test, quality of life, and serum cytokines were assessed at baseline and 3 months. Fifty‐two patients (mean age 70.4±9.2 years; 70% female) were included (active, n=26; sham, n=26). Baseline characteristics were balanced between the 2 arms. Adherence to the protocol of daily stimulation was >90% in both arms (P>0.05). While the early mitral inflow Doppler velocity to the early diastolic mitral annulus velocity ratio did not differ between groups, global longitudinal strain and tumor necrosis factor‐α levels at 3 months were significantly improved in the active compared with the sham arm (−18.6%±2.5% versus −16.0%±2.4%, P=0.002; 8.9±2.8 pg/mL versus 11.3±2.9 pg/mL, P=0.007, respectively). The reduction in tumor necrosis factor‐α levels correlated with global longitudinal strain improvement (r=−0.73, P=0.001). Quality of life was better in the active arm. No device‐related side effects were observed. Conclusions Neuromodulation with low‐level transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation over 3 months resulted in a significant improvement in global longitudinal strain, inflammatory cytokines, and quality of life in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03327649.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Elkholey
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Oklahoma City OK
| | - Lynsie Morris
- University of Oklahoma Health Science Center Oklahoma City OK
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Powell K, White TG, Nash C, Rebeiz T, Woo HH, Narayan RK, Li C. The Potential Role of Neuromodulation in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:1215-1226. [PMID: 35088724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) continues to be a difficult cerebrovascular disease with limited pharmacologic treatment options. Cerebral vasospasm (CV) and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality after SAH. Despite the advances in the understanding of its pathophysiology and tremendous efforts to date, nimodipine is currently the sole Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for patients with SAH, with benefits that are marginal at best. The neuromodulation therapies are promising, especially those that target CV and DCI to improve functional outcomes. The aim of this review is therefore to summarize the available evidence for each type of neuromodulation for CV and DCI, with a special focus on its pathophysiological mechanisms, in addition to their clinical utility and drawbacks, which we hope will lead to future translational therapy options after SAH. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies demonstrating the use of neuromodulation for SAH. The literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 21 articles published from 1992 to 2021 and eight clinical trials were chosen. RESULTS The studies reviewed provide a compelling demonstration that neuromodulation is a potentially useful strategy to target multiple mechanisms of DCI and thus to potentially improve functional outcomes from SAH. There are several types of neuromodulation that have been tested to treat CV and DCI, including the trigeminal/vagus/facial nerve stimulation, sphenopalatine ganglion and spinal cord stimulation, transcranial direct electrical stimulation, transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation, and electroacupuncture. Most of them are in the preclinical or early phases of clinical application; however, they show promising results. CONCLUSIONS DCI has a complex pathogenesis, making the unique anatomical distribution and pleiotropic capabilities of various types of neuromodulation a promising field of study. We may be at the cusp of a breakthrough in the use of these techniques for the treatment of this stubbornly difficult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Powell
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Timothy G White
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Christine Nash
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Tania Rebeiz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Henry H Woo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Raj K Narayan
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Chunyan Li
- Translational Brain Research Laboratory, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA.
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Li N, Guo Y, Gong Y, Zhang Y, Fan W, Yao K, Chen Z, Dou B, Lin X, Chen B, Chen Z, Xu Z, Lyu Z. The Anti-Inflammatory Actions and Mechanisms of Acupuncture from Acupoint to Target Organs via Neuro-Immune Regulation. J Inflamm Res 2022; 14:7191-7224. [PMID: 34992414 PMCID: PMC8710088 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s341581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. This study comprehensively reviews and presents literature from the last five years, showing that acupuncture indeed exerts strong anti-inflammatory effects in multiple biological systems, namely, the immune, digestive, respiratory, nervous, locomotory, circulatory, endocrine, and genitourinary systems. It is well known that localized acupuncture-mediated anti-inflammatory effects involve the regulation of multiple populations and functions of immune cells, including macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, and T cells. In acupuncture stimulation, macrophages transform from the M1 to the M2 phenotype and the negative TLR4 regulator PPARγ is activated to inhibit the intracellular TLR/MyD88 and NOD signaling pathways. The downstream IκBα/NF-κB and P38 MAPK pathways are subsequently inhibited by acupuncture, followed by suppressed production of inflammasome and proinflammatory mediators. Acupuncture also modulates the balance of helper T cell populations. Furthermore, it inhibits oxidative stress by enhancing SOD activity via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and eliminates the generation of oxygen free radicals, thereby preventing inflammatory cell infiltration. The anti-inflammatory effects of acupuncture on different biological systems are also specific to individual organ microenvironments. As part of its anti-inflammatory action, acupuncture deforms connective tissue and upregulates the secretion of various molecules in acupoints, further activating the NF-κB, MAPK, and ERK pathways in mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages. The somatic afferents present in acupuncture-activated acupoints also convey sensory signals to the spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamic neurons. Upon information integration in the brain, acupuncture further stimulates multiple neuro-immune pathways, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory, vagus-adrenal medulla-dopamine, and sympathetic pathways, as well as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, ultimately acting immune cells via the release of crucial neurotransmitters and hormones. This review provides a scientific and reliable basis and viewpoints for the clinical application of acupuncture in various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningcen Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Fan
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka City, Japan
| | - Kaifang Yao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihan Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Baomin Dou
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Chen
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxi Lyu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin City, People's Republic of China
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Li Y, Wu B, Hu C, Hu J, Lian Q, Li J, Ma D. The role of the vagus nerve on dexmedetomidine promoting survival and lung protection in a sepsis model in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 914:174668. [PMID: 34863997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis often results in acute lung injury (ALI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) was reported to protect cells and organs due to its direct cellular effects. This study aims to investigate the role of vagus nerves on Dex induced lung protection in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI rats. METHODS The bilateral cervical vagus nerve of male Sprague-Dawley rats was sectioned or just exposed as sham surgery. After LPS administration, Dex antagonist yohimbine (YOH) and/or Dex was injected intraperitoneally to rats with or without vagotomy. The severity of ALI was determined with survival curve analysis and lung pathological scores. The plasma concentrations of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), catecholamine and acetylcholine were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The median survival time of LPS-induced ALI rats was prolonged by Dex (22 h, 95% CI, [24.46, 92.20]) vs. 14 h, 95% CI, [14.60, 89.57] of the LPS control group, P < 0.05), and the ALI score was reduced by Dex (6.5, 95% CI, [5.23, 8.10] vs. 11.5, 95% CI, [10.23, 13.10] in the LPS group, P < 0.01). However, these protective effects were significantly decreased by either YOH administration or vagotomy. Dex decreased LPS-induced IL-1β, TNF-α, and catecholamine but increased acetylcholine in blood serum; these effects of Dex was partially abolished by vagotomy. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that Dex increased vagal nerve tone that partially contributed to its anti-inflammatory and lung-protective effects. The indirect anti-inflammation and direct cytoprotection of Dex are likely through high vagal nerve tone and α2-adrenoceptor activation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Cong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Luoyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Qi R, Wang M, Zhong Q, Wang L, Yang X, Huang B, yang Z, Zhang C, Geng X, Luo C, Wang W, Li J, Yu H, Wei J. Chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) altered IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL-1 and IL-13 levels in the hippocampus of rats with LiCl-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy. Brain Res 2022; 1780:147800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Mravec B. Neurobiology of cancer: Definition, historical overview, and clinical implications. Cancer Med 2021; 11:903-921. [PMID: 34953048 PMCID: PMC8855902 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies published in the last two decades have clearly demonstrated that the nervous system plays a significant role in carcinogenesis, the progression of cancer, and the development of metastases. These studies, combining oncological and neuroscientific approaches, created the basis for the emergence of a new field in oncology research, the so‐called “neurobiology of cancer.” The concept of the neurobiology of cancer is based on several facts: (a) psychosocial factors influence the incidence and progression of cancer diseases; (b) the nervous system affects DNA mutations and oncogene‐related signaling; (c) the nervous system modulates tumor‐related immune responses; (d) tumor tissues are innervated; (e) neurotransmitters released from nerves innervating tumor tissues affect tumor growth and metastasis; (f) alterations or modulation of nervous system activity affects the incidence and progression of cancers; (g) tumor tissue affects the nervous system. The aim of this review is to characterize the pillars that create the basis of cancer neurobiology, to describe recent research advances of the nervous system's role in cancer diseases, and to depict potential clinical implications for oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Mravec
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Wang JY, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Li SY, Wang YF, Zhang ZX, Zhang J, Rong P. Mechanisms underlying antidepressant effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on CUMS model rats based on hippocampal α7nAchR/NF-κB signal pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:291. [PMID: 34920740 PMCID: PMC8680337 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress-induced neuroinflammation was considered to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of depression. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) is a relatively non-invasive alternative treatment for patients suffering from major depressive disorder. The anti-inflammatory signal of vagus nerve is mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR), and the hippocampus, the region with the most distribution of α7nAchR, regulates emotions. Here, we investigated the role of α7nAchR mediating hippocampal neuroinflammation in taVNS antidepressant effect though homozygous α7nAChR (−/−) gene knockout and α7nAchR antagonist (methyllycaconitine, MLA). Methods There were control, model, taVNS, α7nAChR(−/−) + taVNS, hippocampus (Hi) MLA + taVNS and Hi saline + taVNS groups. We used the chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS) method to establish depressive model rats for 42 days, excepting control group. After the successful modeling, except the control and model, the rats in the other groups were given taVNS, which was applied through an electroacupuncture apparatus at the auricular concha (2/15 Hz, 2 mA, 30 min/days) for 21 days. Behavioral tests were conducted at baseline, after modeling and after taVNS intervention, including sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST). These tests are widely used to evaluate depression-like behavior in rats. The samples were taken after experiment, the expressions of α7nAchR, NF-κB p65, IL-1β and the morphology of microglia were detected. Results Depression-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in CUMS model rats were manifested by down-regulated expression of α7nAchR, up-regulated expression of NF-κB p65 and IL-1β, and the morphology of microglia was in amoebic-like activated state. TaVNS could significantly reverse the above-mentioned phenomena, but had rare improvement effect for α7nAChR(−/−) rats and Hi MLA rats. Conclusion The antidepressant effect of taVNS is related to hippocampal α7nAchR/NF-κB signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Li
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Peijing Rong
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Dongcheng District, No.16 Dongzhimen Nan Xiao Street, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Fischer L, Barop H, Ludin SM, Schaible HG. Regulation of acute reflectory hyperinflammation in viral and other diseases by means of stellate ganglion block. A conceptual view with a focus on Covid-19. Auton Neurosci 2021; 237:102903. [PMID: 34894589 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the immune system used to be assigned separate functions, it has now become clear that the ANS and the immune system (and thereby inflammatory cascades) work closely together. During an acute immune response (e. g., in viral infection like Covid-19) the ANS and the immune system establish a fast interaction resulting in "physiological" inflammation. Based on our knowledge of the modulation of inflammation by the ANS we propose that a reflectory malfunction of the ANS with hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) may be involved in the generation of acute hyperinflammation. We believe that sympathetic hyperactivity triggers a hyperresponsiveness of the immune system ("cytokine storm") with consecutive tissue damage. These reflectory neuroimmunological and inflammatory cascades constitute a general reaction principle of the organism under the leadership of the ANS and does not only occur in viral infections, although Covid-19 is a typical current example therefore. Within the overreaction several interdependent pathological positive feedback loops can be detected in which the SNS plays an important part. Consequently, there is a chance to regulate the hyperinflammation by influencing the SNS. This can be achieved by a stellate ganglion block (SGB) with local anesthetics, temporarily disrupting the pathological positive feedback loops. Thereafter, the complex neuroimmune system has the chance to reorganize itself. Previous clinical and experimental data have confirmed a favorable outcome in hyperinflammation (including pneumonia) after SGB (measurable e. g. by a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Fischer
- University of Bern, Interventional Pain Management, General Internal Medicine, Schwanengasse 5/7, 3011 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Barop
- Neural Therapy, Friedrich-Legahn-Str. 2, 22587 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- University Hospital Jena, Institute of Physiology1/Neurophysiology, Teichgraben 8, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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Yang X, Zhou R, Di W, He Q, Huo Q. Clinical therapeutic effects of probiotics in patients with constipation associated with Parkinson disease: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27705. [PMID: 34871259 PMCID: PMC8568397 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Constipation is the most predominant symptom of Parkinson disease (PD), preceding the occurrence of motor symptoms in some patients, leading to reduced quality of life (QOL). The general approaches for the treatment have some side effects, but probiotics are live or attenuated microorganisms attributed to ameliorating constipation effects. Moreover, as treatments are generally well tolerated and side effects are scarce, there is room for further research. Therefore this work aims at investigating the clinical effectiveness and safety of probiotics for constipation in PD. METHODS Published RCTs will be retrieved by searching Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wan Fang database, and China Biology Medicine Database (complete bowel movement), which will be searched from establishment of the database to October 10, 2021. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines are used to design this protocol. RevMan V.5.3 software will be used for meta-analysis, risk of bias will be assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the collected evidence will be narratively synthesized. We will also perform a meta-analysis to pool estimates from studies considered to be homogenous. Subgroup analyses will be based on intervention or overall bias. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis will assess the effectiveness and safety of using probiotics to treat and heal the constipation of PD. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is unrequired. REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021276215.
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