1
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Qin P, Li Q, Zu Q, Dong R, Qi Y. Natural products targeting autophagy and apoptosis in NSCLC: a novel therapeutic strategy. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1379698. [PMID: 38628670 PMCID: PMC11019012 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1379698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) being the predominant type. The roles of autophagy and apoptosis in NSCLC present a dual and intricate nature. Additionally, autophagy and apoptosis interconnect through diverse crosstalk molecules. Owing to their multitargeting nature, safety, and efficacy, natural products have emerged as principal sources for NSCLC therapeutic candidates. This review begins with an exploration of the mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis, proceeds to examine the crosstalk molecules between these processes, and outlines their implications and interactions in NSCLC. Finally, the paper reviews natural products that have been intensively studied against NSCLC targeting autophagy and apoptosis, and summarizes in detail the four most retrieved representative drugs. This paper clarifies good therapeutic effects of natural products in NSCLC by targeting autophagy and apoptosis and aims to promote greater consideration by researchers of natural products as candidates for anti-NSCLC drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Qin
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qingchen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Zu
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ruxue Dong
- Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanfu Qi
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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2
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Liu YJ, Wang JY, Zhang XL, Jiang LL, Hu HY. Ataxin-2 sequesters Raptor into aggregates and impairs cellular mTORC1 signaling. FEBS J 2024; 291:1795-1812. [PMID: 38308810 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Ataxin-2 (Atx2) is a polyglutamine (polyQ) protein, in which abnormal expansion of the polyQ tract can trigger protein aggregation and consequently cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), but the mechanism underlying how Atx2 aggregation leads to proteinopathy remains elusive. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism and cellular consequences of Atx2 aggregation by molecular cell biology approaches. We have revealed that either normal or polyQ-expanded Atx2 can sequester Raptor, a component of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), into aggregates based on their specific interaction. Further research indicates that the polyQ tract and the N-terminal region (residues 1-784) of Atx2 are responsible for the specific sequestration. Moreover, this sequestration leads to suppression of the mTORC1 activity as represented by down-regulation of phosphorylated P70S6K, which can be reversed by overexpression of Raptor. As mTORC1 is a key regulator of autophagy, Atx2 aggregation and sequestration also induces autophagy by upregulating LC3-II and reducing phosphorylated ULK1 levels. This study proposes that Atx2 sequesters Raptor into aggregates, thereby impairing cellular mTORC1 signaling and inducing autophagy, and will be beneficial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of SCA2 and other polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Le Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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3
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Jin W, Yang T, Jia J, Jia J, Zhou X. Enhanced Sensitivity of A549 Cells to Doxorubicin with WS 2 and WSe 2 Nanosheets via the Induction of Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1164. [PMID: 38256235 PMCID: PMC10816038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The excellent physicochemical properties of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDCs) such as WS2 and WSe2 provide potential benefits for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and bioimaging. WS2 and WSe2 have recently been used as chemosensitizers; however, the detailed molecular basis underlying WS2- and WSe2-induced sensitization remains elusive. Our recent findings showed that 2D TMDCs with different thicknesses and different element compositions induced autophagy in normal human bronchial epithelial cells and mouse alveolar macrophages at sublethal concentrations. Here, we explored the mechanism by which WS2 and WSe2 act as sensitizers to increase lung cancer cell susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents. The results showed that WS2 and WSe2 enhanced autophagy flux in A549 lung cancer cells at sublethal concentrations without causing significant cell death. Through the autophagy-specific RT2 Profiler PCR Array, we identified the genes significantly affected by WS2 and WSe2 treatment. Furthermore, the key genes that play central roles in regulating autophagy were identified by constructing a molecular interaction network. A mechanism investigation uncovered that WS2 and WSe2 activated autophagy-related signaling pathways by interacting with different cell surface proteins or cytoplasmic proteins. By utilizing this mechanism, the efficacy of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin was enhanced by WS2 and WSe2 pre-treatment in A549 lung cancer cells. This study revealed a feature of WS2 and WSe2 in cancer therapy, in which they eliminate the resistance of A549 lung cancer cells against doxorubicin, at least partially, by inducing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Jin
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China; (W.J.)
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China; (W.J.)
| | - Jimei Jia
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China; (W.J.)
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- College of Science & Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Huanghua 061100, China; (W.J.)
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Analysis and Control of Zoonotic Pathogenic Microorganism, Baoding 071000, China
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4
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Wu YL, Chen SC, Chang JC, Lin WY, Chen CC, Li CC, Hsieh M, Chen HW, Chang TY, Liu CS, Liu KL. The protective effect of erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelium ethanol extract on oxidative Stress-Induced neurotoxicity in cell and Drosophila models of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 195:1-12. [PMID: 36549427 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Wu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondrial Related Disease Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Chih Chen
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Family and Community Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chih Chang
- Center of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Repair, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 50091, Taiwan; General Research Laboratory of Research Department, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 50094, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Grape King Bio Ltd, Zhong-Li Dist., Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chun Li
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung, 40203, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40203, Taiwan
| | - Mingli Hsieh
- Department of Life Science and Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, 40704, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Wen Chen
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yi Chang
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Liu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Vascular and Genomic Center, Institute of ATP, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 50094, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 50094, Taiwan; Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Li Liu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Rd., Taichung, 40203, Taiwan; Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40203, Taiwan.
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5
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Cong L, Bai Y, Guo Z. The crosstalk among autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis in cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:997469. [PMID: 36386383 PMCID: PMC9650365 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.997469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the mechanism of cell death has become a hotspot in research on the pathogenesis and treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Different cell death modes, including autophagy, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, are mosaic with each other and collaboratively regulate the process of CVD. This review summarizes the interaction and crosstalk of key pathways or proteins which play a critical role in the entire process of CVD and explores the specific mechanisms. Furthermore, this paper assesses the interrelationships among these three cell deaths and reviews how they regulate the pathogenesis of CVD. By understanding how these three cell death modes go together we can learn about the pathogenesis of CVD, which will enable us to identify new targets for preventing, controlling, and treating CVD. It will not only reduce mortality but also improve the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cong
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical School of Thoracic, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Chest Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Clinical School of Thoracic, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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6
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Niss F, Piñero-Paez L, Zaidi W, Hallberg E, Ström AL. Key Modulators of the Stress Granule Response TIA1, TDP-43, and G3BP1 Are Altered by Polyglutamine-Expanded ATXN7. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5236-5251. [PMID: 35689166 PMCID: PMC9363381 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02888-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) and other polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are caused by expansions of polyQ repeats in disease-specific proteins. Aggregation of the polyQ proteins resulting in various forms of cellular stress, that could induce the stress granule (SG) response, is believed to be a common pathological mechanism in these disorders. SGs can contribute to cell survival but have also been suggested to exacerbate disease pathology by seeding protein aggregation. In this study, we show that two SG-related proteins, TDP-43 and TIA1, are sequestered into the aggregates formed by polyQ-expanded ATXN7 in SCA7 cells. Interestingly, mutant ATXN7 also localises to induced SGs, and this association altered the shape of the SGs. In spite of this, neither the ability to induce nor to disassemble SGs, in response to arsenite stress induction or relief, was affected in SCA7 cells. Moreover, we could not observe any change in the number of ATXN7 aggregates per cell following SG induction, although a small, non-significant, increase in total aggregated ATXN7 material could be detected using filter trap. However, mutant ATXN7 expression in itself increased the speckling of the SG-nucleating protein G3BP1 and the SG response. Taken together, our results indicate that the SG response is induced, and although some key modulators of SGs show altered behaviour, the dynamics of SGs appear normal in the presence of mutant ATXN7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Niss
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Piñero-Paez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Wajiha Zaidi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Einar Hallberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Ström
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Vasconcelos-Ferreira A, Martins IM, Lobo D, Pereira D, Lopes MM, Faro R, Lopes SM, Verbeek D, Schmidt T, Nóbrega C, Pereira de Almeida L. ULK overexpression mitigates motor deficits and neuropathology in mouse models of Machado-Joseph disease. Mol Ther 2022; 30:370-387. [PMID: 34298131 PMCID: PMC8753369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by prominent ataxia. It is caused by an expansion of a CAG trinucleotide in ATXN3, translating into an expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) tract in the ATXN3 protein, that becomes prone to misfolding and aggregation. The pathogenesis of the disease has been associated with the dysfunction of several cellular mechanisms, including autophagy and transcription regulation. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional modifications of the autophagy pathway in models of MJD and assessed whether modulating the levels of the affected autophagy-associated transcripts (AATs) would alleviate MJD-associated pathology. Our results show that autophagy is impaired at the transcriptional level in MJD, affecting multiple AATs, including Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 and 2 (ULK1 and ULK2), two homologs involved in autophagy induction. Reinstating ULK1/2 levels by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer significantly improved motor performance while preventing neuropathology in two in vivo models of MJD. Moreover, in vitro studies showed that the observed positive effects may be mainly attributed to ULK1 activity. This study provides strong evidence of the beneficial effect of overexpression of ULK homologs, suggesting these as promising instruments for the treatment of MJD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vasconcelos-Ferreira
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Morgado Martins
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC – Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão – Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diana Lobo
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC – Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão – Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dina Pereira
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Lopes
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC – Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão – Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosário Faro
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sara M. Lopes
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,IIIUC – Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão – Pólo II, Rua Dom Francisco de Lemos, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Dineke Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Genetics & Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,Center for Rare Diseases (ZSE Tübingen), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clévio Nóbrega
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,CIBB – Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Vectors, Gene and Cell Therapy Group, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal,Corresponding author: Luís Pereira de Almeida, PhD, CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Molecular Therapy of Brain Disorders Group, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Rua Larga, Pólo 1, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal.
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8
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Bata N, Cosford NDP. Cell Survival and Cell Death at the Intersection of Autophagy and Apoptosis: Implications for Current and Future Cancer Therapeutics. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1728-1746. [PMID: 34927007 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are functionally distinct mechanisms for cytoplasmic and cellular turnover. While these two pathways are distinct, they can also regulate each other, and central components of the apoptosis or autophagy pathway regulate both processes directly. Furthermore, several upstream stress-inducing signaling pathways can influence both autophagy and apoptosis. The crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis has an integral role in pathological processes, including those related to cancer, homeostasis, and aging. Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death, tightly regulated by various cellular and biochemical mechanisms, some of which have been the focus of drug discovery efforts targeting cancer therapeutics. Autophagy is a cellular degradation pathway whereby cells recycle macromolecules and organelles to generate energy when subjected to stress. Autophagy can act as either a prodeath or a prosurvival process and is both tissue and microenvironment specific. In this review we describe five groups of proteins that are integral to the apoptosis pathway and discuss their role in regulating autophagy. We highlight several apoptosis-inducing small molecules and biologics that have been developed and advanced into the clinic and discuss their effects on autophagy. For the most part, these apoptosis-inducing compounds appear to elevate autophagy activity. Under certain circumstances autophagy demonstrates cytoprotective functions and is overactivated in response to chemo- or radiotherapy which can lead to drug resistance, representing a clinical obstacle for successful cancer treatment. Thus, targeting the autophagy pathway in combination with apoptosis-inducing compounds may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Bata
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D P Cosford
- Cell and Molecular Biology of Cancer Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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9
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Over Fifty Years of Life, Death, and Cannibalism: A Historical Recollection of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212466. [PMID: 34830349 PMCID: PMC8618802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in biomedical sciences has changed dramatically over the past fifty years. There is no doubt that the discovery of apoptosis and autophagy as two highly synchronized and regulated mechanisms in cellular homeostasis are among the most important discoveries in these decades. Along with the advancement in molecular biology, identifying the genetic players in apoptosis and autophagy has shed light on our understanding of their function in physiological and pathological conditions. In this review, we first describe the history of key discoveries in apoptosis with a molecular insight and continue with apoptosis pathways and their regulation. We touch upon the role of apoptosis in human health and its malfunction in several diseases. We discuss the path to the morphological and molecular discovery of autophagy. Moreover, we dive deep into the precise regulation of autophagy and recent findings from basic research to clinical applications of autophagy modulation in human health and illnesses and the available therapies for many diseases caused by impaired autophagy. We conclude with the exciting crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy, from the early discoveries to recent findings.
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10
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Niss F, Zaidi W, Hallberg E, Ström AL. Polyglutamine expanded Ataxin-7 induces DNA damage and alters FUS localization and function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 110:103584. [PMID: 33338633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, such as Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7), are caused by expansions of polyQ repeats in disease specific proteins. The sequestration of vital proteins into aggregates formed by polyQ proteins is believed to be a common pathological mechanism in these disorders. The RNA-binding protein FUS has been observed in polyQ aggregates, though if disruption of this protein plays a role in the neuronal dysfunction in SCA7 or other polyQ diseases remains unclear. We therefore analysed FUS localisation and function in a stable inducible PC12 cell model expressing the SCA7 polyQ protein ATXN7. We found that there was a high degree of FUS sequestration, which was associated with a more cytoplasmic FUS localisation, as well as a decreased expression of FUS regulated mRNAs. In contrast, the role of FUS in the formation of γH2AX positive DNA damage foci was unaffected. In fact, a statistical increase in the number of γH2AX foci, as well as an increased trend of single and double strand DNA breaks, detected by comet assay, could be observed in mutant ATXN7 cells. These results were further corroborated by a clear trend towards increased DNA damage in SCA7 patient fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that both alterations in the RNA regulatory functions of FUS, and increased DNA damage, may contribute to the pathology of SCA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Niss
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wajiha Zaidi
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Einar Hallberg
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna-Lena Ström
- Stockholm University, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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11
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Booth LA, Roberts JL, Dent P. The role of cell signaling in the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in the regulation of tumor cell survival in response to sorafenib and neratinib. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:129-139. [PMID: 31644944 PMCID: PMC7167338 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells survive or die following therapeutic interventions are complex. There are three broadly defined categories of cell death processes: apoptosis (Type I), autophagic cell death (Type II), and necrosis (Type III). In hematopoietic tumor cells, the majority of toxic stimuli cause these cells to undergo a death process called apoptosis; apoptosis specifically involves the cleavage of DNA into large defined pieces and their subsequent localization in vesicles. Thus, 'pure' apoptosis largely lacks inflammatory potential. In carcinomas, however, the mechanisms by which tumor cells ultimately die are considerably more complex. Although the machinery of apoptosis is engaged by toxic stimuli, other processes such as autophagy ("self-eating") and replicative cell death can lead to observations that do not simplistically correspond to any of the individual Type I-III formalized death categories. The 'hybrid' forms of cell death observed in carcinoma cells result in cellular materials being released into the extracellular space without packaging, which promotes inflammation, potentially leading to the accelerated re-growth of surviving tumor cells by macrophages. Drugs as single agents or in combinations can simultaneously initiate signaling via both apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Based on the tumor type and its oncogene drivers, as well as the drug(s) being used and the duration and intensity of the autophagosome signal, apoptosis and autophagy have the potential to act in concert to kill or alternatively that the actions of either pathway can act to suppress signaling by the other pathway. And, there also is evidence that autophagic flux, by causing lysosomal protease activation, with their subsequent release into the cytosol, can directly mediate killing. This review will discuss the interactive biology between apoptosis and autophagy in carcinoma cells. Finally, the molecular actions of the FDA-approved drugs neratinib and sorafenib, and how they enhance both apoptotic and toxic autophagic processes, alone or in combination with other agents, is discussed in a bench-to-bedside manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A Booth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Jane L Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
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12
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Babbar M, Basu S, Yang B, Croteau DL, Bohr VA. Mitophagy and DNA damage signaling in human aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 186:111207. [PMID: 31923475 PMCID: PMC7047626 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with multiple human pathologies. In the past few years mitochondrial homeostasis has been well correlated with age-related disorders and longevity. Mitochondrial homeostasis involves generation, biogenesis and removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy. Mitophagy is regulated by various mitochondrial and extra-mitochondrial factors including morphology, oxidative stress and DNA damage. For decades, DNA damage and inefficient DNA repair have been considered as major determinants for age-related disorders. Although defects in DNA damage recognition and repair and mitophagy are well documented to be major factors in age-associated diseases, interactivity between these is poorly understood. Mitophagy efficiency decreases with age leading to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria enhancing the severity of age-related disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory diseases, cancer, diabetes and many more. Therefore, mitophagy is being targeted for intervention in age-associated disorders. NAD+ supplementation has emerged as one intervention to target both defective DNA repair and mitophagy. In this review, we discuss the molecular signaling pathways involved in regulation of DNA damage and repair and of mitophagy, and we highlight the opportunities for clinical interventions targeting these processes to improve the quality of life during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Babbar
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Sambuddha Basu
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Beimeng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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13
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Mitoma H, Buffo A, Gelfo F, Guell X, Fucà E, Kakei S, Lee J, Manto M, Petrosini L, Shaikh AG, Schmahmann JD. Consensus Paper. Cerebellar Reserve: From Cerebellar Physiology to Cerebellar Disorders. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:131-153. [PMID: 31879843 PMCID: PMC6978437 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar reserve refers to the capacity of the cerebellum to compensate for tissue damage or loss of function resulting from many different etiologies. When the inciting event produces acute focal damage (e.g., stroke, trauma), impaired cerebellar function may be compensated for by other cerebellar areas or by extracerebellar structures (i.e., structural cerebellar reserve). In contrast, when pathological changes compromise cerebellar neuronal integrity gradually leading to cell death (e.g., metabolic and immune-mediated cerebellar ataxias, neurodegenerative ataxias), it is possible that the affected area itself can compensate for the slowly evolving cerebellar lesion (i.e., functional cerebellar reserve). Here, we examine cerebellar reserve from the perspective of the three cornerstones of clinical ataxiology: control of ocular movements, coordination of voluntary axial and appendicular movements, and cognitive functions. Current evidence indicates that cerebellar reserve is potentiated by environmental enrichment through the mechanisms of autophagy and synaptogenesis, suggesting that cerebellar reserve is not rigid or fixed, but exhibits plasticity potentiated by experience. These conclusions have therapeutic implications. During the period when cerebellar reserve is preserved, treatments should be directed at stopping disease progression and/or limiting the pathological process. Simultaneously, cerebellar reserve may be potentiated using multiple approaches. Potentiation of cerebellar reserve may lead to compensation and restoration of function in the setting of cerebellar diseases, and also in disorders primarily of the cerebral hemispheres by enhancing cerebellar mechanisms of action. It therefore appears that cerebellar reserve, and the underlying plasticity of cerebellar microcircuitry that enables it, may be of critical neurobiological importance to a wide range of neurological/neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - A Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - F Gelfo
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, 00193, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - X Guell
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - E Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, 10126, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - S Kakei
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Lee
- Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - M Manto
- Unité des Ataxies Cérébelleuses, Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - L Petrosini
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - A G Shaikh
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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14
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Niewiadomska-Cimicka A, Trottier Y. Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Strategies in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 7. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:1074-1096. [PMID: 31432449 PMCID: PMC6985300 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00778-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is a rare autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive neuronal loss in the cerebellum, brainstem, and retina, leading to cerebellar ataxia and blindness as major symptoms. SCA7 is due to the expansion of a CAG triplet repeat that is translated into a polyglutamine tract in ATXN7. Larger SCA7 expansions are associated with earlier onset of symptoms and more severe and rapid disease progression. Here, we summarize the pathological and genetic aspects of SCA7, compile the current knowledge about ATXN7 functions, and then focus on recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis and in developing biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. ATXN7 is a bona fide subunit of the multiprotein SAGA complex, a transcriptional coactivator harboring chromatin remodeling activities, and plays a role in the differentiation of photoreceptors and Purkinje neurons, two highly vulnerable neuronal cell types in SCA7. Polyglutamine expansion in ATXN7 causes its misfolding and intranuclear accumulation, leading to changes in interactions with native partners and/or partners sequestration in insoluble nuclear inclusions. Studies of cellular and animal models of SCA7 have been crucial to unveil pathomechanistic aspects of the disease, including gene deregulation, mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunctions, cell and non-cell autonomous protein toxicity, loss of neuronal identity, and cell death mechanisms. However, a better understanding of the principal molecular mechanisms by which mutant ATXN7 elicits neurotoxicity, and how interconnected pathogenic cascades lead to neurodegeneration is needed for the development of effective therapies. At present, therapeutic strategies using nucleic acid-based molecules to silence mutant ATXN7 gene expression are under development for SCA7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Niewiadomska-Cimicka
- Institute of Genetic and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1258), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Yvon Trottier
- Institute of Genetic and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR7104), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (U1258), University of Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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15
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Beyfuss K, Erlich AT, Triolo M, Hood DA. The Role of p53 in Determining Mitochondrial Adaptations to Endurance Training in Skeletal Muscle. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14710. [PMID: 30279494 PMCID: PMC6168598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 plays an important role in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether p53 is required for the physiological and mitochondrial adaptations with exercise training. Furthermore, it is also unknown whether impairments in the absence of p53 are a result of its loss in skeletal muscle, or a secondary effect due to its deletion in alternative tissues. Thus, we investigated the role of p53 in regulating mitochondria both basally, and under the influence of exercise, by subjecting C57Bl/6J whole-body (WB) and muscle-specific p53 knockout (mKO) mice to a 6-week training program. Our results confirm that p53 is important for regulating mitochondrial content and function, as well as proteins within the autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Despite an increased proportion of phosphorylated p53 (Ser15) in the mitochondria, p53 is not required for training-induced adaptations in exercise capacity or mitochondrial content and function. In comparing mouse models, similar directional alterations were observed in basal and exercise-induced signaling modifications in WB and mKO mice, however the magnitude of change was less pronounced in the mKO mice. Our data suggest that p53 is required for basal mitochondrial maintenance in skeletal muscle, but is not required for the adaptive responses to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Beyfuss
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Avigail T Erlich
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Matthew Triolo
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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16
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Wang L, Wang P, Dong H, Wang S, Chu H, Yan W, Zhang X. Ulk1/FUNDC1 Prevents Nerve Cells from Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis by Promoting Cell Autophagy. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1539-1548. [PMID: 29923038 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cell autophagy and cell apoptosis are both observed in the process of hypoxia-induced ischemic cerebral infarction (ICI). Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (Ulk1) and FUN14 Domain-containing Protein 1 (FUNDC1) are both involved in the regulation of cell autophagy. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory effects of Ulk1 and FUNDC1 on hypoxia-induced nerve cell autophagy and apoptosis. Cell viability was measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Cell apoptosis was detected using Annexin V-PE/7-ADD staining assay. qRT-PCR was used to quantify the mRNA levels of Ulk1 and FUNDC1 in PC-12 cells. Cell transfection was performed to up-regulate the expression of Ulk1. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) was used as autophagy inhibitor and rapamycin was used as autophagy activator in our experiments. SP600125 was used as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Western blotting was performed to analyze the expression levels of key factors that are related to cell autophagy, apoptosis and JNK pathway. We found that hypoxia simultaneously induced apoptosis and autophagy of PC-12 cells. The activation of Ulk1 and FUNDC1 were also found in PC-12 cells after hypoxia induction. Overexpression of Ulk1 promoted the activation of FUNDC1 and prevented PC-12 cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. Suppression of Ulk1 had opposite effects. Furthermore, we also found that JNK pathway participated in the effects of Ulk1 overexpression on PC-12 cell apoptosis reduction. To conclude, Ulk1/FUNDC1 played critical regulatory roles in hypoxia-induced nerve cell autophagy and apoptosis. Overexpression of Ulk1 prevented nerve cells from hypoxia-induced apoptosis by promoting cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China.
| | - He Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Shiduan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Haichen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
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17
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Sica V, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Chen G, Mariño G, Lachkar S, Izzo V, Maiuri MC, Niso-Santano M, Kroemer G. Inhibitor of growth protein 4 interacts with Beclin 1 and represses autophagy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:89527-89538. [PMID: 29163768 PMCID: PMC5685689 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Beclin 1 (BECN1) is a multifunctional protein that activates the pro-autophagic class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PIK3C3, best known as VPS34), yet also interacts with multiple negative regulators. Here we report that BECN1 interacts with inhibitor of growth family member 4 (ING4), a tumor suppressor protein that is best known for its capacity to interact with the tumor suppressor protein p53 (TP53) and the acetyltransferase E1A binding protein p300 (EP300). Removal of TP53 or EP300 did not affect the BECN1/ING4 interaction, which however was lost upon culture of cells in autophagy-inducing, nutrient free conditions. Depletion of ING4 stimulated the enzymatic activity of PIK3C3, as visualized by means of a red fluorescent protein-tagged short peptide (FYVE) that specifically binds to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P)-containing subcellular vesicles and enhanced autophagy, as indicated by an enhanced lipidation of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 beta (LC3B) and the redistribution of a green-fluorescent protein (GFP)-LC3B fusion protein to cytoplasmic puncta. The generation of GFP-LC3B puncta stimulated by ING4 depletion was reduced by simultaneous depletion, or pharmacological inhibition, of PIK3C3/VPS34. In conclusion, ING4 acts as a negative regulator of the lipid kinase activity of the BECN1 complex, and starvation-induced autophagy is accompanied by the dissociation of the ING4/BECN1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sica
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guo Chen
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Departamento de Biología Fundamental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sylvie Lachkar
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Valentina Izzo
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Mireia Niso-Santano
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Cáceres, Spain.,Facultad de Enfermería y Terapia Ocupacional, Universidad de Extremadura, C.P, Cáceres, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Kemp MG. Crosstalk Between Apoptosis and Autophagy: Environmental Genotoxins, Infection, and Innate Immunity. J Cell Death 2017; 9:1179670716685085. [PMID: 28469477 PMCID: PMC5392045 DOI: 10.1177/1179670716685085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disorders constitute a major and growing health concern. However, the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to or exacerbate disease symptoms remain unclear. Type I interferons (IFNs) are known to break immune tolerance and be elevated in the serum of patients with autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Extensive work over the past decade has characterized the role of a protein termed stimulator of interferon genes, or STING, in mediating IFN expression and activation in response to cytosolic DNA and cyclic dinucleotides. Interestingly, this STING-dependent innate immune pathway both utilizes and is targeted by the cell's autophagic machinery. Given that aberrant interplay between the apoptotic and autophagic machineries contributes to deregulation of the STING-dependent pathway, IFN-regulated autoimmune phenotypes may be influenced by the combined exposure to environmental carcinogens and pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. This review therefore summarizes recent data regarding these important issues in the field of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kemp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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19
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Wu H, Chen S, Ammar AB, Xu J, Wu Q, Pan K, Zhang J, Hong Y. Crosstalk Between Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy: Implications for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1284-1296. [PMID: 25330936 PMCID: PMC4586010 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8933-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) are two important subtypes of autophagy that play a critical role in cellular quality control under physiological and pathological conditions. Despite the marked differences between these two autophagic pathways, macroautophagy and CMA are intimately connected with each other during the autophagy-lysosomal degradation process, in particular, in the setting of neurological illness. Macroautophagy serves as a backup mechanism to removal of malfunctioning proteins (i.e., aberrant α-synuclein) from the cytoplasm when CMA is compromised, and vice versa. The molecular mechanisms underlying the conversation between macroautophagy and CMA are being clarified. Herein, we survey current overviews concentrating on the complex interactions between macroautophagy and CMA, and present therapeutic potentials through utilization and manipulation of macroautophagy-CMA crosstalk in the treatment of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Al-Baadani Ammar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kum Pan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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20
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Cortes CJ, La Spada AR. Autophagy in polyglutamine disease: Imposing order on disorder or contributing to the chaos? Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 66:53-61. [PMID: 25771431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential, fundamentally important catabolic pathway in which double membrane-bound vesicles form in the cytosol and encircle macromolecules and organelles to permit their degradation after fusion with lysosomes. More than a decade of research has revealed that autophagy is required for normal central nervous system (CNS) function and plays a central role in maintaining protein and organelle quality controls in neurons. Neurodegenerative diseases occur when misfolded proteins accumulate and disrupt normal cellular processes, and autophagy has emerged as a key arbiter of the cell's homeostatic response to this threat. One class of inherited neurodegenerative disease is known as the CAG/polyglutamine repeat disorders, and these diseases all result from the expansion of a CAG repeat tract in the coding regions of distinct genes. Polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat diseases result in the production polyQ-expanded proteins that misfold to form inclusions or aggregates that challenge the main cellular proteostasis system of the cell, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). The UPS cannot efficiently degrade polyQ-expanded disease proteins, and components of the UPS are enriched in polyQ disease aggregate bodies found in degenerating neurons. In addition to components of the UPS, polyQ protein cytosolic aggregates co-localize with key autophagy proteins, even in autophagy deficient cells, suggesting that they probably do not reflect the formation of autophagosomes but rather the sequestration of key autophagy components. Furthermore, recent evidence now implicates polyQ proteins in the regulation of the autophagy pathway itself. Thus, a complex model emerges where polyQ proteins play a dual role as both autophagy substrates and autophagy offenders. In this review, we consider the role of autophagy in polyQ disorders and the therapeutic potential for autophagy modulation in these diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Neuronal Protein".
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza J Cortes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92193, USA.
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Ajayi A, Yu X, Wahlo-Svedin C, Tsirigotaki G, Karlström V, Ström AL. Altered p53 and NOX1 activity cause bioenergetic defects in a SCA7 polyglutamine disease model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:418-428. [PMID: 25647692 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is one of the nine neurodegenerative disorders caused by expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) domains. Common pathogenic mechanisms, including bioenergetics defects, have been suggested for these so called polyQ diseases. However, the exact molecular mechanism(s) behind the metabolic dysfunction is still unclear. In this study we identified a previously unreported mechanism, involving disruption of p53 and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1) activity, by which the expanded SCA7 disease protein ATXN7 causes metabolic dysregulation. The NOX1 protein is known to promote glycolytic activity, whereas the transcription factor p53 inhibits this process and instead promotes mitochondrial respiration. In a stable inducible PC12 model of SCA7, p53 and mutant ATXN7 co-aggregated and the transcriptional activity of p53 was reduced, resulting in a 50% decrease of key p53 target proteins, like AIF and TIGAR. In contrast, the expression of NOX1 was increased approximately 2 times in SCA7 cells. Together these alterations resulted in a decreased respiratory capacity, an increased reliance on glycolysis for energy production and a subsequent 20% reduction of ATP in SCA7 cells. Restoring p53 function, or suppressing NOX1 activity, both reversed the metabolic dysfunction and ameliorated mutant ATXN7 toxicity. These results hence not only enhance the understanding of the mechanisms causing metabolic dysfunction in SCA7 disease, but also identify NOX1 as a novel potential therapeutic target in SCA7 and possibly other polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiodun Ajayi
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | - Galateia Tsirigotaki
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Victor Karlström
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna-Lena Ström
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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From pathways to targets: understanding the mechanisms behind polyglutamine disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:701758. [PMID: 25309920 PMCID: PMC4189765 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The history of polyglutamine diseases dates back approximately 20 years to the discovery of a polyglutamine repeat in the androgen receptor of SBMA followed by the identification of similar expansion mutations in Huntington's disease, SCA1, DRPLA, and the other spinocerebellar ataxias. This common molecular feature of polyglutamine diseases suggests shared mechanisms in disease pathology and neurodegeneration of disease specific brain regions. In this review, we discuss the main pathogenic pathways including proteolytic processing, nuclear shuttling and aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and clearance of misfolded polyglutamine proteins and point out possible targets for treatment.
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Regulation of autophagy by mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways: autophagy dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and therapeutic application of autophagy enhancers. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 41:1103-30. [PMID: 24059496 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway essential for cellular and energy homoeostasis. It functions in the clearance of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, as well as recycling of cytosolic components during starvation to compensate for nutrient deprivation. This process is regulated by mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways that are amenable to chemical perturbations. Several small molecules modulating autophagy have been identified that have potential therapeutic application in diverse human diseases, including neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration-associated aggregation-prone proteins are predominantly degraded by autophagy and therefore stimulating this process with chemical inducers is beneficial in a wide range of transgenic disease models. Emerging evidence indicates that compromised autophagy contributes to the aetiology of various neurodegenerative diseases related to protein conformational disorders by causing the accumulation of mutant proteins and cellular toxicity. Combining the knowledge of autophagy dysfunction and the mechanism of drug action may thus be rational for designing targeted therapy. The present review describes the cellular signalling pathways regulating mammalian autophagy and highlights the potential therapeutic application of autophagy inducers in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis control the turnover of organelles and proteins within cells, and of cells within organisms, respectively, and many stress pathways sequentially elicit autophagy, and apoptosis within the same cell. Generally autophagy blocks the induction of apoptosis, and apoptosis-associated caspase activation shuts off the autophagic process. However, in special cases, autophagy or autophagy-relevant proteins may help to induce apoptosis or necrosis, and autophagy has been shown to degrade the cytoplasm excessively, leading to 'autophagic cell death'. The dialogue between autophagy and cell death pathways influences the normal clearance of dying cells, as well as immune recognition of dead cell antigens. Therefore, the disruption of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis has important pathophysiological consequences.
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