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Alarcón TA, Presti-Silva SM, Simões APT, Ribeiro FM, Pires RGW. Molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotection of environmental enrichment in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1450-1456. [PMID: 36571341 PMCID: PMC10075132 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the most common movement disorder, affecting about 1% of the population over the age of 60 years. Parkinson's disease is characterized clinically by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity and postural instability, as a result of the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. In addition to this neuronal cell loss, Parkinson's disease is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular protein aggregates, Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, composed primarily of the protein α-synuclein. Although it was first described almost 200 years ago, there are no disease-modifying drugs to treat patients with Parkinson's disease. In addition to conventional therapies, non-pharmacological treatment strategies are under investigation in patients and animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. Among such strategies, environmental enrichment, comprising physical exercise, cognitive stimulus, and social interactions, has been assessed in preclinical models of Parkinson's disease. Environmental enrichment can cause structural and functional changes in the brain and promote neurogenesis and dendritic growth by modifying gene expression, enhancing the expression of neurotrophic factors and modulating neurotransmission. In this review article, we focus on the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying environmental enrichment neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease, highlighting its influence on the dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, as well as the involvement of neurotrophic factors. We describe experimental pre-clinical data showing how environmental enrichment can act as a modulator in a neurochemical and behavioral context in different animal models of Parkinson's disease, highlighting the potential of environmental enrichment as an additional strategy in the management and prevention of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Andrea Alarcón
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Science Center, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Sarah Martins Presti-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Science Center, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute o Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Toniato Simões
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Science Center, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Mara Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute o Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Rita Gomes Wanderley Pires
- Department of Physiological Sciences; Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Science Center, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
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Vaquero-Rodríguez A, Razquin J, Zubelzu M, Bidgood R, Bengoetxea H, Miguelez C, Morera-Herreras T, Ruiz-Ortega JA, Lafuente JV, Ortuzar N. Efficacy of invasive and non-invasive methods for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Nanodelivery and enriched environment. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 172:103-143. [PMID: 37833010 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the subsequent motor disability. The most frequently used treatments in clinics, such as L-DOPA, restore dopaminergic neurotransmission in the brain. However, these treatments are only symptomatic, have temporary efficacy, and produce side effects. Part of the side effects are related to the route of administration as the consumption of oral tablets leads to unspecific pulsatile activation of dopaminergic receptors. For this reason, it is necessary to not only find alternative treatments, but also to develop new administration systems with better security profiles. Nanoparticle delivery systems are new administration forms designed to reach the pharmacological target in a highly specific way, leading to better drug bioavailability, efficacy and safety. Some of these delivery systems have shown promising results in animal models of PD not only when dopaminergic drugs are administered, but even more when neurotrophic factors are released. These latter compounds promote maturation and survival of dopaminergic neurons and can be exogenously administered in the form of pharmacological therapy or endogenously generated by non-pharmacological methods. In this sense, experimental exposure to enriched environments, a non-invasive strategy based on the combination of social and inanimate stimuli, enhances the production of neurotrophic factors and produces a neuroprotective effect in parkinsonian animals. In this review, we will discuss new nanodelivery systems in PD with a special focus on therapies that increase the release of neurotrophic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vaquero-Rodríguez
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jone Razquin
- Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Maider Zubelzu
- Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Raphaelle Bidgood
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Harkaitz Bengoetxea
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Cristina Miguelez
- Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Teresa Morera-Herreras
- Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Ruiz-Ortega
- Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naiara Ortuzar
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain; Neurodegenerative diseases Group, Biocruces Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Presti-Silva SM, Herlinger AL, Martins-Silva C, Pires RGW. Biochemical and behavioral effects of rosmarinic acid treatment in an animal model of Parkinson's disease induced by MPTP. Behav Brain Res 2023; 440:114257. [PMID: 36526017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. The main therapeutic approach available nowadays relieves motor symptoms but does not prevent or stop neurodegeneration. Rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acids, is obtained from numerous plant species such as Salvia officinalis L. (sage) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). This compound has a wide spectrum of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, and could be an additional therapy for neurodegenerative disorders. Here we evaluated the potential neuroprotective effects of RA treatment in a murine model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Mice were separated into four groups: CN, Control/saline; RA, Rosmarinic acid/vehicle; MPTP, MPTP/saline; MPTP+RA, MPTP/RA. RA (20 mg/kg, or vehicle) was administered orally by intra-gastric gavage for 14 days, one hour before MPTP or saline injection. MPTP groups received the drug (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) once a day for five days (fourth to the eighth day of the experiment). MPTP-treated animals displayed hyperlocomotion behavior, which was significantly prevented by RA treatment. In addition, RA treatment increased dopaminergic signaling in the parkinsonian mice and improved the monoaminergic system in healthy animals. Analysis of alterations in the striatal mRNA expression of dopaminergic system components showed that MAO-A expression was increased in the MPTP+AR group. Overall, this study brings new evidence of the potential neuroprotective properties of RA not only in preventing behavioral features observed in PD, but also by improving neurotransmission in the healthy brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Martins Presti-Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Cancer and Neurobiology Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Martins-Silva
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Rita Gomes Wanderley Pires
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
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Jiang S, Wang YQ, Tang Y, Lu X, Guo D. Environmental Enrichment Protects Against Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy-Induced Learning and Memory Deficits by Enhancing the Synthesis and Release of Vasopressin in the Supraoptic Nucleus. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:363-379. [PMID: 35079222 PMCID: PMC8776728 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s345108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a severe complication of sepsis, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) usually manifests as impaired learning and memory ability in survivors. Previous studies have reported that environmental enrichment (EE) can increase the learning and memory ability in different brain injury models. However, there has been no research on the possible positive effect of EE on SAE. Aim The present study aimed to test the effect of EE on SAE-induced impairment of learning and memory and its related mechanisms. Methods A Morris water maze test (MWM) was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability of SAE rats that received EE housing or not. The expression of vasopressin (VP) was assessed using immunofluorescence microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The synthesis of VP in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) was determined using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Moreover, inflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were detected using ELISA. Results The results showed that SAE induced a decreased learning and memory ability, while EE reversed this impairment. EE also enhanced the synthesis and secretion of VP in the SON. Blocking the action of VP in the hippocampus interrupted the EE-induced amelioration of learning and memory impairment. Moreover, EE induced changes to the levels of BDNF and cytokines in the hippocampus and these effects were mediated by VP binding to the VP receptor 1a. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that the enhanced synthesis and secretion of VP in the SON are a key determinant responsible for EE-induced alleviation of learning and memory deficits caused by SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Shan Jiang, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, No. 2 Ying Hua Yuan East Street, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 10 84205288, Fax +86 10 64217749, Email
| | - Yong-Qiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sunshine Union Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, 261071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Guo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China
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Zhao X, Mohammed R, Tran H, Erickson M, Kentner AC. Poly (I:C)-induced maternal immune activation modifies ventral hippocampal regulation of stress reactivity: prevention by environmental enrichment. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 95:203-215. [PMID: 33766701 PMCID: PMC8187276 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been successfully implemented in human rehabilitation settings. However, the mechanisms underlying its success are not understood. Incorporating components of EE protocols into our animal models allows for the exploration of these mechanisms and their role in mitigation. Using a mouse model of maternal immune activation (MIA), the present study explored disruptions in social behavior and associated hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis functioning, and whether a supportive environment could prevent these effects. We show that prenatal immune activation of toll-like receptor 3, by the viral mimetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), led to disrupted maternal care in that dams built poorer quality nests, an effect corrected by EE housing. Standard housed male and female MIA mice engaged in higher rates of repetitive rearing and had lower levels of social interaction, alongside sex-specific expression of several ventral hippocampal neural stress markers. Moreover, MIA males had delayed recovery of plasma corticosterone in response to a novel social encounter. Enrichment housing, likely mediated by improved maternal care, protected against these MIA-induced effects. We also evaluated c-Fos immunoreactivity associated with the novel social experience and found MIA to decrease neural activation in the dentate gyrus. Activation in the hypothalamus was blunted in EE housed animals, suggesting that the putative circuits modulating social behaviors may be different between standard and complex housing environments. These data demonstrate that augmentation of the environment supports parental care and offspring safety/security, which can offset effects of early health adversity by buffering HPA axis dysregulation. Our findings provide further evidence for the viability of EE interventions in maternal and pediatric settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amanda C. Kentner
- Corresponding author: Amanda Kentner, , Office #617-274-3360, Fax # 617-732-2959
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Douglass ML, Beard H, Shoubridge A, Nazri N, King B, Trim PJ, Duplock SK, Snel MF, Hopwood JJ, Hemsley KM. Is SGSH heterozygosity a risk factor for early-onset neurodegenerative disease? J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:763-776. [PMID: 33423317 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) have been found in PD patients, and some but not all mutations in other lysosomal enzyme genes, for example, NPC1 and MCOLN1 have been associated with PD. We have examined the behaviour and brain structure of mice carrying a D31N mutation in the sulphamidase (Sgsh) gene which encodes a lysosomal sulphatase. Female heterozygotes and wildtype mice aged 12-, 15-, 18- and 21-months of age underwent motor phenotyping and the brain was comprehensively evaluated for disease-associated lesions. Heterozygous mice exhibited impaired performance in the negative geotaxis test when compared with wildtype mice. Whilst the brain of Sgsh heterozygotes aged up to 21-months did not exhibit any of the gross features of PD, Alzheimer's disease or the neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders, for example, loss of striatal dopamine, reduced GBA activity, α-synuclein-positive inclusions, perturbation of lipid synthesis, or cerebellar Purkinje cell drop-out, we noted discrete structural aberrations in the dendritic tree of cortical pyramidal neurons in 21-month old animals. The overt disease lesions and resultant phenotypic changes previously described in individuals with heterozygous mutations in lysosomal enzyme genes such as glucocerebrosidase may be enzyme dependent. By better understanding why deficiency in, or mutant forms of some but not all lysosomal proteins leads to heightened risk or earlier onset of classical neurodegenerative disorders, novel disease-causing mechanisms may be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Douglass
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen Beard
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Shoubridge
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nazzmer Nazri
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara King
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stephen K Duplock
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - John J Hopwood
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kim M Hemsley
- Childhood Dementia Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Paolone G. From the Gut to the Brain and Back: Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Network Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2020; 11:557928. [PMID: 33117258 PMCID: PMC7575743 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.557928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multisystem, progressive, degenerative disorder characterized by severe, debilitating motor dysfunction, cognitive impairments, and mood disorders. Although preclinical research has traditionally focused on the motor deficits resulting from the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, up to two thirds of PD patients present separate and distinct behavioral changes. Loss of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons occurs as early as the loss of dopaminergic cells and contributes to the cognitive decline in PD. In addition, attentional deficits can limit posture control and movement efficacy caused by dopaminergic cell loss. Complicating the picture further is intracellular α-synuclein accumulation beginning in the enteric nervous system and diffusing to the substantia nigra through the dorsal motor neurons of the vagus nerve. It seems that α-synuclein's role is that of mediating dopamine synthesis, storage, and release, and its function has not been completely understood. Treating a complex, multistage network disorder, such as PD, likely requires a multipronged approach. Here, we describe a few approaches that could be used alone or perhaps in combination to achieve a greater mosaic of behavioral benefit. These include (1) using encapsulated, genetically modified cells as delivery vehicles for administering neuroprotective trophic factors, such as GDNF, in a direct and sustained means to the brain; (2) immunotherapeutic interventions, such as vaccination or the use of monoclonal antibodies against aggregated, pathological α-synuclein; (3) the continuous infusion of levodopa-carbidopa through an intestinal gel pad to attenuate the loss of dopaminergic function and manage the motor and non-motor complications in PD patients; and (4) specific rehabilitation treatment programs for drug-refractory motor complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Paolone
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health - Section of Pharmacology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Areal LB, Blakely RD. Neurobehavioral changes arising from early life dopamine signaling perturbations. Neurochem Int 2020; 137:104747. [PMID: 32325191 PMCID: PMC7261509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) signaling is critical to the modulation of multiple brain functions including locomotion, reinforcement, attention and cognition. The literature provides strong evidence that altered DA availability and actions can impact normal neurodevelopment, with both early and enduring consequences on anatomy, physiology and behavior. An appreciation for the developmental contributions of DA signaling to brain development is needed to guide efforts to preclude and remedy neurobehavioral disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, addiction, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, each of which exhibits links to DA via genetic, cellular and/or pharmacological findings. In this review, we highlight research pursued in preclinical models that use genetic and pharmacological approaches to manipulate DA signaling at sensitive developmental stages, leading to changes at molecular, circuit and/or behavioral levels. We discuss how these alterations can be aligned with traits displayed by neuropsychiatric diseases. Lastly, we review human studies that evaluate contributions of developmental perturbations of DA systems to increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena B Areal
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Randy D Blakely
- Department of Biomedical Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA; Brain Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA.
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Li B, Xu P, Wu S, Jiang Z, Huang Z, Li Q, Chen D. Diosgenin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Parkinson's Disease by Inhibiting the TLR/NF-κB Pathway. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 64:943-955. [PMID: 29966203 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Diosgenin is a natural steroid saponin which was shown to play a beneficial role in Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the potential effect of diosgenin on a rat model of PD. METHODS Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to intra-striatal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and treated with diosgenin. Stepping, Whisker, and Cylinder tests were carried out to determine the motor function, and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase was detected by immunohistochemistry. The levels of multiple proinflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress related factors and proteins involved in Toll-like receptor (TLR)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were measured. The synergistic effect of environment enrichment on diosgenin was also investigated. RESULTS Intra-striatal injection of LPS caused motor deficits in rats, induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress response, and activated the TLR/NF-κB pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Diosgenin could attenuate the LPS-induced alterations. Enriched environment enhanced the effect of diosgenin to ameliorate the LPS-induced motor deficits in rats and decreased the protein levels of TLR2, TLR4, and nuclear NF-κB in diosgenin treated PD rats. CONCLUSION Diosgenin had a beneficial effect in LPS-induced rat PD models, by suppressing the TLR/NF-κB signaling pathway. Environmental enrichment could play a synergistic effect with diosgenin, by enhancing the inhibitory effect of diosgenin on the TLR/ NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Wang L, Cao M, Pu T, Huang H, Marshall C, Xiao M. Enriched Physical Environment Attenuates Spatial and Social Memory Impairments of Aged Socially Isolated Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:1114-1127. [PMID: 30247630 PMCID: PMC6276026 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social isolation in the elderly is one of the principal health risks in an aging society. Physical environmental enrichment is shown to improve sensory, cognitive, and motor functions, but it is unknown whether environmental enrichment can protect against brain impairments caused by social isolation. METHODS Eighteen-month-old mice were housed, either grouped or isolated, in a standard or enriched environment for 2 months, respectively. Behavioral tests were performed to evaluate cognitive functional and social interaction ability. Synaptic protein levels, myelination, neuroinflammation, brain derived neurotrophic factor, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome signaling pathways were examined in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS Isolated aged mice exhibited declines in spatial memory and social memory compared with age-matched littermates living within group housing. The aforementioned memory malfunctions were mitigated in isolated aged mice that were housed in a large cage with a running wheel and novel toys. Enriched housing prevented synaptic protein loss, myelination defects, and downregulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor, while also increasing interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of isolated mice. In addition, activation of glial cells and NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasomes was partially ameliorated in the hippocampus of isolated mice treated with physical environmental enrichment. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that an enriched physical environment program may serve as a nonpharmacological intervention candidate to help maintain healthy brain function of elderly people living alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linmei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Min Cao
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tinglin Pu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huang Huang
- Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center for Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, Kentucky
| | - Ming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China,Correspondence: Ming Xiao, MD, PhD, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China ()
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Neuroprotective effect of crocin on substantia nigra in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease model of mice. Anat Sci Int 2018; 94:119-127. [PMID: 30159851 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-018-0457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is caused by damage to substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Factors such as oxidative stress, inflammatory factors, and acetylcholinesterase activity may induce this disease. On the other hand, crocin-one of the active ingredients of saffron-has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was performed to evaluate the protective effect of crocin to decrease dopaminergic neuron damage and Parkinson's disease complications induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). A set of 24 male BALB/c Mice were divided randomly into four groups: (1) MPTP group receiving 30 mg/kg MPTP for 5 days; (2) MPTP + crocin group receiving 30 mg/kg MPTP for 5 days and 30 mg/kg crocin for 15 days; (3) NS group receiving normal saline for 5 days; and (4) NSIG group receiving normal saline intraperitoneally for 5 days and also normal saline by gavage for 15 days. After the treatment period, pole and hanging motor tests were performed in all groups. Then, the brains of all the animals were removed and fixed in formalin, prepared according to routine histologic methods and cut into sections of 5 µm thickness. Prepared sections were stained by immunohistochemistry techniques and toluidine blue to detect tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons and dark neurons, respectively. Finally, the mean number of these cells were calculated by stereological methods and compared with the statistical tests in different groups. The results showed a significant increase in the time taken for the animal to fall from the pole in the MPTP group in comparison with other groups (P < 0.001). The time taken for them to stay on the wire in the hanging test decreased significantly in the MPTP group compared to the other groups (P < 0.001).,while in the MPTP + crocin group, the time to falling decreased (P < 0.05) and the time staying on the wire increased (P < 0.001) compared to the MPTP group. The number of TH-positive neurons in the MPTP group also decreased significantly in comparison with saline and MPTP + crocin groups (P < 0.001). The number of dark neuron sin the MPTP group increased significantly as compared with saline and the MPTP + Crocin groups (P < 0.001). Our results showed that crocin improves MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease complications and decreases cell death in the substantia nigra.
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Gonçalves LV, Herlinger AL, Ferreira TAA, Coitinho JB, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C. Environmental enrichment cognitive neuroprotection in an experimental model of cerebral ischemia: biochemical and molecular aspects. Behav Brain Res 2018; 348:171-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Herlinger AL, Almeida AR, Presti-Silva SM, Pereira EV, Andrich F, Pires RGW, Martins-Silva C. Behavioral, Biochemical and Molecular Characterization of a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model Using the Neurotoxin 2'-CH 3-MPTP: A Novel Approach. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:73-82. [PMID: 29332269 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurotoxin MPTP has long been used to create a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). Indeed, several MPTP analogues have been developed, including 2'-CH3-MPTP, which was shown to induce nigrostriatal DA neuronal depletion more potently than MPTP. However, no study on behavioral and molecular alterations in response to 2'-CH3-MPTP has been carried out so far. In the present work, 2'-CH3-MPTP was administered to mice (2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg per injection, once a day, 5 days) and histological, biochemical, molecular and behavioral alterations were evaluated. We show that, despite a dose-dependent-like pattern observed for nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal death and dopamine depletion, dose-specific alterations in dopamine metabolism and in the expression of dopaminergic neurotransmission-associated genes could be related to specific motor deficits elicited by the different doses tested. Interestingly, 2'-CH3-MPTP leads to increased DAT and MAO-B transcription, which could explain, respectively, its higher potency and the requirement of higher doses of MAO inhibitors to prevent nigrostriatal neuronal death when compared to MPTP. Also, perturbations in dopamine metabolism as well as possible alterations in dopamine bioavailability in the synaptic cleft were also identified and correlated with strength and ambulation deficits in response to specific doses. Overall, the present work brings new evidence supporting the distinct effects of 2'-CH3-MPTP when compared to its analogue MPTP. Moreover, our data highlight the utmost importance of a precise experimental design, as different administration regimens and doses yield different biochemical, molecular and behavioral alterations, which can be explored to study specific aspects of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Laschuk Herlinger
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil. .,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil. .,Department of Genetics, Biology Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Agihane Rodrigues Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Sarah Martins Presti-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Vitor Pereira
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Filipe Andrich
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Rita Gomes Wanderley Pires
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Cristina Martins-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Behavioral Neurobiology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil.,Department of Physiological Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil
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Gelfo F, Mandolesi L, Serra L, Sorrentino G, Caltagirone C. The Neuroprotective Effects of Experience on Cognitive Functions: Evidence from Animal Studies on the Neurobiological Bases of Brain Reserve. Neuroscience 2017; 370:218-235. [PMID: 28827089 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain plasticity is the ability of the nervous system to change structurally and functionally in response to experience. By shaping brain structure and function, experience leads to the creation of a protective reserve that accounts for differences among individuals in susceptibility to age-related brain modifications and pathology. This review is aimed to address the biological bases of the experience-dependent "brain reserve" by describing the results of animal studies that focused on the neuroanatomical and molecular effects of environmental enrichment. More specifically, the effects at the cellular level are considered in terms of changes in neurogenesis, gliogenesis, angiogenesis, and synaptogenesis. Moreover, the effects at the molecular level are described, highlighting gene- and protein-level changes in neurotransmitter and neurotrophin expression. The experimental evidence for the basic biological consequences of environmental enrichment is described for healthy animals. Subsequently, by discussing the findings for animal models that mimic age-related diseases, the involvement of such plastic changes in supporting an organism as it copes with normal and pathological age-related cognitive decline is considered. On the whole, studies of the structural and molecular effects of environmental enrichment strongly support the neuroprotective action of a particularly stimulating lifestyle on cognitive functions. Our current level of understanding of these effects and mechanisms is such that additional and novel studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses are necessary to investigate the specific effects of the different components of environmental enrichment in both healthy and pathological models. Only in this way can comprehensive recommendations for proper life habits be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gelfo
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy; Istituto di diagnosi e cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Systemic Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Zhou Y, Li P, Brantner A, Wang H, Shu X, Yang J, Si N, Han L, Zhao H, Bian B. Chemical profiling analysis of Maca using UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS coupled with UHPLC-ESI-QqQ MS and the neuroprotective study on its active ingredients. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44660. [PMID: 28304399 PMCID: PMC5356334 DOI: 10.1038/srep44660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii (Maca), originated from Peru, has been cultivated widely in China as a popular health care food. However, the chemical and effective studies of Maca were less in-depth, which restricted its application seriously. To ensure the quality of Maca, a feasible and accurate strategy was established. One hundred and sixty compounds including 30 reference standards were identified in 6 fractions of methanol extract of Maca by UHPLC-ESI-Orbitrap MS. Among them, 15 representative active compounds were simultaneously determined in 17 samples by UHPLC-ESI-QqQ MS. The results suggested that Maca from Yunnan province was the potential substitute for the one from Peru. Meanwhile, the neuroprotective effects of Maca were investigated. Three fractions and two pure compounds showed strong activities in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced zebrafish model. Among them, 80% methanol elution fraction (Fr5) showed significant neuroprotective activity, followed by 100% part (Fr6). The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was a possible mechanism of its neuroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Adelheid Brantner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Pharmacognosy, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbin Shu
- Shandong Rosemed Biopharm LTC, Yanzhou, Shandong province, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Si
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingyu Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyu Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Bian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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