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Yang Y, Zhang Z. α-Synuclein pathology from the body to the brain: so many seeds so close to the central soil. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1463-1472. [PMID: 38051888 PMCID: PMC10883481 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT α-Synuclein is a protein that mainly exists in the presynaptic terminals. Abnormal folding and accumulation of α-synuclein are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Aggregated and highly phosphorylated α-synuclein constitutes the main component of Lewy bodies in the brain, the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. For decades, much attention has been focused on the accumulation of α-synuclein in the brain parenchyma rather than considering Parkinson's disease as a systemic disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that, at least in some patients, the initial α-synuclein pathology originates in the peripheral organs and spreads to the brain. Injection of α-synuclein preformed fibrils into the gastrointestinal tract triggers the gut-to-brain propagation of α-synuclein pathology. However, whether α-synuclein pathology can occur spontaneously in peripheral organs independent of exogenous α-synuclein preformed fibrils or pathological α-synuclein leakage from the central nervous system remains under investigation. In this review, we aimed to summarize the role of peripheral α-synuclein pathology in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. We also discuss the pathways by which α-synuclein pathology spreads from the body to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Yang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Liu C, Su Y, Ma X, Wei Y, Qiao R. How close are we to a breakthrough? The hunt for blood biomarkers in Parkinson's disease diagnosis. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2563-2576. [PMID: 38379501 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), being the second largest neurodegenerative disease, poses challenges in early detection, resulting in a lack of timely treatment options to effectively manage the disease. By the time clinical diagnosis becomes possible, more than 60% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of patients have already degenerated. Therefore, early diagnosis or identification of warning signs is crucial for the prompt and timely beginning of the treatment. However, conducting invasive or complex diagnostic procedures on asymptomatic patients can be challenging, making routine blood tests a more feasible approach in such cases. Numerous studies have been conducted over an extended period to search for effective diagnostic biomarkers in blood samples. However, thus far, no highly effective biomarkers have been confirmed. Besides classical proteins like α-synuclein (α-syn), phosphorylated α-syn and oligomeric α-syn, other molecules involved in disease progression should also be given equal attention. In this review, we will not only discuss proposed biomarkers that are currently under investigation but also delve into the mechanisms underlying the disease, focusing on processes such as α-syn misfolding, intercellular transmission and the crossing of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Our aim is to provide an updated overview of molecules based on these processes that may potentially serve as blood biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Su
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Ma
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Qiao
- Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Li H, Zeng F, Huang C, Pu Q, Thomas ER, Chen Y, Li X. The potential role of glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14411. [PMID: 37577934 PMCID: PMC10848100 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, which can cause progressive deterioration of motor function causing muscle stiffness, tremor, and bradykinesia. In this review, we hope to describe approaches that can improve the life of PD patients through modifications of energy metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS The main pathological features of PD are the progressive loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and the production of Lewy bodies. Abnormal aggregation of α-synuclein (α-Syn) leading to the formation of Lewy bodies is closely associated with neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. The main causes of PD are said to be mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregation. Presence of abnormal energy metabolism is another cause of PD. Many studies have found significant differences between neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic decompensation, which has become a biological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. SUMMARY In this review, we highlight the relationship between abnormal energy metabolism (Glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism) and PD. Improvement of key molecules in glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, and amino acid metabolism (e.g., glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, triglycerides, and levodopa) might be potentially beneficial in PD. Some of these metabolic indicators may serve well during the diagnosis of PD. In addition, modulation of these metabolic pathways may be a potential target for the treatment and prevention of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Fancai Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Cancan Huang
- Department of DermatologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Qiqi Pu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | | | - Yan Chen
- Department of DermatologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical ScienceSouthwest Medical UniversityLuzhouChina
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Paslawski W, Svenningsson P. Elevated ApoE, ApoJ and lipoprotein-bound α-synuclein levels in cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinson's disease patients - Validation in the BioFIND cohort. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 116:105765. [PMID: 37479568 PMCID: PMC11140586 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The progressive accumulation, aggregation, and spread of α-synuclein (aSN) are common hallmarks of Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. The genotype of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) influences PD progression. Recently we found that aSN co-localize with apolipoproteins on lipoprotein vesicles. We reported an increased level of ApoE, ApoJ and lipoprotein-bound aSN in CSF from early PD patients compared to matched controls. We also found reduced plasma ApoAI in PD patients. OBJECTIVE In this study, we used the same approach on the BioFIND cohort to validate our previous results and extended the studies to examine correlations with ApoE genotype, demographic variables, clinical symptoms and other biochemical findings reported in the BioFIND cohort. METHODS For the assessment, we used Western-Blot (WB) technique for apolipoproteins measurements in CSF and plasma from PD patients and healthy controls. Further, for measurement of aSN bound to lipoproteins, we combined immunodepletion with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Levels of ApoE, ApoJ and lipoprotein bound aSN were significantly increased in CSF from PD patients compared to controls. We also observed decreased levels of ApoAI and ApoJ in plasma from PD patients compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Concluding, the present data validated our previous findings. Altered lipoproteins appear to be important in early PD pathology and may be involved in mechanisms underlying aSN cell-to-cell transfer in the nervous system and be developed in algorithms for early diagnosis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Paslawski
- Laboratory of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Laboratory of Translational Neuropharmacology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Bellomo G, Paciotti S, Concha-Marambio L, Rizzo D, Wojdaƚa AL, Chiasserini D, Gatticchi L, Cerofolini L, Giuntini S, De Luca CMG, Ma Y, Farris CM, Pieraccini G, Bologna S, Filidei M, Ravera E, Lelli M, Moda F, Fragai M, Parnetti L, Luchinat C. Cerebrospinal fluid lipoproteins inhibit α-synuclein aggregation by interacting with oligomeric species in seed amplification assays. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:20. [PMID: 37005644 PMCID: PMC10068178 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00613-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn) is a prominent feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. Currently, α-syn seed amplification assays (SAAs) using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represent the most promising diagnostic tools for synucleinopathies. However, CSF itself contains several compounds that can modulate the aggregation of α-syn in a patient-dependent manner, potentially undermining unoptimized α-syn SAAs and preventing seed quantification. METHODS In this study, we characterized the inhibitory effect of CSF milieu on detection of α-syn aggregates by means of CSF fractionation, mass spectrometry, immunoassays, transmission electron microscopy, solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, a highly accurate and standardized diagnostic SAA, and different in vitro aggregation conditions to evaluate spontaneous aggregation of α-syn. RESULTS We found the high-molecular weight fraction of CSF (> 100,000 Da) to be highly inhibitory on α-syn aggregation and identified lipoproteins to be the main drivers of this effect. Direct interaction between lipoproteins and monomeric α-syn was not detected by solution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, on the other hand we observed lipoprotein-α-syn complexes by transmission electron microscopy. These observations are compatible with hypothesizing an interaction between lipoproteins and oligomeric/proto-fibrillary α-syn intermediates. We observed significantly slower amplification of α-syn seeds in PD CSF when lipoproteins were added to the reaction mix of diagnostic SAA. Additionally, we observed a decreased inhibition capacity of CSF on α-syn aggregation after immunodepleting ApoA1 and ApoE. Finally, we observed that CSF ApoA1 and ApoE levels significantly correlated with SAA kinetic parameters in n = 31 SAA-negative control CSF samples spiked with preformed α-syn aggregates. CONCLUSIONS Our results describe a novel interaction between lipoproteins and α-syn aggregates that inhibits the formation of α-syn fibrils and could have relevant implications. Indeed, the donor-specific inhibition of CSF on α-syn aggregation explains the lack of quantitative results from analysis of SAA-derived kinetic parameters to date. Furthermore, our data show that lipoproteins are the main inhibitory components of CSF, suggesting that lipoprotein concentration measurements could be incorporated into data analysis models to eliminate the confounding effects of CSF milieu on α-syn quantification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bellomo
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Silvia Paciotti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luis Concha-Marambio
- R&D Unit, Amprion Inc, 11095 Flintkote Av., San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Lidia Wojdaƚa
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Davide Chiasserini
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Gatticchi
- Section of Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Linda Cerofolini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Giuntini
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Chiara Maria Giulia De Luca
- Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Yihua Ma
- R&D Unit, Amprion Inc, 11095 Flintkote Av., San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Carly M Farris
- R&D Unit, Amprion Inc, 11095 Flintkote Av., San Diego, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pieraccini
- Department of Health Sciences, CISM Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Florence, Viale Gaetano Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Bologna
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marta Filidei
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Moreno Lelli
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabio Moda
- Division of Neurology 5 and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Lucilla Parnetti
- Laboratory of Clinical Neurochemistry, Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1/8, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
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Cross interactions between Apolipoprotein E and amyloid proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1189-1204. [PMID: 36817952 PMCID: PMC9932299 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Three common Apolipoprotein E isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, are key regulators of lipid homeostasis, among other functions. Apolipoprotein E can interact with amyloid proteins. The isoforms differ by one or two residues at positions 112 and 158, and possess distinct structural conformations and functions, leading to isoform-specific roles in amyloid-based neurodegenerative diseases. Over 30 different amyloid proteins have been found to share similar characteristics of structure and toxicity, suggesting a common interactome. The molecular and genetic interactions of ApoE with amyloid proteins have been extensively studied in neurodegenerative diseases, but have not yet been well connected and clarified. Here we summarize essential features of the interactions between ApoE and different amyloid proteins, identify gaps in the understanding of the interactome and propose the general interaction mechanism between ApoE isoforms and amyloid proteins. Perhaps more importantly, this review outlines what we can learn from the interactome of ApoE and amyloid proteins; that is the need to see both ApoE and amyloid proteins as a basis to understand neurodegenerative diseases.
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Crosstalk between neurological, cardiovascular, and lifestyle disorders: insulin and lipoproteins in the lead role. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:790-817. [PMID: 36149598 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance and impaired lipoprotein metabolism contribute to a plethora of metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. These alterations have been extensively linked with poor lifestyle choices, such as consumption of a high-fat diet, smoking, stress, and a redundant lifestyle. Moreover, these are also known to increase the co-morbidity of diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Under normal physiological conditions, insulin and lipoproteins exert a neuroprotective role in the central nervous system. However, the tripping of balance between the periphery and center may alter the normal functioning of the brain and lead to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, depression, and multiple sclerosis. These neurological disorders are further characterized by certain behavioral and molecular changes that show consistent overlap with alteration in insulin and lipoprotein signaling pathways. Therefore, targeting these two mechanisms not only reveals a way to manage the co-morbidities associated with the circle of the metabolic, central nervous system, and cardiovascular disorders but also exclusively work as a disease-modifying therapy for neurological disorders. In this review, we summarize the role of insulin resistance and lipoproteins in the progression of various neurological conditions and discuss the therapeutic options currently in the clinical pipeline targeting these two mechanisms; in addition, challenges faced in designing these therapeutic approaches have also been touched upon briefly.
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8
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Zhang M, Chen H, Liu G, Wang X, Wang Z, Feng T, Zhang Y. Lower serum triglyceride levels linked to more severe motor performance in Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:5343-5353. [PMID: 35608738 PMCID: PMC9385747 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Emerging evidence has suggested that lipid metabolism is correlated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) onset and progression. However, the effect of lipid metabolism on motor performance in PD patients is still unknown. This study estimated the association between lipid profiles and the severity of motor performance in PD. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 279 idiopathic PD patients from the Department of Neurology of Beijing Tiantan Hospital from May 2016 to August 2018. Serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1), and apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) levels were detected in fast serum samples. Motor performance was assessed by Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III (MDS-UPDRS III) total scores and subscores in these patients. The associations of lipid profiles with motor performance were analyzed using multivariable linear regression models. Results Compared to males, females with PD exhibited significantly higher serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Apo-A1, and Apo-B levels. When accounting for covariates, lower serum TG levels were significantly associated with higher MDS-UPDRS III total scores and gait/postural instability subscores. Additionally, the univariate linear regression model showed that in males with PD, serum HDL-C or Apo-A1 levels were significantly associated with tremor subscores. Conclusion Lower serum TG levels were associated with more severe motor performance in patients with PD and TG may be a potential predictive biomarker for motor performance in PD patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-022-06113-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Genliang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China.
| | - Yumei Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (NCRC-ND), Beijing, China.
- Department of Rehabilitation, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.119 South 4th Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Rueter J, Rimbach G, Huebbe P. Functional diversity of apolipoprotein E: from subcellular localization to mitochondrial function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:499. [PMID: 36018414 PMCID: PMC9418098 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (APOE), originally known for its role in lipid metabolism, is polymorphic with three major allele forms, namely, APOEε2, APOEε3, and APOEε4, leading to three different human APOE isoforms. The ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, the vast majority of APOE research focuses on its role in AD pathology. However, there is increasing evidence for other functions of APOE through the involvement in other biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, immune response, and responsiveness to dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential novel functions of APOE and their characterization. The detection of APOE in various cell organelles points to previously unrecognized roles in mitochondria and others, although it is actually considered a secretory protein. Furthermore, numerous interactions of APOE with other proteins have been detected, providing indications for new metabolic pathways involving APOE. The present review summarizes the current evidence on APOE beyond its original role in lipid metabolism, to change the perspective and encourage novel approaches to future research on APOE and its isoform-dependent role in the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rueter
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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Neuronal ApoE Regulates the Cell-to-Cell Transmission of α-Synuclein. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158311. [PMID: 35955451 PMCID: PMC9369063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of protein inclusions, called Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), in the brain is the main feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent evidence that the prion-like propagation of α-synuclein (α-syn), as a major component of LBs and LNs, plays an important role in the progression of PD has gained much attention, although the molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated whether neuronal ApoE regulates the cell-to-cell transmission of α-syn and explored its molecular mechanism using in vitro and in vivo model systems. We demonstrate that neuronal ApoE deficiency attenuates both α-syn uptake and release by downregulating LRP-1 and LDLR expression and enhancing chaperone-mediated autophagy activity, respectively, thereby contributing to α-syn propagation. In addition, we observed that α-syn propagation was attenuated in ApoE knockout mice injected with pre-formed mouse α-syn fibrils. This study will help our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying α-syn propagation.
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Structural and Functional Changes of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) by Incorporation of α-synuclein: A Potent Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Activity of α-synuclein and apoA-I in HDL at High Molar Ratio of α-synuclein. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247485. [PMID: 34946565 PMCID: PMC8707077 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is a major culprit of Parkinson's disease (PD), although lipoprotein metabolism is very important in the pathogenesis of PD. α-syn was expressed and purified using the pET30a expression vector from an E. coli expression system to elucidate the physiological effects of α-syn on lipoprotein metabolism. The human α-syn protein (140 amino acids) with His-tag (8 amino acids) was expressed and purified to at least 95% purity. Isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis showed that the isoelectric point (pI) of α-syn and apoA-I were pI = 4.5 and pI = 6.4, respectively. The lipid-free α-syn showed almost no phospholipid-binding ability, while apoA-I showed rapid binding ability with a half-time (T1/2) = 8 ± 0.7 min. The α-syn and apoA-I could be incorporated into the reconstituted HDL (rHDL, molar ratio 95:5:1:1, palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC):cholesterol:apoA-I:α-syn with the production of larger particles (92 Å) than apoA-I-rHDL (86 and 78 Å) and α-syn-rHDL (65 Å). An rHDL containing both apoA-I and α-syn showed lower α-helicity around 45% with a red shift of the Trp wavelength maximum fluorescence (WMF) from 339 nm, while apoA-I-HDL showed 76% α-helicity and 337 nm of WMF. The denaturation by urea addition showed that the incorporation of α-syn in rHDL caused a larger increase in the WMF than apoA-I-rHDL, suggesting that the destabilization of the secondary structure of apoA-I by the addition of α-syn. On the other hand, the addition of α-syn induced two-times higher resistance to rHDL glycation at apoA-I:α-syn molar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2. Interestingly, low α-syn in rHDL concentrations, molar ratio of 1:0.5 (apoA-I:α-syn), did not prevent glycation with more multimerization of apoA-I. In the lipid-free and lipid-bound state, α-syn showed more potent antioxidant activity than apoA-I against cupric ion-mediated LDL oxidation. On the other hand, microinjection of α-syn (final 2 μM) resulted in 10% less survival of zebrafish embryos than apoA-I. A subcutaneous injection of α-syn (final 34 μM) resulted in less tail fin regeneration than apoA-I. Interestingly, incorporation of α-syn at a low molar ratio (apoA-I:α-syn, 1:0.5) in rHDL resulted destabilization of the secondary structure and impairment of apoA-I functionality via more oxidation and glycation. However, at a higher molar ratio of α-syn in rHDL (apoA-I:α-syn = 1:1 or 1:2) exhibited potent antioxidant and anti-glycation activity without aggregation. In conclusion, there might be a critical concentration of α-syn and apoA-I in HDL-like complex to prevent the aggregation of apoA-I via structural and functional enhancement.
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12
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Zhao J, Lu W, Ren Y, Fu Y, Martens YA, Shue F, Davis MD, Wang X, Chen K, Li F, Liu CC, Graff-Radford NR, Wszolek ZK, Younkin SG, Brafman DA, Ertekin-Taner N, Asmann YW, Dickson DW, Xu Z, Pan M, Han X, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E regulates lipid metabolism and α-synuclein pathology in human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 142:807-825. [PMID: 34453582 PMCID: PMC8500881 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02361-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
APOE4 is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies; however, how its expression impacts pathogenic pathways in a human-relevant system is not clear. Here using human iPSC-derived cerebral organoid models, we find that APOE deletion increases α-synuclein (αSyn) accumulation accompanied with synaptic loss, reduction of GBA levels, lipid droplet accumulation and dysregulation of intracellular organelles. These phenotypes are partially rescued by exogenous apoE2 and apoE3, but not apoE4. Lipidomics analysis detects the increased fatty acid utilization and cholesterol ester accumulation in apoE-deficient cerebral organoids. Furthermore, APOE4 cerebral organoids have increased αSyn accumulation compared to those with APOE3. Carrying APOE4 also increases apoE association with Lewy bodies in postmortem brains from patients with Lewy body disease. Our findings reveal the predominant role of apoE in lipid metabolism and αSyn pathology in iPSC-derived cerebral organoids, providing mechanistic insights into how APOE4 drives the risk for synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Wenyan Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yuan Fu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Mary D Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Fuyao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | | | | | - Steven G Younkin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological & Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Ziying Xu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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13
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Li XY, Li W, Li X, Li XR, Sun L, Yang W, Cai Y, Chen Z, Wu J, Wang C, Yu S. Alterations of Erythrocytic Phosphorylated Alpha-Synuclein in Different Subtypes and Stages of Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:623977. [PMID: 34658833 PMCID: PMC8511781 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.623977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine 129-phosphorylated alpha-synuclein (pS-α-syn) is a major form of α-syn relevant to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which has been recently detected in red blood cells (RBCs). However, alterations of RBC-derived pS-α-syn (pS-α-syn-RBC) in different subtypes and stages of PD remains to be investigated. In the present study, by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure pS-α-syn-RBC, we demonstrated significantly higher levels of pS-α-syn-RBC in PD patients than in healthy controls. pS-α-syn-RBC separated the patients well from the controls, with a sensitivity of 93.39% (95% CI: 90.17-95.81%), a specificity of 93.11% (95% CI: 89.85-95.58%), and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96. Considering motor subtypes, the levels of pS-α-syn-RBC were significantly higher in late-onset than young-onset PD (p = 0.013) and in those with postural instability and gait difficulty than with tremor-dominant (TD) phenotype (p = 0.029). In addition, the levels of pS-α-syn-RBC were also different in non-motor subtypes, which were significantly lower in patients with cognitive impairment (p = 0.012) and olfactory loss (p = 0.004) than in those without such symptoms. Moreover, the levels of pS-α-syn-RBC in PD patients were positively correlated with disease duration and Hoehn & Yahr stages (H&Y) (p for trend =0.02 and <0.001) as well as UPDRS III (R 2 = 0.031, p = 0.0042) and MoCA scores (R 2 = 0.048, p = 0.0004). The results obtained suggest that pS-α-syn-RBC can be used as a potential biomarker for not only separating PD patients from healthy controls but also predicting the subtypes and stages of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Ying Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xu-Ran Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linjuan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanning Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Lv S, Zhou X, Li Y, Zhang S, Wang Y, Jia S, Niu X, Wang L, Peng D. The Association Between Plasma α-Synuclein (α-syn) Protein, Urinary Alzheimer-Associated Neuronal Thread Protein (AD7c-NTP), and Apolipoprotein Epsilon 4 (ApoE ε4) Alleles and Cognitive Decline in 60 Patients with Alzheimer's Disease Compared with 28 Age-Matched Normal Individuals. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e932998. [PMID: 34312362 PMCID: PMC8325392 DOI: 10.12659/msm.932998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence has shown that α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology is involved in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aimed to investigate the association between the levels of plasma α-syn protein, urinary Alzheimer-associated neuronal thread protein (AD7c-NTP), apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (ApoE ɛ4) alleles and cognitive decline in 60 AD patients compared with 28 age-matched normal controls (NCs) at a single center. Material/Methods All participants underwent α-syn, apolipoprotein E (ApoE), AD7c-NTP, cholesterol (CHO), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TGs) analyses, neuropsychological scale assessments and neuroimaging analysis. Moreover, urine and peripheral blood samples were collected from all participants. The levels of plasma α-syn and AD7c-NTP were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Other test results were obtained from China-Japan Friendship Hospital. Results We found that plasma α-syn levels were significantly different between AD patients and NCs (p=0.045). α-Syn levels were also associated with AD7c-NTP (r=0.231, p=0.03) but not ApoE ɛ4 (Z=−0.147, p=0.883) levels. Neither α-syn [CHO (p=0.432), HDL (p=0.484), LDL (p=0.733) or TGs (p=0.253)] nor AD7c-NTP [CHO (p=0.867), HDL (p=0.13), LDL (p=0.57) or TGs (p=0.678)] had a relationship with lipids. Conclusions This study showed that the levels of plasma α-syn protein and urinary AD7c-NTP were significantly increased in AD patients compared with NCs, but not with ApoE alleles or serum lipid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Lv
- Department of Neurology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Shuhong Jia
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqian Niu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Dantao Peng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland).,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China (mainland)
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15
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Zhao N, Attrebi ON, Ren Y, Qiao W, Sonustun B, Martens YA, Meneses AD, Li F, Shue F, Zheng J, Van Ingelgom AJ, Davis MD, Kurti A, Knight JA, Linares C, Chen Y, Delenclos M, Liu CC, Fryer JD, Asmann YW, McLean PJ, Dickson DW, Ross OA, Bu G. APOE4 exacerbates α-synuclein pathology and related toxicity independent of amyloid. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/529/eaay1809. [PMID: 32024798 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease mainly by driving amyloid-β pathology. Recently, APOE4 has also been found to be a genetic risk factor for Lewy body dementia (LBD), which includes dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia. How APOE4 drives risk of LBD and whether it has a direct effect on α-synuclein pathology are not clear. Here, we generated a mouse model of synucleinopathy using an adeno-associated virus gene delivery of α-synuclein in human APOE-targeted replacement mice expressing APOE2, APOE3, or APOE4. We found that APOE4, but not APOE2 or APOE3, increased α-synuclein pathology, impaired behavioral performances, worsened neuronal and synaptic loss, and increased astrogliosis at 9 months of age. Transcriptomic profiling in APOE4-expressing α-synuclein mice highlighted altered lipid and energy metabolism and synapse-related pathways. We also observed an effect of APOE4 on α-synuclein pathology in human postmortem brains with LBD and minimal amyloid pathology. Our data demonstrate a pathogenic role of APOE4 in exacerbating α-synuclein pathology independent of amyloid, providing mechanistic insights into how APOE4 increases the risk of LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Olivia N Attrebi
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Berkiye Sonustun
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yuka A Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Axel D Meneses
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Fuyao Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Mary D Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Joshua A Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Marion Delenclos
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yan W Asmann
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Pamela J McLean
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Owen A Ross
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. .,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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16
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Guschina IA, Ninkina N, Roman A, Pokrovskiy MV, Buchman VL. Triple-Knockout, Synuclein-Free Mice Display Compromised Lipid Pattern. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113078. [PMID: 34064018 PMCID: PMC8196748 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have implicated synucleins in several reactions during the biosynthesis of lipids and fatty acids in addition to their recognised role in membrane lipid binding and synaptic functions. These are among aspects of decreased synuclein functions that are still poorly acknowledged especially in regard to pathogenesis in Parkinson’s disease. Here, we aimed to add to existing knowledge of synuclein deficiency (i.e., the lack of all three family members), with respect to changes in fatty acids and lipids in plasma, liver, and two brain regions in triple synuclein-knockout (TKO) mice. We describe changes of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) and palmitic acid in liver and plasma, reduced triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in liver and non-esterified fatty acids in plasma of synuclein free mice. In midbrain, we observed counterbalanced changes in the relative concentrations of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cerebrosides (CER). We also recorded a notable reduction in ethanolamine plasmalogens in the midbrain of synuclein free mice, which is an important finding since the abnormal ether lipid metabolism usually associated with neurological disorders. In summary, our data demonstrates that synuclein deficiency results in alterations of the PUFA synthesis, storage lipid accumulation in the liver, and the reduction of plasmalogens and CER, those polar lipids which are principal compounds of lipid rafts in many tissues. An ablation of all three synuclein family members causes more profound changes in lipid metabolism than changes previously shown to be associated with γ-synuclein deficiency alone. Possible mechanisms by which synuclein deficiency may govern the reported modifications of lipid metabolism in TKO mice are proposed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Guschina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.N.); (A.R.); (V.L.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Ninkina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.N.); (A.R.); (V.L.B.)
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), 1 Severniy Proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Andrei Roman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.N.); (A.R.); (V.L.B.)
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), 1 Severniy Proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Pokrovskiy
- Research Institute of Living Systems Pharmacology, Belgorod State National Research University, 85 Pobedy Street, Belgorod 308015, Belgorod Oblast, Russia;
| | - Vladimir L. Buchman
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (N.N.); (A.R.); (V.L.B.)
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (IPAC RAS), 1 Severniy Proezd, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russia
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17
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Iuchi K, Takai T, Hisatomi H. Cell Death via Lipid Peroxidation and Protein Aggregation Diseases. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:399. [PMID: 34064409 PMCID: PMC8147787 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes is a complicated cellular event, and it is both the cause and result of various diseases, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, neurodegenerative diseases, and atherosclerosis. Lipid peroxidation causes non-apoptotic cell death, which is associated with cell fate determination: survival or cell death. During the radical chain reaction of lipid peroxidation, various oxidized lipid products accumulate in cells, followed by organelle dysfunction and the induction of non-apoptotic cell death. Highly reactive oxidized products from unsaturated fatty acids are detected under pathological conditions. Pathological protein aggregation is the general cause of these diseases. The cellular response to misfolded proteins is well-known as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and it is partially concomitant with the response to lipid peroxidation. Moreover, the association between protein aggregation and non-apoptotic cell death by lipid peroxidation is attracting attention. The link between lipid peroxidation and protein aggregation is a matter of concern in biomedical fields. Here, we focus on lethal protein aggregation in non-apoptotic cell death via lipid peroxidation. We reviewed the roles of protein aggregation in the initiation and execution of non-apoptotic cell death. We also considered the relationship between protein aggregation and oxidized lipid production. We provide an overview of non-apoptotic cell death with a focus on lipid peroxidation for therapeutic targeting during protein aggregation diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Iuchi
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijojikitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan; (T.T.); (H.H.)
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18
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García‐Sanz P, M.F.G. Aerts J, Moratalla R. The Role of Cholesterol in α-Synuclein and Lewy Body Pathology in GBA1 Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2021; 36:1070-1085. [PMID: 33219714 PMCID: PMC8247417 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease where dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are lost, resulting in a decrease in striatal dopamine and, consequently, motor control. Dopaminergic degeneration is associated with the appearance of Lewy bodies, which contain membrane structures and proteins, including α-synuclein (α-Syn), in surviving neurons. PD displays a multifactorial pathology and develops from interactions between multiple elements, such as age, environmental conditions, and genetics. Mutations in the GBA1 gene represent one of the major genetic risk factors for PD. This gene encodes an essential lysosomal enzyme called β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), which is responsible for degrading the glycolipid glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. GCase can generate glucosylated cholesterol via transglucosylation and can also degrade the sterol glucoside. Although the molecular mechanisms that predispose an individual to neurodegeneration remain unknown, the role of cholesterol in PD pathology deserves consideration. Disturbed cellular cholesterol metabolism, as reflected by accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol in GBA1-associated PD cellular models, could contribute to changes in lipid rafts, which are necessary for synaptic localization and vesicle cycling and modulation of synaptic integrity. α-Syn has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal cholesterol, and cholesterol facilitates interactions between α-Syn oligomers. In this review, we integrate the results of previous studies and describe the cholesterol landscape in cellular homeostasis and neuronal function. We discuss its implication in α-Syn and Lewy body pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD, focusing on the role of GCase and cholesterol. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García‐Sanz
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - Johannes M.F.G. Aerts
- Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden UniversityFaculty of ScienceLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, CSICMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades NeurodegenerativasInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadridSpain
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Dai L, Zou L, Meng L, Qiang G, Yan M, Zhang Z. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2183-2201. [PMID: 33411241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an indispensable component of the cell membrane and plays vital roles in critical physiological processes. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large portion of total cholesterol in the human body, and its content must be tightly regulated to ensure normal brain function. Disorders of cholesterol metabolism in the brain are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and other atypical cognitive deficits that arise at old age. However, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism disorder in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Statins that are a class of lipid-lowering drugs have been reported to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we reviewed the physiological and pathological conditions of cholesterol metabolism and discussed the possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and statin therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Hui N, Morris MJ, Allison MA, Tsai MY, Rye KA, Tabet F, Ong KL. Lipoprotein (a) and the risk of elevated depressive symptoms: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 133:119-124. [PMID: 33338734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested a potential relationship between plasma lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] and elevated depressive symptoms. We aimed to investigate any such relationship in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants who were free of cardiovascular events. Analysis included 4938 participants without elevated depressive symptoms and with Lp(a) levels measured at baseline. Participants were examined at four clinic visits over a 10-year period. Elevated depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and were defined as a CES-D score ≥16 or use of anti-depressants. Lp(a) level was measured with a latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay. After adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic factors and other confounding factors in Cox regression analyses, a higher ln-transformed Lp(a) level was associated with new elevated depressive symptoms since baseline (hazard ratio [95% CI] = 1.09 [1.02-1.16] per SD increment in ln-transformed level, P = 0.01). However, no association was found when elevated Lp(a) levels were assessed using clinical cut-off point (≥30 or 50 mg/dL), nor in sensitivity analyses using alternative definitions of elevated depressive symptoms. No significant interaction with race/ethnicity was found for all the above analyses. Also, no significant association was found between baseline Lp(a) levels and absolute or relative changes in CES-D score between baseline and last follow-up visits. Our study suggests a potential association between Lp(a) level and new elevated depressive symptoms, but such association was not robust in the sensitivity analyses. Future studies are warranted to investigate the role of Lp(a) in depressive symptoms in other cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Hui
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret J Morris
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Y Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fatiha Tabet
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- Lipid Research Group, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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21
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Hu L, Dong MX, Huang YL, Lu CQ, Qian Q, Zhang CC, Xu XM, Liu Y, Chen GH, Wei YD. Integrated Metabolomics and Proteomics Analysis Reveals Plasma Lipid Metabolic Disturbance in Patients With Parkinson's Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:80. [PMID: 32714143 PMCID: PMC7344253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly with a pathogenesis that remains unclear. We aimed to explore its pathogenesis through plasma integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis. The clinical data of consecutively recruited PD patients and healthy controls were assessed. Fasting plasma samples were obtained and analyzed using metabolomics and proteomics methods. After that, differentially expressed metabolites and proteins were identified for further bioinformatics analysis. No significant difference was found in the clinical data between these two groups. Eighty-three metabolites were differentially expressed in PD patients identified by metabolomics analysis. These metabolites were predominately lipid and lipid-like molecules (63%), among which 25% were sphingolipids. The sphingolipid metabolism pathway was enriched and tended to be activated in the following KEGG pathway analysis. According to the proteomics analysis, forty proteins were identified to be differentially expressed, seven of which were apolipoproteins. Furthermore, five of the six top ranking Gene Ontology terms from cellular components and eleven of the other fourteen Gene Ontology terms from biological processes were directly associated with lipid metabolism. In KEGG pathway analysis, the five enriched pathways were also significantly related with lipid metabolism (p < 0.05). Overall, Parkinson’s disease is associated with plasma lipid metabolic disturbance, including an activated sphingolipid metabolism and decreased apolipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei-Xue Dong
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan-Ling Huang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Qi Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Qian
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chun-Cheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Tongliang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Min Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei General Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Dong Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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22
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Jin U, Park SJ, Park SM. Cholesterol Metabolism in the Brain and Its Association with Parkinson's Disease. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:554-567. [PMID: 31698548 PMCID: PMC6844833 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.5.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the aging population after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Defects in the lysosomal systems and mitochondria have been suspected to cause the pathogenesis of PD. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of PD remains obscure. Abnormal cholesterol metabolism is linked to numerous disorders, including atherosclerosis. The brain contains the highest level of cholesterol in the body and abnormal cholesterol metabolism links also many neurodegenerative disorders such as AD, PD, Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The blood brain barrier effectively prevents uptake of lipoprotein-bound cholesterol from blood circulation. Accordingly, cholesterol level in the brain is independent from that in peripheral tissues. Because cholesterol metabolism in both peripheral tissue and the brain are quite different, cholesterol metabolism associated with neurodegeneration should be examined separately from that in peripheral tissues. Here, we review and compare cholesterol metabolism in the brain and peripheral tissues. Furthermore, the relationship between alterations in cholesterol metabolism and PD pathogenesis is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uram Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Cardiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Soo Jin Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | - Sang Myun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,Center for Convergence Research of Neurological Disorders, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea.,BK21 Plus Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Korea
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23
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Gupta AK, Pokhriyal R, Das U, Khan MI, Ratna Kumar D, Gupta R, Chadda RK, Ramachandran R, Goyal V, Tripathi M, Hariprasad G. Evaluation of α-synuclein and apolipoprotein E as potential biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid to monitor pharmacotherapeutic efficacy in dopamine dictated disease states of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2073-2085. [PMID: 31410011 PMCID: PMC6650621 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s205550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Dopamine plays an important role in the disease pathology of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. These two neuropsychiatric disorders represent disease end points of the dopaminergic spectrum where Parkinson's disease represents dopamine deficit and schizophrenia represents dopamine hyperactivity in the mid-brain. Therefore, current treatment strategies aim to restore normal dopamine levels. However, during treatment patients develop adverse effects due to overshooting of physiological levels of dopamine leading to psychosis in Parkinson's disease, and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia. Absence of any laboratory tests hampers modulation of pharmacotherapy. Apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein have an important role in the neuropathology of these two diseases. The objective of this study was to evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein in patients with these two diseases so that they may serve as biomarkers to monitor therapy in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. METHODS Drug-naïve Parkinson's disease patients and Parkinson's disease patients treated with dopaminergic therapy, neurological controls, schizophrenic patients treated with antidopaminergic therapy, and drug-naïve schizophrenic patients were recruited for the study and CSF was collected. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were carried out to estimate the concentrations of apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein. Pathway analysis was done to establish a possible role of these two proteins in various pathways in these two dopamine dictated diseases. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E and α-synuclein CSF concentrations have an inverse correlation along the entire dopaminergic clinical spectrum. Pathway analysis convincingly establishes a plausible hypothesis for their co-regulation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. Each protein by itself or as a combination has encouraging sensitivity and specificity values of more than 55%. CONCLUSION The dynamic variation of these two proteins along the spectrum is ideal for them to be pursued as pharmacotherapeutic biomarkers in CSF to monitor pharmacological efficacy in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi110029, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi110029, India
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α-synuclein-lipoprotein interactions and elevated ApoE level in cerebrospinal fluid from Parkinson's disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15226-15235. [PMID: 31270237 PMCID: PMC6660770 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821409116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the most important issues in Parkinson’s disease (PD) research are the identification of mechanisms underlying α-synuclein cell-to-cell transfer in the nervous system and the discovery of early diagnostic biomarkers. Both of these issues are addressed in our current manuscript. Using multiple approaches, we present that α-synuclein interacts with lipoproteins within human cerebrospinal fluid and can be taken up by cells in such a state. Moreover, using cerebrospinal fluid samples from 3 large and independent cohorts of patients, we demonstrate that apolipoprotein E is elevated in early, not yet medicated, patients with PD. Finally, using postmortem brain tissue, we provide preliminary histological evidence that apolipoprotein E is enriched in a subpopulation of dopaminergic neurons of human substantia nigra. The progressive accumulation, aggregation, and spread of α-synuclein (αSN) are common hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathology. Moreover, numerous proteins interact with αSN species, influencing its toxicity in the brain. In the present study, we extended analyses of αSN-interacting proteins to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Using coimmunoprecipitation, followed by mass spectrometry, we found that αSN colocalize with apolipoproteins on lipoprotein vesicles. We confirmed these interactions using several methods, including the enrichment of lipoproteins with a recombinant αSN, and the subsequent uptake of prepared vesicles by human dopaminergic neuronal-like cells. Further, we report an increased level of ApoE in CSF from early PD patients compared with matched controls in 3 independent cohorts. Moreover, in contrast to controls, we observed the presence of ApoE-positive neuromelanin-containing dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of PD patients. In conclusion, the cooccurrence of αSN on lipoprotein vesicles, and their uptake by dopaminergic neurons along with an increase of ApoE in early PD, proposes a mechanism(s) for αSN spreading in the extracellular milieu of PD.
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Sarrafpour S, Ormseth C, Chiang A, Arakaki X, Harrington M, Fonteh A. Lipid Metabolism in Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease Differs from Patients Presenting with Other Dementia Phenotypes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16111995. [PMID: 31195602 PMCID: PMC6603882 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ42) and Tau and cognitive decline are typical characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since dysregulation in lipid metabolism accompanies abnormal amyloid formation, we quantified glycerophospholipids (GP) and sphingolipids (SP) in CSF fractions from participants with late-onset AD (LOAD, n = 29) or with Other Dementia (OD, n = 10) to determine if alterations in lipid metabolism account for pathological differences. Aβ42 and total Tau levels were determined using a sandwich ELISA. Liposomal-based fluorescent assays were used to measure phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and acid or neutral sphingomyelinase (aSMase, nSMase) activities. Supernatant fluid (SF) and nanoparticle (NP) lipids were quantified using LC-MS/MS. Although CSF Aβ42 and Tau levels are similar, phosphatidylserine (PS) in SF and ceramide (CM) levels in NP are significantly higher in OD compared with LOAD. The aSMase but not the nSMase activity is higher in OD. PLA2 activity in CSF from OD subjects positively correlates with several GP classes in SF and NP fractions but not in LOAD fractions. Our data indicate differences in CSF lipid metabolism between dementia variants. Higher levels of inflammatory and apoptotic lipids may induce faster neuronal death, resulting in the earlier cognitive decline in patients with OD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syena Sarrafpour
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
- School of Medicine, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
| | - Cora Ormseth
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Abby Chiang
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
| | | | | | - Alfred Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
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Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: Antagonistic Pleiotropy Phenomena Derived from α-Synuclein Evolvability? PARKINSONS DISEASE 2018; 2018:5789424. [PMID: 30595837 PMCID: PMC6282124 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5789424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA), are associated with a wide range of nonmotor symptoms (NMS), including cognitive impairment, depression and anxiety, sleep disorders, gastrointestinal symptoms, and autonomic failure. The reason why such diverse and disabling NMS have not been weeded out but have persisted across evolution is unknown. As such, one possibility would be that the NMS might be somehow beneficial during development and/or reproductive stages, a possibility consistent with our recent view as to the evolvability of amyloidogenic proteins (APs) such as α-synuclein (αS) and amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Based on the heterogeneity of protofibrillar AP forms in terms of structure and cytotoxicity, we recently proposed that APs might act as vehicles to deliver information regarding diverse internal and environmental stressors. Also, we defined evolvability to be an epigenetic phenomenon whereby APs are transgenerationally transmitted from parents to offspring to cope with future brain stressors in the offspring, likely benefitting the offspring. In this context, the main objective is to discuss whether NMS might be relevant to evolvability. According to this view, information regarding NMS may be transgenerationally transmitted by heterogeneous APs to offspring, preventing or attenuating the stresses related to such symptoms. On the other hand, NMS associated with Lewy body pathology might manifest through an aging-associated antagonistic pleiotropy mechanism. Given that NMS are not only specific to Lewy body diseases but also displayed in other disorders, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington's disease (HD), these conditions might share common mechanisms related to evolvability. This might give insight into novel therapy strategies based on antagonistic pleiotropy rather than on individual NMS from which to develop disease-modifying therapies.
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Fecchio C, Palazzi L, de Laureto PP. α-Synuclein and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Molecular Basis of the Interaction and Implication in Neurodegeneration. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23071531. [PMID: 29941855 PMCID: PMC6099649 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) is a 140-amino acid protein, the physiological function of which has yet to be clarified. It is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders, and the interaction of the protein with brain lipids plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are highly abundant in the brain where they play critical roles in neuronal membrane fluidity and permeability, serve as energy reserves and function as second messengers in cell signaling. PUFA concentration and composition in the brain are altered with age when also an increase of lipid peroxidation is observed. Considering that PD is clearly correlated with oxidative stress, PUFA abundance and composition became of great interest in neurodegeneration studies because of PUFA’s high propensity to oxidize. The high levels of the PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in brain areas containing α-syn inclusions in patients with PD further support the hypothesis of possible interactions between α-syn and DHA. Additionally, a possible functional role of α-syn in sequestering the early peroxidation products of fatty acids was recently proposed. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the molecular interactions between α-syn and fatty acids and the effect exerted by the protein on their oxidative state. We highlight recent findings supporting a neuroprotective role of the protein, linking α-syn, altered lipid composition in neurodegenerative disorders and PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova; Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Luana Palazzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, CRIBI, University of Padova; Padova 35131, Italy.
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28
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Surguchov A. Commentary: α-Synuclein Interacts with Lipoproteins in Plasma. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:362. [PMID: 29163037 PMCID: PMC5673846 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Surguchov
- Department of Neurology, Kansas University of Medical Center Research Institute, Kansas City, MI, United States
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