Prognostic performance of inflammation-based prognostic indices in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases. Med Oncol. 2015;32:144. [PMID: 25807934 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0590-2]

The Utility of the Cachexia Index and the Modified Glasgow Score in Young Patients With Breast Cancer

Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Body composition and inflammatory markers are increasingly important for predicting cancer prognosis. The Cancer Cachexia Index (CXI) and the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) are two new markers evaluating prognosis in cancer. In this study, we evaluated the utility of the CXI and the modified GPS in young patients with breast cancer. Methods Eighty patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2023 were included in the study. The following information was recorded: patient features, pathological subtype, estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) status, disease stage, therapies, disease recurrence, and last control or death date. The CXI and the modified GPS were calculated using clinical data, including skeletal muscle index, albumin, C-reactive protein, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Results There were no differences in overall survival with respect to the CXI in the study population (p=0.96). Only stage 4 patients showed statistically significant survival differences according to the CXI (p=0.046). Although the median survival time was not reached for the modified GPS groups, there was a statistical overall survival difference favoring the negative group (p=0.017). No significant differences were observed in disease-free survival due to the CXI (p=0.128). In multivariate analysis, no factors, including the modified GPS and the CXI, influenced overall survival. There was a significant effect of the modified GPS and body mass index on recurrence (p=0.037; p=0.034). The CXI had a non-significant marginal p-value (p=0.074). Conclusion Our study showed that the modified GPS may be related to disease-free survival and overall survival, whereas the CXI has a more prominent prognostic effect on overall survival in advanced-stage breast cancers. In early-stage and young patients, optimization of risk scores is lacking.

An Insight into Survivin in Relevance to Hematological, Biochemical and Genetic Characteristics in Tobacco Chewers with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), encoded by the Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 5 (BIRC5) gene located on q arm (25.3) on chromosome 17. It is expressed in various human cancers and involved in tumor resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. The genetic analysis of the BIRC5 gene and its protein survivin levels in buccal tissue related to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in South Indian tobacco chewers has not been studied. Hence, the study was designed to quantify survivin in buccal tissue and its association with pretreatment hematological parameters and to analyze the BIRC5 gene sequence.

METHOD

In a single centric case control study, buccal tissue survivin levels were measured by ELISA. A total of 189 study subjects were categorized into Group 1 (n = 63) habitual tobacco chewers with OSCC, Group 2 (n = 63) habitual tobacco chewers without OSCC, and Group 3 (n = 63) healthy subjects as control. Retrospective hematological data were collected from Group 1 subjects and statistically analyzed. The BIRC5 gene was sequenced and data were analyzed using a bioinformatics tool.

RESULTS

Survivin protein mean ± SD in Group 1 was (1670.9 ± 796.21 pg/mL), in Group 2 it was (1096.02 ± 346.17 pg/mL), and in Group 3 it was (397.5 ± 96.1 pg/mL) with significance (p < 0.001). Survivin levels showed significance with cut-off levels of absolute monocyte count (AMC), neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) at (p = 0.001). The unique variants found only in OSCC patients were T → G in the promoter region, G → C in exon 3, C → A, A → G, G → T, T → G, A → C, G → A in exon 4, C → A, G → T, G → C in the exon 5 region.

CONCLUSIONS

The tissue survivin level increased in OSCC patients compared to controls; pretreatment AMC, LMR, and NLR may serve as add-on markers along with survivin to measure the progression of OSCC. Unique mutations in the promoter and exons 3-5 were observed in sequence analysis and were associated with survivin concentrations.

A Novel Clinical Nomogram for Predicting Overall Survival in Patients with Emergency Surgery for Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Long-term survival after emergency colorectal cancer surgery is low, and its estimation is most frequently neglected, with priority given to the immediate prognosis. This study aimed to propose an effective nomogram to predict overall survival in these patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively studied 437 patients who underwent emergency surgery for colorectal cancer between 2008 and 2019, in whom we analyzed the clinical, paraclinical, and surgical parameters.

RESULTS

Only 30 patients (6.86%) survived until the end of the study. We identified the risk factors through the univariate Cox regression analysis and a multivariate Cox regression model. The model included the following eight independent prognostic factors: age > 63 years, Charlson score > 4, revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), LMR (lymphocytes/neutrophils ratio), tumor site, macroscopic tumoral invasion, surgery type, and lymph node dissection (p < 0.05 for all), with an AUC (area under the curve) of 0.831, with an ideal agreement between the predicted and observed probabilities. On this basis, we constructed a nomogram for prediction of overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The nomogram created, on the basis of a multivariate logistic regression model, has a good individual prediction of overall survival for patients with emergency surgery for colon cancer and may support clinicians when informing patients about prognosis.

The prognostic utility of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in patients with colorectal liver metastasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is used to reflect body's inflammatory status with prognostic value in different cancers. We aimed to investigate the influence of preoperative NLR in the prognosis of CRLM patients receiving surgery using meta-analysis. Data in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases created before October 2022 were recruited. Meta-analysis was carried out with RevMan 5.3 and Stata16 software, and the primary outcome indicators included overall survival (OS), and secondary outcome indicators included disease-free survival (DFS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). The pooled risk ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each outcome indicator were determined using random-effects models or fixed-effects models. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for NLR and clinicopathological characteristics were determined with a fixed-effects model. 18 papers published between 2008 and 2022 (3184 patients in total) were included. The pooled analysis found that high preoperative NLR was correlated with poor OS (multivariate HR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.61-2.08, p < 0.01), DFS (multivariate HR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.16-2.71, p < 0.01) and RFS (multivariate HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.15-1.85, p < 0.01), but NLR was not related to clinicopathological features of CRLM patients correlation. In conclusion, NLR is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients with CRLM. More large-scale clinical researches are required in the future to demonstrate the inclusion of preoperative NLR as a prognostic indicator for CRLM patients to guide postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.

Prognostic model for overall survival that includes the combination of platelet count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio within the first six weeks of sunitinib treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The association between the combination of platelet count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (COP-NLR) at the time of adverse events during sunitinib treatment and prognosis is unclear, and prognostic models combining the prognostic factors of sunitinib have not been well studied. Thus, we developed a prognostic model that includes the COP-NLR to predict the prognosis of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with sunitinib.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 102 patients treated with sunitinib for mRCC between 2008 and 2020 in three hospitals associated with Showa University, Japan. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS). The collected data included baseline patient characteristics, adverse events, laboratory values, and COP-NLR scores within the first 6 weeks of sunitinib treatment. Prognostic factors of OS were analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model. The integer score was derived from the beta-coefficient (β) of these factors and was divided into three groups. The survival curves were visualized using the Kaplan-Meier method and estimated using a log-rank test.

RESULTS

The median OS was 32.3 months. Multivariable analysis showed that the number of metastatic sites, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center risk group, number of metastases, non-hypertension, modified Glasgow Prognostic Score, and 6-week COP-NLR were significantly associated with OS. A higher 6-week COP-NLR was significantly associated with a shorter OS (p < 0.001). The β values of the five factors for OS were scored (non-hypertension, mGPS, and 6-week COP-NLR = 1 point; number of metastatic sites = 2 points; MSKCC risk group = 3 points) and patients divided into three groups (≤ 1, 2-3, and ≥ 4). The low-risk (≤ 1) group had significantly longer OS than the high-risk (≥ 4) group (median OS: 99.0 vs. 6.2 months, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that the COP-NLR within the first 6 weeks of sunitinib treatment had a greater impact on OS than the COP-NLR at the start of sunitinib treatment. The developed prognostic model for OS, including the 6-week COP-NLR, will be useful in decision-making to continue sunitinib in the early treatment stage of patients with mRCC.

Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer liver metastasis: A meta-analysis of results from multivariate analysis

We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, MedLine, and the Cochrane Library databases for articles published from January 1, 2000 to April 30, 2022 that investigated the long-term prognostic value of NLR in CRLM; only studies with multivariate analyses were enrolled. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to determine the effect size. A total of 2,522 patients in 12 studies were selected; the meta-analysis demonstrated that elevated NLR correlated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR, 1.95, 95%CI, 1.698-2.223, P < 0.01; HR, 1.80, 95%CI, 1.363-2.363, P < 0.01; respectively). The 5-year OS and disease-free survival rates were higher in the patients with normal NLR than in patients with high NLR (47% vs. 27%, P < 0.01; 37% vs. 6%, P < 0.01, respectively). Further analysis of clinicopathological parameters indicated no significant difference between the patients with and without elevated NLR. Begg's and Egger's tests for publication bias revealed no significant publication bias (P = 0.891 and P = 0.926, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that NLR had an excellent prognostic ability in CRLM, which can be used in deciding the treatment and predicting the clinical outcomes. Further multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to verify this conclusion.

Significant impact of cachexia index on the outcomes after hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between preoperative cachexia index (CXI) and long-term outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) after hepatic resection.

Method

In all,118 patients who underwent hepatic resection for CRLM were analyzed retrospectively. The relationship between CXI and the long-term outcomes in patients after hepatic resection was investigated. CXI was calculated based on preoperative skeletal muscle index, serum albumin level, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.

Results

The multivariate analysis showed that extrahepatic lesion (hazard ratio [HR] 2.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-5.53, P < .01) and high CXI (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20-0.98, P = .04) were independent and significant predictors of disease-free survival. Moreover, extrahepatic lesion (HR 2.32, 95% CI 1.03-5.22, P = .04), high CXI (HR 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.57, P < .01), and curability R 1 or 2 (HR 3.29, 95% CI 1.23-8.78, P = .02) were independent and significant predictors of overall survival.

Conclusion

CXI is a useful prognostic factor for disease-free survival and overall survival after hepatic resection in CRLM patients.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor for survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

The inflammatory response to tumor has been proven to be closely related to the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a widely available inflammatory biomarker that may have prognostic value for patients with colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM).

AIM

To assess the role of NLR as a prognostic factor of survival and tumor recurrence in patients with CRLM.

METHODS

A systematic literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library and clinicaltrials.gov was conducted by two independent researchers in order to minimize potential errors and bias. Conflicts were discussed and settled between three researchers. Studies including patients undergoing different types of medical interventions for the treatment of CRLM and evaluating the correlation between pretreatment NLR and disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were included in the review. Nineteen studies, involving 3283 patients matched our inclusion criteria.

RESULTS

In the studies included, NLR was measured before the intervention and the NLR thresholds ranged between 1.9 and 7.26. Most studies used 5 as the cut-off value. Liver metastases were treated with hepatectomy with or without chemotherapy regimens in 13 studies and with radiofrequency ablation, radioembolization, chemoembolization or solely with chemotherapy in 6 studies. High NLR was associated with decreased OS and DFS after liver resection or other medical intervention. Moreover, high NLR was associated with poor chemosensitivity. On the contrary, CRLM patients with low pretreatment NLR demonstrated improved OS and DFS. NLR could potentially be used as a predictive factor of survival and tumor recurrence in patients with CRLM treated with interventions of any modality, including surgery, chemotherapy and ablative techniques.

CONCLUSION

NLR is an inflammatory biomarker that demonstrates considerable prognostic value. Elevated pretreatment NLR is associated with poor OS and DFS in patients with CRLM who are submitted to different treatments.

Prognostic importance of the preoperative New-Naples prognostic score for patients with gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

The wide applicability of the Naples prognostic score (NPS) is still worthy of further study in gastric cancer (GC). This study aimed to construct a New-NPS based on the differences in immunity and nutrition in patients with upper and lower gastrointestinal tumors to help obtain an individualized prediction of prognosis.

METHODS

This study retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent radical gastrectomy from April 2014 to September 2016. The cutoff values of the preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), serum albumin (Alb), and total cholesterol (TC) were calculated by ROC curve analysis. ROC and t-ROC were used to evaluate the accuracy of the prognostic markers. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to analyze the overall survival probability. Univariate and multivariate analyses based on Cox risk regression were used to show the independent predictors. The nomogram was made by R studio. The predictive accuracy of nomogram was assessed using a calibration plot, concordance index (C-index), and decision curve.

RESULTS

A total of 737 patients were included in training cohort, 411 patients were included in validation cohort. ROC showed that the New-NPS was more suitable for predicting the prognosis of GC patients. NPS = 2 indicated a poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that CEA (P = 0.026), Borrmann type (P = 0.001), pTNM (P < 0.001), New-NPS (P < 0.001), and nerve infiltration (P = 0.035) were independent risk factors for prognosis.

CONCLUSION

The New-NPS based on the cutoff values of NLR, LMR, Alb, and TC is not only suitable for predicting prognosis but can also be combined with clinicopathological characteristics to construct a nomogram model for GC patients.

The Role of Preoperative Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor for Incisional Hernias after Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Liver Surgery for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

(1) Background: Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for liver resection is a globally established technique. In this study, we report on the incidence and risk factors for postoperative incisional hernia (IH) after hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for colorectal liver metastasis. (2) Methods: This was retrospective analysis of 89 consecutive hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for colorectal liver metastasis. (3) Results: Participants were 39 females and 50 males. Median age was 65 years, and in 63%, the BMI was ≥25. Postoperative complications were encountered in 18% of the patients. Seven patients (7.8%) had postoperative incisional hernia in the hand port site. There was significantly higher incidence of incisional hernia in overweight patients (BMI ≥ 25) (p = 0.04), and in cases with simultaneous liver and colon resection (p = 0.02). In univariant and multivariant analyses, simultaneous liver and colon resection (p = 0.004 and 0.03, respectively), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio ≤ 200 (p = 0.03, 0.04, respectively) were both independent risk factors for developing postoperative incisional hernia. (4) Conclusions: Both simultaneous liver and colon resection, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio ≤ 200 are independent risk factors for postoperative incisional hernia after hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery for colorectal liver metastasis.

Nutritional Risk Index Predicts Survival in Patients With Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy

Nutritional risk index (NRI) is an index based on ideal body weight that aims to present body weight and serum albumin levels. It has been utilized to discriminate patients at risk of postoperative complications and predict the postoperative outcome of major surgeries. However, this index remains limited for breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). The research explores the clinical and prognostic significance of NRI in breast cancer patients. This study included 785 breast cancer patients (477 cases received NACT and 308 cases did not) were enrolled in this retrospective study. The optimal NRI cutoff value was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, then reclassified as low NRI group (<112) and high NRI group (≥112). The results demonstrated that NRI independently predicted survival on disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by univariate and multivariate Cox regression survival analyses [P = 0.019, hazard ratio (HR): 1.521, 95% CI: 1.071–2.161 and P = 0.004, HR: 1.415, 95% CI: 1.119–1.789; and P = 0.026, HR:1.500, 95% CI: 1.051–2.143 and P < 0.001, HR: 1.547, 95% CI: 1.221–1.959]. According to the optimal cutoff value of NRI, the high NRI value patients had longer mean DFS and OS time in contrast to those with low NRI value patients (63.47 vs. 40.50 months; 71.50 vs. 56.39 months). Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the high NRI score patients had significantly longer mean DFS and OS time than those with low NRI score patients in early-stage breast cancer (χ² = 9.0510, P = 0.0026 and χ² = 9.2140, P = 0.0024) and advanced breast cancer (χ² = 6.2500, P = 0.0124 and χ² = 5.8880, P = 0.0152). The mean DFS and OS values in patients with high NRI scores were significantly longer in contrast to those with low NRI scores in different molecular subtypes. The common toxicities after NACT were hematologic and gastrointestinal reactions, and the NRI had no statistically significant effects on toxicities, except in nausea (χ² = 9.2413, P = 0.0024), mouth ulcers (χ² = 4.8133, P = 0.0282), anemia (χ² = 8.5441, P = 0.0140), and leukopenia (χ² = 11.0951, P = 0.0039). NRI serves as a minimally invasive, easily accessible and convenient prognostic tool for evaluating breast cancer prognoses and treatment efficacy, and may help doctors in terms of selecting measures of greater efficiency or appropriateness to better treat breast cancer.

Development and Validation of a Predictive Scoring System for Colorectal Cancer Patients With Liver Metastasis: A Population-Based Study

Liver metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC) is common and has an unfavorable prognosis. This study aimed to establish a functional nomogram model to predict overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRCLM). A total of 9,736 patients with CRCLM from 2010 to 2016 were randomly assigned to training, internal validation, and external validation cohorts. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to identify independent clinicopathologic predictive factors, and a nomogram was constructed to predict CSS and OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated age, tumor location, differentiation, gender, TNM stage, chemotherapy, number of sampled lymph nodes, number of positive lymph nodes, tumor size, and metastatic surgery as independent predictors for CRCLM. A nomogram incorporating the 10 predictors was constructed. The nomogram showed favorable sensitivity at predicting 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) values of 0.816, 0.782, and 0.787 in the training cohort; 0.827, 0.769, and 0.774 in the internal validation cohort; and 0.819, 0.745, and 0.767 in the external validation cohort, respectively. For CSS, the values were 0.825, 0.771, and 0.772 in the training cohort; 0.828, 0.753, and 0.758 in the internal validation cohort; and 0.828, 0.737, and 0.772 in the external validation cohort, respectively. Calibration curves and ROC curves revealed that using our models to predict the OS and CSS would add more benefit than other single methods. In summary, the novel nomogram based on significant clinicopathological characteristics can be conveniently used to facilitate the postoperative individualized prediction of OS and CSS in CRCLM patients.

Inflammation-Based Score (Combination of Platelet Count and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio) Predicts Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Laryngectomy

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS

Postoperative complications may depend on the systemic inflammatory response. We evaluated the predictive potential of the combination of platelet count and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (COP-NLR) for the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) in patients who have undergone total laryngectomy.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

METHODS

Patients who underwent total laryngectomy between 2000 and 2020 were recruited from four hospitals. The correlations between the incidence of PCF and several risk factors, including the COP-NLR, were examined. Patients with both elevated platelet count and elevated neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were categorized as COP-NLR 2, and patients with either one or no abnormal values of both parameters were assigned as COP-NLR 1 and COP-NLR 0, respectively.

RESULTS

A total of 235 patients were identified. The overall incidence of PCF was 12.3%. The cut-off value for NLR before surgery was set at 3.95 (sensitivity = 58.6%, specificity = 69.4%, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.635), and the platelet count was set at 320 × 10⁹ /L (sensitivity = 27.6%, specificity = 87.9%, AUC = 0.571). Multivariate analysis revealed that COP-NLR was an independent risk factor for PCF (COP-NLR 1 vs. COP-NLR 0: odds ratio [OR], 4.17; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64 to 10.59; and COP-NLR 2 vs. COP-NLR 0: OR, 5.33; 95% CI, 1.38 to 20.56).

CONCLUSIONS

COP-NLR is a novel predictive factor for the development of PCF in patients undergoing total laryngectomy.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

4 Laryngoscope, 2021.

Inflammation-Related Biomarkers for the Prediction of Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer deaths around the world. It is necessary to identify patients with poor prognosis or with high risk for recurrence so that we can selectively perform intensive treatments such as preoperative and/or postoperative chemotherapy and extended surgery. The clinical usefulness of inflammation-related prognostic biomarkers available from routine blood examination has been reported in many types of cancer, e.g., neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte–C-reactive protein ratio (LCR), platelet–lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte–monocyte ratio (LMR), and so on. Moreover, some scoring systems based on circulating blood cell counts and albumin concentration have been also reported to predict cancer patients’ prognosis, such as the Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), systemic inflammation score (SIS), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI). The optimal biomarker and optimal cutoff value of the markers can be different depending on the cancer type. In this review, we summarize the prognostic impact of each inflammation-related marker in CRC.

The prognostic utility of pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) in colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Inflammation is a hallmark of cancer, and systemic markers of inflammation are increasingly recognised as negative prognostic factors for clinical outcome. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is readily available from routine blood testing of patients diagnosed with cancer.

Methods

Peer‐reviewed publications from PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE were identified according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Hazard ratios (HR) for overall survival (OS) and surrogate endpoints (SE; comprising disease‐, recurrence‐ and progression‐free survival) were pooled using a random effects model. Additional analysis was carried out to further investigate NLR as an independent prognostic factor and account for heterogeneity.

Results

Seventy‐one eligible papers comprising 32,788 patients were identified. High NLR was associated with poor clinical outcomes. Significant publication bias was observed, and larger studies also adjusted for more covariates. Correcting for publication bias in multivariate studies brought our best estimate for true effect size to HR = 1.57 (95% CI 1.39–1.78; p < 0.0001) for OS and to HR = 1.38 (95% CI 1.16–1.64; p = 0.0003) for SE.

Conclusions

NLR is confirmed as an easily available prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer, despite the limitations of some studies previously reporting this finding. As such, it should be routinely collected in prospective clinical trials. While more standardised and rigorous large‐scale studies are needed before high NLR can be fully assessed as an independent predictor of CRC progression and outcome, the data suggest that it may be used to highlight individuals with tumour‐promoting inflammatory context.

Transferrin predicts outcome in patients who underwent liver resection for colorectal liver metastases

INTRODUCTION

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between preoperative serum transferrin level and long-term outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastases after hepatic resection.

METHODS

We retrospectively investigated 72 patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal liver metastases and explored the relationship between serum transferrin level and long-term outcomes.

RESULTS

In multivariate analysis, H3 (odds ratio 3.43, 95% confidence interval 1.11-10.89 and P = 0.03) was an independent and significant predictor of the disease-free survival, and a transferrin level ≥ 190 mg/dl (odds ratio 0.20, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.79 and P = 0.02) and the time to recurrence after hepatectomy <1 year (odds ratio 11.30, 95% confidence interval 2.63-48.59 and P < 0.01) were independent and significant predictors of the overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The serum transferrin level is a useful predictor of poor overall survival in patients with colorectal liver metastases after hepatic reaction.

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Recurrence Pattern in Patients with Resectable Colorectal Liver Metastases

BACKGROUND

Studies have suggested that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has value as a predictor of long-term outcomes in various cancer types. Its prognostic potential in patients with CRLM has not been thoroughly investigated. This original, retrospective study assessed the relationship between the preoperative NLR, survival outcomes, and recurrence patterns in patients after colorectal liver metastasis resection (CRLM).

METHODS

The prospectively maintained database of a tertiary medical center was queried for all patients who underwent CRLM resection between 2005 and 2017. Patients were divided into two groups: NLR <3 (normal) or >3 (high). Recurrence risk was analysed using Fine and Gray correction for competing risk method and cause specific analyses.

RESULTS

The cohort included 231 patients of whom 53 (23%) had a high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. At presentation, 35% had synchronous disease and 48% had a solitary metastasis; median tumor size was 2 cm. Patients with a high NLR had a significantly higher rate of simultaneous colorectal resection (P = 0.01). A high NLR was independently associated with worse OS (P = 0.02), worse DFS (P = 0.03), and higher risk of recurrence (P = 0.048), specifically recurrence with an extrahepatic pattern (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

A high preoperative NLR was independently associated with poorer survival outcomes and extrahepatic recurrence pattern. The NLR appears to have prognostic importance in CRLM and may serve as a surrogate marker of aggressive systemic disease after resection. These findings warrant external validation, preferably in a prospective design.

Perioperative risk factors for survival outcomes in elective colorectal cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study

Background

Surgical resection remains the best option for long-term survival in colorectal cancer (CRC); however, surgery can lead to tumor cell release into the circulation. Previous studies have also shown that surgery can affect cancer cell growth. The role of perioperative factors influencing long-term survival in patients presenting for CRC surgery remains to be investigated.

Methods

This retrospective single–center cohort study was conducted to collect the clinical data of patients who underwent elective laparoscopic resection for CRC from January 2014 to December 2015, namely clinical manifestations, pathological results, and perioperative characteristics. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier log-rank test. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were used to compare hazard ratios (HR) for death.

Results

A total of 234 patients were eligible for analysis. In the multivariable Cox model, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage (stage IV: HR 30.63, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.85–243.65; P = 0.001), lymphovascular invasion (yes: HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.09–3.92; P = 0.027), inhalational anesthesia with isoflurane (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.19–3.21; P = 0.008), and Klintrup–Makinen (KM) inflammatory cell infiltration grade (low-grade inflammation: HR 2.03, 95% CI 1.20–3.43; P = 0.008) were independent risk factors affecting 5-year overall survival after laparoscopic resection for CRC.

Conclusions

TNM stage, lymphovascular invasion, isoflurane, and KM grade were independent risk factors affecting CRC prognosis. Sevoflurane and high-grade inflammation may be associated with improved survival in CRC patients undergoing resection.

Elevated peripheral absolute monocyte count related to clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in solid tumors: Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression

BACKGROUND

Absolute monocyte count (AMC) is often used to be assessed in cancer follow-up, which has regained interest as a potential prognostic indicator in many solid tumors, though not consistently or comprehensively. In the present study, we set out to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis of all available data regarding the prognostic significance of AMC in solid tumors. We also evaluated the association between AMC and clinical features in solid tumors.

METHODS

A hazard ratio (HR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) or a p value (p) from eligible studies were extracted and subsequently pooled analyzed. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted according to the confounders of included studies. In addition, the relationships between AMC and clinical characteristics were also explored in the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

Overall, ninety-three articles comprising 104 studies with 32229 patients were finally included. The results showed that elevated AMC was associated with worse overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.615; 95% CI: 1.475-1.768; p < 0.001), disease-free survival (DFS) (HR:1.488; 95% CI: 1.357-1.633; p < 0.001), progressive-free survival (PFS) (HR: 1.533; 95% CI: 1.342-1.751; p < 0.001) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR: 1.585; 95% CI: 1.253-2.006; p < 0.001) in non-hematological tumors. Subgroup analyses according to each confounder further proved the consistent prognostic value of AMC in solid tumor outcomes. Moreover, elevated AMC was more likely to be observed in male group and patients with smoking history, and associated with longer tumor length and advanced T stage.

CONCLUSION

In short, the meta-analysis found that elevated AMC might indicate poor long-term outcomes in non-hematologic cancers, thus AMC may be a valuable marker in the prognosis for patients with solid tumors.

Clinicopathological and prognostic value of preoperative lymphocyte to monocyte ratio for hepatocellular carcinoma following curative resection: A meta-analysis including 4,092 patients

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported that lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) had novel prognostic value in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this meta-analysis was to synthetically evaluate the prognostic role of preoperative LMR in HCC patients following curative resection.

METHODS

Eligible studies were acquired through searching Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EMbase update to September 2019. Merged hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied as effect sizes.

RESULTS

A total of ten studies containing 4,092 patients following liver resection were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The pooled results demonstrated that preoperative elevated LMR indicated superior survival outcome (HR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.34-0.96, P = .035) and recurrence-free survival (RFS)/disease-free survival/time to recurrence (HR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.58-0.98, P = .034). The significant prognostic role of preoperative LMR was detected in the subgroup of all publication year, country of origin, sample sizes <300, TNM stage of I-IV and LMR cut-off value ≤4. Furthermore, high LMR was significantly associated with male, high AFP, large tumor size, incomplete tumor capsule, advanced TNM stage and BCLC stage, and presence of PVTT.

CONCLUSION

Elevated preoperative LMR indicated superior survival outcome in HCC patients following curative resection, and might serve as a novel prognostic biomarker.

Clinical Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer Patients in terms of Selected Platelet Indices

Mounting evidence suggests that inflammation, immune response, and coagulation status determine many processes during the carcinogenesis pathway in colorectal cancer (CRC). Inflammation strongly promotes tumor formation, progression, and metastasis. The systemic inflammatory response (SIR) may be reflected by simple indicators evaluated on the basis of peripheral blood morphology parameters. The indices are easily obtained by the peripheral blood test and could be promising biomarkers for CRC. We present the results of the retrospective study evaluating the potential relation between the platelet indices (platelet count (PC), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), neutrophil platelet score (NPS), mean platelet volume (MPV), and MPV/PC ratio) and the clinicopathological features of CRC patients. The study included 247 patients (104 males and 143 females) aged 39-87 years with CRC stages II-IV. The complete blood counts with the automated differential counts were performed prior to the qualification to systemic treatment. High PC, high PLR, and NPS 0 were associated with older age and higher BMI of the patients. No link between the analyzed platelet indices and histological grade of the tumor, primary tumor location, and gender was noted. The patients aged ≥65 years were characterized by the higher MPV/PC ratio than the younger population. We observed a trend to the higher MPV/PC ratio among the patients with excessive body weight defined by BMI compared to BMI within normal limits. A higher frequency of PC > 400, NPS 1 and 2, and a trend to more frequent PLR ≥ 150 were observed in the subgroup with metastatic disease compared to individuals with CRC stages II and III. The presented results expand the knowledge on potential association between SIR parameters and other clinicopathological factors that should be considered during interpreting the prognostic and predictive value of the inflammation parameters.

Preoperative C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio and clinical outcomes after resection of colorectal liver metastases

PURPOSE

Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammatory tumor microenvironment can potentiate tumor progression and metastasis. The C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) is a novel inflammation-based prognostic score. This study was performed to examine the associations of the preoperative CAR with clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) after curative resection.

METHODS

We retrospectively assessed the preoperative CAR in 184 patients who underwent curative resection for CRLM from November 2001 to January 2018 at Kumamoto University (Kumamoto, Japan). The optimal cutoff level of the preoperative CAR was determined by survival classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. We compared clinicopathological factors and prognoses between the high-CAR and low-CAR groups. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs), controlling for potential confounders.

RESULTS

A higher preoperative CAR was associated with worse overall survival (OS) (p < 0.0001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.003). Applying survival CART analysis, the high-CAR group comprised 33 patients (17.9%). In the multivariate analyses, a high CAR was independently associated with shorter OS (HR, 2.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.63-4.72; p = 0.0004) and RFS (HR, 1.62; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-2.49; p = 0.040). A high CAR was associated with a large tumor size, high serum carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 levels, high intraoperative blood loss, and more postoperative complications.

CONCLUSION

A high preoperative CAR is associated with shorter OS and RFS and might serve as a prognostic marker for patients with CRLM after curative resection.

Peri-tumoural CD3+ Inflammation and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predict Overall Survival in Patients Affected by Colorectal Liver Metastases Treated with Surgery

BACKGROUND

Systemic and local inflammation plays an important role in many cancers and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). While the role of local immune response mediated by CD3+ tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes is well-established, new evidence on systemic inflammation and cancer, such as neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), is emerging. The aim of this study is to seek an association between the CD3+ lymphocytes and NLR with patients' prognosis and possibly stratifying it accordingly.

METHODS

From January 2005 to January 2013, 128 consecutive patients affected by CRLM and treated with chemotherapy and surgery were included in the study. Different cutoff levels were calculated with ROC curves for each of the biomarkers, and their relative outcome in terms of overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was determined. Associating the two biomarkers, three risk groups were determined: low risk (two protective biomarkers), intermediate risk (one protective biomarker) and high risk (no protective biomarker).

RESULTS

After a median follow-up of 45 months, median OS and RFS were 44 and 9 months, respectively. For OS, 29 (22.66%), 59 (46.09%) and 40 (31.25%) patients were in the low, intermediate and high-risk groups, respectively. Adjusted Cox regression analysis showed an increased risk of death in the intermediate group (HR 2.67 p = 0.007 95% CI 1.31-5.42) and high-risk group (HR 2.86 p = 0.005 95% CI 1.37-5.99) compared to the low-risk group (reference).

CONCLUSION

Systemic and local immune response index allows stratification of patients in different OS and RFS risk groups.

Does postoperative inflammation or sepsis generate neutrophil extracellular traps that influence colorectal cancer progression? A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Almost half of those that have a potentially curative resection go on to develop metastatic disease. A recognized risk for recurrence is perioperative systemic inflammation and sepsis. Neutrophil extracellular traps have been implicated as promotors of tumor progression. We aimed to examine the evidence in the literature for an association between neutrophil extracellular traps and postoperative metastasis in colorectal cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Studies published between 2000 and December 2018 that examined the role of neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis and inflammation in colorectal cancer and in relation to tumor-related outcomes were identified through a database search of Cochrane, CINAHL, and MEDLINE. Quality and bias assessment was carried out by 2 reviewers.

RESULTS

Of 8,940 screened and of the 30 studies included, 21 were observational, 5 were in vivo experimental, 1 was in vitro, and 3 used a combination of these approaches.

CONCLUSION

There is clear evidence from the literature that presence of a preoperative systemic inflammatory response predicts cancer recurrence following potentially curative resection, but the evidence for association of sepsis and progression is lacking. There is robust experimental evidence in murine models showing that neutrophil extracellular traps are present in sepsis and are associated with cancer progression. Some human observational studies corroborate the prognostic significance of neutrophil extracellular traps in progression of colorectal cancer. Further human studies are needed to translate the experimental evidence and to definitively associate sepsis and neutrophil extracellular traps with poor colorectal cancer-specific outcomes.

Peripheral monocyte counts predict the clinical outcome for patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Monocytes originating from bone marrow play a key role in the inflammatory response. Divergent findings regarding the prognostic value of inflammatory factors like absolute monocyte count (AMC) in colorectal cancer (CRC) exist in the current literature. Thus, we sought to perform a systemic meta-analysis to comprehensively estimate whether the peripheral AMC affects the clinical outcome of CRC patients. A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and EMBASE last updated to 23 December 2018, to identify studies reporting the prognostic value of AMC in patients with CRC. Hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or P values were used as the effect size estimates for clinical outcomes including overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and progression-free survival (PFS) with the random-effect inverse variance weighted method. The potential heterogeneity was assessed with Q test and I statistics. Subgroup analyses with respect to some clinicopathological parameters were conducted. A total of 16 clinical studies comprising 3826 patients were included for analysis. Pooled analyses revealed that CRC patients with elevated AMC were significantly associated with worse OS (hazard ratio = 1.708, 95% CI: 1.480-1.971, P < 0.001), DFS (hazard ratio = 1.817, 95% CI: 1.289-2.560, P = 0.001), CSS (hazard ratio = 1.551, 95% CI: 1.187-2.027, P = 0.001) and PFS (hazard ratio = 1.487, 95% CI: 1.259-1.756, P < 0.001). In addition, subgroup analyses provided more information and demonstrated the prognostic effect of elevated preoperative AMC in patients with CRC. There were no significant heterogeneity and publication bias. In conclusion, elevated AMC seems to be served as an unfavorable and robust predicative indicator in CRC patients.

Commentary on: Nomograms based on inflammatory biomarkers for predicting tumor grade and microvascular invasion in stage I/II hepatocellular carcinoma

Some doubts were generated during the reading of nomograms based on inflammatory biomarkers for preoperatively predicting tumor grade and microvascular invasion in stage I/II hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We would like to highlight and discuss with authors. First, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and derived NLR (dNLR) should not be entered into multivariate analysis simultaneously. Second, authors should clarify how the cutoffs of these variables including lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), dNLR, age and tumor size were set. We insist that the type of variables should be consistent when we carry out the analysis and establish the nomogram. Last, we have to point out that Li et al.’s (Biosci. Rep. (2018), 38) study failed to validate nomograms using an independent dataset.

Prognostic significance of preoperative albumin-to-globulin ratio and prognostic nutritional index combined score in Siewert type 3 adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction

Purpose

Preoperative nutrition-inflammation-based indicators have been reported to predict the prognosis of malignancies. We evaluated the prognostic significance of a combined score of the albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) for overall survival (OS) outcomes in patients with Siewert type 3 adenocarcinoma of esophagogastric junction (S3-AEG).

Patients and methods

The prognostic significance of variables associated with 215 S3-AEG patients’ OS were assessed through univariate and multivariate analyses. The cutoff value of the preoperative AGR and PNI were calculated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Patients with either an elevated AGR (≥1.72, cutoff value) or PNI (≥45.55, cutoff value) were given a score of 1; otherwise, they were given a score of 0. The AGR-PNI score ranged from 0 to 2.

Results

OS was independently associated with the N stage (HR: 0.336, 95% CI: 0.141–0.805, P=0.014) and AGR-PNI score (HR: 0.623, 95% CI: 0.487–0.797, P<0.001). Patients with AGR-PNI scores of 0, 1 and 2 had significant differences in OS (P=0.001). The prognostic role of AGR-PNI was significant in patients with stage I + II (P=0.043) and stage III S3-AEGs (P=0.003). ROC analysis indicated that the predictive ability of the AGR-PNI score was better than that of the other parameters.

Conclusion

The preoperative AGR-PNI score was a significant prognosticator of postoperative survival in patients with S3-AEG and could identify high-risk populations for reasonable therapy and effective follow-up.

Preoperative Leucocyte-Based Inflammatory Scores in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases: Can We Count on Them?

BACKGROUND

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) have been identified as potential prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) in primary colorectal cancer, and there is a growing interest in their use in colorectal liver metastases (CLMs). However, optimal cut-off values for these ratios have not been defined by making comparison between series difficult. This study aimed to confirm the prognostic value of inflammatory scores in patients undergoing resection for CLM.

METHODS

We retrospectively analysed data from 376 consecutive patients who underwent liver surgery for CLM between June 2010 and August 2015. We assessed the reproducibility of previously published ratios and determined new cut-off values using the Cut-off Finder web-based tool. Relations between cut-off values and OS were analysed with Kaplan-Meier log-rank survival analysis and multivariate Cox models.

RESULTS

Three hundred and forty-three patients had full preoperative blood tests for calculation of NLR, PLR and LMR. The number of cut-off values which showed a significant discrimination for OS was 49/249 (19.7%) for NLR, 28/316 (8.9%) for PLR and 22/214 (10.3%) for LMR, all with a scattered nonlinear distribution.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that inflammatory scores expressed as ratios do not seem to be consistently reliable prognostic markers in patients with resectable CLM.

Prognostic significance of peripheral blood-derived neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with digestive cancer

Accumulating studies reported the clinical value of derived neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) regarding the prediction of survival outcomes in digestive cancers, however, the prognostic significances of dNLR in these cancers were inconsistent. This study was carried out to clarify the relationship between circulating dNLR and prognosis in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Eligible publications were collected and extracted by searching Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to November 21, 2018. The prognostic impact of dNLR in subjects with GI cancers was assessed with the overall hazard ratios (HRs). A total of 26 studies with up to 13,945 participants were recruited. Our findings showed that peripheral blood dNLR before treatment could be a useful prognostic predictor in digestive cancers, an elevated dNLR indicated a shorter overall survival (OS) in GI tumors (HR, 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36-1.51). Furthermore, its significant prognostic value for OS was also confirmed in subgroup analyses stratified by disease type, publication year, type of research, detection method, geographic location, cut-off value, treatment, analysis type, follow-up time and disease stage. In addition, high dNLR was significantly associated with worse cancer-specific survival (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.04-1.47) and inferior event-free survival (HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.33) in patients with digestive cancers. Our study showed elevated peripheral blood dNLR may indicate unfavorable outcomes in digestive cancer.

Prognostic value of thrombocytosis in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastases

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of thrombocytosis in patients with synchronous colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).

METHODS

Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent surgery for colorectal cancer with synchronous CRLM at the Division of General and Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Verona Hospital Trust between 2005 and 2016.

RESULTS

One hundred and ninety-six patients met the inclusion criteria. High platelet count (H-PC) was found in 32%, and it was associated with a higher rate of palliative surgery (p < 0.001), extra-hepatic metastases (p < 0.001), bilobar liver disease (p = 0.007), presence of more than three metastases (p = 0.005), biggest metastasis larger than 5 cm (p < 0.001), and CEA level higher than 200 ng/mL (p = 0.035). H-PC was significantly associated with poorer 5-year overall survival (14.3% vs. 34.3%; p = 0.001). At the multivariate analysis on R0-1 cases, platelet count resulted the only independent predictor of survival (HR 2.07, p = 0.036).

CONCLUSION

H-PC correlates with the main negative clinical-pathological factors in patients with synchronous CRLM, as well as with overall survival. Moreover, it was the only independent prognostic factor in those who underwent curative surgery.

A Low Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio Before Preoperative Chemotherapy Predicts Good Outcomes After the Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastases

BACKGROUND

The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a marker of inflammation and is associated with poor outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the role of the pretreatment NLR in predicting the outcomes after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM).

METHODS

A retrospective review was performed for 183 patients with CRLM. The NLR was measured before chemotherapy, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the cutoff value. Logistic regressions were applied to analyze potential predictors of the pathological response. The Cox proportional hazard method was used to analyze survival.

RESULTS

The pre-chemotherapy NLR was 2.4 ± 1.1, whereas the post-chemotherapy NLR was 2.1 ± 1.6 (p < 0.001). The pretreatment NLR of 2.3 was a significant predictive marker for the pathological response. The pathological response rates were 67.1% in the patients with an NLR ≤ 2.3 and 48.1% in patients with an NLR > 2.3 (p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors independently associated with pathological responses were a low pretreatment NLR (p = 0.043), radiological response to chemotherapy (p < 0.001), first-line chemotherapy (p = 0.001), and targeted therapy (p = 0.002). The median overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were worse in the increased NLR cohort than in the low NLR cohort (OS: 31.1 vs. 43.1 months, p = 0.012; RFS: 6.5 vs. 9.4 months, p = 0.06). According to multivariate analyses, a high pretreatment NLR was a significant predictor for both worse OS (HR = 2.43, 95%CI = 1.49-3.94, p < 0.001) and RFS (HR = 1.53, 95%CI = 1.08-2.18, p = 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS

An increased pretreatment NLR was a significant predictor of a poor pathological response and worse prognosis after preoperative chemotherapy. The NLR is a simple biomarker for assessing chemotherapy efficacy.

Prognostic impact of pretreatment lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in advanced epithelial cancers: a meta-analysis

Background

There is increasing evidence that inflammation-based biomarkers are associated with tumor microenvironment which plays important roles in cancer progression. A high lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), has been suggested to indicate favorable prognoses in various epithelial cancers. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the prognostic value of LMR in advanced-stage epithelial cancers undergoing various treatment.

Methods

We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science and Cochrane Library up to July 2018 for relevant studies. We included studies assessing the prognostic impact of pretreatment LMR on clinical outcomes in patients with advanced-stage epithelial cancers. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) and the secondary outcome was progression free survival (PFS). The summary hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated.

Results

A total of 8984 patients from 35 studies were included. A high pretreatment LMR was associated with favorable OS (HR = 0.578, 95% CI 0.522–0.641, P < 0.001) and PFS (HR = 0.598, 95% CI 0.465–0.768, P < 0.001). The effect of LMR on OS was observed among various tumor types. A higher pretreatment LMR was associated with improved OS in chemotherapy (n = 10, HR = 0.592, 95% CI 0.518–0.676, P < 0.001), surgery (n = 10, HR = 0.683, 95% CI 0.579–0.807, P < 0.001) and combined therapy (n = 11, HR = 0.507, 95% CI 0.442–0.582, P < 0.001) in the subgroup analysis by different therapeutic strategies. The cut-off value for LMR was 3.0 (range = 2.35–5.46). Subgroup analysis according to the cut-off value showed a significant prognostic value of LMR on OS and PFS in both subgroups.

Conclusions

A high pretreatment LMR is associated with favorable clinical outcomes in advanced-stage epithelial cancers undergoing different therapeutic strategies. LMR could be used to improve clinical decision-making regarding treatment in advanced epithelial cancers.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0698-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prognostic significance of combined preoperative platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients undergoing surgery with stage IB non-small-cell lung cancer

Background

Research indicates that the presence of a systemic inflammatory response plays an important role in predicting survival in patients with cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), prognostic nutritional index, and the combination of preoperative LMR and PLR (LMR-PLR) in predicting the survival of patients with stage IB non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 577 patients with stage IB NSCLC who underwent pneumonectomy from January 1999 to December 2009. Univariate and multivariate Cox survival analyses were used to evaluate the prognostic indicators, including LMR-PLR. The cutoff values for LMR and PLR were defined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. According to the ROC curve, the recommended cutoff values of LMR and PLR were 3.16 and 81.07, respectively. We divided the patients into three groups according to their LMR and PLR status and defined them with different scores. Patients with both high LMR (>3.16) and low PLR (≤81.07) were given a score of 2, whereas those with one or neither were scored 1 or 0, respectively. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to identify the factors associated with overall survival (OS).

Results

The median follow-up time was 93.77 months. The allocation of the LMR-PLR score was as follows: LMR-PLR = 0, 193 (33.4%) patients; LMR-PLR = 1, 308 (53.4%) patients; and LMR-PLR = 2, 76 (13.2%) patients. After multivariate analysis, our results showed that LMR-PLR was an independent prognostic indicator for OS (P=0.001). The 10-year OS rates were 70.0%, 60.4%, and 49.5% for LMR-PLR =2, LMR-PLR =1, and LMR-PLR =0, respectively (P<0.001).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that preoperative LMR and PLR are simple, readily available, and low-cost biomarkers. Preoperative LMR-PLR score can be used as a valuable prognostic marker for long-term survival in stage IB NSCLC patients who underwent surgery.

Poor prognostic role of the pretreatment platelet counts in colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Recently, a wide variety of studies have suggested that elevated platelet counts are associated with survival in patients with colorectal cancer. On one hand several studies suggest a negative connection in colorectal cancer patients with pre-operative thrombocytosis, on the other hand other studies contradicts this. However, it remains unknown whether elevated platelet counts are associated with survival in colorectal cancer patients. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic role of platelet counts in colorectal cancer.

METHODS

PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched from their inception to October 15, 2016 to identify relevant studies that have explored the prognostic role of platelet counts in colorectal cancer. Studies that examined the association between platelet counts and prognoses in colorectal cancer and that provided a hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for overall survival (OS) and/or disease-free survival (DFS) were included.

RESULTS

This meta-analysis included 9 retrospective cohort studies involving 3413 patients with colorectal cancer. OS was shorter in patients with elevated platelet counts than in patients with normal counts (HR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.68-2.65). For DFS, an elevated platelet count was also a poor predictor (HR 2.51, 95% CI: 1.84-3.43).

CONCLUSION

In this meta-analysis, we suggest that an elevated platelet count is a negative predictor of survival in both primary colorectal cancer and resectable colorectal liver metastases.

Prognostic significance of lymphocyte to monocyte ratio in colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, an inflammation-based score, has been used to predict the biological behavior of malignant tumors. However, the relationship between the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and clinical outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer remains controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to identify the association between the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer.

METHODS

Data were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, and Web of science, the hazard ratio and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the prognostic value of the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio. Outcomes of interest included prognosis, such as overall survival, disease-free survival, and cancer-specific survival in patients with colorectal cancer.

RESULTS

fifteen retrospective, observational, cohort studies involving 11,783 patients were identified. A high lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) was a significant predictor of better overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.62, P < 0.001), disease-free survival (hazard ratio = 0.77, 95% confidence interval: 0.70-0.84, P < 0.001), and cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.32-0.95, P = 0.031). Increased LMR is also significantly associated with the tumor invasion depth (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61-0.97) and tumor size (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.61-0.89).

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicated that a high lymphocyte to monocyte ratio might be a useful marker for colorectal cancer prognosis. As most of these findings were from retrospective studies, further studies are needed to verify the significance of the lymphocyte to monocyte ratio in clinical practice.

Outcome of indeterminate liver lesions on computed tomography in patients with colorectal cancer

Introduction The aim of this study was to determinate the outcome of indeterminate liver lesions on computed tomography (CT) in patients with a background history of colorectal cancer (CRC) and to identify clinicopathological variables associated with malignancy in these lesions. A secondary aim was to devise a management algorithm for such patients. Methods Patients referred to our institution with indeterminate liver lesions on CT with a background history of CRC between January 2012 and December 2014 were included in the study. Clinicopathological factors, surveillance period and histological findings were analysed. Results Fifty-six patients with indeterminate liver lesions were identified. Fifty-three (94.6%) of these required further imaging (magnetic resonance imaging [MRI; n=50] and positron emission tomography combined with CT [n=3]). For the patients who had MRI, the underlying diagnosis was benign in 19 and colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) in 8 while 23 patients and an indeterminate lesion. In cases that remained indeterminate following MRI, liver resection was performed in 2 patients for a high suspicion of CRLM while the 21 remaining patients underwent interval surveillance (median: 9 months, range: 3-52 months). Of these 21 patients, 14 had benign lesions while CRLM was noted in 6 patients and an incidental hepatocellular carcinoma in a single patient. Age ≥65 years was the only statistically significant clinicopathological factor in predicting an underlying malignancy in patients with indeterminate liver lesions on CT. Conclusions Over a third of the patients diagnosed with indeterminate liver lesions on CT subsequently showed evidence of CRLM. These indeterminate lesions are more likely to be malignant in patients aged ≥65 years.

Increased platelet-lymphocyte ratio closely relates to inferior clinical features and worse long-term survival in both resected and metastatic colorectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 24 studies

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. However, the prognostic and clinical value of platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in colorectal cancer was still unclear, which attracted more and more researchers considerable attention. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the relationship between PLR and survival as well as clinical features of CRC update to September 2016. The hazard ratio (HR) or odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to access the association. We included 24 eligible studies with a total of 13719 patients. Elevated PLR predicted shorter overall survival (OS) (HR=1.47; 95%CI, 1.28-1.68; p<0.001), poorer disease-free survival (DFS) (HR=1.51; 95% CI, 1.2-1.91; p=0.001), and worse recurrence-free survival (RFS) (HR=1.39; 95% CI, 1.03-1.86; p=0.03), but had nothing to do with Cancer-specific survival (CSS) (HR=1.14; 95% CI, 0.92-1.42; p=0.223). After trim and fill method, the connection between PLR and DFS disappeared (HR=1.143; 95%CI, 0.903-1.447; p=0.267). By subgroup analyze, we found that increased PLR predicated a worse OS and DFS in patients who underwent surgery, and this prognostic role also shown both in metastatic and nonmetastatic patients. In addition, elevated PLR was associated with poorly differentiated tumor (OR=1.51; 95% CI, 1.26-1.81; p<0.001), higher tumor stage (OR=1.25; 95% CI, 1.05-1.49; p=0.012), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (OR=1.25; 95% CI, 1.09-1.43; p=0.001), and the recurrence of CRC (OR=2.78; 95% CI, 1.36-5.68; p=0.005). We indicated that pretreatment PLR was a good prognostic marker for CRC patients. High PLR was related to worse OS, RFS and poor clinical characteristics.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as prognostic indicator in gastrointestinal cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

An accurate, time efficient, and inexpensive prognostic indicator is needed to reduce cost and assist with clinical decision making for cancer management. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which is derived from common serum testing, has been explored in a variety of cancers. We sought to determine its prognostic value in gastrointestinal cancers and performed a meta-analysis of published studies using the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. Included were randomized control trials and observational studies that analyzed humans with gastrointestinal cancers that included NLR and hazard ratios (HR) with overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and/or cancer-specific survival (CSS).

We analyzed 144 studies comprising 45,905 patients, two-thirds of which were published after 2014. The mean, median, and mode cutoffs for NLR reporting OS from multivariate models were 3.4, 3.0, 5.0 (±IQR 2.5-5.0), respectively. Overall, NLR greater than the cutoff was associated with a HR for OS of 1.63 (95% CI, 1.53-1.73; P < 0.001). This association was observed in all subgroups based on tumor site, stage, and geographic region. HR for elevated NLR for DFS, PFS, and CSS were 1.70 (95% CI, 1.52-1.91, P < 0.001), 1.64 (95% CI, 1.36-1.97, P < 0.001), and 1.83 (95% CI, 1.50-2.23, P < 0.001), respectively.

Available evidence suggests that NLR greater than the cutoff reduces OS, independent of geographic location, gastrointestinal cancer type, or stage of cancer. Furthermore, DFS, PFS, and CSS also have worse outcomes with elevated NLR.

Prognostic significance of preoperative prognostic nutritional index in colorectal cancer: results from a retrospective cohort study and a meta-analysis

The preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) may forecast colorectal cancer (CRC) outcomes, but the evidence is not conclusive. Here, we retrospectively analyzed a cohort of patients from the Department of Surgical Oncology at the First Hospital of China Medical University (CMU-SO). We also conducted a meta-analysis of eleven cohort studies. Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was used to determine the optimal PNI cut-off values for classifying prognosis in the patients from the CMU-SO. The result from CMU-SO and meta-analysis both confirmed that low PNI was significantly associated with a poor prognosis and advanced TNM stages. Among the patients from the CMU-SO, the optimal cut-off values were “41-45-58” (PNI < 41, 41 ≤ PNI < 45, 45 ≤ PNI < 58, PNI ≥ 58), which divided patients into 4 stages. The BIC value for TNM staging combined with the PNI was smaller than that of TNM staging alone (−325.76 vs. −310.80). In conclusion, low PNI was predictive of a poor prognosis and was associated with clinicopathological features in patients with CRC, and the 41-45-58 four-stage division may be suitable for determining prognosis. PNI may thus provide an additional index for use along with the current TNM staging system to determine more accurate CRC prognoses.

Prognostic significance of pretreatment elevated platelet count in patients with colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis

Background

The prognostic effect of pretreatment elevated platelet count remains controversial in colorectal cancer patients. We conducted this meta-analysis to evaluate the prognostic impact of it in these patients.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library were searched and studies on the prognostic significance of pretreatment elevated platelet count in colorectal patients were identified. We performed the meta-analysis, using overall survival and disease-free survival as outcomes and presenting data with hazard ratio and its 95% confidence interval. Heterogeneity among studies and publication bias were also evaluated.

Results

Thirty studies were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with normal platelet count, pretreatment elevated platelet count was associated with poorer overall survival (Hazard ratio = 1.837, 95% confidence interval, 1.497 to 2.255, p = 0.000) and poorer disease-free survival (Hazard ratio = 1.635, 95% confidence interval, 1.237 to 2.160, p = 0.001) in patients with colorectal cancer. In subgroup analyses, pretreatment elevated platelet count was also associated with poorer overall survival and disease-free survival in most subgroups.

Conclusion

Pretreatment elevated platelet count was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival and disease-free survival in colorectal cancer patients. Large-scale prospective studies and a validation study are warranted.

A cumulative score based on preoperative fibrinogen and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio to predict outcomes in resectable gastric cancer

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have revealed that preoperative fibrinogen and the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) are associated with poor outcome in gastric cancer (GC). We aimed to evaluate whether the fibrinogen and the NLR score had a consistent prognostic value for resectable GC.

METHODS

We analyzed 1,293 consecutive patients who underwent curative surgery for GC. The F-NLR score was 2 for patients with hyperfibrinogenemia (>400 mg/dL) and elevated NLR (≥5.0), 1 for those with one abnormal index, and 0 for those with no abnormal indices.

RESULTS

We found that higher F-NLR scores were associated with larger tumor size, deeper tumor invasion and more lymph node metastasis (all P<0.05). In a multivariate analysis, F-NLR independently predicted postoperative survival (P<0.001). When stratified by tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, the prognostic value of F-NLR was still maintained for stages I-II (P<0.001) and stage III (P=0.003). Of note, F-NLR also effectively stratified overall survival (OS) irrespective of age, adjuvant chemotherapy administration, tumor location and histological grade (all P<0.05). Furthermore, F-NLR and TNM stratified 5-year OS from 61% (F-NLR 0) to 15% (F-NLR 2) and from 92% (stage I) to 37% (stage III), respectively. Utilizing both F-NLR and TNM, 5-year OS ranged from 93% (F-NLR 0, TNM I) to 6% (F-NLR 2, TNM III).

CONCLUSION

The F-NLR score independently predicts outcomes in GC patients after curative surgery. Therefore, it should be implemented in routine clinical practice for identifying more high-risk patients.

The role of the systemic inflammatory response in predicting outcomes in patients with operable cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Cancer remains a leading causes of death worldwide and an elevated systemic inflammatory response (SIR) is associated with reduced survival in patients with operable cancer. This review aims to examine the evidence for the role of systemic inflammation based prognostic scores in patients with operable cancers. A wide-ranging literature review using targeted medical subject headings for human studies in English was carried out in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CDSR databases until the end of 2016. The SIR has independent prognostic value, across tumour types and geographical locations. In particular neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (n = 158), platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (n = 68), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) (n = 21) and Glasgow Prognostic Score/ modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS/mGPS) (n = 60) were consistently validated. On meta-analysis there was a significant relationship between elevated NLR and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.00001)/ cancer specific survival (CSS) (p < 0.00001), between elevated LMR and OS (p < 0.00001)/CSS (p < 0.00001), and elevated PLR and OS (p < 0.00001)/CSS (p = 0.005). There was also a significant relationship between elevated GPS/mGPS and OS (p < 0.00001)/CSS (p < 0.00001). These results consolidate the prognostic value of the NLR, PLR, LMR and GPS/mGPS in patients with resectable cancers. This is particularly true for the NLR/GPS/mGPS which should form part of the routine preoperative and postoperative workup.

Combination of platelet count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic marker to predict chemotherapeutic response and survival in metastatic advanced gastric cancer

AIM

The study evaluated the prognostic impact of combination of platelet count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (COP-NLR) for first-line chemotherapeutic response and survival outcomes in metastatic advanced gastric cancer patients.

METHODS

Two hundred and seventy-three patients were categorized into three COP-NLR groups (COP-NLR 0, 1, 2) according to their platelet count and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio.

RESULTS

The COP-NLR 0 had a significantly higher disease control rate (93%) than the other two groups (p = 0.011). A logistic regression model showed that COP-NLR was an independent risk factor for response to chemotherapy (odds ratio: 2.247; 95% CI: 1.303-3.874; p = 0.044). The median overall survival for COP-NLR 0, 1 and 2 was 14.8, 10.3 and 9.1 months, respectively (p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

COP-NLR is a useful predictor of survival outcomes and chemotherapeutic response in patients with metastatic advanced gastric cancer.

The clinical use of the platelet/lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio as prognostic predictors in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Conflicting evidence exists regarding the effects of platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte/monocyte ratio(LMR) on the prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of the PLR and LMR in predicting the prognosis of CRC patients via meta-analysis.

METHODS

Eligible studies were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase,andChina National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases, supplemented by a manual search of references from retrieved articles. Pooled hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using the generic inverse variance and random-effect model to evaluate the association of PLR and LMR with prognostic variables in CRC, including overall survival (OS), cancer-specific survival (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

RESULTS

Thirty-three studies containing 15,404 patients met criteria for inclusion. Pooled analysis suggested that elevated PLR was associated with poorer OS (pooled HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.41 - 1.75, p< 0.00001, I2=26%) and DFS (pooled HR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.31 - 1.92, p< 0.00001, I2=66%). Conversely, high LMR correlated with more favorable OS (pooled HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.50 - 0.68, p< 0.00001, I2=44%), CSS (pooled HR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.40 - 0.72, p< 0.00001, I2=11%) and DFS (pooled HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.71- 0.94,p=0.005, I2=29%).

CONCLUSIONS

Elevated PLR was associated with poor prognosis, while high LMR correlated with more favorable outcomes in CRC patients. Pretreatment PLR and LMR could serve as prognostic predictors in CRC patients.

Comparing Postoperative Complications and Inflammatory Markers Using Total Intravenous Anesthesia Versus Volatile Gas Anesthesia for Pancreatic Cancer Surgery

Objectives

The objective of this study is to evaluate postoperative complications and inflammatory profiles when using a total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) or volatile gas-opioid (VO) based anesthesia in patients undergoing pancreatic cancer surgery.

Methods

Design, retrospective propensity score matched cohort; Setting, major academic cancer hospital; Patients, all patients who had pancreatic surgery between November 2011 and August 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Propensity score matched patient pairs were formed. A total of 134 patients were included for analysis with 67 matched pairs; Interventions, Patients were categorized according to type of anesthetic used (TIVA or VO). Patients in the TIVA group received preoperative celecoxib, tramadol, and pregabalin in addition to intraoperative TIVA with propofol, lidocaine, ketamine, and dexmedetomidine. The VO-group received a volatile-opioid based anesthetic; Measurements, demographic, perioperative clinical data, platelet lymphocyte ratios, and neutrophil lymphocyte ratios were collected. Complications were graded and collected prospectively and later reviewed retrospectively.

Results

Patients receiving TIVA were more likely to have no complication or a lower grade complication than the VO-group (P = 0.014). There were no differences in LOS or postoperative inflammatory profiles noted between the TIVA and VO groups.

Conclusions

In this retrospective matched analysis of patients undergoing pancreatic cancer surgery, TIVA was associated with lower grade postoperative complications. Length of hospital stay (LOS) and postoperative inflammatory profiles were not significantly different.

Prognostic efficacy of inflammation-based markers in patients with curative colorectal cancer resection

AIM

To evaluate the prognostic significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and other clinicopathological factors in patients undergoing curative resection of colon cancer.

METHODS

183 patients with histologically proven colorectal cancer who had undergone potentially curative resection between 2010 and 2016 at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital were retrospectively analyzed and clinicopathological characteristics included age, sex, tumor type, grade, size and localization, the number of metastatic and total number of lymph nodes removed, vascular and perineural invasion of the tumor, TNM stages, tumor marker levels (CEA, CA19-9, AFP, CA-125, CA15-3), complete blood counts, albumin levels, overall survival (months), NLR, PLR, LMR and PNI ratios were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed from the electronic database. The primary outcome measure was overall survival.

RESULTS

Regarding overall survival, on univariate analysis the following variables were significantly associated with poor outcome following resection: T-stage (P = 0.037), lymph node invasion (P = 0.037), cancer stage (P = 0.034), CEA (P = 0.042), CA19-9 (P = 0.004), and PNI (P = 0.001). To evaluate the independent prognostic value, multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis to control for other prognostic factors was used. Using cancer-specific death as an end point for NLR, PLR, LMR, PNI and CA19-9 the optimal cut off values were calculated by ROC analysis. Regarding overall survival, on multivariate analysis high CA19-9 (HR = 1.001, 95%CI: 1.00-1.002, P = 0.012) and low PNI (HR = 0.938, 95%CI: 0.891-0.987, P = 0.014) were the only variables independently associated with shortened overall survival. Patients with a PNI < 35 had a median OS of 52.25 mo. In contrast, patients with an PNI > 35 had a median OS of 66 mo. Patients with a CA 19-9 < 17 had a median OS of 66 mo and in patients with a CA19-9 > 17 had a median OS of 53.76 mo.

CONCLUSION

This study shows that decrease in the PNI and increase in CA 19-9 is associated with poor survival in patients with resectable colon cancer.

The elevated NLR, PLR and PLT may predict the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Recently, several studies have reported that inflammatory response and elevated platelet counts may be associated with the poor prognosis of colorectal cancer. This meta-analysis was designed to analyze and evaluate the prognostic role of elevated preoperative or pretreatment neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio, platelet-to-lymphocytes ratio or platelet counts in patients with colorectal cancer. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science to April, 2016. A total of 23 studies (N = 11762 participants) were included for this meta-analysis. Elevated neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio have a close relationship with the poor Overall Survival of colorectal cancer with the pooled HR being 1.92 [95% CI 1.57–2.34; P < 0.00001]. This meta-analysis indicated that elevated neutrophils-to-lymphocytes ratio, platelet-to-lymphocytes ratio or platelet counts may be a cost-effective and noninvasive serum biomarker for poor prognosis for patients with colorectal cancer.