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Freria CM, Lu P. Combining neural progenitor cell transplant and rehabilitation for enhanced recovery after cervical spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1433-1434. [PMID: 38051883 PMCID: PMC10883491 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.387993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Freria
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Lu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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2
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Hernandez-Morato I, Koss S, Honzel E, Pitman MJ. Netrin-1 as A neural guidance protein in development and reinnervation of the larynx. Ann Anat 2024; 254:152247. [PMID: 38458575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Neural guidance proteins participate in motor neuron migration, axonal projection, and muscle fiber innervation during development. One of the guidance proteins that participates in axonal pathfinding is Netrin-1. Despite the well-known role of Netrin-1 in embryogenesis of central nervous tissue, it is still unclear how the expression of this guidance protein contributes to primary innervation of the periphery, as well as reinnervation. This is especially true in the larynx where Netrin-1 is upregulated within the intrinsic laryngeal muscles after nerve injury and where blocking of Netrin-1 alters the pattern of reinnervation of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles. Despite this consistent finding, it is unknown how Netrin-1 expression contributes to guidance of the axons towards the larynx. Improved knowledge of Netrin-1's role in nerve regeneration and reinnervation post-injury in comparison to its role in primary innervation during embryological development, may provide insights in the search for therapeutics to treat nerve injury. This paper reviews the known functions of Netrin-1 during the formation of the central nervous system and during cranial nerve primary innervation. It also describes the role of Netrin-1 in the formation of the larynx and during recurrent laryngeal reinnervation following nerve injury in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Hernandez-Morato
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Center for Voice and Swallowing, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States; Department of Anatomy and Embryology, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Shira Koss
- ENT Associates of Nassau County, Levittown, NY, United States
| | - Emily Honzel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Center for Voice and Swallowing, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael J Pitman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, The Center for Voice and Swallowing, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Neuronal subtype-specific growth cone and soma purification from mammalian CNS via fractionation and fluorescent sorting for subcellular analyses and spatial mapping of local transcriptomes and proteomes. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:222-251. [PMID: 35022617 PMCID: PMC9751848 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
During neuronal development, growth cones (GCs) of projection neurons navigate complex extracellular environments to reach distant targets, thereby generating extraordinarily complex circuitry. These dynamic structures located at the tips of axonal projections respond to substrate-bound as well as diffusible guidance cues in a neuronal subtype- and stage-specific manner to construct highly specific and functional circuitry. In vitro studies of the past decade indicate that subcellular localization of specific molecular machinery in GCs underlies the precise navigational control that occurs during circuit 'wiring'. Our laboratory has recently developed integrated experimental and analytical approaches enabling high-depth, quantitative proteomic and transcriptomic investigation of subtype- and stage-specific GC molecular machinery directly from the rodent central nervous system (CNS) in vivo. By using these approaches, a pure population of GCs and paired somata can be isolated from any neuronal subtype of the CNS that can be fluorescently labeled. GCs are dissociated from parent axons using fluid shear forces, and a bulk GC fraction is isolated by buoyancy ultracentrifugation. Subtype-specific GCs and somata are purified by recently developed fluorescent small particle sorting and established FACS of neurons and are suitable for downstream analyses of proteins and RNAs, including small RNAs. The isolation of subtype-specific GCs and parent somata takes ~3 h, plus sorting time, and ~1-2 h for subsequent extraction of molecular contents. RNA library preparation and sequencing can take several days to weeks, depending on the turnaround time of the core facility involved.
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4
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Pathways to Parkinson's disease: a spotlight on 14-3-3 proteins. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 34548498 PMCID: PMC8455551 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
14-3-3s represent a family of highly conserved 30 kDa acidic proteins. 14-3-3s recognize and bind specific phospho-sequences on client partners and operate as molecular hubs to regulate their activity, localization, folding, degradation, and protein-protein interactions. 14-3-3s are also associated with the pathogenesis of several diseases, among which Parkinson's disease (PD). 14-3-3s are found within Lewy bodies (LBs) in PD patients, and their neuroprotective effects have been demonstrated in several animal models of PD. Notably, 14-3-3s interact with some of the major proteins known to be involved in the pathogenesis of PD. Here we first provide a detailed overview of the molecular composition and structural features of 14-3-3s, laying significant emphasis on their peculiar target-binding mechanisms. We then briefly describe the implication of 14-3-3s in the central nervous system and focus on their interaction with LRRK2, α-Synuclein, and Parkin, three of the major players in PD onset and progression. We finally discuss how different types of small molecules may interfere with 14-3-3s interactome, thus representing a valid strategy in the future of drug discovery.
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5
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Gorny N, Kelly MP. Alterations in cyclic nucleotide signaling are implicated in healthy aging and age-related pathologies of the brain. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2021; 115:265-316. [PMID: 33706951 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is not only important to consider how hormones may change with age, but also how downstream signaling pathways that couple to hormone receptors may change. Among these hormone-coupled signaling pathways are the 3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) intracellular second messenger cascades. Here, we test the hypothesis that dysfunction of cAMP and/or cGMP synthesis, execution, and/or degradation occurs in the brain during healthy and pathological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. Although most studies report lower cyclic nucleotide signaling in the aged brain, with further reductions noted in the context of age-related diseases, there are select examples where cAMP signaling may be elevated in select tissues. Thus, therapeutics would need to target cAMP/cGMP in a tissue-specific manner if efficacy for select symptoms is to be achieved without worsening others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gorny
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Michy P Kelly
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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6
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Weghorst F, Mirzakhanyan Y, Samimi K, Dhillon M, Barzik M, Cunningham LL, Gershon PD, Cramer KS. Caspase-3 Cleaves Extracellular Vesicle Proteins During Auditory Brainstem Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573345. [PMID: 33281555 PMCID: PMC7689216 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound localization requires extremely precise development of auditory brainstem circuits, the molecular mechanisms of which are largely unknown. We previously demonstrated a novel requirement for non-apoptotic activity of the protease caspase-3 in chick auditory brainstem development. Here, we used mass spectrometry to identify proteolytic substrates of caspase-3 during chick auditory brainstem development. These auditory brainstem caspase-3 substrates were enriched for proteins previously shown to be cleaved by caspase-3, especially in non-apoptotic contexts. Functional annotation analysis revealed that our caspase-3 substrates were also enriched for proteins associated with several protein categories, including proteins found in extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound nanoparticles that function in intercellular communication. The proteome of EVs isolated from the auditory brainstem was highly enriched for our caspase-3 substrates. Additionally, we identified two caspase-3 substrates with known functions in axon guidance, namely Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) and Neuronal-glial Cell Adhesion Molecule (Ng-CAM), that were found in auditory brainstem EVs and expressed in the auditory pathway alongside cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, these data suggest a novel developmental mechanism whereby caspase-3 influences auditory brainstem circuit formation through the proteolytic cleavage of extracellular vesicle (EV) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Weghorst
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kian Samimi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mehron Dhillon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Melanie Barzik
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa L. Cunningham
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul D. Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Karina S. Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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7
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Torrico B, Antón-Galindo E, Fernàndez-Castillo N, Rojo-Francàs E, Ghorbani S, Pineda-Cirera L, Hervás A, Rueda I, Moreno E, Fullerton JM, Casadó V, Buitelaar JK, Rommelse N, Franke B, Reif A, Chiocchetti AG, Freitag C, Kleppe R, Haavik J, Toma C, Cormand B. Involvement of the 14-3-3 Gene Family in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Schizophrenia: Genetics, Transcriptomics and Functional Analyses. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1851. [PMID: 32545830 PMCID: PMC7356291 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 14-3-3 protein family are molecular chaperones involved in several biological functions and neurological diseases. We previously pinpointed YWHAZ (encoding 14-3-3ζ) as a candidate gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) through a whole-exome sequencing study, which identified a frameshift variant within the gene (c.659-660insT, p.L220Ffs*18). Here, we explored the contribution of the seven human 14-3-3 family members in ASD and other psychiatric disorders by investigating the: (i) functional impact of the 14-3-3ζ mutation p.L220Ffs*18 by assessing solubility, target binding and dimerization; (ii) contribution of common risk variants in 14-3-3 genes to ASD and additional psychiatric disorders; (iii) burden of rare variants in ASD and schizophrenia; and iv) 14-3-3 gene expression using ASD and schizophrenia transcriptomic data. We found that the mutant 14-3-3ζ protein had decreased solubility and lost its ability to form heterodimers and bind to its target tyrosine hydroxylase. Gene-based analyses using publicly available datasets revealed that common variants in YWHAE contribute to schizophrenia (p = 6.6 × 10-7), whereas ultra-rare variants were found enriched in ASD across the 14-3-3 genes (p = 0.017) and in schizophrenia for YWHAZ (meta-p = 0.017). Furthermore, expression of 14-3-3 genes was altered in post-mortem brains of ASD and schizophrenia patients. Our study supports a role for the 14-3-3 family in ASD and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bàrbara Torrico
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ester Antón-Galindo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Noèlia Fernàndez-Castillo
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eva Rojo-Francàs
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Sadaf Ghorbani
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N5009 Bergen, Norway; (S.G.); (R.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Laura Pineda-Cirera
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Amaia Hervás
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.H.); (I.R.)
- IGAIN, Global Institute of Integral Attention to Neurodevelopment, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Rueda
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, 08221 Terrassa, Spain; (A.H.); (I.R.)
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janice M. Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Nanda Rommelse
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, 6525 GC Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Andreas G. Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence Frankfurt, JW Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.G.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Christine Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Autism Research and Intervention Center of Excellence Frankfurt, JW Goethe University, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (A.G.C.); (C.F.)
| | - Rune Kleppe
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N5009 Bergen, Norway; (S.G.); (R.K.); (J.H.)
- Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, N5009 Bergen, Norway; (S.G.); (R.K.); (J.H.)
| | - Claudio Toma
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia;
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/CSIC, C/Nicolás Cabrera, 1, Campus UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bru Cormand
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Prevosti Building, floor 2, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.T.); (E.A.-G.); (N.F.-C.); (E.R.-F.); (L.P.-C.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (E.M.); (V.C.)
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR-SJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
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8
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Mao Y, Fisher DW, Yang S, Keszycki RM, Dong H. Protein-protein interactions underlying the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226021. [PMID: 31951614 PMCID: PMC6968845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder currently affecting 45 million people worldwide, ranking as the 6th highest cause of death. Throughout the development and progression of AD, over 90% of patients display behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), with some of these symptoms occurring before memory deficits and therefore serving as potential early predictors of AD-related cognitive decline. However, the biochemical links between AD and BPSD are not known. In this study, we explored the molecular interactions between AD and BPSD using protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks built from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man) genes that were related to AD and two distinct BPSD domains, the Affective Domain and the Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Disinhibition, and Aggression (HIDA) Domain. Our results yielded 8 unique proteins for the Affective Domain (RHOA, GRB2, PIK3R1, HSPA4, HSP90AA1, GSK3beta, PRKCZ, and FYN), 5 unique proteins for the HIDA Domain (LRP1, EGFR, YWHAB, SUMO1, and EGR1), and 6 shared proteins between both BPSD domains (APP, UBC, ELAV1, YWHAZ, YWHAE, and SRC) and AD. These proteins might suggest specific targets and pathways that are involved in the pathogenesis of these BPSD domains in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Mao
- School of Information and Technology, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Jiangxi, China
- Applied Science Institute, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Jiangxi, China
| | - Daniel W. Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shuxing Yang
- School of Information and Technology, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Jiangxi, China
| | - Rachel M. Keszycki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Marmor-Kollet N, Gutman I, Issman-Zecharya N, Schuldiner O. Glial Derived TGF-β Instructs Axon Midline Stopping. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:232. [PMID: 31611773 PMCID: PMC6776989 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question that underlies the proper wiring and function of the nervous system is how axon extension stops during development. However, our mechanistic understanding of axon stopping is currently poor. The stereotypic development of the Drosophila mushroom body (MB) provides a unique system in which three types of anatomically distinct neurons (γ, α’/β’, and α/β) develop and interact to form a complex neuronal structure. All three neuronal types innervate the ipsi-lateral side and do not cross the midline. Here we find that Plum, an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily protein that we have previously shown to function as a TGF-β accessory receptor, is required within MB α/β neurons for their midline stopping. Overexpression of Plum within MB neurons is sufficient to induce retraction of α/β axons. As expected, rescue experiments revealed that Plum likely functions in α/β neurons and mediates midline stopping via the downstream effector RhoGEF2. Finally, we have identified glial-derived Myoglianin (Myo) as the major TGF-β ligand that instructs midline stopping of MB neurons. Taken together, our study strongly suggests that TGF-β signals originating from the midline facilitate midline stopping of α/β neuron in a Plum dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neta Marmor-Kollet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Itai Gutman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Issman-Zecharya
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
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Bott CJ, Johnson CG, Yap CC, Dwyer ND, Litwa KA, Winckler B. Nestin in immature embryonic neurons affects axon growth cone morphology and Semaphorin3a sensitivity. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1214-1229. [PMID: 30840538 PMCID: PMC6724523 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-06-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct wiring in the neocortex requires that responses to an individual guidance cue vary among neurons in the same location, and within the same neuron over time. Nestin is an atypical intermediate filament expressed strongly in neural progenitors and is thus used widely as a progenitor marker. Here we show a subpopulation of embryonic cortical neurons that transiently express nestin in their axons. Nestin expression is thus not restricted to neural progenitors, but persists for 2-3 d at lower levels in newborn neurons. We found that nestin-expressing neurons have smaller growth cones, suggesting that nestin affects cytoskeletal dynamics. Nestin, unlike other intermediate filament subtypes, regulates cdk5 kinase by binding the cdk5 activator p35. Cdk5 activity is induced by the repulsive guidance cue Semaphorin3a (Sema3a), leading to axonal growth cone collapse in vitro. Therefore, we tested whether nestin-expressing neurons showed altered responses to Sema3a. We find that nestin-expressing newborn neurons are more sensitive to Sema3a in a roscovitine-sensitive manner, whereas nestin knockdown results in lowered sensitivity to Sema3a. We propose that nestin functions in immature neurons to modulate cdk5 downstream of the Sema3a response. Thus, the transient expression of nestin could allow temporal and/or spatial modulation of a neuron's response to Sema3a, particularly during early axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bott
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - C G Johnson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - C C Yap
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - N D Dwyer
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - K A Litwa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834
| | - B Winckler
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908
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11
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Park EC, Rongo C. RPM-1 and DLK-1 regulate pioneer axon outgrowth by controlling Wnt signaling. Development 2018; 145:dev.164897. [PMID: 30093552 DOI: 10.1242/dev.164897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Axons must correctly reach their targets for proper nervous system function, although we do not fully understand the underlying mechanism, particularly for the first 'pioneer' axons. In C. elegans, AVG is the first neuron to extend an axon along the ventral midline, and this pioneer axon facilitates the proper extension and guidance of follower axons that comprise the ventral nerve cord. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligase RPM-1 prevents the overgrowth of the AVG axon by repressing the activity of the DLK-1/p38 MAPK pathway. Unlike in damaged neurons, where this pathway activates CEBP-1, we find that RPM-1 and the DLK-1 pathway instead regulate the response to extracellular Wnt cues in developing AVG axons. The Wnt LIN-44 promotes the posterior growth of the AVG axon. In the absence of RPM-1 activity, AVG becomes responsive to a different Wnt, EGL-20, through a mechanism that appears to be independent of canonical Fz-type receptors. Our results suggest that RPM-1 and the DLK-1 pathway regulate axon guidance and growth by preventing Wnt signaling crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chan Park
- The Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Christopher Rongo
- The Waksman Institute, Department of Genetics, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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12
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Poplawski GHD, Lie R, Hunt M, Kumamaru H, Kawaguchi R, Lu P, Schäfer MKE, Woodruff G, Robinson J, Canete P, Dulin JN, Geoffroy CG, Menzel L, Zheng B, Coppola G, Tuszynski MH. Adult rat myelin enhances axonal outgrowth from neural stem cells. Sci Transl Med 2018; 10:eaal2563. [PMID: 29794059 PMCID: PMC8377986 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) is attenuated by growth inhibitory molecules associated with myelin. We report that rat myelin stimulated the growth of axons emerging from rat neural progenitor cells (NPCs) transplanted into sites of SCI in adult rat recipients. When plated on a myelin substrate, neurite outgrowth from rat NPCs and from human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) was enhanced threefold. In vivo, rat NPCs and human iPSC-derived NSCs extended greater numbers of axons through adult central nervous system white matter than through gray matter and preferentially associated with rat host myelin. Mechanistic investigations excluded Nogo receptor signaling as a mediator of stem cell-derived axon growth in response to myelin. Transcriptomic screens of rodent NPCs identified the cell adhesion molecule neuronal growth regulator 1 (Negr1) as one mediator of permissive axon-myelin interactions. The stimulatory effect of myelin-associated proteins on rodent NPCs was developmentally regulated and involved direct activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The stimulatory effects of myelin on NPC/NSC axon outgrowth should be investigated further and could potentially be exploited for neural repair after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar H D Poplawski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Richard Lie
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Matt Hunt
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Hiromi Kumamaru
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul Lu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Michael K E Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Grace Woodruff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacob Robinson
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Philip Canete
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cedric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lutz Menzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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13
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Abstract
During nervous system development, neurons extend axons to reach their targets and form functional circuits. The faulty assembly or disintegration of such circuits results in disorders of the nervous system. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms that guide axons and lead to neural circuit formation is of interest not only to developmental neuroscientists but also for a better comprehension of neural disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated how crosstalk between different families of guidance receptors can regulate axonal navigation at choice points, and how changes in growth cone behaviour at intermediate targets require changes in the surface expression of receptors. These changes can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, including transcription, translation, protein-protein interactions, and the specific trafficking of proteins and mRNAs. Here, I review these axon guidance mechanisms, highlighting the most recent advances in the field that challenge the textbook model of axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther T Stoeckli
- University of Zurich, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Neuroscience Center Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Cid-Castro C, Hernández-Espinosa DR, Morán J. ROS as Regulators of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Neurons. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:995-1007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Kelly MP. Cyclic nucleotide signaling changes associated with normal aging and age-related diseases of the brain. Cell Signal 2018; 42:281-291. [PMID: 29175000 PMCID: PMC5732030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in brain function that are associated with aging and age-related diseases benefit very little from currently available therapies, suggesting a better understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is needed to develop improved drugs. Here, we review the literature to test the hypothesis that a break down in cyclic nucleotide signaling at the level of synthesis, execution, and/or degradation may contribute to these deficits. A number of findings have been reported in both the human and animal model literature that point to brain region-specific changes in Galphas (a.k.a. Gαs or Gsα), adenylyl cyclase, 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels (HCNs), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclase, 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), protein kinase G (PKG) and phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Among the most reproducible findings are 1) elevated circulating ANP and BNP levels being associated with cognitive dysfunction or dementia independent of cardiovascular effects, 2) reduced basal and/or NMDA-stimulated cGMP levels in brain with aging or Alzheimer's disease (AD), 3) reduced adenylyl cyclase activity in hippocampus and specific cortical regions with aging or AD, 4) reduced expression/activity of PKA in temporal cortex and hippocampus with AD, 5) reduced phosphorylation of CREB in hippocampus with aging or AD, 6) reduced expression/activity of the PDE4 family in brain with aging, 7) reduced expression of PDE10A in the striatum with Huntington's disease (HD) or Parkinson's disease, and 8) beneficial effects of select PDE inhibitors, particularly PDE10 inhibitors in HD models and PDE4 and PDE5 inhibitors in aging and AD models. Although these findings generally point to a reduction in cyclic nucleotide signaling being associated with aging and age-related diseases, there are exceptions. In particular, there is evidence for increased cAMP signaling specifically in aged prefrontal cortex, AD cerebral vessels, and PD hippocampus. Thus, if cyclic nucleotide signaling is going to be targeted effectively for therapeutic gain, it will have to be manipulated in a brain region-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michy P Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, VA Bldg 1, 3rd Floor, D-12, Columbia, SC 29209, United States.
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16
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14-3-3 adaptor protein-protein interactions as therapeutic targets for CNS diseases. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Kaplan A, Bueno M, Fournier AE. Extracellular functions of 14-3-3 adaptor proteins. Cell Signal 2017; 31:26-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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18
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Copenhaver PF, Kögel D. Role of APP Interactions with Heterotrimeric G Proteins: Physiological Functions and Pathological Consequences. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:3. [PMID: 28197070 PMCID: PMC5281615 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) is the source of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) that accumulate in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), structural analyses suggested that the holoprotein resembles a transmembrane receptor. Initial studies using reconstituted membranes demonstrated that APP can directly interact with the heterotrimeric G protein Gαo (but not other G proteins) via an evolutionarily G protein-binding motif in its cytoplasmic domain. Subsequent investigations in cell culture showed that antibodies against the extracellular domain of APP could stimulate Gαo activity, presumably mimicking endogenous APP ligands. In addition, chronically activating wild type APP or overexpressing mutant APP isoforms linked with familial AD could provoke Go-dependent neurotoxic responses, while biochemical assays using human brain samples suggested that the endogenous APP-Go interactions are perturbed in AD patients. More recently, several G protein-dependent pathways have been implicated in the physiological roles of APP, coupled with evidence that APP interacts both physically and functionally with Gαo in a variety of contexts. Work in insect models has demonstrated that the APP ortholog APPL directly interacts with Gαo in motile neurons, whereby APPL-Gαo signaling regulates the response of migratory neurons to ligands encountered in the developing nervous system. Concurrent studies using cultured mammalian neurons and organotypic hippocampal slice preparations have shown that APP signaling transduces the neuroprotective effects of soluble sAPPα fragments via modulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, providing a mechanism for integrating the stress and survival responses regulated by APP. Notably, this effect was also inhibited by pertussis toxin, indicating an essential role for Gαo/i proteins. Unexpectedly, C-terminal fragments (CTFs) derived from APP have also been found to interact with Gαs, whereby CTF-Gαs signaling can promote neurite outgrowth via adenylyl cyclase/PKA-dependent pathways. These reports offer the intriguing perspective that G protein switching might modulate APP-dependent responses in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we provide an up-to-date perspective on the model that APP plays a variety of roles as an atypical G protein-coupled receptor in both the developing and adult nervous system, and we discuss the hypothesis that disruption of these normal functions might contribute to the progressive neuropathologies that typify AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland OR, USA
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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19
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Copenhaver PF, Ramaker JM. Neuronal migration during development and the amyloid precursor protein. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 18:1-10. [PMID: 27939704 PMCID: PMC5157842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) is the source of amyloid peptides that accumulate in Alzheimer's disease. However, members of the APP family are strongly expressed in the developing nervous systems of invertebrates and vertebrates, where they regulate neuronal guidance, synaptic remodeling, and injury responses. In contrast to mammals, insects express only one APP ortholog (APPL), simplifying investigations into its normal functions. Recent studies have shown that APPL regulates neuronal migration in the developing insect nervous system, analogous to the roles ascribed to APP family proteins in the mammalian cortex. The comparative simplicity of insect systems offers new opportunities for deciphering the signaling mechanisms by which this enigmatic class of proteins contributes to the formation and function of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Copenhaver
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Jenna M Ramaker
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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20
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Preitner N, Quan J, Li X, Nielsen FC, Flanagan JG. IMP2 axonal localization, RNA interactome, and function in the development of axon trajectories. Development 2016; 143:2753-9. [PMID: 27385015 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RNA-based regulatory mechanisms play important roles in the development and plasticity of neural circuits and neurological disease. Developing axons provide a model well suited to the study of RNA-based regulation, and contain specific subsets of mRNAs that are locally translated and have roles in axon pathfinding. However, the RNA-binding proteins involved in axon pathfinding, and their corresponding mRNA targets, are still largely unknown. Here we find that the RNA-binding protein IMP2 (Igf2bp2) is strikingly enriched in developing axon tracts, including in spinal commissural axons. We used the HITS-CLIP approach to perform a genome-wide identification of RNAs that interact directly with IMP2 in the native context of developing mouse brain. This IMP2 interactome was highly enriched for mRNA targets related to axon guidance. Accordingly, IMP2 knockdown in the developing spinal cord led to strong defects in commissural axon trajectories at the midline intermediate target. These results reveal a highly distinctive axonal enrichment of IMP2, show that it interacts with a network of axon guidance-related mRNAs, and reveal that it is required for normal axon pathfinding during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Preitner
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jie Quan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Finn C Nielsen
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - John G Flanagan
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Ribeiro FF, Sebastião AM. Adenosine A2A receptors in neuronal outgrowth: a target for nerve regeneration? Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:706-8. [PMID: 27335540 PMCID: PMC4904447 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filipa F. Ribeiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Noraz N, Jaaoini I, Charoy C, Watrin C, Chounlamountri N, Benon A, Malleval C, Boudin H, Honnorat J, Castellani V, Pellier-Monnin V. Syk kinases are required for spinal commissural axon repulsion at the midline via the ephrin/Eph pathway. Development 2016; 143:2183-93. [PMID: 27122172 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the hematopoietic system, Syk family tyrosine kinases are essential components of immunoreceptor ITAM-based signaling. While there is increasing data indicating the involvement of immunoreceptors in neural functions, the contribution of Syk kinases remains obscure. Previously, we identified phosphorylated forms of Syk kinases in specialized populations of migrating neurons or projecting axons. Moreover, we identified ephrin/Eph as guidance molecules utilizing the ITAM-bearing CD3zeta (Cd247) and associated Syk kinases for the growth cone collapse response induced in vitro Here, we show that in the developing spinal cord, Syk is phosphorylated in navigating commissural axons. By analyzing axon trajectories in open-book preparations of Syk(-/-); Zap70(-/-) mouse embryos, we show that Syk kinases are dispensable for attraction towards the midline but confer growth cone responsiveness to repulsive signals that expel commissural axons from the midline. Known to serve a repulsive function at the midline, ephrin B3/EphB2 are obvious candidates for driving the Syk-dependent repulsive response. Indeed, Syk kinases were found to be required for ephrin B3-induced growth cone collapse in cultured commissural neurons. In fragments of commissural neuron-enriched tissues, Syk is in a constitutively phosphorylated state and ephrin B3 decreased its level of phosphorylation. Direct pharmacological inhibition of Syk kinase activity was sufficient to induce growth cone collapse. In conclusion, Syk kinases act as a molecular switch of growth cone adhesive and repulsive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Noraz
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Iness Jaaoini
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Camille Charoy
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Chantal Watrin
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Naura Chounlamountri
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Aurélien Benon
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Céline Malleval
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- INSERM U1064, Institut de Transplantation Urologie-Néphrologie, Nantes F-44035, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Valérie Castellani
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
| | - Véronique Pellier-Monnin
- INSERM U1217, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France CNRS UMR5310, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Lyon F-69000, France University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon F-69000, France
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23
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Kaplan A, Ong Tone S, Fournier AE. Extrinsic and intrinsic regulation of axon regeneration at a crossroads. Front Mol Neurosci 2015; 8:27. [PMID: 26136657 PMCID: PMC4470051 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2015.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repair of the injured spinal cord is a major challenge in medicine. The limited intrinsic regenerative response mounted by adult central nervous system (CNS) neurons is further hampered by astrogliosis, myelin debris and scar tissue that characterize the damaged CNS. Improved axon regeneration and recovery can be elicited by targeting extrinsic factors as well as by boosting neuron-intrinsic growth regulators. Our knowledge of the molecular basis of intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of regeneration has expanded rapidly, resulting in promising new targets to promote repair. Intriguingly certain neuron-intrinsic growth regulators are emerging as promising targets to both stimulate growth and relieve extrinsic inhibition of regeneration. This crossroads between the intrinsic and extrinsic aspects of spinal cord injury is a promising target for effective therapies for this unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kaplan
- Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephan Ong Tone
- Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alyson E Fournier
- Department of Neurology/Neurosurgery, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Cai D, Montell DJ. Diverse and dynamic sources and sinks in gradient formation and directed migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014; 30:91-8. [PMID: 25022255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The traditional view of directional cell migration within a tissue is that it requires a gradient of a soluble attractive chemical that is stable in space and time due to the presence of a source and a sink. However, advances in live imaging technology and the ability to study cell migration in vivo have revealed that endogenous sources and sinks are typically far more varied and complex. Both sources and sinks can be made up of multiple tissues. During long-range migrations, cells tend to divide up their trajectories and follow different source signals in each segment. When a single source signal is used repeatedly in each segment, its expression is dynamically controlled. Source signals can also originate locally from neighboring migrating cells. Sinks are important in some cases but not all, to sculpt a permissive migratory path or allow cells to move from one intermediate target to another. Migrating cells themselves can function as sinks to create a gradient out of an initially uniform chemoattractant. These diverse ways of building sources and sinks allow different cell types to navigate distinct trajectories through the same embryo even as the whole embryo undergoes the dramatic changes in cell number, position, arrangement and fate that are the essence of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Cai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA.
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