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Melnikova A, Ishii H, Tamatani T, Hattori T, Takarada-Iemata M, Hori O. Neuroprotective role of calreticulin after spinal cord injury in mice. Neurosci Res 2023; 195:29-36. [PMID: 37295503 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) are involved in the pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). To determine the role of the UPR-target molecule in the pathophysiology of SCI, we analyzed the expression and the possible function of calreticulin (CRT), a molecular chaperone in the ER with high Ca2+ binding capacity, in a mouse SCI model. Spinal cord contusion was induced in T9 by using the Infinite Horizon impactor. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed increase of Calr mRNA after SCI. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CRT expression was observed mainly in neurons in the control (sham operated) condition, while it was strongly observed in microglia/macrophages after SCI. Comparative analysis between wild-type (WT) and Calr+/- mice revealed that the recovery of hindlimb locomotion was reduced in Calr+/- mice, based on the evaluation using the Basso Mouse Scale and inclined-plane test. Immunohistochemistry also revealed more accumulation of immune cells in Calr+/- mice than in WT mice, at the epicenter 3 days and at the caudal region 7 days after SCI. Consistently, the number of damaged neuron was higher in Calr+/- mice at the caudal region 7 days after SCI. These results suggest a regulatory role of CRT in the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Melnikova
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamatani
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hattori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mika Takarada-Iemata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Osamu Hori
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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2
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Liu F, Huang Y, Wang H. Rodent Models of Spinal Cord Injury: From Pathology to Application. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:340-361. [PMID: 36303082 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often has devastating consequences for the patient's physical, mental and occupational health. At present, there is no effective treatment for SCI, and appropriate animal models are very important for studying the pathological manifestations, injury mechanisms, and corresponding treatment. However, the pathological changes in each injury model are different, which creates difficulties in selecting appropriate models for different research purposes. In this article, we analyze various SCI models and introduce their pathological features, including inflammation, glial scar formation, axon regeneration, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and oxidative stress, and evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each model, which is convenient for selecting suitable models for different injury mechanisms to study therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuze Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Roohbakhsh A, Etemad L, Karimi G. Resolvin D1: A key endogenous inhibitor of neuroinflammation. Biofactors 2022; 48:1005-1026. [PMID: 36176016 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After the initiation of inflammation, a series of processes start to resolve the inflammation. A group of endogenous lipid mediators, namely specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators is at the top list of inflammation resolution. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), is one of the lipid mediators with significant anti-inflammatory properties. It is produced from docosahexaenoic acid (omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) in the body. In this article, we aimed to review the most recent findings concerning the pharmacological effects of RvD1 in the central nervous system with a focus on major neurological diseases and dysfunctions. A literature review of the past studies demonstrated that RvD1 plasma level changes during mania, depression, and Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, RVD1 and its epimer, aspirin-triggered RvD1 (AT-RvD1), have significant therapeutic effects on experimental models of ischemic and traumatic brain injuries, memory dysfunction, pain, depression, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Interestingly, the beneficial effects of RvD1 and AT-RvD1 were mostly induced at nanomolar and micromolar concentrations implying the significant potency of these lipid mediators in treating diseases with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Leila Etemad
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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After 55 Years of Neurorehabilitation, What Is the Plan? Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080982. [PMID: 35892423 PMCID: PMC9330852 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders often cause severe long-term disabilities with substantial activity limitations and participation restrictions such as community integration, family functioning, employment, social interaction and participation. Increasing understanding of brain functioning has opened new perspectives for more integrative interventions, boosting the intrinsic central nervous system neuroplastic capabilities in order to achieve efficient behavioral restitution. Neurorehabilitation must take into account the many aspects of the individual through a comprehensive analysis of actual and potential cognitive, behavioral, emotional and physical skills, while increasing awareness and understanding of the new self of the person being dealt with. The exclusive adoption by the rehabilitator of objective functional measures often overlooks the values and goals of the disabled person. Indeed, each individual has their own rhythm, unique life history and personality construct. In this challenging context, it is essential to deepen the assessment through subjective measures, which more adequately reflect the patient’s perspective in order to shape genuinely tailored instead of standardized neurorehabilitation approaches. In this overly complex panorama, where confounding and prognostic factors also strongly influence potential functional recovery, the healthcare community needs to rethink neurorehabilitation formats.
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Restoration of ER proteostasis attenuates remote apoptotic cell death after spinal cord injury by reducing autophagosome overload. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:381. [PMID: 35444186 PMCID: PMC9021197 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the progression of remote degeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, and its contribution to the secondary damage and outcomes that are associated with remote degeneration after SCI. Using a rat model of spinal cord hemisection at the cervical level, we measured ER stress and autophagy markers in the axotomized neurons of the red nucleus (RN). In SCI animals, mRNA and protein levels of markers of ER stress, such as GRP78, CHOP, and GADD34, increased 1 day after the injury, peaking on Day 5. Notably, in SCI animals, the increase of ER stress markers correlated with a blockade in autophagic flux, as evidenced by the increase in microtubule-associated protein 2 light chain 3 (LC3-II) and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) and the decline in LAMP1 and LAMP2 levels. After injury, treatment with guanabenz protected neurons from UPR failure and increased lysosomes biogenesis, unblocking autophagic flux. These effects correlated with greater activation of TFEB and improved neuronal survival and functional recovery—effects that persisted after suspension of the treatment. Collectively, our results demonstrate that in remote secondary damage, impairments in autophagic flux are intertwined with ER stress, an association that contributes to the apoptotic cell death and functional damage that are observed after SCI.
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Li C, Huang S, Zhou W, Xie Z, Xie S, Li M. Spinal Cord Injury Inhibits the Differentiation and Maturation of NG2 Cells in the Cerebellum in Mice. World Neurosurg 2021; 160:e159-e168. [PMID: 34979285 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging studies have shown that spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to significant brain changes that are the key factors affecting functional recovery. However, little is known about the molecular and cellular biological mechanisms of these brain changes. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular biological changes in the cerebellum after SCI. METHODS A total of 72 mice were randomly divided into 2 groups: sham group and SCI group. A mouse model of SCI was established by an aneurysm clip. Pathological examinations of the injured site were performed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical. Western blot and immunohistochemical were used to determine the effect of SCI on the differentiation and maturation of NG2 cells. RESULTS Compared with the sham group, the spinal cord tissue structure was disrupted and the motor function decreased significantly in the SCI group; the number of NG2 cells in the ansiform lobule crus Ⅰ increased on the 7th and 14th days, whereas the expression of oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2, myelin basic protein, and proteolipid protein decreased on the 7th and 14th days after SCI. These results showed that the differentiation and maturation of NG2 cells in the ansiform lobule crus Ⅰ were inhibited after SCI, resulting in the decrease of the formation of mature oligodendrocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SCI can lead to secondary changes in the cerebellum, which may affect the functional recovery. These findings may be used as biomarkers to evaluate the secondary changes in the brain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoxin Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenke Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Meihua Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles facilitate the repair of spinal cord injury via the miR-29b-3p/PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:212. [PMID: 34381025 PMCID: PMC8357833 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a salient traumatic disease that often leads to permanent disability, and motor and sensory impairments. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HucMSCs) have a wide application prospect in the treatment of SCI. This study explored the repair effect of HucMSCs-derived extracellular vesicles (HucMSCs-EVs) on SCI. HucMSCs and HucMSCs-EVs were cultured and identified. The rat model of SCI was established, and SCI rats were treated with HucMSCs-EVs. The motor function of SCI rats and morphology of spinal cord tissues were evaluated. Levels of NeuN, GFAP, and NF200 in spinal cord tissues were detected and cell apoptosis was measured. SCI rats were treated with EVs extracted from miR-29b-3p inhibitor-transfected HucMSCs. The downstream gene and pathway of miR-29b-3p were examined. HucMSCs-EVs-treated rats showed obvious motor function recovery and reduced necrosis, nuclear pyknosis, and cavity. HucMSCs-EVs alleviated spinal cord neuronal injury. miR-29b-3p was poorly expressed in SCI tissues, but highly expressed in EVs and SCI rats treated with EVs. miR-29b-3p targeted PTEN. Inhibition of miR-29b-3p or overexpression of PTEN reversed the repair effect of EVs on SCI. EVs activated the AKT/mTOR pathway via the miR-29b-3p/PTEN. In conclusion, HucMSCs-EVs reduced pathological changes, improved motor function, and promoted nerve function repair in SCI rats via the miR-29b-3p/PTEN/Akt/mTOR axis.
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8
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Hug A, Bernini A, Wang H, Lutti A, Jende JME, Böttinger M, Weber MA, Weidner N, Lang S. In chronic complete spinal cord injury supraspinal changes detected by quantitative MRI are confined to volume reduction in the caudal brainstem. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102716. [PMID: 34144346 PMCID: PMC8217673 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spinal cord and medulla oblongata atrophy correlate in chronic SCI. The most likely underlying mechanism is Wallerian degeneration of ascending tracts. No other structural MRI brain changes were evident in our cohort of chronic SCI.
There is much controversy about the potential impact of spinal cord injury (SCI) on brain anatomy and function, which is mirrored in the substantial divergence of findings between animal models and human imaging studies. Given recent advances in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) we sought to tackle the unresolved question about the link between the presumed injury associated volume differences and underlying brain tissue property changes in a cohort of chronic complete SCI patients. Using the established computational anatomy methods of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and voxel-based quantification (VBQ), we performed statistical analyses on grey and white matter volumes as well as on parameter maps indicative for myelin, iron, and free tissue water content in the brain of complete SCI patients (n = 14) and healthy individuals (n = 14). Our regionally unbiased white matter analysis showed a significant volume reduction of the dorsal aspect at the junction between the most rostral part of the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata consistent with Wallerian degeneration of proprioceptive axons in the dorsal column tracts in SCI subjects. This observation strongly correlated with spinal cord atrophy assessed by quantification of the spinal cord cross-sectional area at the cervical level C2/3. These findings suggest that Wallerian degeneration of the dorsal column tracts represents a main contributor to the observed spinal cord atrophy, which is highly consistent with preclinical histological evidence of remote changes in the central nervous system secondary to SCI. Structural changes in other brain regions representing remote changes in the course of chronic SCI could neither be confirmed by conventional VBM nor by VBQ analysis. Whether and how MRI based brain morphometry and brain tissue property analysis will inform clinical decision making and clinical trial outcomes in spinal cord medicine remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hug
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adriano Bernini
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging (LREN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Haili Wang
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antoine Lutti
- Laboratory for Research in Neuroimaging (LREN), Department of Clinical Neurosciences Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johann M E Jende
- Department of Neuroradiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Böttinger
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc-André Weber
- Department of Radiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simone Lang
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Viruega H, Gaviria M. Functional Weight of Somatic and Cognitive Networks and Asymmetry of Compensatory Mechanisms: Collaboration or Divergency among Hemispheres after Cerebrovascular Accident? Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060495. [PMID: 34071611 PMCID: PMC8226640 DOI: 10.3390/life11060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain holds highly sophisticated compensatory mechanisms relying on neuroplasticity. Neuronal degeneracy, redundancy, and brain network organization make the human nervous system more robust and evolvable to continuously guarantee an optimal environmental-related homeostasis. Nevertheless, after injury, restitution processes appear dissimilar, depending on the pathology. Following a cerebrovascular accident, asymmetry, within- and across-network compensation and interhemispheric inhibition are key features to functional recovery. In moderate-to-severe stroke, neurological outcome is often poor, and little is known about the paths that enable either an efficient collaboration among hemispheres or, on the contrary, an antagonism of adaptative responses. In this review, we aim to decipher key issues of ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheric functioning allowing the foundations of effective neurorehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Viruega
- Institut Equiphoria, Combo Besso-Rouges Parets, 48500 La Canourgue, France;
- Alliance Equiphoria, 4, Résidence Le Sabot, 48500 La Canourgue, France
| | - Manuel Gaviria
- Alliance Equiphoria, 4, Résidence Le Sabot, 48500 La Canourgue, France
- Correspondence:
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Catale C, Bisicchia E, Carola V, Viscomi MT. Early life stress exposure worsens adult remote microglia activation, neuronal death, and functional recovery after focal brain injury. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:89-103. [PMID: 33677027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the central nervous system (CNS) is a devastating condition resulting in severe functional impairments that strongly vary among patients. Patients' features, such as age, social and cultural environment, and pre-existing psychiatric conditions may be particularly relevant for determining prognosis after CNS trauma. Although several studies demonstrated the impact of adult psycho-social stress exposure on functional recovery after CNS damage, no data exist regarding the long-term effects of the exposure to such experience at an early age. Here, we assessed whether early life stress (ELS) hampers the neuroinflammatory milieuand the functional recovery after focal brain injury in adulthood by using a murine model of ELS exposure combined with hemicerebellectomy (HCb), a model of remote damage. We found that ELS permanently altered microglia responses such that, once experienced HCb, they produced an exaggerated remote inflammatory response - consistent with a primed phenotype - associated with increased cell death and worse functional recovery. Notably, prevention of microglia/macrophages activation by GW2580 treatment during ELS exposure significantly reduced microglia responses, cell death and improved functional recovery. Conversely, GW2580 treatment administered in adulthood after HCb was ineffective in reducing inflammation and cell death or improving functional recovery. Our findings highlight that ELS impacts the immune system maturation producing permanent changes, and that it is a relevant factor modulating the response to a CNS damage. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying the interaction between ELS and brain injury with the aim of developing targeted treatments to improve functional recovery after CNS damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Catale
- Department of Psychology, Ph.D. Program in "Behavioral Neuroscience", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Carola
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, and Health Studies, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Section of Histology and Embryology, University "Cattolica Del S. Cuore", Rome, Italy.
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11
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Nardone R, Sebastianelli L, Versace V, Brigo F, Golaszewski S, Manganotti P, Saltuari L, Trinka E. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in traumatic brain injury: Evidence from animal and human studies. Brain Res Bull 2020; 159:44-52. [PMID: 32251693 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We provide here the first systematic review on the studies dealing with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for traumatic brain injury (TBI) in animals and humans. Several experimental studies in animal models have explored with promising results the use of rTMS to enhance neuroprotection and recovery after TBI. However, there are surprisingly few studies that have obtained substantial evidence regarding effects of rTMS in humans with TBI, many of them are case reports investigating the heterogeneous conditions linked to TBI. The most studies have investigated the effects of rTMS in subjects with post-traumatic depression and variable effects have been observed. rTMS has been proposed as an experimental approach for the treatment of disorders of consciousness (DOC), but in subjects with TBI therapeutic effects on DOC have also been variously documented. Beneficial effects have been reported in subjects with cognitive/emotional disturbances and auditory dysfunction (tinnitus and hallucinations), although the results are somewhat conflicting. rTMS applied over the left prefrontal cortex may relieve, at least transiently, post-traumatic headache. Isolated rTMS studies have been performed in TBI patients with motor impairment, chronic dizziness or pain. Especially whether provided in combination, rTMS and neurorehabilitation may be synergistic in the potential to translate experimental findings in the clinical practice. In order to reach definitive conclusions, well-designed randomized controlled studies with larger patient samples, improved design and optimized rTMS setup, are warranted to verify and corroborate the initial promising findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Nardone
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center, Salzburg, Austria; Karl Landsteiner Institut für Neurorehabilitation und Raumfahrtneurologie, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Luca Sebastianelli
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Vipiteno, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Viviana Versace
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Vipiteno, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Francesco Brigo
- Department of Neurology, Franz Tappeiner Hospital, Merano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Stefan Golaszewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Karl Landsteiner Institut für Neurorehabilitation und Raumfahrtneurologie, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Leopold Saltuari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Hospital of Vipiteno, Vipiteno, Italy; Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Klinik, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Centre for Cognitive Neurosciences Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; University for Medical Informatics and Health Technology, UMIT, Hall in Tirol, Austria
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12
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Ren YZ, Zhang BZ, Zhao XJ, Zhang ZY. Resolvin D1 ameliorates cognitive impairment following traumatic brain injury via protecting astrocytic mitochondria. J Neurochem 2020; 154:530-546. [PMID: 31951012 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the most common and devastating neuropsychiatric sequelae after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and hippocampal neuronal survival plays a causal role in this pathological process. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), an important endogenous specialized pro-resolving mediator, has recently been reported to exert a potent protective effect on mitochondria. This suggests that RvD1 may suppress neuroinflammation and protect astrocytic mitochondria at the same time to play further neuroprotective roles. C57BL/6 mice subjected to TBI using a controlled cortical impact device were used for in vivo experiments. Cultured primary mouse astrocytes and an N2a mouse neuroblastoma cell line were used for in vitro experiments. In TBI mice, RvD1 significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment, suppressed gliosis and alleviated neuronal loss in the hippocampus. To explore the mechanism underlying this activity, we verified that RvD1 can induce a higher level of mitophagy to remove damaged mitochondria and eliminate extra mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) by activating ALX4/FPR2 receptors in astrocytes. In an in vitro model, we further confirmed that RvD1 can protect mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential in astrocytes and thereby enhance the survival of neurons. Meanwhile, RvD1 was also shown to increase the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glutamate aspartate transporter in the hippocampus following TBI, which indicates a possible way by which RvD1 increases the supportive function of astrocytes. These findings suggest that RvD1 may be a potent therapeutic option for ameliorating cognitive impairment following TBI by controlling neuroinflammation and protecting astrocytic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhi Ren
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ben-Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of the Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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Molinari M, Masciullo M. Stroke and potential benefits of brain-computer interface. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 168:25-32. [PMID: 32164857 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63934-9.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To treat stroke and, in particular, to alleviate the personal and social burden of stroke survivors is a main challenge for neuroscience research. Advancements in the knowledge of neurobiologic mechanisms subserving stroke-related damage and recovery provide key data to guide clinicians to tailor interventions to specific patient's needs. How does the brain-computer interface (BCI) fit into this scenario? A technique created to allow completely paralyzed individuals to control the environment recently introduced a new line of development: to provide a means to possibly control formation and changes in the brain network organization. In a sort of revolution, similar to the change from geocentric to heliocentric planet organization envisioned by Copernicus, we are facing a critical change in BCI research, moving from a brain to computer direction to a computer to brain one. This direction change will profoundly open up new avenues for BCI research and clinical applications. In this chapter, we address this change and discuss present and future applications of this new line idea of BCI use in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Molinari
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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14
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Viscomi M. The plasticity of plasticity: lesson from remote microglia induced by focal central nervous system injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:57-58. [PMID: 31535645 PMCID: PMC6862415 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.264448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Lucci G, Pisotta I, Berchicci M, Di Russo F, Bonavita J, Scivoletto G, Spinelli D, Molinari M. Proactive Cortical Control in Spinal Cord Injury Subjects with Paraplegia. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3347-3355. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Lucci
- Electrophysiology of Cognition Lab and Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Pisotta
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab–SPIRE, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Berchicci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Russo
- Electrophysiology of Cognition Lab and Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Bonavita
- Spinal Unit, Montecatone Rehabilitation Institute, Imola (Bologna), Italy
| | - Giorgio Scivoletto
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab–SPIRE, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Spinelli
- Electrophysiology of Cognition Lab and Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico,” Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab–SPIRE, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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16
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Bisicchia E, Sasso V, Molinari M, Viscomi MT. Plasticity of microglia in remote regions after focal brain injury. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 94:104-111. [PMID: 30703556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The CNS is endowed with an intrinsic ability to recover from and adapt secondary compensatory mechanisms to injury. The basis of recovery stems from brain plasticity, defined as the brain's ability to make adaptive changes on structural and functional levels, ranging from molecular, synaptic, and cellular changes in response to alterations in their environment. In this multitude of responses, microglia have an active role and contribute to brain plasticity through their dynamic responses. This review will provide an overview of microglial responses in the context of acute CNS injury and their function in post-traumatic repair and assess the changes that are induced by damage in remote areas from, but functionally connected to, the primary site of injury. In the second section, we highlight the effects of several therapeutic approaches, with particular interest paid to specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, in modulating microglial responses in remote regions and enhancing long-term functional recovery via suppression of neurodegenerative cascades that are induced by damage, which may contribute to a translational bridge from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Raj A, Powell F. Models of Network Spread and Network Degeneration in Brain Disorders. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2018; 3:788-797. [PMID: 30170711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Network analysis can provide insight into key organizational principles of brain structure and help identify structural changes associated with brain disease. Though static differences between diseased and healthy networks are well characterized, the study of network dynamics, or how brain networks change over time, is increasingly central to understanding ongoing brain changes throughout disease. Accordingly, we present a short review of network models of spread, network dynamics, and network degeneration. Borrowing from recent suggestions, we divide this review into two processes by which brain networks can change: dynamics on networks, which are functional and pathological consequences taking place atop a static structural brain network; and dynamics of networks, which constitutes a changing structural brain network. We focus on diffusion magnetic resonance imaging-based structural or anatomic connectivity graphs. We address psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia; developmental disorders like epilepsy; stroke; and Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Raj
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| | - Fon Powell
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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18
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Smith NM, Giacci MK, Gough A, Bailey C, McGonigle T, Black AMB, Clarke TO, Bartlett CA, Swaminathan Iyer K, Dunlop SA, Fitzgerald M. Inflammation and blood-brain barrier breach remote from the primary injury following neurotrauma. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:201. [PMID: 29981582 PMCID: PMC6035802 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following injury to the central nervous system, increased microglia, secretion of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and altered blood-brain barrier permeability, a hallmark of degeneration, are observed at and immediately adjacent to the injury site. However, few studies investigate how regions remote from the primary injury could also suffer from inflammation and secondary degeneration. METHODS Adult female Piebald-Viral-Glaxo (PVG) rats underwent partial transection of the right optic nerve, with normal, age-matched, unoperated animals as controls. Perfusion-fixed brains and right optic nerves were harvested for immunohistochemical assessment of inflammatory markers and blood-brain barrier integrity; fresh-frozen brains were used for multiplex cytokine analysis. RESULTS Immediately ventral to the optic nerve injury, immunointensity of both the pro-inflammatory biomarker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the anti-inflammatory biomarker arginase-1 (Arg1) increased at 7 days post-injury, with colocalization of iNOS and Arg1 immunoreactivity within individual cells. CD11b+ and CD45+ cells were increased 7 days post-injury, with altered BBB permeability still evident at this time. In the lower and middle optic tract and superior colliculus, IBA1+ resident microglia were first increased at 3 days; ED1+ and CD11b+ cells were first increased in the middle and upper tract and superior colliculus 7 days post-injury. Increased fibrinogen immunoreactivity indicative of altered BBB permeability was first observed in the contralateral upper tract at 3 days and middle tract at 7 days post-injury. Multiplex cytokine analysis of brain homogenates indicated significant increases in the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and TNFα, and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 1 day post-injury, decreasing to control levels at 3 days for TNFα and 7 days for IL-2. IL-10 was significantly elevated at 1 and 7 days post-injury with a dip at 3 days post-injury. CONCLUSIONS Partial injury to the optic nerve induces a complex remote inflammatory response, characterized by rapidly increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in brain homogenates, increased numbers of IBA1+ cells throughout the visual pathways, and increased CD11b+ and ED1+ inflammatory cells, particularly towards the synaptic terminals. BBB permeability can increase prior to inflammatory cell infiltration, dependent on the brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Smith
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Marcus K Giacci
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Alexander Gough
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Charlotte Bailey
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Terence McGonigle
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Anna M B Black
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas O Clarke
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Carole A Bartlett
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - K Swaminathan Iyer
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Sarah A Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Stirling Hwy, Perth, Western Australia, 6009, Australia. .,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia. .,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Verdun St, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia.
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19
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Frank LR, Roynard PFP. Veterinary Neurologic Rehabilitation: The Rationale for a Comprehensive Approach. Top Companion Anim Med 2018; 33:49-57. [PMID: 30236409 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The increase in client willingness to pursue surgical procedures, the heightened perceived value of veterinary patients, and the desire to provide comprehensive medical care have driven the recent demand of using an integrative treatment approach in veterinary rehabilitation. Physical therapy following neurologic injury has been the standard of care in human medicine for decades, whereas similar rehabilitation techniques have only recently been adapted and utilized in veterinary medicine. Spinal cord injury is the most common neurologic disease currently addressed by veterinary rehabilitation specialists and will be the primary focus of this review; however, research in other neurologic conditions will also be discussed. Of particular interest, to clients and veterinarians are techniques and modalities used to promote functional recovery after neurologic injury, which can mean the difference between life and death for many veterinary patients. The trend in human neurologic rehabilitation, often regardless of etiology, is a multimodal approach to therapy. Evidence supports faster and improved recoveries in people after neurologic injury using a combination of rehabilitation techniques. Although the primary neurological disorders researched tend to be spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathies, allodynia, multiple sclerosis, and strokes-many correlations can be made to common veterinary neurological disorders. Such comprehensive protocols entail gait training activities in combination with neuromuscular electrical stimulation and directed exercises. Additionally, pain-relieving and functional benefits are bolstered when acupuncture is used in addition to rehabilitation. Studies, both laboratory and clinical, support the use of acupuncture in the management of neurologic conditions in small animals, specifically in cases of intervertebral disc disease, other myelopathies, and neuropathic pain conditions. Acupuncture's ability to promote analgesia, stimulate trophic factors, and decrease inflammation, including neuroinflammation, make it an alluring adjunct therapy after neurologic injury. Although there is limited research in veterinary medicine on physical techniques that expedite recovery after neurologic injury, there are sparse publications on clinical veterinary research suggesting the benefits of acupuncture, rehabilitation, and LASER in dogs with intervertebral disk disease. Accordingly, due to the relative lack of evidence-based studies in veterinary neurologic rehabilitation, much of the data available is human or laboratory-animal based, however, evidence supports the utilization of an early, comprehensive treatment protocol for optimal neurologic recovery. The rationale for why an integrative approach is critical will be detailed in this review; in addition, literature on specific physical rehabilitation techniques that have evidence of improved recoveries after neurologic injury, will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Frank
- Physical Rehabilitation and Acupuncture Service, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA
| | - Patrick F P Roynard
- Neurology/Neurosurgery Department, Long Island Veterinary Specialists, Plainview, NY, USA; Fipapharm, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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20
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Bisicchia E, Sasso V, Catanzaro G, Leuti A, Besharat ZM, Chiacchiarini M, Molinari M, Ferretti E, Viscomi MT, Chiurchiù V. Resolvin D1 Halts Remote Neuroinflammation and Improves Functional Recovery after Focal Brain Damage Via ALX/FPR2 Receptor-Regulated MicroRNAs. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6894-6905. [PMID: 29357041 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remote damage is a secondary phenomenon that usually occurs after a primary brain damage in regions that are distant, yet functionally connected, and that is critical for determining the outcomes of several CNS pathologies, including traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. The understanding of remote damage-associated mechanisms has been mostly achieved in several models of focal brain injury such as the hemicerebellectomy (HCb) experimental paradigm, which helped to identify the involvement of many key players, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Currently, few interventions have been shown to successfully limit the progression of secondary damage events and there is still an unmet need for new therapeutic options. Given the emergence of the novel concept of resolution of inflammation, mediated by the newly identified ω3-derived specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators, such as resolvins, we reported a reduced ability of HCb-injured animals to produce resolvin D1 (RvD1) and an increased expression of its target receptor ALX/FPR2 in remote brain regions. The in vivo administration of RvD1 promoted functional recovery and neuroprotection by reducing the activation of Iba-1+ microglia and GFAP+ astrocytes as well as by impairing inflammatory-induced neuronal cell death in remote regions. These effects were counteracted by intracerebroventricular neutralization of ALX/FPR2, whose activation by RvD1 also down-regulated miR-146b- and miR-219a-1-dependent inflammatory markers. In conclusion, we propose that innovative therapies based on RvD1-ALX/FPR2 axis could be exploited to curtail remote damage and enable neuroprotective effects after acute focal brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Leuti
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Molinari
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Chiurchiù
- IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Ceynowa M, Pankowski R, Rocławski M, Mazurek T. The sensory function of the uninjured nerve in patients after median and ulnar nerve injury. J Hand Ther 2017; 30:97-103. [PMID: 28317656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jht.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective cohort study. INTRODUCTION Some patients after median or ulnar nerve injury report a diminished sensibility in the fingers that are supplied by the uninjured nerve. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to evaluate the function of the uninjured nerve in patients after peripheral nerve injury to assess the presence and degree of its functional impairment. METHODS There were 28 patients with median and 29 patients with ulnar nerve injury examined for sensory disturbances in the injured and uninjured nerves, using several tests assessing touch, temperature, and vibration sensibility. RESULTS In 16 patients after ulnar and 13 patients after median nerve injury, some disturbances in the uninjured nerve were found, mostly in individual tests. Only 8 patients had 3 or more different tests abnormal. DISCUSSION The injured nerve function in patients with functional disturbances in the uninjured nerve was worse than in patients with normal test results. CONCLUSION Posttraumatic changes in central nervous system are the possible reasons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Ceynowa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Rafał Pankowski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Rocławski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Mazurek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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22
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Zhang M, Tao W, Yuan Z, Liu Y. Mst-1 deficiency promotes post-traumatic spinal motor neuron survival via enhancement of autophagy flux. J Neurochem 2017; 143:244-256. [PMID: 28833175 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian Ste20-like kinase 1 (Mst-1) is a serine-threonine kinase and a component of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, which reacts to pathologically relevant stress and regulates cell death. However, little is known about its role in spinal cord injury. Here, we found that p-Mst-1, the activated form of Mst-1, was induced in the post-traumatic spinal motor neurons. In vivo evidence demonstrated that Mst-1 deficiency promoted post-traumatic spinal motor neuron survival, Basso mouse scale scores, and synapse survival. Moreover, we found that autophagosome formation and autolysosome degradation enhanced by Mst-1 deficiency were crucial to attenuate the death of injured spinal motor neurons. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Mst-1 deficiency promotes post-traumatic spinal motor neuron survival via enhancement of autophagy flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wufan Tao
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital and Institute of Developmental Biology and Molecular Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- Brain Science Center at the Institute of Basic Medical Science, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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23
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Kuchcinski G, Munsch F, Lopes R, Bigourdan A, Su J, Sagnier S, Renou P, Pruvo JP, Rutt BK, Dousset V, Sibon I, Tourdias T. Thalamic alterations remote to infarct appear as focal iron accumulation and impact clinical outcome. Brain 2017; 140:1932-1946. [PMID: 28549087 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
See Duering and Schmidt (doi:10.1093/awx135) for a scientific commentary on this article.Thalamic alterations have been observed in infarcts initially sparing the thalamus but interrupting thalamo-cortical or cortico-thalamic projections. We aimed at extending this knowledge by demonstrating with in vivo imaging sensitive to iron accumulation, one marker of neurodegeneration, that (i) secondary thalamic alterations are focally located in specific thalamic nuclei depending on the initial infarct location; and (ii) such secondary alterations can contribute independently to the long-term outcome. To tackle this issue, 172 patients with an infarct initially sparing the thalamus were prospectively evaluated clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging to quantify iron through R2* map at 24-72 h and at 1-year follow-up. An asymmetry index was used to compare R2* within the thalamus ipsilateral versus contralateral to infarct and we focused on the 95th percentile of R2* as a metric of high iron content. Spatial distribution within the thalamus was analysed on an average R2* map from the entire cohort. The asymmetry index of the 95th percentile within individual nuclei (medio-dorsal, pulvinar, lateral group) were compared according to the initial infarct location in simple and multiple regression analyses and using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Associations between the asymmetry index of the 95th percentile and functional, cognitive and emotional outcome were calculated in multiple regression models. We showed that R2* was not modified at 24-72 h but showed heterogeneous increase at 1 year mainly within the medio-dorsal and pulvinar nuclei. The asymmetry index of the 95th percentile within the medio-dorsal nucleus was significantly associated with infarcts involving anterior areas (frontal P = 0.05, temporal P = 0.02, lenticular P = 0.01) while the asymmetry index of the 95th percentile within the pulvinar nucleus was significantly associated with infarcts involving posterior areas (parietal P = 0.046, temporal P < 0.001) independently of age, gender and infarct volume, which was confirmed by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. The asymmetry index of the 95th percentile within the entire thalamus at 1 year was independently associated with poor functional outcome (P = 0.04), poor cognitive outcome (P = 0.03), post-stroke anxiety (P = 0.04) and post-stroke depression (P = 0.02). We have therefore identified that iron accumulates within the thalamus ipsilateral to infarct after a delay with a focal distribution that is strongly linked to the initial infarct location (in relation with the pattern of connectivity between thalamic nuclei and cortical areas or deep nuclei), which independently contributes to functional, cognitive and emotional outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Kuchcinski
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Neuroradiology, F-5900 Lille, France
| | - Fanny Munsch
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Neuroimagerie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Neuroradiology, F-5900 Lille, France
| | - Antoine Bigourdan
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Neuroimagerie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jason Su
- Richard M. Lucas Center for Imaging, Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5488, USA
| | - Sharmila Sagnier
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Unité neurovasculaire, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pauline Renou
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Unité neurovasculaire, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pruvo
- University of Lille, CHU Lille, Department of Neuroradiology, F-5900 Lille, France
| | - Brian K Rutt
- Richard M. Lucas Center for Imaging, Radiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5488, USA
| | - Vincent Dousset
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Neuroimagerie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Igor Sibon
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Unité neurovasculaire, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas Tourdias
- University of Bordeaux, CHU de Bordeaux, Neuroimagerie Diagnostique et Thérapeutique, F-33076 Bordeaux, France.,INSERM, U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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24
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Wu J, Lin B, Liu W, Huang J, Shang G, Lin Y, Wang L, Chen L, Tao J. Roles of electro-acupuncture in glucose metabolism as assessed by 18F-FDG/PET imaging and AMPKα phosphorylation in rats with ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:875-882. [PMID: 28713979 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted energy metabolism balance contributes to neural survival during ischemic stroke. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that electro‑acupuncture (EA) can enhance cerebral glucose metabolism assessed by 18F‑fluorodeoxyglucose/positron emission tomography (18F‑FDG/PET) imaging to prevent propagation of tissue damage and improve neurological outcome in rats subjected to ischemia and reperfusion injury. Rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and received EA treatment at the LI11 and ST36 acupoints or non‑acupoint treatment once a day for 7 days. After EA treatment, a significant reduction in the infarct volume was determined by T2‑weighted imaging, accompanied by the functional recovery in CatWalk and Rota-rod performance. Moreover, EA promoted higher glucose metabolism in the caudate putamen (CPu), motor cortex (MCTX), somatosensory cortex (SCTX) regions as assessed by animal 18F‑FDG/PET imaging, suggesting that three‑brain regional neural activity was enhanced by EA. In addition, the AMP‑activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) in the CPu, MCTX and SCTX regions was phosphorylated at threonine 172 (Thr172) after ischemic injury; however, phosphorylation of AMPK was further increased by EA. These results indicate that EA could promote AMPKα phosphorylation of the CPu, MCTX and SCTX regions to enhance neural activity and motor functional recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Wu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Weilin Liu
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Guanhao Shang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yunjiao Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lulu Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technology, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Lidian Chen
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
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25
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Kharchenko EP, Telnova MN. [Brain plasticity: limitations and possibilities]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 117:8-13. [PMID: 28514329 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2017117128-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biological limitations related to the brain regeneration and stem cells transplantation as well as the factors influencing the brain plasticity following the brain injury, including epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, are presented. Non-invasive transcranial microelectrostimulation is considered as a perspective method of polysystemic influence on endogenic mechanisms of brain recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E P Kharchenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - M N Telnova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Umarova RM, Beume L, Reisert M, Kaller CP, Klöppel S, Mader I, Glauche V, Kiselev VG, Catani M, Weiller C. Distinct white matter alterations following severe stroke. Neurology 2017; 88:1546-1555. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective:To distinguish white matter remodeling directly induced by stroke lesion from that evoked by remote network dysfunction, using spatial neglect as a model.Methods:We examined 24 visual neglect/extinction patients and 17 control patients combining comprehensive analyses of diffusion tensor metrics and global fiber tracking with neuropsychological testing in the acute (6.3 ± 0.5 days poststroke) and chronic (134 ± 7 days poststroke) stroke phases.Results:Compared to stroke controls, patients with spatial neglect/extinction displayed longitudinal white matter alterations with 2 defining signatures: (1) perilesional degenerative changes characterized by congruently reduced fractional anisotropy and increased radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity, and mean diffusivity, all suggestive of direct axonal damage by lesion and therefore nonspecific for impaired attention network and (2) transneuronal changes characterized by an increased RD in contralesional frontoparietal and bilateral occipital connections, suggestive of primary periaxonal involvement; these changes were distinctly related to the degree of unrecovered neglect symptoms in chronic stroke, hence emerging as network-specific alterations.Conclusions:The present data show how stroke entails global alterations of lesion-spared network architecture over time. Sufficiently large lesions of widely interconnected association cortex induce distinct, large-scale structural reorganization in domain-specific network connections. Besides their relevance to unrecovered domain-specific symptoms, these effects might also explain mechanisms of domain-general deficits in stroke patients, pointing to potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Albert M, Barrantes-Freer A, Lohrberg M, Antel JP, Prineas JW, Palkovits M, Wolff JR, Brück W, Stadelmann C. Synaptic pathology in the cerebellar dentate nucleus in chronic multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:737-747. [PMID: 27706868 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis, cerebellar symptoms are associated with clinical impairment and an increased likelihood of progressive course. Cortical atrophy and synaptic dysfunction play a prominent role in cerebellar pathology and although the dentate nucleus is a predilection site for lesion development, structural synaptic changes in this region remain largely unexplored. Moreover, the mechanisms leading to synaptic dysfunction have not yet been investigated at an ultrastructural level in multiple sclerosis. Here, we report on synaptic changes of dentate nuclei in post-mortem cerebella of 16 multiple sclerosis patients and eight controls at the histological level as well as an electron microscopy evaluation of afferent synapses of the cerebellar dentate and pontine nuclei of one multiple sclerosis patient and one control. We found a significant reduction of afferent dentate synapses in multiple sclerosis, irrespective of the presence of demyelination, and a close relationship between glial processes and dentate synapses. Ultrastructurally, we show autophagosomes containing degradation products of synaptic vesicles within dendrites, residual bodies within intact-appearing axons and free postsynaptic densities opposed to astrocytic appendages. Our study demonstrates loss of dentate afferent synapses and provides, for the first time, ultrastructural evidence pointing towards neuron-autonomous and neuroglia-mediated mechanisms of synaptic degradation in chronic multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Albert
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Alonso Barrantes-Freer
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Melanie Lohrberg
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Jack P Antel
- Neuroimmunology unit, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Canada
| | - John W Prineas
- Department of Neurology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Miklós Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy and Human Brain Tissue Bank, Tüzoltó utca 58, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Joachim R Wolff
- Department of Anatomy, University Medical Center, Kreuzbergring 36, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Christine Stadelmann
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
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New Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress Mechanisms in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1973834. [PMID: 27829982 PMCID: PMC5088319 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1973834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an inflammatory process and demyelination. The etiology of the disease is still not fully understood. Therefore, finding new etiological factors is of such crucial importance. It is suspected that the development of MS may be affected by oxidative stress (OS). In the acute phase OS initiates inflammatory processes and in the chronic phase it sustains neurodegeneration. Redox processes in MS are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, dysregulation of axonal bioenergetics, iron accumulation in the brain, impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance, and OS memory. The present paper is a review of the current literature about the role of OS in MS and it focuses on all major aspects. The article explains the mechanisms of OS, reports unique biomarkers with regard to their clinical significance, and presents a poorly understood relationship between OS and neurodegeneration. It also provides novel methods of treatment, including the use of antioxidants and the role of antioxidants in neuroprotection. Furthermore, adding new drugs in the treatment of relapse may be useful. The article considers the significance of OS in the current treatment of MS patients.
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Bisicchia E, Latini L, Cavallucci V, Sasso V, Nicolin V, Molinari M, D'Amelio M, Viscomi MT. Autophagy Inhibition Favors Survival of Rubrospinal Neurons After Spinal Cord Hemisection. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4896-4907. [PMID: 27514755 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are devastating conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) for which there are no restorative therapies. Neuronal death at the primary lesion site and in remote regions that are functionally connected to it is one of the major contributors to neurological deficits following SCI.Disruption of autophagic flux induces neuronal death in many CNS injuries, but its mechanism and relationship with remote cell death after SCI are unknown. We examined the function and effects of the modulation of autophagy on the fate of axotomized rubrospinal neurons in a rat model of spinal cord dorsal hemisection (SCH) at the cervical level. Following SCH, we observed an accumulation of LC3-positive autophagosomes (APs) in the axotomized neurons 1 and 5 days after injury. Furthermore, this accumulation was not attributed to greater initiation of autophagy but was caused by a decrease in AP clearance, as demonstrated by the build-up of p62, a widely used marker of the induction of autophagy. In axotomized rubrospinal neurons, the disruption of autophagic flux correlated strongly with remote neuronal death and worse functional recovery. Inhibition of AP biogenesis by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) significantly attenuated remote degeneration and improved spontaneous functional recovery, consistent with the detrimental effects of autophagy in remote damage after SCH. Collectively, our results demonstrate that autophagic flux is blocked in axotomized neurons on SCI and that the inhibition of AP formation improves their survival. Thus, autophagy is a promising target for the development of therapeutic interventions in the treatment of SCIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Bisicchia
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Latini
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Virve Cavallucci
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Sasso
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nicolin
- Clinical Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Science, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello D'Amelio
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, Unit of Molecular Neurosciences, University Campus-Biomedico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, I-00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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Sasso V, Bisicchia E, Latini L, Ghiglieri V, Cacace F, Carola V, Molinari M, Viscomi MT. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces remote apoptotic cell death and inflammation after focal brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:150. [PMID: 27301743 PMCID: PMC4908713 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0616-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background After focal brain injuries occur, in addition to the effects that are attributable to the primary site of damage, the resulting functional impairments depend highly on changes that occur in regions that are remote but functionally connected to the site of injury. Such effects are associated with apoptotic and inflammatory cascades and are considered to be important predictors of outcome. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a noninvasive technique that is used to treat various central nervous system (CNS) pathologies and enhance functional recovery after brain damage. Objective This study examined the efficacy of rTMS in mitigating remote degeneration and inflammation and in improving functional recovery in a model of focal brain damage. Methods Rats that were undergoing hemicerebellectomy (HCb) were treated with an rTMS protocol for 7 days, and neuronal death indices, glial activation, and functional recovery were assessed. Results rTMS significantly reduced neuronal death and glial activation in remote regions and improved functional recovery. Conclusions Our finding opens up a completely new scenario for exploiting the potential of rTMS as an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0616-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Sasso
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Bisicchia
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Latini
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Ghiglieri
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Filosofia, Scienze Sociali, Umane e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cacace
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Carola
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Viscomi
- Santa Lucia Foundation, I.R.C.C.S., Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143, Rome, Italy.
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Fogerson SM, van Brummen AJ, Busch DJ, Allen SR, Roychaudhuri R, Banks SML, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G, Morgan JR. Reducing synuclein accumulation improves neuronal survival after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2016; 278:105-15. [PMID: 26854933 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury causes neuronal death, limiting subsequent regeneration and recovery. Thus, there is a need to develop strategies for improving neuronal survival after injury. Relative to our understanding of axon regeneration, comparatively little is known about the mechanisms that promote the survival of damaged neurons. To address this, we took advantage of lamprey giant reticulospinal neurons whose large size permits detailed examination of post-injury molecular responses at the level of individual, identified cells. We report here that spinal cord injury caused a select subset of giant reticulospinal neurons to accumulate synuclein, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein best known for its atypical aggregation and causal role in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's and other diseases. Post-injury synuclein accumulation took the form of punctate aggregates throughout the somata and occurred selectively in dying neurons, but not in those that survived. In contrast, another synaptic vesicle protein, synaptotagmin, did not accumulate in response to injury. We further show that the post-injury synuclein accumulation was greatly attenuated after single dose application of either the "molecular tweezer" inhibitor, CLR01, or a translation-blocking synuclein morpholino. Consequently, reduction of synuclein accumulation not only improved neuronal survival, but also increased the number of axons in the spinal cord proximal and distal to the lesion. This study is the first to reveal that reducing synuclein accumulation is a novel strategy for improving neuronal survival after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Fogerson
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Alexandra J van Brummen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States; Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - David J Busch
- Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Scott R Allen
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Robin Roychaudhuri
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Susan M L Banks
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Frank-Gerrit Klärner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45117, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States; Brain Research Institute and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jennifer R Morgan
- Marine Biological Laboratory, The Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States.
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Abdelnour F, Mueller S, Raj A. Relating Cortical Atrophy in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with Graph Diffusion-Based Network Models. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004564. [PMID: 26513579 PMCID: PMC4626097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by stereotyped origination and spread pattern of epileptogenic activity, which is reflected in stereotyped topographic distribution of neuronal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Both epileptogenic activity and atrophy spread appear to follow white matter connections. We model the networked spread of activity and atrophy in TLE from first principles via two simple first order network diffusion models. Atrophy distribution is modeled as a simple consequence of the propagation of epileptogenic activity in one model, and as a progressive degenerative process in the other. We show that the network models closely reproduce the regional volumetric gray matter atrophy distribution of two epilepsy cohorts: 29 TLE subjects with medial temporal sclerosis (TLE-MTS), and 50 TLE subjects with normal appearance on MRI (TLE-no). Statistical validation at the group level suggests high correlation with measured atrophy (R = 0.586 for TLE-MTS, R = 0.283 for TLE-no). We conclude that atrophy spread model out-performs the hyperactivity spread model. These results pave the way for future clinical application of the proposed model on individual patients, including estimating future spread of atrophy, identification of seizure onset zones and surgical planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farras Abdelnour
- Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ashish Raj
- Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
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Tovar-y-Romo LB, Penagos-Puig A, Ramírez-Jarquín JO. Endogenous recovery after brain damage: molecular mechanisms that balance neuronal life/death fate. J Neurochem 2015; 136:13-27. [PMID: 26376102 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on multiple factors that comprise a well-fueled energy metabolism, trophic input, clearance of toxic substances, appropriate redox environment, integrity of blood-brain barrier, suppression of programmed cell death pathways and cell cycle arrest. Disturbances of brain homeostasis lead to acute or chronic alterations that might ultimately cause neuronal death with consequent impairment of neurological function. Although we understand most of these processes well when they occur independently from one another, we still lack a clear grasp of the concerted cellular and molecular mechanisms activated upon neuronal damage that intervene in protecting damaged neurons from death. In this review, we summarize a handful of endogenously activated mechanisms that balance molecular cues so as to determine whether neurons recover from injury or die. We center our discussion on mechanisms that have been identified to participate in stroke, although we consider different scenarios of chronic neurodegeneration as well. We discuss two central processes that are involved in endogenous repair and that, when not regulated, could lead to tissue damage, namely, trophic support and neuroinflammation. We emphasize the need to construct integrated models of neuronal degeneration and survival that, in the end, converge in neuronal fate after injury. Under neurodegenerative conditions, endogenously activated mechanisms balance out molecular cues that determine whether neurons contend toxicity or die. Many processes involved in endogenous repair may as well lead to tissue damage depending on the strength of stimuli. Signaling mediated by trophic factors and neuroinflammation are examples of these processes as they regulate different mechanisms that mediate neuronal demise including necrosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis and autophagy. In this review, we discuss recent findings on balanced regulation and their involvement in neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Tovar-y-Romo
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F., México
| | - Andrés Penagos-Puig
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F., México
| | - Josué O Ramírez-Jarquín
- División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D. F., México
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Lipinski MM, Wu J, Faden AI, Sarkar C. Function and Mechanisms of Autophagy in Brain and Spinal Cord Trauma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:565-77. [PMID: 25808205 PMCID: PMC4545370 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are major causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Despite important pathophysiological differences between these disorders, in many respects, mechanisms of injury are similar. During both TBI and SCI, some cells are directly mechanically injured, but more die as a result of injury-induced biochemical changes (secondary injury). Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent cellular degradation pathway with neuroprotective properties, has been implicated both clinically and experimentally in the delayed response to TBI and SCI. However, until recently, its mechanisms and function remained unknown, reflecting in part the difficulty of isolating autophagic processes from ongoing cell death and other cellular events. RECENT ADVANCES Emerging data suggest that depending on the location and severity of traumatic injury, autophagy flux--defined as the progress of cargo through the autophagy system and leading to its degradation--may be either increased or decreased after central nervous system trauma. CRITICAL ISSUES While increased autophagy flux may be protective after mild injury, after more severe trauma inhibition of autophagy flux may contribute to neuronal cell death, indicating disruption of autophagy as a part of the secondary injury mechanism. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Augmentation and/or restoration of autophagy flux may provide a potential therapeutic target for treatment of TBI and SCI. Development of those treatments will require thorough characterization of changes in autophagy flux, its mechanisms and function over time after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Lipinski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chinmoy Sarkar
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Klistorner A, Vootakuru N, Wang C, Yiannikas C, Graham SL, Parratt J, Garrick R, Levin N, Masters L, Lagopoulos J, Barnett MH. Decoding diffusivity in multiple sclerosis: analysis of optic radiation lesional and non-lesional white matter. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122114. [PMID: 25807541 PMCID: PMC4373765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been suggested as a new promising tool in MS that may provide greater pathological specificity than conventional MRI, helping, therefore, to elucidate disease pathogenesis and monitor therapeutic efficacy. However, the pathological substrates that underpin alterations in brain tissue diffusivity are not yet fully delineated. Tract-specific DTI analysis has previously been proposed in an attempt to alleviate this problem. Here, we extended this approach by segmenting a single tract into areas bound by seemingly similar pathological processes, which may better delineate the potential association between DTI metrics and underlying tissue damage. Method Several compartments were segmented in optic radiation (OR) of 50 relapsing-remitting MS patients including T2 lesions, proximal and distal parts of fibers transected by lesion and fibers with no discernable pathology throughout the entire length of the OR. Results Asymmetry analysis between lesional and non-lesional fibers demonstrated a marked increase in Radial Diffusivity (RD), which was topographically limited to focal T2 lesions and potentially relates to the lesional myelin loss. A relative elevation of Axial Diffusivity (AD) in the distal part of the lesional fibers was observed in a distribution consistent with Wallerian degeneration, while diffusivity in the proximal portion of transected axons remained normal. A moderate, but significant elevation of RD in OR non-lesional fibers was strongly associated with the global (but not local) T2 lesion burden and is probably related to microscopic demyelination undetected by conventional MRI. Conclusion This study highlights the utility of the compartmentalization approach in elucidating the pathological substrates of diffusivity and demonstrates the presence of tissue-specific patterns of altered diffusivity in MS, providing further evidence that DTI is a sensitive marker of tissue damage in both lesions and NAWM. Our results suggest that, at least within the OR, parallel and perpendicular diffusivities are affected by tissue restructuring related to distinct pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klistorner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Chenyu Wang
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Stuart L. Graham
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Netta Levin
- Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lynette Masters
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael H. Barnett
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Moberget T, Andersson S, Lundar T, Due-Tønnessen B, Heldal A, Endestad T, Westlye L. Long-term supratentorial brain structure and cognitive function following cerebellar tumour resections in childhood. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:218-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Lunven M, Thiebaut De Schotten M, Bourlon C, Duret C, Migliaccio R, Rode G, Bartolomeo P. White matter lesional predictors of chronic visual neglect: a longitudinal study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 138:746-60. [PMID: 25609686 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic visual neglect prevents brain-damaged patients from returning to an independent and active life. Detecting predictors of persistent neglect as early as possible after the stroke is therefore crucial to plan the relevant interventions. Neglect signs do not only depend on focal brain lesions, but also on dysfunction of large-scale brain networks connected by white matter bundles. We explored the relationship between markers of axonal degeneration occurring after the stroke and visual neglect chronicity. A group of 45 patients with unilateral strokes in the right hemisphere underwent cognitive testing for neglect twice, first at the subacute phase (<3 months after onset) and then at the chronic phase (>1 year). For each patient, magnetic resonance imaging including diffusion sequences was performed at least 4 months after the stroke. After masking each patient's lesion, we used tract-based spatial statistics to obtain a voxel-wise statistical analysis of the fractional anisotropy data. Twenty-seven patients had signs of visual neglect at initial testing. Only 10 of these patients had recovered from neglect at follow-up. When compared with patients without neglect, the group including all subacute neglect patients had decreased fractional anisotropy in the second (II) and third (III) branches of the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, as well as in the splenium of the corpus callosum. The subgroup of chronic patients showed reduced fractional anisotropy in a portion the splenium, the forceps major, which provides interhemispheric communication between regions of the occipital lobe and of the superior parietal lobules. The severity of neglect correlated with fractional anisotropy values in superior longitudinal fasciculus II/III for subacute patients and in its caudal portion for chronic patients. Our results confirm a key role of fronto-parietal disconnection in the emergence and chronic persistence of neglect, and demonstrate an implication of caudal interhemispheric disconnection in chronic neglect. Splenial disconnection may prevent fronto-parietal networks in the left hemisphere from resolving the activity imbalance with their right hemisphere counterparts, thus leading to persistent neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Lunven
- 1 INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013 Paris, France 2 Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Unité de Rééducation Neurologique CRF 'Les Trois Soleils' Boissise le Roi, France 3 Inserm UMR_S 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, ImpAct, centre des neurosciences de Lyon, université Lyon-1, 16, avenue Lépine 69676 Bron, France
| | - Michel Thiebaut De Schotten
- 1 INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013 Paris, France 4 Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK
| | - Clémence Bourlon
- 2 Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Unité de Rééducation Neurologique CRF 'Les Trois Soleils' Boissise le Roi, France
| | - Christophe Duret
- 2 Service de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Unité de Rééducation Neurologique CRF 'Les Trois Soleils' Boissise le Roi, France
| | - Raffaella Migliaccio
- 1 INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013 Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Department of Neurology, IFR 70, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Rode
- 3 Inserm UMR_S 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, ImpAct, centre des neurosciences de Lyon, université Lyon-1, 16, avenue Lépine 69676 Bron, France 6 Service de médecine physique et réadaptation neurologique, hospital Henry-Gabrielle, hospice civils de Lyon, 20, route de Vourles, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Paolo Bartolomeo
- 1 INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), F-75013 Paris, France 5 AP-HP, Department of Neurology, IFR 70, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France 7 Department of Psychology, Catholic University, Milan, Italy
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Cavallucci V, Bisicchia E, Cencioni MT, Ferri A, Latini L, Nobili A, Biamonte F, Nazio F, Fanelli F, Moreno S, Molinari M, Viscomi MT, D'Amelio M. Acute focal brain damage alters mitochondrial dynamics and autophagy in axotomized neurons. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1545. [PMID: 25429622 PMCID: PMC4260762 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles for the maintenance of life and death of the cell, and their morphology is controlled by continual and balanced fission and fusion dynamics. A balance between these events is mandatory for normal mitochondrial and neuronal function, and emerging evidence indicates that mitochondria undergo extensive fission at an early stage during programmed cell death in several neurodegenerative diseases. A pathway for selective degradation of damaged mitochondria by autophagy, known as mitophagy, has been described, and is of particular importance to sustain neuronal viability. In the present work, we analyzed the effect of autophagy stimulation on mitochondrial function and dynamics in a model of remote degeneration after focal cerebellar lesion. We provided evidence that lesion of a cerebellar hemisphere causes mitochondria depolarization in axotomized precerebellar neurons associated with PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 accumulation and Parkin translocation to mitochondria, block of mitochondrial fusion by Mfn1 degradation, increase of calcineurin activity and dynamin-related protein 1 translocation to mitochondria, and consequent mitochondrial fission. Here we suggest that the observed neuroprotective effect of rapamycin is the result of a dual role: (1) stimulation of autophagy leading to damaged mitochondria removal and (2) enhancement of mitochondria fission to allow their elimination by mitophagy. The involvement of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in brain injury, especially in the context of remote degeneration after acute focal brain damage, has not yet been investigated, and these findings may offer new target for therapeutic intervention to improve functional outcomes following acute brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cavallucci
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - E Bisicchia
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Cencioni
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - A Ferri
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - L Latini
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - A Nobili
- 1] Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy [2] University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - F Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - F Nazio
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - F Fanelli
- University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - S Moreno
- Department of Biology-LIME, University 'Roma Tre', Rome, Italy
| | - M Molinari
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Viscomi
- Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - M D'Amelio
- 1] Department of Experimental Neurosciences, IRCCS S. Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy [2] University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
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39
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Cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) stimulation delays rubrospinal mitochondrial-dependent degeneration and improves functional recovery after spinal cord hemisection by ERK1/2 inactivation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1404. [PMID: 25188514 PMCID: PMC4540196 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition of CNS that often results in severe functional impairments for which there are no restorative therapies. As in other CNS injuries, in addition to the effects that are related to the primary site of damage, these impairments are caused by degeneration of distal regions that are connected functionally to the primary lesion site. Modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) counteracts this neurodegeneration, and pharmacological modulation of type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) is a promising therapeutic target for several CNS pathologies, including SCI. This study examined the effects of CB2R modulation on the fate of axotomized rubrospinal neurons (RSNs) and functional recovery in a model of spinal cord dorsal hemisection (SCH) at the cervical level in rats. SCH induced CB2R expression, severe atrophy, and cell death in contralateral RSNs. Furthermore, SCH affected molecular changes in the apoptotic cascade in RSNs – increased cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, and caspase-3 activity. CB2R stimulation by its selective agonist JWH-015 significantly increased the bcl-2/bax ratio, reduced cytochrome c release, delayed atrophy and degeneration, and improved spontaneous functional recovery through ERK1/2 inactivation. These findings implicate the ECS, particularly CB2R, as part of the endogenous neuroprotective response that is triggered after SCI. Thus, CB2R modulation might represent a promising therapeutic target that lacks psychotropic effects and can be used to exploit ECS-based approaches to counteract neuronal degeneration.
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