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Huang Y, Jin Y, Yao S, Nan G, Mao Y. LncRNA NEAT1 Inhibits Neuronal Apoptosis and Induces Neuronal Viability of Depressed Rats Via microRNA-320-3p/CRHR1 Axis. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2352-2363. [PMID: 35075548 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Long noncoding RNA nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1 (NEAT1) has been reported to be involved in depression. This study aims to investigate the mechanism of NEAT1/microRNA (miR)-320-3p/Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRHR1) axis in depressed rats. Rats with depression-like behaviors were prepared by exposing the rats to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Behavioral functions, pathological damage, neuronal apoptosis and monoamine neurotransmitter were examined in depressed rats . Primary hippocampal neurons were injured through simulation with corticosterone(CORT). Cell viability and apoptosis were measured in CORT-Induced hippocampal neurons. The binding relationship between NEAT1 and miR-320-3p and the targeting relationship between miR-320-3p and CRHR1 were detected. Elevated NEAT1, CRHR1 and reduced miR-320-3p exhibited in depressed rats and CORT-treated hippocampal neurons, NEAT1 bound to miR-320-3p to target CRHR1. Silencing NEAT1 or elevating miR-320-3p improved behavioral functions, attenuated pathological damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus, and increased monoamine neurotransmitter in depressed rats. Repression of NEAT1 or promotion of miR-320-3p enhanced viability and suppressed apoptosis of CORT-treated hippocampal neurons. The study highlights that NEAT1 competitively binds to miR-320-3p to up-regulate CRHR1 expression, thereby promoting hippocampal damage of depressed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Associate Chief Physicia, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Yinshi Jin
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Shuai Yao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Guangxian Nan
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Attending doctorNo. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun, 130033, Jilin, China.
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Reed JM, Wolfe BE, Romero LM. Is resilience a unifying concept for the biological sciences? iScience 2024; 27:109478. [PMID: 38660410 PMCID: PMC11039332 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest in applying resilience concepts at different scales of biological organization to address major interdisciplinary challenges from cancer to climate change. It is unclear, however, whether resilience can be a unifying concept consistently applied across the breadth of the biological sciences, or whether there is limited capacity for integration. In this review, we draw on literature from molecular biology to community ecology to ascertain commonalities and shortcomings in how resilience is measured and interpreted. Resilience is studied at all levels of biological organization, although the term is often not used. There is a suite of resilience mechanisms conserved across biological scales, and there are tradeoffs that affect resilience. Resilience is conceptually useful to help diverse researchers think about how biological systems respond to perturbations, but we need a richer lexicon to describe the diversity of perturbations, and we lack widely applicable metrics of resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Reed
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford 02155, MA, USA
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Manenti I, Viola I, Ala U, Cornale P, Macchi E, Toschi P, Martignani E, Baratta M, Miretti S. Adaptation Response in Sheep: Ewes in Different Cortisol Clusters Reveal Changes in the Expression of Salivary miRNAs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3273. [PMID: 37893997 PMCID: PMC10603754 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Farm procedures have an impact on animal welfare by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis that induces a wide array of physiological responses. This adaptive system guarantees that the animal copes with environmental variations and it induces metabolic and molecular changes that can be quantified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the regulation of homeostasis and emerging evidence has identified circulating miRNAs as promising biomarkers of stress-related disorders in animals. Based on a clustering analysis of salivary cortisol trends and levels, 20 ewes were classified into two different clusters. The introduction of a ram in the flock was identified as a common farm practice and reference time point to collect saliva samples. Sixteen miRNAs related to the adaptation response were selected. Among them, miR-16b, miR-21, miR-24, miR-26a, miR-27a, miR-99a, and miR-223 were amplified in saliva samples. Cluster 1 was characterized by a lower expression of miR-16b and miR-21 compared with Cluster 2 (p < 0.05). This study identified for the first time several miRNAs expressed in sheep saliva, pointing out significant differences in the expression patterns between the cortisol clusters. In addition, the trend analyses of these miRNAs resulted in clusters (p = 0.017), suggesting the possible cooperation of miR-16b and -21 in the integrated stress responses, as already demonstrated in other species as well. Other research to define the role of these miRNAs is needed, but the evaluation of the salivary miRNAs could support the selection of ewes for different profiles of response to sources of stressors common in the farm scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Manenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Irene Viola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Paolo Cornale
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DISAFA), Animal Production Unit, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Macchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Paola Toschi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Eugenio Martignani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
| | - Mario Baratta
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Miretti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (I.M.); (I.V.); (U.A.); (E.M.); (P.T.); (E.M.)
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de la Puente B, Zamanillo D, Romero L, Carceller A, Vela JM, Merlos M, Portillo-Salido E. Resilience to Pain-Related Depression in σ 1 Receptor Knockout Mice Is Associated with the Reversal of Pain-Induced Brain Changes in Affect-Related Genes. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3714-3725. [PMID: 37738096 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking the σ1 receptor chaperone (σ1R-/-) are resilient to depressive-like behaviors secondary to neuropathic pain. Examining the resilience's brain mechanisms could help develop conceptually novel therapeutic strategies. We explored the diminished motivation for a natural reinforcer (white chocolate) in the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model in wild-type (WT) and σ1R-/- mice. In the same mice, we performed a comprehensive reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis across ten brain regions of seven genes implicated in pain regulation and associated affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression. PSNL induced anhedonic-like behavior in WT but not in σ1R-/- mice. In WT mice, PSNL up-regulated dopamine transporter (DAT) and its rate-limiting enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and periaqueductal gray (PAG) as well as the serotonin transporters (SERT) and its rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2) in VTA. In addition, μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and σ1R were up-regulated in PAG, and MOR was also elevated in the somatosensory cortex (SS) but down-regulated in the striatum (STR). Finally, increased BDNF was found in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hypothalamus (HPT). Sham surgery also produced PSNL-like expression changes in VTA, HPT, and STR. Genetic deletion of the σ1R in mice submitted to PSNL or sham surgery prevented changes in the expression of most of these genes. σ1R is critically involved in the supraspinal gene expression changes produced by PSNL and sham surgery. The changes in gene expression observed in WT mice may be related to pain-related depression, and the absence of these changes observed in σ1R-/- mice may be related to resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Zamanillo
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luz Romero
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Carceller
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Merlos
- Welab Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Díaz-Hung ML, Hetz C. Proteostasis and resilience: on the interphase between individual's and intracellular stress. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:305-317. [PMID: 35337729 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A long proportion of the population is resilient to the negative consequences of stress. Glucocorticoids resulting from endocrine responses to stress are essential adaptive mediators, but also drive alterations to brain function, negatively impacting neuronal connectivity, synaptic plasticity, and memory-related processes. Recent evidence has indicated that organelle function and cellular stress responses are relevant determinant of vulnerability and resistance to environmental stress. At the molecular level, a fundamental mechanism of cellular stress adaptation is the maintenance of proteostasis, which also have key roles in sustaining basal neuronal function. Here, we discuss recent evidence suggesting that proteostasis unbalance at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum, the main site for protein folding in the cell, represents a possible mechanistic link between individuals and cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Li Díaz-Hung
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute (BNI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; FONDAP Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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Chronic mild stress paradigm as a rat model of depression: facts, artifacts, and future perspectives. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:663-693. [PMID: 35072761 PMCID: PMC8785013 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05982-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm was first described almost 40 years ago and has become a widely used model in the search for antidepressant drugs for major depression disorder (MDD). It has resulted in the publication of almost 1700 studies in rats alone. Under the original CMS procedure, the expression of an anhedonic response, a key symptom of depression, was seen as an essential feature of both the model and a depressive state. The prolonged exposure of rodents to unpredictable/uncontrollable mild stressors leads to a reduction in the intake of palatable liquids, behavioral despair, locomotor inhibition, anxiety-like changes, and vegetative (somatic) abnormalities. Many of the CMS studies do not report these patterns of behaviors, and they often fail to include consistent molecular, neuroanatomical, and physiological phenotypes of CMS-exposed animals. OBJECTIVES To critically review the CMS studies in rats so that conceptual and methodological flaws can be avoided in future studies. RESULTS Analysis of the literature supports the validity of the CMS model and its impact on the field. However, further improvements could be achieved by (i) the stratification of animals into 'resilient' and 'susceptible' cohorts within the CMS animals, (ii) the use of more refined protocols in the sucrose test to mitigate physiological and physical artifacts, and (iii) the systematic evaluation of the non-specific effects of CMS and implementation of appropriate adjustments within the behavioral tests. CONCLUSIONS We propose methodological revisions and the use of more advanced behavioral tests to refine the rat CMS paradigm, which offers a valuable tool for developing new antidepressant medications.
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The miRNome of Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111312. [PMID: 34768740 PMCID: PMC8582693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is an effect of complex interactions between genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. It is well established that stress responses are associated with multiple modest and often dynamic molecular changes in the homeostatic balance, rather than with a single genetic factor that has a strong phenotypic penetration. As depression is a multifaceted phenotype, it is important to study biochemical pathways that can regulate the overall allostasis of the brain. One such biological system that has the potential to fine-tune a multitude of diverse molecular processes is RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi is an epigenetic process showing a very low level of evolutionary diversity, and relies on the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression using, in the case of mammals, primarily short (17–23 nucleotides) noncoding RNA transcripts called microRNAs (miRNA). In this review, our objective was to examine, summarize and discuss recent advances in the field of biomedical and clinical research on the role of miRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression in the development of depression. We focused on studies investigating post-mortem brain tissue of individuals with depression, as well as research aiming to elucidate the biomarker potential of miRNAs in depression and antidepressant response.
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MicroRNA Regulates Early-Life Stress–Induced Depressive Behavior via Serotonin Signaling in a Sex-Dependent Manner in the Prefrontal Cortex of Rats. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 1:180-189. [PMID: 36325302 PMCID: PMC9616342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The underlying neurobiology of early-life stress (ELS)-induced major depressive disorder is not clearly understood. Methods In this study, we used maternal separation (MS) as a rodent model of ELS and tested whether microRNAs (miRNAs) target serotonin genes to regulate ELS-induced depression-like behavior and whether this effect is sex dependent. We also examined whether environmental enrichment prevents susceptibility to depression- and anxiety-like behavior following MS and whether enrichment effects are mediated through serotonin genes and their corresponding miRNAs. Results MS decreased sucrose preference, which was reversed by enrichment. Males also exhibited greater changes in forced swim climbing and escape latency tests only following enrichment. Slc6a4 and Htr1a were upregulated in the frontal cortex following MS. In male MS rats, enrichment slightly reversed Htr1a expression to levels similar to control rats. miR-200a-3p and miR-322-5p, which target SLC6A4, were decreased by MS, but not significantly. An HTR1A-targeting miRNA, miR-320-5p, was also downregulated by MS and showed slight reversal by enrichment in male animals. miR-320-5p targeting of Htr1a was validated in vitro using SHSY neuroblastoma cell lines. Conclusions Altogether, this study implicates miRNA interaction with the serotonin pathway in ELS-induced susceptibility to depression-related reward deficits. Furthermore, because of its recovery by enrichment in males, miR-320 may represent a viable sex-specific target for reward-related deficits in major depressive disorder.
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Van der Auwera S, Ameling S, Nauck M, Völzke H, Völker U, Grabe HJ. Association between different dimensions of childhood traumatization and plasma micro-RNA levels in a clinical psychiatric sample. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:113-119. [PMID: 34058649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
As an epigenetic regulator micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have gained increasing attention in biomarker research for diseases. Many studies point towards an involvement of miRNAs in neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease, schizophrenia or depression. In a recent study we identified a possible relationship between childhood traumatization and miRNAs associated with Alzheimer's Disease in the general population as well as in a small psychiatric clinical sample. In this study we aimed to confirm this biological link in an independent psychiatric clinical sample (N = 104) and to also explore the impact of different childhood trauma dimensions (sum score, abuse dimension and neglect dimension). Analyses revealed their different impact on disease in the combined sample (N = 154; N = 50 from the recent study). We could confirm associations for all of the four recently identified miRNAs in the replication sample (N = 104) on a suggested significance level of p < 0.08 (two with p < 0.05). In the combined sample (N = 154) fifteen miRNAs were significantly associated with the childhood trauma sum score after correction for multiple testing. Most of them showed recently significant associations for Alzheimer's Disease. For the subscores of abuse and neglect only one miRNA was identified in addition, associated with childhood neglect. Bioinformatics analysis identified significant brain-related pathways regulated by the respective miRNAs. At the time of publication our study is the largest study of the association between childhood trauma and miRNAs in a clinical psychiatric sample. The confirmation of our previous results supports the relevance of the association between childhood traumatization and Alzheimer's Disease through miRNA regulation of brain-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Sabine Ameling
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock, Greifswald, Germany
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Brum CB, Paixão-Côrtes VR, Carvalho AM, Martins-Silva T, Carpena MX, Ulguim KF, Luquez KYS, Salatino-Oliveira A, Tovo-Rodrigues L. Genetic variants in miRNAs differentially expressed during brain development and their relevance to psychiatric disorders susceptibility. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:456-467. [PMID: 33040684 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1834618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role in the expression of genes involved in brain functions during development. Genetic variants in miRNA genes may impact their regulatory function and lead to psychiatric disorders. To evaluate the role of genetic variants in genes of miRNAs differentially expressed during neurodevelopment on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia (SCZ), and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS The miRNAs were identified in the literature. Summary statistics from the most recent genome-wide association studies to date were used to evaluate the association between the selected polymorphisms and each disorder in a look-up approach. In a global analysis, we compared the standardised risk effect of variants in neurodevelopment-related miRNAs with those in the remaining miRNAs from miRBase. RESULTS The global analysis showed that variants in neurodevelopment-related miRNAs had higher risk effects compared to the other miRNAs for SCZ (p = 0.010) and ADHD (p = 0.001). MIR33B, MIR29B2, MIR29C, MIR137, and MIR135A1 were significantly associated with SCZ, while 55.9% of the miRNAs were at least nominally associated with one or more psychiatric disorders (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants in neurodevelopment-related miRNAs play an important role in the genetic susceptibility of psychiatric disorders, mainly SCZ and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarice Brinck Brum
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thais Martins-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marina Xavier Carpena
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Angélica Salatino-Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciana Tovo-Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Czéh B, Simon M. Benefits of animal models to understand the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106:110049. [PMID: 32735913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a potentially life-threatening mental disorder imposing severe social and economic burden worldwide. Despite the existence of effective antidepressant treatment strategies the exact pathophysiology of the disease is still unknown. Large number of animal models of MDD have been developed over the years, but all of them suffer from significant shortcomings. Despite their limitations these models have been extensively used in academic research and drug development. The aim of this review is to highlight the benefits of animal models of MDD. We focus here on recent experimental data where animal models were used to examine current theories of this complex disease. We argue, that despite their evident imperfections, these models provide invaluable help to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of MDD. Furthermore, animal models are utilized in research to find clinically useful biomarkers. We discuss recent neuroimaging and microRNA studies since these investigations yielded promising candidates for biomarkers. Finally, we briefly summarize recent progresses in drug development, i.e. the FDA approval of two novel antidepressant drugs: S-ketamine and brexanolone (allopregnanolone). Deeper understanding of the exact molecular and cellular mechanisms of action responsible for the antidepressant efficacy of these rapid acting drugs could aid us to design further compounds with similar effectiveness, but less side effects. Animal studies are likely to provide valuable help in this endeavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Maria Simon
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
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Restraint Stress in Mice Alters Set of 25 miRNAs Which Regulate Stress- and Depression-Related mRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249469. [PMID: 33322800 PMCID: PMC7763317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aim to identify the effect of restrain stress (RS) on the expression of miRNAs in mouse serum. We used three genotypes of animals (mice with knock-out of the gene-encoding norepinephrine transporter, NET-KO; C57BL/6J, and SWR/J) which had previously been shown to display different sensitivity to RS, and focused on miRNAs which were altered by RS in the serum of all three genotypes. An analysis of miRNAs expression allowed for the identification of a set of 25 differentially expressed miRNAs; 10 were down-regulated compared to an appropriate control group of animals, while 15 were up-regulated. The application of DIANA-miRPath v. 3.0 allowed for the identification of selected pathways (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) categories that were significantly controlled by these miRNAs, while miRWalk v. 3.0-the platform that used the machine learning based algorithm, TaRPmiR-was used to find their targets. The results indicate that 25 miRNAs, identified as altered upon RS in three genotypes of mice, are responsible for regulation of mRNA-encoding proteins that are key for the main hypotheses of depression; therefore, they may help to understand the link between stress and depression at the molecular level.
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Tavares GA, Torres A, de Souza JA. Early Life Stress and the Onset of Obesity: Proof of MicroRNAs' Involvement Through Modulation of Serotonin and Dopamine Systems' Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:925. [PMID: 32848865 PMCID: PMC7399177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthy persons hold a very complex system for controlling energy homeostasis. The system functions on the interconnected way between the nutritional, endocrine, neural, and epigenetic regulation, which includes the microRNAs (miRNAs). Currently, it is well accepted that experiences of early life stress (ELS) carry modification of the central control of feeding behavior, one of the factors controlling energy homeostasis. Recently, studies give us a clue on the modulation of eating behavior, which is one of the main factors associated with the development of obesity. This clue connected the neural control through the serotonin (5HT) and dopamine (DA) systems with the fine regulation of miRNAs. The first pieces of evidence highlight the presence of the miR-16 in the regulation of the serotonin transporter (SERT) as well as the receptors 1a (5HT1A) and 2a (5HT2A). On the other hand, miR-504 is related to the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2). As our knowledge advance, we expected to discover other important pathways for the regulation of the energy homeostasis. As both neurotransmission systems and miRNAs seem to be sensible to ELS, the aim of this review is to bring new insight about the involvement of miRNAs with a central role in the control of eating behavior focusing on the influences of ELS and regulation of neurotransmission systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Araujo Tavares
- Nantes Université, INRAE, UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes, France.,Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Behavior, Graduate Program of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Amada Torres
- Nantes Université, INRAE, UMR 1280, PhAN, Nantes, France.,Developmental Genetics and Molecular Physiology, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico - Campus Morelos, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Julliet Araujo de Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity and Behavior, Graduate Program of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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14
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Marshe VS, Islam F, Maciukiewicz M, Fiori LM, Yerko V, Yang J, Turecki G, Foster JA, Kennedy SH, Blumberger DM, Karp JF, Kennedy JL, Mulsant BH, Reynolds CF, Lenze EJ, Müller DJ. Validation study of microRNAs previously associated with antidepressant response in older adults treated for late-life depression with venlafaxine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109867. [PMID: 31954757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small 22 nucleotides long, non-coding RNAs that are potential biomarkers for antidepressant treatment response. We aimed to replicate previous associations of miRNAs with antidepressant treatment response in a sample of older adults diagnosed with late-life depression. METHODS Our sample included 184 older adults diagnosed with moderately severe depression that received open-label venlafaxine (up to 300 mg/day) for approximately 12 weeks. We quantified miRNA expression levels at baseline and week 12 for miRNAs miR-1202, miR-135a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-425-3p, and miR-24-3p to explore their association with remission status, response trajectories, and time-to-remission. RESULTS At T0 and T12, there were no differences in miRNA expression levels between remitters and non-remitters. However, remitters showed a trend toward higher baseline miR-135a-5p (Median = 11.3 [9.9, 15.7], p = .083). Prior to correction, baseline miR-135a-5p expression levels showed an association with remission status (OR = 1.8 [1.0, 3.3], p = .037). Individuals with higher baseline miR-135a-5p showed better response trajectories (F = 4.5, FDR-corrected p = 4.4 × 10-4), particularly at weeks 10 and 12 (p < .05). In addition, individuals with higher miR-135a-5p expression reached remission faster than those with lower expression (HR = 0.6 [0.4, 0.9], FDR-corrected p = .055). LIMITATIONS Although the sample size was relatively modest, our findings are consistent with the literature suggesting that higher miR-135a-5p levels may be associated with better antidepressant treatment response. CONCLUSIONS However, the miRNA signature of antidepressant response in older adults may be different as compared to younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Marshe
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Farhana Islam
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Malgorzata Maciukiewicz
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura M Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Volodymyr Yerko
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jennie Yang
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel M Blumberger
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jordan F Karp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; VA Pittsburgh Health System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James L Kennedy
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benoit H Mulsant
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Eric J Lenze
- Healthy Mind Lab, Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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15
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Khan AR, Geiger L, Wiborg O, Czéh B. Stress-Induced Morphological, Cellular and Molecular Changes in the Brain-Lessons Learned from the Chronic Mild Stress Model of Depression. Cells 2020; 9:cells9041026. [PMID: 32326205 PMCID: PMC7226496 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe illness imposing an increasing social and economic burden worldwide. Numerous rodent models have been developed to investigate the pathophysiology of MDD. One of the best characterized and most widely used models is the chronic mild stress (CMS) model which was developed more than 30 years ago by Paul Willner. More than 2000 published studies used this model, mainly to assess novel compounds with potential antidepressant efficacy. Most of these studies examined the behavioral consequences of stress and concomitant drug intervention. Much fewer studies focused on the CMS-induced neurobiological changes. However, the stress-induced cellular and molecular changes are important as they may serve as potential translational biomarkers and increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of MDD. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the structural and molecular alterations in the brain that have been described using the CMS model. We discuss the latest neuroimaging and postmortem histopathological data as well as molecular changes including recent findings on microRNA levels. Different chronic stress paradigms occasionally deliver dissimilar findings, but the available experimental data provide convincing evidence that the CMS model has a high translational value. Future studies examining the neurobiological changes in the CMS model in combination with clinically effective antidepressant drug intervention will likely deliver further valuable information on the pathophysiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Raza Khan
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute (SGPGI) Campus, Lucknow-226017, U.P, India;
| | - Lili Geiger
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark;
| | - Boldizsár Czéh
- Neurobiology of Stress Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Correspondence:
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Solich J, Kuśmider M, Faron-Górecka A, Pabian P, Kolasa M, Zemła B, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Serum Level of miR-1 and miR-155 as Potential Biomarkers of Stress-Resilience of NET-KO and SWR/J Mice. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040917. [PMID: 32283635 PMCID: PMC7226811 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we used three strains of mice with various susceptibility to stress: mice with knock-out of the gene encoding norepinephrine transporter (NET-KO), which are well characterized as displaying a stress-resistant phenotype, as well as two strains of mice displaying two different stress-coping strategies, i.e., C57BL/6J (WT in the present study) and SWR/J. The procedure of restraint stress (RS, 4 h) was applied, and the following behavioral experiments (the forced swim test and sucrose preference test) indicated that NET-KO and SWR/J mice were less sensitive to RS than WT mice. Then, we aimed to find the miRNAs which changed in similar ways in the serum of NET-KO and SWR/J mice subjected to RS, being at the same time different from the miRNAs found in the serum of WT mice. Using Custom TaqMan Array MicroRNA Cards, with primers for majority of miRNAs expressed in the serum (based on a preliminary experiment using the TaqMan Array Rodent MicroRNA A + B Cards Set v3.0, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) allowed the identification of 21 such miRNAs. Our further analysis focused on miR-1 and miR-155 and their targets—these two miRNAs are involved in the regulation of BDNF expression and can be regarded as biomarkers of stress-resilience.
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17
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Allen L, Dwivedi Y. MicroRNA mediators of early life stress vulnerability to depression and suicidal behavior. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:308-320. [PMID: 31740756 PMCID: PMC6974433 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Childhood environment can have a profound impact on brain structure and function. Epigenetic mechanisms have been shown to play a critical role in adaptive and maladaptive processes by regulating gene expression without changing the genome. Over the past few years, early life stress (ELS) has been established as a major risk factor for major depression and suicidal behavior along with other psychiatric illnesses in adulthood. In recent years, the emergence of small noncoding RNAs as a mega controller of gene expression has gained attention for their role in various disease processes. Among various noncoding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most studied and well characterized and have emerged as a major regulator of neural plasticity and higher brain functioning. More recently, although limited in number, studies are focusing on how miRNAs can play a role in the maladaptive processes associated with ELS both at adolescent and adult age and whether these processes are critical in developing depression and suicidal behavior. In this review, we critically evaluate how postnatal ELS relates to abnormalities in miRNA expression and functions from both animal and human literature and draw connections from these findings to depression and suicidal behavior later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Allen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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18
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Expression alteration of microRNAs in Nucleus Accumbens is associated with chronic stress and antidepressant treatment in rats. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2019; 19:271. [PMID: 31856805 PMCID: PMC6921443 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-019-0964-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is a vital brain region for the process of reward and stress, whereas microRNA plays a crucial role in depression pathology. However, the abnormality of NAc miRNA expression during the stress-induced depression and antidepressant treatment, as well as its biological significance, are still unknown. METHODS We performed the small RNA-sequencing in NAc of rats from three groups: control, chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), and CUMS with an antidepressant, Escitalopram. We applied an integrative pipeline for analyzing the miRNA expression alternation in different model groups, including differential expression analysis, co-expression analysis, as well as a subsequent pathway/network analysis to discover both miRNA alteration pattern and its biological significance. RESULT A total of 423 miRNAs were included in analysis.18/8 differential expressing (DE) miRNA (adjusted p < 0.05, |log2FC| > 1) were observed in controls Vs. depression/depression Vs. treatment, 2 of which are overlapping. 78% (14/18) of these miRNAs showed opposite trends of alteration in stress and treatment. Two micro RNA, miR-10b-5p and miR-214-3p, appeared to be hubs in the regulation networks and also among the top findings in both differential analyses. Using co-expression analysis, we found a functional module that strongly correlated with stress (R = 0.96, P = 0.003), and another functional module with a moderate correlation with anhedonia (R = 0.89, P = 0.02). We also found that predicted targets of these miRNAs were significantly enriched in the Ras signaling pathway, which is associated with both depression, anhedonia, and antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSION Escitalopram treatment can significantly reverse NAc miRNA abnormality induced by chronic stress. However, the novel miRNA alteration that is absent in stress pathology also emerges, which means that antidepressant treatment is unlikely to bring miRNA expression back to the same level as the controls. Also, the Ras-signaling pathway may be involved in explaining the depression disease etiology, the clinical symptom, and treatment response of stress-induced depression.
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19
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Pons-Espinal M, Gasperini C, Marzi MJ, Braccia C, Armirotti A, Pötzsch A, Walker TL, Fabel K, Nicassio F, Kempermann G, De Pietri Tonelli D. MiR-135a-5p Is Critical for Exercise-Induced Adult Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1298-1312. [PMID: 31130358 PMCID: PMC6565832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis and is considered a relevant strategy for preventing age-related cognitive decline in humans. The underlying mechanisms remains controversial. Here, we show that exercise increases proliferation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) of the mouse dentate gyrus (DG) via downregulation of microRNA 135a-5p (miR-135a). MiR-135a inhibition stimulates NPC proliferation leading to increased neurogenesis, but not astrogliogenesis, in DG of resting mice, and intriguingly it re-activates NPC proliferation in aged mice. We identify 17 proteins (11 putative targets) modulated by miR-135 in NPCs. Of note, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor 1 and inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I are among the modulated proteins, suggesting that IP3 signaling may act downstream miR-135. miR-135 is the first noncoding RNA essential modulator of the brain's response to physical exercise. Prospectively, the miR-135-IP3 axis might represent a novel target of therapeutic intervention to prevent pathological brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caterina Gasperini
- Neurobiology of miRNA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Matteo J Marzi
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Clarissa Braccia
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Armirotti
- Analytical Chemistry Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genoa, Italy
| | - Alexandra Pötzsch
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tara L Walker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Klaus Fabel
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francesco Nicassio
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan, Italy
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany; CRTD - Center for Regenerative Therapies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Zurawek D, Gruca P, Antkiewicz-Michaluk L, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Resilient Phenotype in Chronic Mild Stress Paradigm Is Associated with Altered Expression Levels of miR-18a-5p and Serotonin 5-HT 1a Receptor in Dorsal Part of the Hippocampus. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7680-7693. [PMID: 31098953 PMCID: PMC6815272 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed serotonergic signaling in the hippocampus observed in many individuals vulnerable to stress has been suggested as one of the primary factors contributing to the development of depression. However, little is known about the physiology of the brain in the resilient phenotype. Resilient subjects maintain a positive mood and psychological balance despite being under the stress influence. In our study, we generated stress-vulnerable and resilient rats by using a chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm. Using different molecular approaches, we revealed that resilient animals exhibited a significantly decreased expression level of miR-18a-5p and, in the same time, an elevated level of 5-HT1AR in dorsal, but not ventral, part of the hippocampus. Described biochemical changes were not observed in animals behaviorally vulnerable to stress. Further, in vitro analysis showed that miR-18a-5p may be a negative epigenetic regulator of 5-HT1AR since the treatment of adult hippocampal neurons with miR-18a-5p mimic significantly lowered the expression level of mRNA encoding 5-HT1AR. Moreover, bioinformatic analysis of potential target genes expressed in the hippocampus and being regulated by miR-18a-5p showed that this microRNA may regulate biological processes, such as axonogenesis, which are important in the functioning of the hippocampus in both rats and humans. All these molecular features may contribute to serotonergic homeostatic balance at the level of serotonin turnover observed in hippocampi of resilient but not stress-vulnerable rats. Delineation of further molecular and biochemical markers underlying resilience to stress may contribute to the development of new antidepressant strategies which will restore resilient phenotype in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Zurawek
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of General Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Krakow, Poland. .,Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Gruca
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lucyna Antkiewicz-Michaluk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Stress is an adaptive response to environment aversive stimuli and a common life experience of one's daily life. Chronic or excessive stress especially that happened in early life is found to be deleterious to individual's physical and mental health, which is highly related to depressive disorders onset. Stressful life events are consistently considered to be the high-risk factors of environment for predisposing depressive disorders. In linking stressful life events with depressive disorder onset, dysregulated HPA axis activity is supposed to play an important role in mediating aversive impacts of life stress on brain structure and function. Increasing evidence have indicated the strong association of stress, especially the chronic stress and early life stress, with depressive disorders development, while the association of stress with depression is moderated by genetic risk factors, including polymorphism of SERT, BDNF, GR, FKBP5, MR, and CRHR1. Meanwhile, stressful life experience particularly early life stress will exert epigenetic modification in these risk genes via DNA methylation and miRNA regulation to generate long-lasting effects on these genes expression, which in turn cause brain structural and functional alteration, and finally increase the vulnerability to depressive disorders. Therefore, the interaction of environment with gene, in which stressful life exposure interplay with genetic risk factors and epigenetic modification, is essential in predicting depressive disorders development. As the mediator of environmental risk factors, stress will function together with genetic and epigenetic mechanism to influence brain structure and function, physiology and psychology, and finally the vulnerability to depressive disorders.
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A New Insight into the Roles of MiRNAs in Metabolic Syndrome. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:7372636. [PMID: 30648107 PMCID: PMC6311798 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7372636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which includes several clinical components such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, hypertension, proinflammatory state, and oxidative stress (OS), has become a global epidemic health issue contributing to a high risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs), used as noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy, have aroused global interest in complex processes in health and diseases, including MetS and its components. MiRNAs can exist stably in serum, liver, skeletal muscle (SM), heart muscle, adipose tissue (AT), and βcells, because of their ability to escape the digestion of RNase. Here we first present an overall review on recent findings of the relationship between miRNAs and several main components of MetS, such as IR, obesity, diabetes, lipid metabolism, hypertension, hyperuricemia, and stress, to illustrate the targeting proteins or relevant pathways that are involved in the progress of MetS and also help us find promising novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Beuzelin D, Kaeffer B. Exosomes and miRNA-Loaded Biomimetic Nanovehicles, a Focus on Their Potentials Preventing Type-2 Diabetes Linked to Metabolic Syndrome. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2711. [PMID: 30519245 PMCID: PMC6258775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of 30–150 nm, members of the extracellular vesicle family and secreted by various cell types. Different studies describe specific microRNA (miRNA) with altered expression in serum and/or plasma of patients suffering from diabetes or metabolic syndrome. Diabetic cardiomyocyte-derived exosomes loaded with miRNAs like miR-320-3p (or 320a) have been shown regulating angiogenesis on endothelial cell cultures. Insufficient myocardial angiogenesis is the major manifestation of diabetes-caused ischemic cardiovascular disease. Studies on transfer of functional microRNAs between mouse dendritic cells via exosomes have shown that some miRNAs (miR-320-3p, 29b-3p, 7a-5p) are distributed in immature and mature exosomes. Among these miRNAs, miR-320-3p is better known in epigenetics for silencing polr3d gene by binding to its promoter in Human Embryonic Kidney-293 cells. Moreover, quantitative and stoichiometric analysis of the microRNA content of exosomes highlights the lack of reliable natural source of such particles loaded with miRNA opening the need for tailoring exosomes or nanoparticles delivering efficiently miRNA intimately linked to immunity, metabolism and epigenetics in target cells. However, loading of extracellular mature miRNA into recipient cells comes with a cost by at least impeding dynamic localization of miRNAs in nucleoli or inefficient miRNA delivery due to rapid recycling by exonucleases. All these works are calling for the design of new biomimetic vehicles and in vivo assessment of miRNA functionality when delivered by natural or biomimetic nanoparticles in order to control metabolic diseases from infancy to adulthood.
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Brianza-Padilla M, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Vázquez-Palacios G, Huang F, Almanza-Pérez JC, Bojalil R, Bonilla-Jaime H. Cytokine and microRNA levels during different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery in rats. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5567. [PMID: 30225174 PMCID: PMC6139242 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep has a fundamental role in the regulation of homeostasis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) and recovery on serum levels of cytokines and miRNAs related to inflammatory responses. Methods Male Wistar rats were submitted to a PSD of 24, 96, or 192 h, or of 192 h followed by 20 days of recovery (192 h PSD+R). The concentrations of corticosterone, cytokines (IL-6, TNF, IL-10, Adiponectin) and miRNAs (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-223, miR-16, miR-126, miR-21) in serum were evaluated. Results At PSD 24 h a significant increase of IL-6 and decrease of IL-10 were observed. At PSD 96h adiponectin increased. At 192 h of PSD IL-6 increased significantly again, accompanied by a threefold increase of IL-10 and an increase of serum corticosterone. After 20 days of recovery (192 h PSD+R) corticosterone, IL-6 and TNF levels increased significantly, while IL-10 decreased also significantly. Regarding the miRNAs at 24 h of PSD serum miR-146a, miR-155, miR-223, and miR-16 levels all increased. At 96 h of PSD miR-223 decreased. At 192 h of PSD decreases in miR-16 and miR-126 were observed. After recovery serum miR-21 increased and miR-16 decreased. Conclusion PSD induces a dynamic response likely reflecting the induced cellular stress and manifested as variating hormonal and inflammatory responses. Sleep deprivation disturbed corticosterone, cytokine and miRNA levels in serum related to the duration of sleep deprivation, as short-term PSD produced effects similar to those of an acute inflammatory response and long-term PSD induced long-lasting disturbances of biological mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinalli Brianza-Padilla
- Posgrado en Biologia Experimental, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Vázquez-Palacios
- Colegio de Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Autonoma de la Ciudad de Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología y Toxicología, Hospital Infantil de Mexico Federico Gomez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Julio César Almanza-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Rafael Bojalil
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia Ignacio Chavez, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.,Departamento de Atención a la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biologia de la Reproducción, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
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Faye C, McGowan JC, Denny CA, David DJ. Neurobiological Mechanisms of Stress Resilience and Implications for the Aged Population. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:234-270. [PMID: 28820053 PMCID: PMC5843978 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170818095105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress is a common reaction to an environmental adversity, but a dysregulation of the stress response can lead to psychiatric illnesses such as major depressive disorder (MDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety disorders. Yet, not all individuals exposed to stress will develop psychiatric disorders; those with enhanced stress resilience mechanisms have the ability to adapt successfully to stress without developing persistent psychopathology. Notably, the potential to enhance stress resilience in at-risk populations may prevent the onset of stress-induced psychiatric disorders. This novel idea has prompted a number of studies probing the mechanisms of stress resilience and how it can be manipulated. METHODS Here, we review the neurobiological factors underlying stress resilience, with particular focus on the serotoninergic (5-HT), glutamatergic, and γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems, as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) in rodents and in humans. Finally, we discuss stress resiliency in the context of aging, as the likelihood of mood disorders increases in older adults. RESULTS Interestingly, increased resiliency has been shown to slow aging and improved overall health and quality of life. Research in the neurobiology of stress resilience, particularly throughout the aging process, is a nascent, yet, burgeoning field. CONCLUSION Overall, we consider the possible methods that may be used to induce resilient phenotypes, prophylactically in at-risk populations, such as in military personnel or in older MDD patients. Research in the mechanisms of stress resilience may not only elucidate novel targets for antidepressant treatments, but also provide novel insight about how to prevent these debilitating disorders from developing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Faye
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Josephine C. McGowan
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine A. Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Denis J. David
- CESP/UMR-S 1178, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac Pharmacie, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Chatenay-Malabry, France
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MicroRNA-34 Contributes to the Stress-related Behavior and Affects 5-HT Prefrontal/GABA Amygdalar System through Regulation of Corticotropin-releasing Factor Receptor 1. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7401-7412. [PMID: 29417477 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that microRNA-34 (miR-34) family is critical in the regulation of stress response also suggesting that it may contribute to the individual responsiveness to stress. We have recently demonstrated that mice carrying a genetic deletion of all miR-34 isoforms (triple knockout, TKO) lack the stress-induced serotonin (5-HT) and GABA release in the medial prefrontal cortex (mpFC) and basolateral amygdala (BLA), respectively. Here, we evaluated if the absence of miR-34 was also able to modify the stress-coping strategy in the forced swimming test. We found that the blunted neurochemical response to stress was associated with lower levels of immobility (index of active coping behavior) in TKO compared to WT mice. Interestingly, among the brain regions mostly involved in the stress-related behaviors, the miR-34 displayed the strongest expression in the dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN) of wild-type (WT) mice. In the DRN, the corticotropin-releasing factor receptors (CRFR) 1 and 2, contribute to determine the stress-coping style and the CRFR1 is a target of miR-34. Thus, we hypothesized that the miR-34-dependent modulation of CRFR1 expression may be involved in the DRN regulation of stress-coping strategies. In line with this hypothesis, we found increased CRFR1 levels in the DNR of TKO compared to WT mice. Moreover, infusion of CRFR1 antagonist in the DRN of TKO mice reverted their behavioral and neurochemical phenotype. We propose that miR-34 modulate the mpFC 5-HT/BLA GABA response to stress acting on CRFR1 in the DRN and that this mechanism could contribute to determine individual stress-coping strategy.
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Fiori LM, Lin R, Ju C, Belzeaux R, Turecki G. Using Epigenetic Tools to Investigate Antidepressant Response. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 158:255-272. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhao Y, Wang S, Chu Z, Dang Y, Zhu J, Su X. MicroRNA-101 in the ventrolateral orbital cortex (VLO) modulates depressive-like behaviors in rats and targets dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1). Brain Res 2017; 1669:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Background Stress and stressful life events have repeatedly been shown as causally related to depression. The Chronic Mild Stress rat model is a valid model of stress-induced depression. Like humans, rats display great heterogeneity in their response to stress and adversity. Hence some individuals are stress-sensitive and prone to develop depression-like behaviour in response to modest stressors, while others are stress-resilient and remain essentially symptom free. Objectives Compared to the large body of research, which describes stress-induced maladaptive neurobiological changes, relatively little attention has been devoted to understand resiliency to stress. The aim of the present study was to identify changes in neuronal activity, associated with stress-resilient and stress-susceptible chronic mild stress endophenotypes, by examining c-Fos expression in 13 different brain areas. Changes in c-Fos expression have been reported as associated to stressful conditions. Methods Stress-induced modulation of neuronal activation patterns in response to the chronic mild stress paradigm was mapped using the immediate early gene expression c-Fos as a marker. Quantification of the c-Fos-like immunoreactivity responses was done by semi-automated profile counting procedures and design-based stereology. Results Exposure to chronic mild stress significantly altered c-Fos expression in a total of 6 out of 13 investigated areas. Chronic mild stress was found to suppress the c-Fos response within the magnocellular ventral lateral geniculate nucleus of both stress subgroups. In the the lateral and ventral orbital cortices of stress-resilient rats, the c-Fos like immunoreactivity response was also repressed by stress exposure. On the contrary the c-Fos response within the amygdala, medial habenula, and infralimbic cortex was increased selectively for the stress-susceptible rats. Conclusions The study was initiated to characterize neuronal substrates associated with stress-coping mechanisms. Six areas, all of which represents limbic structures, were found to be sensitive to stress exposure. The effects within these areas associate to the hedonic status of the rats. Hence, these areas might be associated to stress-coping mechanisms underlying the chronic mild stress induced segregation into stress-susceptible and stress-resilient endophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Febbraro
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience (DANDRITE) Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (FF); (OW)
| | - Katrine Svenningsen
- Focused Research Unit for Molecular Diagnostic and Clinical Research IRS-Center Sonderjylland, Laboratory Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Åbenrå, Denmark
| | - Thao Phuong Tran
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Risskov, Denmark
| | - Ove Wiborg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (FF); (OW)
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Fiori LM, Lopez JP, Richard-Devantoy S, Berlim M, Chachamovich E, Jollant F, Foster J, Rotzinger S, Kennedy SH, Turecki G. Investigation of miR-1202, miR-135a, and miR-16 in Major Depressive Disorder and Antidepressant Response. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:619-623. [PMID: 28520926 PMCID: PMC5570004 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is a debilitating illness, which is most commonly treated with antidepressant drugs. As the majority of patients do not respond on their first trial, there is great interest in identifying biological factors that indicate the most appropriate treatment for each patient. Studies suggest that microRNA represent excellent biomarkers to predict antidepressant response. METHODS We investigated the expression of miR-1202, miR-135a, and miR-16 in peripheral blood from 2 cohorts of depressed patients who received 8 weeks of antidepressant therapy. Expression was quantified at baseline and after treatment, and its relationship to treatment response and depressive symptoms was assessed. RESULTS In both cohorts, responders displayed lower baseline miR-1202 levels compared with nonresponders, which increased following treatment. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, our results support the involvement of microRNA in antidepressant response and suggest that quantification of their levels in peripheral samples represents a valid approach to informing treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Fiori
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Juan Pablo Lopez
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Stéphane Richard-Devantoy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Marcelo Berlim
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Eduardo Chachamovich
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Fabrice Jollant
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Jane Foster
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Susan Rotzinger
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada (Drs Fiori, Lopez, Richard-Devantoy, Berlim, Chachamovich, Jollant, and Turecki); Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Drs Foster, Rotzinger, and Kennedy)
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