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Miksys S, McDonald C, Baghai Wadji F, Gonzalez FJ, Tyndale RF. Human CYP2D6 varies across the estrous cycle in brains of transgenic mice altering drug response. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111108. [PMID: 39069248 PMCID: PMC11402587 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2Ds are drug metabolizing enzymes found in brain and liver which metabolize numerous centrally acting drugs. Inhibition and induction of CYP2D-mediated metabolism in rodent brain alters brain drug and metabolite concentrations and resulting drug response. In female rats, brain CYP2D metabolism varies across the estrous cycle and with exogenous estrogen, changing brain drug concentrations and response. In this study harmine-induced hypothermia was lower in humanized CYP2D6 transgenic female mice during estrus compared to diestrus. Pretreatment into the cerebral ventricles with propranolol, a selective irreversible inhibitor of human CYP2D6 in brain, increased hypothermia in estrus but not in diestrus. In vivo enzyme activity was higher in brains of transgenic mice in estrus compared to diestrus and was lower after pretreatment with inhibitor in estrus, but not in diestrus. Hepatic activity and plasma harmine concentrations were unaffected by either estrous phase or inhibition of brain CYP2D6. In wild-type female mice, harmine-induced hypothermia was unaffected by either estrous phase or inhibitor pretreatment. Male mice were used as positive controls, where pretreatment with inhibitor increased harmine-induced hypothermia in transgenic but not wild-type, mice. This study provides evidence for female hormone cycle-based regulation of drug metabolism by human CYP2D6 in brain and resulting drug response. This suggests that brain CYP2D6 metabolism may vary, for example, during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, or menopause, or while taking oral contraceptives or hormone therapy. This variation could contribute to individual differences in response to centrally acting CYP2D6-substrate drugs by altering local brain drug and/or metabolite concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Miksys
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Claire McDonald
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Fariba Baghai Wadji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Richards J, Miksys S, Novalen M, Tyndale RF. CYP2D in the brain impacts oral hydrocodone analgesia in vivo. Neuropharmacology 2022; 221:109291. [PMID: 36241086 PMCID: PMC11323711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) metabolises many centrally-acting substrates including opioids. Hydrocodone, an opioid and CYP2D substrate, is metabolised to hydromorphone, an active metabolite. CYP2D in the brain is active in vivo and can alter drug response however, it is unknown whether metabolism by CYP2D in the brain alters oral hydrocodone induced analgesia. Propranolol, a selective CYP2D mechanism-based inhibitor, or vehicle, was administered into the right cerebral ventricle of male rats, (HAN Wistars, Envigo), 24 h before testing for analgesia from oral hydrocodone (or hydromorphone, a non-CYP2D substrate). Hydrocodone and its CYP2D-mediated metabolites were simultaneously quantified using a novel LC-MS/MS assay. After propranolol vs vehicle pretreatment, there was significantly higher analgesia from oral hydrocodone, and a significantly lower brain CYP2D metabolic ratio (an in vivo phenotype of brain CYP2D activity that was derived from the molar sum of hydromorphone and its metabolites divided by hydrocodone). The brain CYP2D metabolic ratio correlated significantly with analgesia. There was no pretreatment effect on plasma hydrocodone concentrations, elimination rates, or metabolic ratio (an in vivo phenotype for hepatic CYP2D activity). The liver CYP2D metabolic ratio did not correlate with analgesia. Propranolol pretreatment had no impact on analgesia from oral hydromorphone. These data suggest that inhibited CYP2D activity in brain, causing reduced metabolism of brain hydrocodone, resulted in higher analgesia from oral hydrocodone, despite hydrocodone having a lower μ-opioid receptor affinity than hydromorphone. Thus, variation in CYP2D in the brain may be an important source of interindividual differences in response to CYP2D substrates, including oral hydrocodone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janielle Richards
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Novalen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Islam F, Marshe VS, Magarbeh L, Frey BN, Milev RV, Soares CN, Parikh SV, Placenza F, Strother SC, Hassel S, Taylor VH, Leri F, Blier P, Uher R, Farzan F, Lam RW, Turecki G, Foster JA, Rotzinger S, Kennedy SH, Müller DJ. Effects of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 gene variants on escitalopram and aripiprazole treatment outcome and serum levels: results from the CAN-BIND 1 study. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:366. [PMID: 36068210 PMCID: PMC9448818 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02124-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 drug-metabolizing enzymes may contribute to interindividual differences in antidepressant outcomes. We investigated the effects of CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 gene variants on response, tolerability, and serum concentrations. Patients (N = 178) were treated with escitalopram (ESC) from weeks 0-8 (Phase I), and at week 8, either continued ESC if they were responders or were augmented with aripiprazole (ARI) if they were non-responders (<50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale from baseline) for weeks 8-16 (Phase II). Our results showed that amongst patients on ESC-Only, CYP2C19 intermediate and poor metabolizers (IM + PMs), with reduced or null enzyme function, trended towards significantly lower symptom improvement during Phase II compared to normal metabolizers (NMs), which was not observed in ESC + ARI. We further showed that CYP2D6 NMs and IM + PMs had a higher likelihood of reporting a treatment-related central nervous system side effect in ESC-Only and ESC + ARI, respectively. The differences in the findings between ESC-Only and ESC + ARI may be due to the altered pharmacokinetics of ESC by ARI coadministration in ESC + ARI. We provided evidence for this postulation when we showed that in ESC-Only, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 IM + PMs demonstrated significantly higher ESC concentrations at Weeks 10 and 16 compared to NMs. In contrast, ESC + ARI showed an association with CYP2C19 but not with CYP2D6 metabolizer group. Instead, ESC + ARI showed an association between CYP2D6 metabolizer group and ARI metabolite-to-drug ratio suggesting potential competition between ESC and ARI for CYP2D6. Our findings suggest that dosing based on CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 genotyping could improve safety and outcome in patients on ESC monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Islam
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Victoria S. Marshe
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Leen Magarbeh
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Benicio N. Frey
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.416721.70000 0001 0742 7355St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Roumen V. Milev
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Providence Care, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Claudio N. Soares
- grid.410356.50000 0004 1936 8331Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Providence Care, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Sagar V. Parikh
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Franca Placenza
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Stephen C. Strother
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Medical Centre, and Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Stefanie Hassel
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Valerie H. Taylor
- grid.22072.350000 0004 1936 7697Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada
| | - Pierre Blier
- grid.414622.70000 0001 1503 7525The Royal Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Rudolf Uher
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- grid.61971.380000 0004 1936 7494Mechatronic Systems Engineering, Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC Canada
| | - Raymond W. Lam
- grid.17091.3e0000 0001 2288 9830University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, QC Canada
| | - Jane A. Foster
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.416721.70000 0001 0742 7355St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Susan Rotzinger
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sidney H. Kennedy
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, St Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Daniel J. Müller
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.411760.50000 0001 1378 7891Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Center of Mental Health, University Clinic of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Hannon SL, Ding X. Assessing cytochrome P450 function using genetically engineered mouse models. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:253-284. [PMID: 35953157 PMCID: PMC10544722 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to knock out and/or humanize different genes in experimental animals, globally or in cell- and tissue-specific patterns, has revolutionized scientific research in many areas. Genetically engineered mouse models, including knockout models, transgenic models, and humanized models, have played important roles in revealing the in vivo functions of various cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. These functions are very diverse, ranging from the biotransformation of drugs and other xenobiotics, events that often dictate their pharmacokinetic or toxicokinetic properties and the associated therapeutic or adverse actions, to the metabolism of endogenous compounds, such as steroid hormones and other bioactive substances, that may determine susceptibility to many diseases, such as cancer and metabolic diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive list of Cyp-knockout, human CYP-transgenic, and CYP-humanized mouse models that target genes in the CYP1-4 gene families, and highlight their utility in assessing the in vivo metabolism, bioactivation, and toxicity of various xenobiotic compounds, including therapeutic agents and chemical carcinogens. We aim to showcase the advantages of utilizing these mouse models for in vivo drug metabolism and toxicology studies, and to encourage and facilitate greater utility of engineered mouse models to further improve our knowledge of the in vivo functions of various P450 enzymes, which is integral to our ability to develop safer and more effective therapeutics and to identify individuals predisposed to adverse drug reactions or environmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarrah L Hannon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ken R. Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ken R. Coit College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States.
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5
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Stocco MR, Tyndale RF. Cytochrome P450 enzymes and metabolism of drugs and neurotoxins within the mammalian brain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 95:73-106. [PMID: 35953164 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) that metabolize xenobiotics are expressed and active in the brain. These CYPs contribute to the metabolism of many centrally acting compounds, including clinically used drugs, drugs of abuse, and neurotoxins. Although CYP levels are lower in the brain than in the liver, they may influence central substrate and metabolite concentrations, which could alter resulting centrally-mediated responses to these compounds. Additionally, xenobiotic metabolizing CYPs are highly variable due to genetic polymorphisms and regulation by endogenous and xenobiotic molecules. In the brain, these CYPs are sensitive to xenobiotic induction. As a result, CYPs in the brain vary widely, including among humans, and this CYP variation may influence central metabolism and resulting response to centrally acting compounds. It has been demonstrated, using experimental manipulation of CYP activity in vivo selectively within the brain, that CYP metabolism in the brain alters central substrate and metabolite concentrations, as well as drug response and neurotoxic effects. This suggests that variability in xenobiotic metabolizing CYPs in the human brain may meaningfully contribute to individual differences in response to, and effects of, centrally acting drugs and neurotoxins. This chapter will provide an overview of CYP expression in the brain, endogenous- and xenobiotic-mediated CYP regulation, and the functional impact of CYP-mediated metabolism of drugs and neurotoxins in the brain, with a focus on experimental approaches in mice, rats, and non-human primates, and a discussion regarding the potential role of xenobiotic metabolizing CYPs in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlaina R Stocco
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Zhang L, Li Y, Hu C, Chen Y, Chen Z, Chen ZS, Zhang JY, Fang S. CDK6-PI3K signaling axis is an efficient target for attenuating ABCB1/P-gp mediated multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:103. [PMID: 35459184 PMCID: PMC9027122 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01524-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1 (ABCB1/P-gp) is a major cause of cancer chemotherapy failure, but the regulation mechanisms are largely unknown. METHODS Based on single gene knockout, we studied the regulation of CDK6-PI3K axis on ABCB1-mediated MDR in human cancer cells. CRISPR/Cas9 technique was performed in KB-C2 cells to knockout cdk6 or cdk4 gene. Western blot, RT-PCR and transcriptome analysis were performed to investigate target gene deletion and expression of critical signaling factors. The effect of cdk4 or cdk6 deficiency on cell apoptosis and the cell cycle was analyzed using flow cytometry. In vivo studies were performed to study the sensitivity of KB-C2 tumors to doxorubicin, tumor growth and metastasis. RESULTS Deficiency of cdk6 led to remarkable downregulation of ABCB1 expression and reversal of ABCB1-mediated MDR. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that CDK6 knockout regulated a series of signaling factors, among them, PI3K 110α and 110β, KRAS and MAPK10 were downregulated, and FOS-promoting cell autophagy and CXCL1-regulating multiple factors were upregulated. Notably, PI3K 110α/110β deficiency in-return downregulated CDK6 and the CDK6-PI3K axis synergizes in regulating ABCB1 expression, which strengthened the regulation of ABCB1 over single regulation by either CDK6 or PI3K 110α/110β. High frequency of alternative splicing (AS) of premature ABCB1 mRNA induced by CDK6, CDK4 or PI3K 110α/110β level change was confirmed to alter the ABCB1 level, among them 10 common skipped exon (SE) events were found. In vivo experiments demonstrated that loss of cdk6 remarkably increased the sensitivity of KB-C2 tumors to doxorubicin by increasing drug accumulation of the tumors, resulting in remarkable inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis, as well as KB-C2 survival in the nude mice. CONCLUSIONS CDK6-PI3K as a new target signaling axis to reverse ABCB1-mediated MDR is reported for the first time in cancers. Pathways leading to inhibition of cancer cell proliferation were revealed to be accompanied by CDK6 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yidong Li
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Chaohua Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Sugarcane, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yangmin Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Jian-Ye Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Shuo Fang
- The department of clinical oncology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Precision Medicine Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mainly formed in the pyrolysis process during high-temperature cooking of meat. Meat consumption is very typical of the western diet, and the amount of meat consumption in the eastern countries is growing rapidly; HAAs represents widespread exposure. HAAs are classified as possible human carcinogens; numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated regular consumption of meat with HAAs as risk factor for cancers. Specific HAAs have received major attention. For example, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine has been extensively studied as a genotoxicant and mutagen, with emergent literature on neurotoxicity. Harmane has been extensively studied for a role in essential tremors and potentially Parkinson's disease (PD). Harmane levels have been demonstrated to be elevated in blood and brain in essential tremor patients. Meat consumption has been implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the role of toxicants formed during meat preparation has not been studied. Epidemiological studies are currently examining the association between HAAs and risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as essential tremors and PD. Studies from our laboratory and others have provided strong evidence that HAA exposure produces PD and Alzheimer's disease-relevant neurotoxicity in cellular and animal models. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate previous studies on HAA-induced neurotoxicity and the molecular basis of potential neurotoxic effects of HAAs. The available studies provide strong support for the premise that HAAs may impact neurological function and that addressing gaps in understanding of adverse neurological outcomes is critical to determine whether these compounds are modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Danek PJ, Daniel WA. Long-Term Treatment with Atypical Antipsychotic Iloperidone Modulates Cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) Expression and Activity in the Liver and Brain via Different Mechanisms. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123472. [PMID: 34943983 PMCID: PMC8700221 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP2D enzymes engage in the synthesis of endogenous neuroactive substances (dopamine, serotonin) and in the metabolism of neurosteroids. The present work investigates the effect of iloperidone on CYP2D enzyme expression and activity in rat brains and livers. Iloperidone exerted a weak direct inhibitory effect on CYP2D activity in vitro in the liver and brain microsomes (Ki = 11.5 μM and Ki = 462 μM, respectively). However, a two-week treatment with iloperidone (1 mg/kg ip.) produced a significant decrease in the activity of liver CYP2D, which correlated positively with the reduced CYP2D1, CYP2D2 and CYP2D4 protein and mRNA levels. Like in the liver, iloperidone reduced CYP2D activity and protein levels in the frontal cortex and cerebellum but enhanced these levels in the nucleus accumbens, striatum and substantia nigra. Chronic iloperidone did not change the brain CYP2D4 mRNA levels, except in the striatum, where they were significantly increased. In conclusion, by affecting CYP2D activity in the brain, iloperidone may modify its pharmacological effect, via influencing the rate of dopamine and serotonin synthesis or the metabolism of neurosteroids. By elevating the CYP2D expression/activity in the substantia nigra and striatum (i.e., in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway), iloperidone may attenuate extrapyramidal symptoms, while by decreasing the CYP2D activity and metabolism of neurosteroiods in the frontal cortex and cerebellum, iloperidone can have beneficial effects in the treatment of schizophrenia. In the liver, pharmacokinetic interactions involving chronic iloperidone and CYP2D substrates are likely to occur.
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9
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Sheng Y, Yang H, Wu T, Zhu L, Liu L, Liu X. Alterations of Cytochrome P450s and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases in Brain Under Diseases and Their Clinical Significances. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650027. [PMID: 33967789 PMCID: PMC8097730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are both greatly important metabolic enzymes in various tissues, including brain. Although expressions of brain CYPs and UGTs and their contributions to drug disposition are much less than liver, both CYPs and UGTs also mediate metabolism of endogenous substances including dopamine and serotonin as well as some drugs such as morphine in brain, demonstrating their important roles in maintenance of brain homeostasis or pharmacological activity of drugs. Some diseases such as epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease are often associated with the alterations of CYPs and UGTs in brain, which may be involved in processes of these diseases via disturbing metabolism of endogenous substances or resisting drugs. This article reviewed the alterations of CYPs and UGTs in brain, the effects on endogenous substances and drugs and their clinical significances. Understanding the roles of CYPs and UGTs in brain provides some new strategies for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sheng
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Center of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Stocco MR, Tolledo C, Wadji FB, Gonzalez FJ, Miksys S, Tyndale RF. Human CYP2D6 in the Brain Is Protective Against Harmine-Induced Neurotoxicity: Evidence from Humanized CYP2D6 Transgenic Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4608-4621. [PMID: 32761352 PMCID: PMC8865091 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02050-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
CYP2D6 metabolically inactivates several neurotoxins, including beta-carbolines, which are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Variation in CYP2D6 within the brain may alter local inactivation of neurotoxic beta-carbolines, thereby influencing neurotoxicity. The beta-carboline harmine, which induces hypothermia and tremor, is metabolized by CYP2D6 to the non-hypothermic/non-tremorgenic harmol. Transgenic mice (TG), expressing human CYP2D6 in addition to their endogenous mouse CYP2D, experience less harmine-induced hypothermia and tremor compared with wild-type mice (WT). We first sought to elucidate the role of CYP2D in general within the brain in harmine-induced hypothermia and tremor severity. A 4-h intracerebroventricular (ICV) pretreatment with the CYP2D inhibitor propranolol increased harmine-induced hypothermia and tremor in TG and increased harmine-induced hypothermia in WT. We next sought to specifically demonstrate that human CYP2D6 expressed in TG brain altered harmine response severity. A 24-h ICV propranolol pretreatment, which selectively and irreversibly inhibits human CYP2D6 in TG brain, increased harmine-induced hypothermia. This 24-h pretreatment had no impact on harmine response in WT, as propranolol is not an irreversible inhibitor of mouse CYP2D in the brain, thus confirming no off-target effects of ICV propranolol pretreatment. Human CYP2D6 activity in TG brain was sufficient in vivo to mitigate harmine-induced neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that human CYP2D6 in the brain is protective against beta-carboline-induced neurotoxicity and that the extensive interindividual variability in CYP2D6 expression in human brain may contribute to variation in susceptibility to certain neurotoxin-associated neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlaina R Stocco
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cole Tolledo
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fariba Baghai Wadji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sharon Miksys
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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