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Gao X, Jin B, Zhou X, Bai J, Zhong H, Zhao K, Huang Z, Wang C, Zhu J, Qin Q. Recent advances in the application of gasotransmitters in spinal cord injury. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:277. [PMID: 38783332 PMCID: PMC11112916 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a condition characterized by complete or incomplete motor and sensory impairment, as well as dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, caused by factors such as trauma, tumors, or inflammation. Current treatment methods primarily include traditional approaches like spinal canal decompression and internal fixation surgery, steroid pulse therapy, as well as newer techniques such as stem cell transplantation and brain-spinal cord interfaces. However, the above methods have limited efficacy in promoting axonal and neuronal regeneration. The challenge in medical research today lies in promoting spinal cord neuron regeneration and regulating the disrupted microenvironment of the spinal cord. Studies have shown that gas molecular therapy is increasingly used in medical research, with gasotransmitters such as hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, oxygen, and hydrogen exhibiting neuroprotective effects in central nervous system diseases. The gas molecular protect against neuronal death and reshape the microenvironment of spinal cord injuries by regulating oxidative, inflammatory and apoptotic processes. At present, gas therapy mainly relies on inhalation for systemic administration, which cannot effectively enrich and release gas in the spinal cord injury area, making it difficult to achieve the expected effects. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the use of nanocarriers to achieve targeted enrichment and precise control release of gas at Sites of injury has become one of the emerging research directions in SCI. It has shown promising therapeutic effects in preclinical studies and is expected to bring new hope and opportunities for the treatment of SCI. In this review, we will briefly outline the therapeutic effects and research progress of gasotransmitters and nanogas in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingrong Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyu Bai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zongrui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, Jiangsu, China.
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Miao X, Lin J, Li A, Gao T, Liu T, Shen J, Sun Y, Wei J, Bao B, Zheng X. AAV-mediated VEGFA overexpression promotes angiogenesis and recovery of locomotor function following spinal cord injury via PI3K/Akt signaling. Exp Neurol 2024; 375:114739. [PMID: 38401852 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disorder of the central nervous system resulting from various factors such as trauma, inflammation, tumors, and other etiologies. This condition leads to impairment in motor, sensory, and autonomic functions below the level of injury. Limitations of current therapeutic approaches prompt an investigation into therapeutic angiogenesis through persistent local expression of proangiogenic factors. Here, we investigated whether overexpression of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in mouse SCI promoted locomotor function recovery, and whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway was mechanistically involved. Three weeks before SCI, AAV-VEGFA was injected at the T10 level to induce VEGFA overexpression. Neurofunctional, histological, and biochemical assessments were done to determine tissue damage and/or recovery of neuromuscular and behavioral impairments. Daily injections of the PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 were made to assess a possible mechanism. AAV-VEGFA overexpression dramatically improved locomotor function and ameliorated pathological injury caused by SCI. Improved motor-evoked potentials in hindlimbs and more spinal CD31-positive microvessels were observed in AAV-VEGFA-overexpressing mice. LY294002 reduced PI3K and Akt phosphorylation levels and attenuated AAV-VEGFA-related improvements. In conclusion, sustained local AAV-mediated VEGFA overexpression in spinal cord can significantly promote angiogenesis and ameliorate locomotor impairment after SCI in a contusion mouse model through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Miao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqing Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiexin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Shen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingbo Bao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; National Center for Orthopaedics, Shanghai, China.
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Khir NAM, Noh ASM, Long I, Zakaria R, Ismail CAN. Recent progress on anti-nociceptive effects of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2). Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:539-552. [PMID: 37106243 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04749-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of carbon monoxide (CO) has evolved albeit controversial disputes on its toxicity. This biological gasotransmitter participates in the endogenous regulation of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides released in the nervous system. Exogenous CO gas inhalation at a lower concentration has been the subject of investigations, which have revealed its biological homeostatic mechanisms and protective effects against many pathological conditions. This therapeutic procedure of CO is, however, limited due to its immediate release, which favours haemoglobin at a high affinity with the subsequent generation of toxic carboxyhaemoglobin in tissues. In order to address this problem, carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) or also known as tricarbonyldichlororuthenium II dimer is developed to liberate a controlled amount of CO in the biological systems. In this review, we examine several potential mechanisms exerted by this therapeutic compound to produce the anti-nociceptive effect that has been demonstrated in previous studies. This review could shed light on the role of CORM-2 to reduce pain, especially in cases of chronic and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Ajilah Mohamed Khir
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- International Medical School, Management and Science University, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ain' Sabreena Mohd Noh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Idris Long
- Biomedicine Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rahimah Zakaria
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Che Aishah Nazariah Ismail
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
- Brain and Behaviour Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Xu B, Zhang D, Yang B, Chen X, Jin Z, Qin X, Ma G, Sun K, Zhu L, Wei X, Yin H. Emerging trends in the blood spinal-cord barrier: A bibliometric analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37125. [PMID: 38306548 PMCID: PMC10843562 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a unique protective barrier located between the circulatory system and the central nervous system. BSCB plays a vital role in various diseases. However, there is little systematic research and recording in this field by bibliometrics analysis. We aim to visualize this field through bibliometrics to analyze the hotspots and trends of BSCB and in order to facilitate an understanding of future developments in basic and clinical research. METHODS To conduct a bibliometric study of original publications and their references, the keywords Blood Spinal-Cord Barrier and BSCB are searched and filtered from the Web of Science database (2000-2022), focusing on citations, authors, journals, and countries/regions. Additionally, clustering of the references and co-citation analysis was completed, including a total of 1926 articles and comments. RESULTS From the results, 193 authors were identified, among which Sharma Hs played a key role. As far as the analysis result of the clustering of the references is concerned, the most common type in cluster analysis is spinal cord injury (SCI) which is a current and developing research field. The keywords are also the specific content under these clusters. The most influential organization is Univ Calif San Francisco, and "Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America" magazine is the most cited magazine. CONCLUSION SUBSECTIONS The research on BSCB is booming focusing mainly on "BSCB in SCI" including "activation," "pathway," and "drug delivery" which is also the trend of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dian Zhang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bowen Yang
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhefeng Jin
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokuan Qin
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Ma
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bone Setting Technology of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - He Yin
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wang R, Bai J. Pharmacological interventions targeting the microcirculation following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:35-42. [PMID: 37488841 PMCID: PMC10479866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury is a devastating disorder characterized by sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction that severely compromises an individual's ability to perform activities of daily living. These adverse outcomes are closely related to the complex mechanism of spinal cord injury, the limited regenerative capacity of central neurons, and the inhibitory environment formed by traumatic injury. Disruption to the microcirculation is an important pathophysiological mechanism of spinal cord injury. A number of therapeutic agents have been shown to improve the injury environment, mitigate secondary damage, and/or promote regeneration and repair. Among them, the spinal cord microcirculation has become an important target for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Drug interventions targeting the microcirculation can improve the microenvironment and promote recovery following spinal cord injury. These drugs target the structure and function of the spinal cord microcirculation and are essential for maintaining the normal function of spinal neurons, axons, and glial cells. This review discusses the pathophysiological role of spinal cord microcirculation in spinal cord injury, including its structure and histopathological changes. Further, it summarizes the progress of drug therapies targeting the spinal cord microcirculation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinzhu Bai
- Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery, Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Lyu AR, Jeong Kim S, Jung Park M, Park YH. CORM‑2 reduces cisplatin accumulation in the mouse inner ear and protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00358-2. [PMID: 38030129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cisplatin is a life-saving anticancer compound used to treat multiple solid malignant tumors, while it causes permanent hearing loss. There is no known cure, and the FDA has not approved any preventative treatment for cisplatin-based ototoxicity. OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether the carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer, CORM-2, reverses cisplatin-induced hearing impairment and reduces cisplatin accumulation in the mouse inner ear. METHODS Male 6-week-old BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control (saline-treated, i.p.), CORM-2 only (30 mg/kg, i.p., four doses), cisplatin only (20 mg/kg, i.p., one dose), and CORM-2 + cisplatin, to determine whether cisplatin-based hearing impairment was alleviated by CORM-2 treatment. RESULTS Our results revealed CORM-2 significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced hearing loss in young adult mice. CORM-2 co-treatment significantly decreased platinum accumulation in the inner ear and activated the plasma membrane repair system of the stria vascularis. Moreover, CORM-2 co-treatment significantly decreased cisplatin-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and cochlear necroptosis. Because the stria vascularis is the likely cochlear entry point of cisplatin, we next focused on the microvasculature. Cisplatin induced increased extravasation of a chromatic tracer (fluorescein isothiocyanate [FITC]-dextran, MW 75 kDa) around the cochlear microvessels at 4 days post-treatment; this extravasation was completely inhibited by CORM-2 co-therapy. CORM-2 co-treatment effectively maintained the integrity of stria vascularis components including endothelial cells, pericytes, and perivascular-resident macrophage-type melanocytes. CONCLUSION CORM-2 co-therapy substantially protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by reducing platinum accumulation and toxic cellular stress responses. These data indicate that CORM-2 co-treatment may be translated into clinical strategy to reduce cisplatin-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Ra Lyu
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Park
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong-Ho Park
- Brain Research Institute, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Rahmanian M, Ghahremani A, Kesharwani P, Oroojalian F, Sahebkar A. Nanomedicine innovations in spinal cord injury management: Bridging the gap. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116563. [PMID: 37423366 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) has devastating effects on a person's physical, social, and professional well-being. It is a life-altering neurological condition that significantly impacts individuals and their caregivers on a socioeconomic level. Recent advancements in medical therapy have greatly improved the diagnosis, stability, survival rates, and overall well-being of SCI patients. However, there are still limited options available for enhancing neurological outcomes in these patients. The complex pathophysiology of SCI, along with the numerous biochemical and physiological changes that occur in the damaged spinal cord, contribute to this gradual improvement. Currently, there are no therapies that offer the possibility of recovery for SCI, although several therapeutic approaches are being developed. However, these therapies are still in the early stages and have not yet demonstrated effectiveness in repairing the damaged fibers, which hinders cellular regeneration and the full restoration of motor and sensory functions. Considering the importance of nanotechnology and tissue engineering in treating neural tissue injuries, this review focuses on the latest advancements in nanotechnology for SCI therapy and tissue healing. It examines research articles from the PubMed database that specifically address SCI in the field of tissue engineering, with an emphasis on nanotechnology as a therapeutic approach. The review evaluates the biomaterials used for treating this condition and the techniques employed to create nanostructured biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Rahmanian
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Amirali Ghahremani
- Department of Neurology, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Technologies, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Nielsen VG. Novel Toxicodynamic Model of Subcutaneous Envenomation to Characterize Snake Venom Coagulopathies and Assess the Efficacy of Site-Directed Inorganic Antivenoms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13939. [PMID: 37762243 PMCID: PMC10530349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Venomous snake bite adversely affects millions of people yearly, but few animal models allow for the determination of toxicodynamic timelines with hemotoxic venoms to characterize the onset and severity of coagulopathy or assess novel, site-directed antivenom strategies. Thus, the goals of this investigation were to create a rabbit model of subcutaneous envenomation to assess venom toxicodynamics and efficacy of ruthenium-based antivenom administration. New Zealand White rabbits were sedated with midazolam via the ear vein and had viscoelastic measurements of whole blood and/or plasmatic coagulation kinetics obtained from ear artery samples. Venoms derived from Crotalus scutulatus scutulatus, Bothrops moojeni, or Calloselasma rhodostoma were injected subcutaneously, and changes in coagulation were determined over three hours and compared to samples obtained prior to envenomation. Other rabbits had ruthenium-based antivenoms injected five minutes after venom injection. Viscoelastic analyses demonstrated diverse toxicodynamic patterns of coagulopathy consistent with the molecular composition of the proteomes of the venoms tested. The antivenoms tested attenuated venom-mediated coagulopathy. A novel rabbit model can be used to characterize the onset and severity of envenomation by diverse proteomes and to assess site-directed antivenoms. Future investigation is planned involving other medically important venoms and antivenom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vance G Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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Huang J, Cao Y, Chang S. An inhibitor of claudin-5 interactions, M01, alleviates neuroinflammation and vasogenic edema after blood-spinal cord barrier dysfunction. Neuroreport 2023; 34:512-520. [PMID: 37270843 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular docking modeling has confirmed that M01 (C30H28N4O5) acts as a potent inhibitor of claudin-5. Our prior data indicated that claudin-5 is essential to the structural integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of M01 on the integrity of the BSCB and its effect on neuroinflammation and vasogenic edema after blood-spinal cord barrier dysfunction in in-vitro and in-vivo models. Transwell chambers were used to construct an in-vitro model of the BSCB. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran permeability and leakage assays were performed to validate the reliability of the BSCB model. Semiquantitative analysis of inflammatory factor expression and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway protein levels was performed using western blotting. The transendothelial electrical resistance of each group was measured, and the expression of a tight junction protein ZO-1 was determined via immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Rat models of spinal cord injury were established by the modified Allen's weight-drop method. Histological analysis was carried out by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Locomotor activity was evaluated with Footprint analysis and the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan scoring system. The M01 (10 μM) reduced the release of inflammatory factors and degradation of ZO-1 and improved the integrity of the BSCB by reversing vasogenic edema and leakage. M01 may represent a new strategy for the treatment of diseases related to BSCB destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Guta District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sheng Chang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Guta District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China
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Xie C, Wang Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Liu H, Guo J, Zhu L. Perlecan Improves Blood Spinal Cord Barrier Repair Through the Integrin β1/ROCK/MLC Pathway After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:51-67. [PMID: 36216996 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can lead to the destruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), causing various inflammatory cytokines, neutrophils, and macrophages to infiltrate the lesion area, resulting in secondary injury. Basement membranes (BMs) are maintained by all types of cells in the BSCB and contribute to BSCB maintenance. Perlecan is an important constituent of vascular BMs, maintaining vascular integrity and neuroprotection. However, it is not clear whether Perlecan is involved in BSCB repair after SCI. In this study, we found that Perlecan was specifically expressed in the BMs in the spinal cord and underwent degradation/remodeling after SCI. Subsequently, a CRISPR/Cas9-based SAM system was used to overexpress Perlecan in the injured spinal cord, resulting in significantly enhanced locomotor recovery and neural regeneration. Overexpression of Perlecan reduced BSCB permeability along with the neuroinflammatory response. Interestingly, Perlecan inhibited stress fiber formation by interacting with integrin β1 and inhibiting downstream ROCK/MLC signaling, resulting in reduced tight junctions (TJs) disassembly and improved BSCB integrity. Furthermore, the integrin receptor antagonist GRGDSP abolished the effects of Perlecan overexpression on BSCB permeability and TJs integrity. Overall, our findings suggest that Perlecan reduces BSCB permeability and the neuroinflammatory response by interacting with integrin β1 and inhibiting the downstream ROCK/MLC pathway to promote neurological recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changnan Xie
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Yizhou Xu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Haining Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Jiasong Guo
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China. .,Department of Histology and Embryology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China. .,Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510700, China. .,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Psychiatric Disorders, Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Orthopedic Medical Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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Robert B, Subramaniam S. Gasotransmitter-Induced Therapeutic Angiogenesis: A Biomaterial Prospective. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45849-45866. [PMID: 36570231 PMCID: PMC9773187 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gasotransmitters such as NO, H2S, and CO have emerged as key players in the regulation of various pathophysiological functions, prompting the development of gas therapy for various pathogeneses. Deficient production of gasotransmitters has been linked to various diseases such as hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial infarction, ischemia, and impaired wound healing, as they are involved in the regulatory action of angiogenesis. A better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms has given new hope to address the vascular impairment caused by the breakthroughs in gasotransmitters as therapeutics. However, the unstable nature and poor target specificity of gas donors limit the full efficacy of drugs. In this regard, biomaterials that possess excellent biocompatibility and porosity are ideal drug carriers to deliver the gas transmitters in a tunable manner for therapeutic angiogenesis. This review article provides a comprehensive discussion of biomaterial-based gasotransmitter delivery approaches for therapeutic angiogenesis. The critical role of gasotransmitters in modulating angiogenesis during tissue repair as well as their challenges and future directions are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Robert
- Biomaterials
and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Sadhasivam Subramaniam
- Biomaterials
and Bioprocess Laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
- Department
of Extension and Career Guidance, Bharathiar
University, Coimbatore 641046, India
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12
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Gong W, Zhang T, Che M, Wang Y, He C, Liu L, Lv Z, Xiao C, Wang H, Zhang S. Recent advances in nanomaterials for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Mater Today Bio 2022; 18:100524. [PMID: 36619202 PMCID: PMC9813796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are devastating. In SCIs, a powerful traumatic force impacting the spinal cord results in the permanent loss of nerve function below the injury level, leaving the patient paralyzed and wheelchair-bound for the remainder of his/her life. Unfortunately, clinical treatment that depends on surgical decompression appears to be unable to handle damaged nerves, and high-dose methylprednisolone-based therapy is also associated with problems, such as infection, gastrointestinal bleeding, femoral head necrosis, obesity, and hyperglycemia. Nanomaterials have opened new avenues for SCI treatment. Among them, performance-based nanomaterials derived from a variety of materials facilitate improvements in the microenvironment of traumatic injury and, in some cases, promote neuron regeneration. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems enable the optimization of drug effects and drug bioavailability, thus contributing to the development of novel treatments. The improved efficiency and accuracy of gene delivery will also benefit the exploration of SCI mechanisms and the understanding of key genes and signaling pathways. Herein, we reviewed different types of nanomaterials applied to the treatment of SCI and summarized their functions and advantages to provide new perspectives for future clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Gong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Tianhui Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Mingxue Che
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Yongjie Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Chuanyu He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Lidi Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Zhenshan Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China
| | - Chunsheng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Shaokun Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, China,Corresponding author. Department of Spine Surgery, Orthopedics Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Roolfs L, Hubertus V, Spinnen J, Shopperly LK, Fehlings MG, Vajkoczy P. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Vascular Repair After Experimental Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurospine 2022; 19:961-975. [PMID: 36597633 PMCID: PMC9816606 DOI: 10.14245/ns.2244624.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts the spinal cord vasculature resulting in ischemia, amplification of the secondary injury cascade and exacerbation of neural tissue loss. Restoring functional integrity of the microvasculature to prevent neural loss and to promote neural repair is an important challenge and opportunity in SCI research. Herein, we summarize the course of vascular injury and repair following SCI and give a comprehensive overview of current experimental therapeutic approaches targeting spinal cord microvasculature to diminish ischemia and thereby facilitate neural repair and regeneration. A systematic review of the published literature on therapeutic approaches to promote vascular repair after experimental SCI was performed using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards. The MEDLINE databases PubMed, Embase, and OVID MEDLINE were searched using the keywords "spinal cord injury," "angiogenesis," "angiogenesis inducing agents," "tissue engineering," and "rodent subjects." A total of 111 studies were identified through the search. Five main therapeutic approaches to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair were identified as (1) the application of angiogenic factors, (2) genetic engineering, (3) physical stimulation, (4) cell transplantation, and (5) biomaterials carrying various factor delivery. There are different therapeutic approaches with the potential to diminish hypoxia-ischemia and promote vascular repair after experimental SCI. Of note, combinatorial approaches using implanted biomaterials and angiogenic factor delivery appear promising for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Roolfs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hubertus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacob Spinnen
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lennard K. Shopperly
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Neurosurgery and Krembil Neuroscience Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,Corresponding Author Peter Vajkoczy Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Choi HI, Zeb A, Kim MS, Rana I, Khan N, Qureshi OS, Lim CW, Park JS, Gao Z, Maeng HJ, Kim JK. Controlled therapeutic delivery of CO from carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs). J Control Release 2022; 350:652-667. [PMID: 36063960 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has been regarded as a "silent killer" for its toxicity toward biological systems. However, a low concentration of endogenously produced CO has shown a number of therapeutic benefits such as anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, anti-apoptosis, and cytoprotective activities. Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) have been developed as alternatives to direct CO inhalation, which requires a specialized setting for strict dose control. CORMs are efficient CO donors, with central transition metals (such as ruthenium, iron, cobalt, and manganese) surrounded by CO as a ligand. CORMs can stably store and subsequently release their CO payload in the presence of certain triggers including solvent, light, temperature, and ligand substitution. However, CORMs require appropriate delivery strategies to improve short CO release half-life and target specificity. Herein, we highlighted the therapeutic potential of inhalation and CORMs-delivered CO. The applications of conjugate and nanocarrier systems for controlling CO release and improving therapeutic efficacy of CORMs are also described in detail. The review concludes with some of the hurdles that limit clinical translation of CORMs. Keeping in mind the tremendous potential and growing interest in CORMs, this review would be helpful for designing controlled CO release systems for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Ik Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Alam Zeb
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea; Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Min-Su Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Isra Rana
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Namrah Khan
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Omer Salman Qureshi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Forman Christian College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chang-Wan Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sook Park
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Joo Maeng
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, 191 Hambakmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Ki Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Mechanisms of solid lipid nanoparticles-triggered signaling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Deng L, Lv JQ, Sun L. Experimental treatments to attenuate blood spinal cord barrier rupture in rats with traumatic spinal cord injury: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950368. [PMID: 36081932 PMCID: PMC9445199 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (t-SCI) is a severe injury that has a devastating impact on neurological function. Blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB) destruction following SCI aggravates the primary injury, resulting in a secondary injury. A series of experimental treatments have been proven to alleviate BSCB destruction after t-SCI. Methods: From a screen of 1,189 papers, which were retrieved from Pubmed, Embase, and Web of science, we identified 28 papers which adhered to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Evans blue (EB) leakage on the first day post-SCI was selected as the primary result. Secondary outcomes included the expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins and adhesion junction (AJ) proteins in protein immunoblotting. In addition, we measured functional recovery using the Basso, Beattie, Besnahan (BBB) score and we analyzed the relevant mechanisms to explore the similarities between different studies. Result: The forest plot of Evans blue leakage (EB leakage) reduction rate: the pooled effect size of the 28 studies was 0.54, 95% CI: 0.47–0.61, p < 0.01. This indicates that measures to mitigate BSCB damage significantly improved in reducing overall EB leakage. In addition TJ proteins (Occludin, Claudin-5, and ZO-1), AJ proteins (P120 and β-catenin) were significantly upregulated after treatment in all publications. Moreover, BBB scores were significantly improved. Comprehensive studies have shown that in t-SCI, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is the most commonly used mechanism to mitigate BSCB damage, followed by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the Akt pathway. In addition, we found that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos), which inhibit the TIMP2/MMP signaling pathway, may be the most effective way to alleviate BSCB injury. Conclusion: This study systematically analyzes the experimental treatments and their mechanisms for reducing BSCB injury in the early stage of t-SCI. BMSC-Exos, which inhibit MMP expression, are currently the most effective therapeutic modality for alleviating BSCB damage. In addition, the regulation of MMPs in particular as well as the Akt pathway and the ER stress pathway play important roles in alleviating BSCB injury. Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022324794.
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17
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Zarepour A, Bal Öztürk A, Koyuncu Irmak D, Yaşayan G, Gökmen A, Karaöz E, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Mostafavi E. Combination Therapy Using Nanomaterials and Stem Cells to Treat Spinal Cord Injuries. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 177:224-240. [PMID: 35850168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord (SC) provides most of the communications between the brain and other parts of the body. Any damage to SC interrupts this communication, leading to serious problems, which may remain for the rest of their life. Due to its significant impact on patients' quality of life and its exorbitant medical costs, SC injury (SCI) is known as one of the most challengeable diseases in the world. Thus, it is critical to introduce highly translatable therapeutic platforms for SCI treatment. So far, different strategies have been introduced, among which utilizing various types of stem cells is one of the most interesting ones. The capability of stem cells to differentiate into several types of cell lines makes them promising candidates for the regeneration of injured tissues. One of the other interesting and novel strategies for SCI treatment is the application of nanomaterials, which could appear as a carrier for therapeutic agents or as a platform for culturing the cells. Combining these two approaches, stem cells and nanomaterials, could provide promising therapeutic strategies for SCI management. Accordingly, in this review we have summarized some of the recent advancements in which the applications of different types of stem cells and nanomaterials, alone and in combination forms, were evaluated for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Zarepour
- Radiology Department, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ayça Bal Öztürk
- Department of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Institute of Health Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istinye University, Zeytinburnu, Turkey
| | | | - Gökçen Yaşayan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Gökmen
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Karaöz
- Liv Hospital, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Manufacturing (LivMedCell), İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34396, Turkey.
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Song BG, Kwon SY, Kyung JW, Roh EJ, Choi H, Lim CS, An SB, Sohn S, Han I. Synaptic Cell Adhesion Molecule 3 (SynCAM3) Deletion Promotes Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Limiting Glial Scar Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116218. [PMID: 35682897 PMCID: PMC9181792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SynCAMs) play an important role in the formation and maintenance of synapses and the regulation of synaptic plasticity. SynCAM3 is expressed in the synaptic cleft of the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in the connection between axons and astrocytes. We hypothesized that SynCAM3 may be related to the astrocytic scar (glial scar, the most important factor of CNS injury treatment) through extracellular matrix (ECM) reconstitution. Thus, we investigated the influence of the selective removal of SynCAM3 on the outcomes of spinal cord injury (SCI). SynCAM3 knock-out (KO) mice were subjected to moderate compression injury of the lower thoracic spinal cord using wild-type (WT) (C57BL/6JJc1) mice as controls. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis over time, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed reduced scar formation in SynCAM3 KO mice compared to WT mice. SynCAM3 KO mice showed improved functional recovery from SCI by preventing the transformation of reactive astrocytes into scar-forming astrocytes, resulting in improved ECM reconstitution at four weeks after injury. Our findings suggest that SynCAM3 could be a novel therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong Gwan Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Su Yeon Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Jae Won Kyung
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Eun Ji Roh
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
- Department of Life Science, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam-si 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Chang Su Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Seong Bae An
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Seil Sohn
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (B.G.S.); (S.Y.K.); (J.W.K.); (E.J.R.); (H.C.); (C.S.L.); (S.B.A.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Brain disease remains a significant health, social, and economic burden with a high failure rate of translation of therapeutics to the clinic. Nanotherapeutics have represented a promising area of technology investment to improve drug bioavailability and delivery to the brain, with several successes for nanotherapeutic use for central nervous system disease that are currently in the clinic. However, renewed and continued research on the treatment of neurological disorders is critically needed. We explore the challenges of drug delivery to the brain and the ways in which nanotherapeutics can overcome these challenges. We provide a summary and overview of general design principles that can be applied to nanotherapeutics for uptake and penetration in the brain. We next highlight remaining questions that limit the translational potential of nanotherapeutics for application in the clinic. Lastly, we provide recommendations for ongoing preclinical research to improve the overall success of nanotherapeutics against neurological disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 13 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Joseph
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Elizabeth Nance
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) has been long thought of as a functional equivalent to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), restricting blood flow into the spinal cord. The spinal cord is supported by various disc tissues that provide agility and has different local immune responses compared to the brain. Though physiologically, structural components of the BSCB and BBB share many similarities, the clinical landscape significantly differs. Thus, it is crucial to understand the composition of BSCB and also to establish the cause–effect relationship with aberrations and spinal cord dysfunctions. Here, we provide a descriptive analysis of the anatomy, current techniques to assess the impairment of BSCB, associated risk factors and impact of spinal disorders such as spinal cord injury (SCI), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), peripheral nerve injury (PNI), ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), multiple sclerosis (MS), spinal cavernous malformations (SCM) and cancer on BSCB dysfunction. Along with diagnostic and mechanistic analyses, we also provide an up-to-date account of available therapeutic options for BSCB repair. We emphasize the need to address BSCB as an individual entity and direct future research towards it.
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Chang S, Cao Y. The ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 ameliorates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption by reducing tight junction protein degradation via the MYPT1-MLC2 pathway after spinal cord injury in rats. Brain Res 2021; 1773:147684. [PMID: 34634287 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is a physiological barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma. This study aims to determine whether Y-27632, a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, can protect the BSCB using in vivo models. The Evans blue fluorescence assay was used to detect leakage of the BSCB. Western blotting was used to define alterations in ROCK-related and tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Immunofluorescence triple-staining was used to evaluate histologic alterations in TJs. Locomotor function was evaluated using the open-field test, the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan score, and footprint analysis. Two peaks of BSCB leakage after spinal cord injury (SCI) occurred at 24 h and 5 days. The ROCK inhibitor reduced the BSCB leakage at the second peak after SCI. Moreover, the ROCK inhibitor ameliorated the integrity of the BSCB and improved motor function recovery after SCI by regulating the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase subunit-1 (MYPT1) and cofilin. ROCK inhibitors might protect the BSCB, which provides a new strategy for transitioning SCI treatment from the bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chang
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical, China; University, 5-2 Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Yang Cao
- Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Industrial Park District, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical, China; University, 5-2 Renmin Street, Guta District, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China.
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22
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Kim Y, Roh EJ, Joshi HP, Shin HE, Choi H, Kwon SY, Sohn S, Han I. Bazedoxifene, a Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, Promotes Functional Recovery in a Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011012. [PMID: 34681670 PMCID: PMC8537911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In research on various central nervous system injuries, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA) has shown two main effects: neuroprotection by suppressing the inflammatory response and remyelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and oligodendrocyte proliferation. We examined the effects of BZA in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects were investigated in RAW 264.7 cells, and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) permeability and angiogenesis were evaluated in a human brain endothelial cell line (hCMEC/D3). In vivo experiments were carried out on female Sprague Dawley rats subjected to moderate static compression SCI. The rats were intraperitoneally injected with either vehicle or BZA (1mg/kg pre-SCI and 3 mg/kg for 7 days post-SCI) daily. BZA decreased the lipopolysaccharide-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide in RAW 264.7 cells and preserved BSCB disruption in hCMEC/D3 cells. In the rats, BZA reduced caspase-3 activity at 1 day post-injury (dpi) and suppressed phosphorylation of MAPK (p38 and ERK) at dpi 2, hence reducing the expression of IL-6, a proinflammatory cytokine. BZA also led to remyelination at dpi 20. BZA contributed to improvements in locomotor recovery after compressive SCI. This evidence suggests that BZA may have therapeutic potential to promote neuroprotection, remyelination, and functional outcomes following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyoung Kim
- School of Medicine, CHA University, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea;
| | - Eun Ji Roh
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Hari Prasad Joshi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada;
| | - Hae Eun Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Hyemin Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Su Yeon Kwon
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Seil Sohn
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
| | - Inbo Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHA University School of Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam-si 13496, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (E.J.R.); (H.E.S.); (H.C.); (S.Y.K.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Gao J, Khang M, Liao Z, Detloff M, Lee JS. Therapeutic targets and nanomaterial-based therapies for mitigation of secondary injury after spinal cord injury. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2013-2028. [PMID: 34402308 PMCID: PMC8411395 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) and the resulting neurological trauma commonly result in complete or incomplete neurological dysfunction and there are few effective treatments for primary SCI. However, the following secondary SCI, including the changes of microvasculature, inflammatory response and oxidative stress around the injury site, may provide promising therapeutic targets. The advances of nanomaterials hold promise for delivering therapeutics to alleviate secondary SCI and promote functional recovery. In this review, we highlight recent achievements of nanomaterial-based therapy, specifically targeting blood-spinal cord barrier disruption, mitigation of the inflammatory response and lightening of oxidative stress after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Minkyung Khang
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Zhen Liao
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Megan Detloff
- Department of Neurobiology & Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Jeoung Soo Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Drug Design, Development & Delivery (4D) Laboratory, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Sulfasalazine maintains blood-brain barrier integrity and relieves lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in hCMEC/D3 cells. Neuroreport 2021; 32:672-677. [PMID: 33913929 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfasalazine is a recognized therapy for inflammatory bowel disease and is of paramount importance for maintaining intestinal barrier homeostasis. However, its effects on blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and inflammation have not yet been explored. We sought to examine whether sulfasalazine has anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects on the BBB. hCMEC/D3 cells are a well-established BBB in vitro model, were treated with 1 μg/mL Escherichia coli O111:B4 lipopolysaccharide for 12 h. The cell counting kit-8 assay was used to assess cell viability. The cells were also treated with gradient concentrations of sulfasalazine for 12 h. The levels of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors (IL-1χ and TNF-α IL-6) were measured by western blotting. ZO-1 and F-actin expression was measured by immunofluorescence staining. This study confirmed that 5 mM sulfasalazine improved the maintenance of BBB integrity and relieved lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory apoptosis and showed that sulfasalazine might be an effective treatment for BBB disruption.
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Zhao C, Xing Z, Zhang C, Fan Y, Liu H. Nanopharmaceutical-based regenerative medicine: a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2367-2383. [PMID: 33662083 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder that can lead to loss of perceptive and athletic function due to the severe nerve damage. To date, pieces of evidence detailing the precise pathological mechanisms in SCI are still unclear. Therefore, drug therapy cannot effectively alleviate the SCI symptoms and faces the limitations of systemic administration with large side effects. Thus, the development of SCI treatment strategies is urgent and valuable. Due to the application of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical research, nanopharmaceutical-based regenerative medicine will bring colossal development space for clinical medicine. These nanopharmaceuticals (i.e. nanocrystalline drugs and nanocarrier drugs) are designed using different types of materials or bioactive molecules, so as to improve the therapeutic effects, reduce side effects, and subtly deliver drugs, etc. Currently, an increasing number of nanopharmaceutical products have been approved by drug regulatory agencies, which has also prompted more researchers to focus on the potential treatment strategies of SCI. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize and elaborate the research progress as well as the challenges and future of nanopharmaceuticals in the treatment of SCI, aiming to promote further research of nanopharmaceuticals in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China. and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Xing
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Chunchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry of China, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China.
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Ying X, Xie Q, Yu X, Li S, Wu Q, Chen X, Yue J, Zhou K, Tu W, Jiang S. Water treadmill training protects the integrity of the blood-spinal cord barrier following SCI via the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway. Neurochem Int 2021; 143:104945. [PMID: 33359781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), destruction of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) leads to increased microvascular permeability and tissue oedema. The BSCB, formed by a dense network of tight junctions (TJs) and adhesion junctions (AJs) is considered a therapeutic target. Most studies have focused on the effect of drug therapy on the neurovascular system after SCI, ignoring the protection and functional recovery of the vascular system by exercise training. Previously, we indicated that water treadmill training (TT) has a protective effect on the BSCB after SCI, but the specific molecular mechanism of the effect of TT on BSCB is still not clear. In this study, we used a specific inhibitor of TrkB (ANA-12) to explore whether the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway is involved in TT-mediated BSCB protection after SCI. A New York University (NYU) impactor was used to establish the SCI model. Rats in the SI (Sham + ANA-12), IM (SCI + ANA-12) and ITM (SCI + TT + ANA-12) groups were injected with ANA-12 (0.5 mg/kg) daily, and rats in TM (SCI + TT) and ITM (SCI + TT + ANA-12) groups were treated with water TT for 7 or 14 d. The degree of neurological deficit, water content, BSCB permeability, protein expression and ultrastructure of vascular endothelial cells were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor rating scale, Evans blue (EB), Western blot (WB) experiments, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Our results suggest that TT upregulates the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway following SCI. The BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathway is involved in the protection of the BSCB. Application of the inhibitor blocked the protective effect of TT on the BSCB. We concluded that TT ameliorated SCI-induced BSCB impairment by upregulating the BDNF/TrkB-CREB signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shengcun Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiaoyun Wu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China; Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (cross-strait) Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Ying X, Xie Q, Li S, Yu X, Zhou K, Yue J, Chen X, Tu W, Yang G, Jiang S. Water treadmill training attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in rats by promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 expression following spinal cord injury. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:70. [PMID: 33292360 PMCID: PMC7722327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The permeability of the blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) is mainly determined by junction complexes between adjacent endothelial cells (ECs), including tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs), which can be severely damaged after spinal cord injury (SCI). Exercise training is a recognized method for the treatment of SCI. The destruction of the BSCB mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) leads to inflammation, neurotoxin production, and neuronal apoptosis. The failure of new blood vessels to effectively regenerate is also an important cause of delayed recovery after SCI. For the first time, we introduced water treadmill training (TT) to help SCI rats successfully exercise and measured the effects of TT in promoting recovery after SCI and the possible mechanisms involved. Methods Sprague-Dawley (200–250 g) rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: sham operated, SCI, and SCI + TT. Animals were sacrificed at 7 or 14 days post-surgery. The degree of neurological deficit, tissue morphology and BSCB permeability were assessed by the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) motor function scale and appropriate staining protocols, and apoptosis, protein expression and vascular EC ultrastructure were assessed by TUNEL staining, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Our experiments showed that TT reduced permeability of the BSCB and decreased structural tissue damage. TT significantly improved functional recovery when compared with that in the SCI group; TJ and AJ proteins expression increased significantly after TT, and training reduced apoptosis induced by SCI. TT could promote angiogenesis, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was significantly inhibited by TT. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that TT promotes functional recovery for the following reasons: TT (1) protects residual BSCB structure from further damage, (2) promotes vascular regeneration, and (3) inhibits MMP-2/9 expression to mitigate BSCB damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Ying
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Qingfeng Xie
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Shengcun Li
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Wenzhan Tu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Guanhu Yang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Songhe Jiang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China. .,Department of Intelligent Rehabilitation International (Cross-Strait), Alliance of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Resolvin D3 Promotes Inflammatory Resolution, Neuroprotection, and Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:424-438. [PMID: 32964315 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resolvins, a new family from the endogenous specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), promote the resolution of the inflammatory response. Resolvin D3 (RvD3), a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) product, has been known to suppress the inflammatory response. However, the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of RvD3 are not known in a model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect of RvD3 in a mouse model of SCI. Processes associated with anti-inflammation and angiogenesis were studied in RAW 264.7 cells and the human brain endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3, respectively. Additionally, female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to moderate compression SCI (20-g weight compression for 1 min) followed by intrathecal injection of vehicle or RvD3 (1 μg/20 μL) at 1 h post-SCI. RvD3 decreased the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of inflammatory mediators and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells and promoted an angiogenic effect in the hCMEC/D3 cell line. Treatment with RvD3 improved locomotor recovery and reduced thermal hyperalgesia in SCI mice compared with vehicle treatment at 14 days post-SCI. Remarkably, RvD3-treated mice exhibited reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL6, IL1β) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3). Also, RvD3-treated mice exhibited increased expression of tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens (ZO)-1 and occludin. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed a decreased level of gliosis (GFAP, Iba-1) and neuroinflammation (CD68, TGF-β) and enhanced neuroprotection. These data provide evidence that intrathecal injection of RvD3 represents a promising therapeutic strategy to promote inflammatory resolution, neuroprotection, and neurological functional recovery following SCI.
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