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Liu Y, Lai YJ, Ye JF, Hu HH, Peng DX, Lu LM, Sun H, Chen ZD. The Sino-Himalayan flora evolved from lowland biomes dominated by tropical floristic elements. BMC Biol 2023; 21:239. [PMID: 37904140 PMCID: PMC10617089 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Sino-Himalayan flora harbors highly diverse high-elevation biotas, but our understanding of its evolutionary history in temporal and spatial dimensions is limited. In this study, we integrated a dated phylogenetic tree with comprehensive species distribution data to investigate changes over time and space in floristic elements, including the tropical, Tethys, northern temperate, and East Asian floristic elements, across the entire Sino-Himalaya and its three floristic regions: the Yunnan Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, and East Himalaya regions. RESULTS Our results revealed that the Sino-Himalayan flora developed from lowland biomes and was predominantly characterized by tropical floristic elements before the collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia during the Early Cenozoic. Subsequently, from the Late Eocene onwards, the uplifts of the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains transformed the Sino-Himalayan region into a wet and cold plateau, on which harsh and diverse ecological conditions forced the rapid evolution of local angiosperms, giving birth to characteristic taxa adapted to the high altitudes and cold habitat. The percentage of temperate floristic elements increased and exceeded that of tropical floristic elements by the Late Miocene. CONCLUSIONS The Sino-Himalayan flora underwent four significant formation periods and experienced a considerable increase in endemic genera and species in the Miocene, which remain crucial to the present-day patterns of plant diversity. Our findings support the view that the Sino-Himalayan flora is relatively young but has ancient origins. The three major shifts in the divergence of genera and species during the four formation periods were primarily influenced by the uplifts of the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains and the onset and intensification of the Asian monsoon system. Additionally, the temporal patterns of floristic elements differed among the three floristic regions of the Sino-Himalaya, indicating that the uplift of the Himalaya and surrounding areas was asynchronous. Compared to the Yunnan Plateau region, the East Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains experienced more recent and drastic uplifts, resulting in highly intricate topography with diverse habitats that promoted the rapid radiation of endemic genera and species in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang-Jun Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jian-Fei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Shenzhen Campus, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Hai-Hua Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Dan-Xiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Li-Min Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Das GN, Fric ZF, Panthee S, Irungbam JS, Konvicka M. Geography of Indian Butterflies: Patterns Revealed by Checklists of Federal States. INSECTS 2023; 14:549. [PMID: 37367366 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Butterflies are widely used to analyze biogeographical patterns, both at the global and regional scales. Thus far, most of the latter originated from well-surveyed northern regions, while the species-rich tropical areas lag due to a lack of appropriate data. We used checklists of 1379 butterfly species recorded in 36 federal states of the Republic of India (1) to explore the basic macroecological rules, and (2) to relate species richness and the distribution of endemics and geographic elements to geography, climate, land covers and socioeconomic conditions of the states. The area, land covers diversity and latitude did not affect species richness, whereas topographic diversity and the precipitation/temperature ratio (energy availability) were positive predictors. This is due the geographic and climatic idiosyncrasies of the Indian subcontinent, with its highest species richness in the small, densely forested mountainous northeast that receives summer monsoons. The peninsular effect that decreases the richness towards the tip of subcontinent is counterbalanced by the mountainous forested Western Ghats. Afrotropical elements are associated with savannahs, while Palearctic elements are associated with treeless habitats. The bulk of Indian butterfly richness, and the highest conservation priorities, overlap with global biodiversity hotspots, but the mountainous states of the Western Himalayas and the savannah states of peninsular India host distinctive faunas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Nandi Das
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Faltynek Fric
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Shristee Panthee
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla 666303, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | | | - Martin Konvicka
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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RANJITH A, PRIYADARSANAN DHARMARAJAN, DELVARE GÉRARD. Mischochalcis, an enigmatic new genus of Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from the Old World tropics with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 2022; 5205:147-161. [PMID: 37045440 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5205.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new chalcidid genus, Mischochalcis (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae), is erected with the description M. enigmatus sp. nov. from the Western Ghats as the type species. An Afrotropical species, initially described in Haltichella Spinola, is transferred into the new genus as Mischochalcis inermis (Schmitz) comb. nov. The new genus belongs to the very diverse subfamily Haltichellinae and differs from other genera of the subfamily in having an obliquely truncate metatibia in which the truncation ends in a spine formed by the continuation of an additional carina. The systematic placement of Mischochalcis and its presence in two distant biogeographic realms showing disrupted distribution are discussed.
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Saha A, Chakraborty S, Ravikanth G, Praveen Karanth K, Aravind NA. Endemicity and radiation in waterfalls of the Western Ghats: The genus Cremnoconchus (Gastropoda: Littorinidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 174:107547. [PMID: 35690379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snails of the genus Cremnoconchus - the only freshwater members of the gastropod family Littorinidae - are endemic to the spray zones of numerous waterfalls in the Western Ghats of India. Cremnoconchus consists of nine described and possibly numerous undescribed species as many of these appear to be restricted to specific waterfalls. This is the first attempt at resolving the relationships between the various species in this genus and establishing its monophyly in the family. Further, we also undertake species delimitation analysis to characterize cryptic diversity in this group. Phylogenetic analyses based on nuclear and mitochondrial genes support the monophyly of Cremnoconchus within the family. A fossil-calibrated Bayesian time tree suggests that this freshwater lineage diverged from its marine counterparts around 90.40 million years ago. The separation of Cremnoconchus from its marine ancestors might have been facilitated by the break-up of Gondwana or fluctuating sea levels during this period. Species delimitation analysis retrieved 12 potentially undescribed species in this group. These species formed two distinct clades in the phylogeny, one largely confined to the northern Western Ghats and the other to the central Western Ghats. Species belonging to the northern and central Western Ghats seem to have separated around 56.11 mya, i.e. after the northern Western Ghats were formed. Additionally, spatial isolation due to the patchiness of suitable habitats (waterfalls) and low mobility might have facilitated their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwesha Saha
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, India; Institute of Paleobiology, Polska Akademia Nauk, Twarda 51/55, Warszawa 00-818, Poland
| | - Sudeshna Chakraborty
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - G Ravikanth
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, India
| | - K Praveen Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Sciences, Malleshwaram, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - N A Aravind
- SMS Foundation Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation, Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment (ATREE), Royal Enclave, Srirampura, Jakkur PO, Bangalore 560064, India; Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Derlakatte, Mangalore 575018, India.
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5
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Biogeographical and Diversification Analyses of Indian Pseudoscorpions Reveal the Western Ghats as Museums of Ancient Biodiversity. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 175:107495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Bolotov IN, Pasupuleti R, Subba Rao NV, Unnikrishnan SK, Chan N, Lunn Z, Win T, Gofarov MY, Kondakov AV, Konopleva ES, Lyubas AA, Tomilova AA, Vikhrev IV, Pfenninger M, Düwel SS, Feldmeyer B, Nesemann HF, Nagel KO. Oriental freshwater mussels arose in East Gondwana and arrived to Asia on the Indian Plate and Burma Terrane. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1518. [PMID: 35087130 PMCID: PMC8795121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05257-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater mussels cannot spread through oceanic barriers and represent a suitable model to test the continental drift patterns. Here, we reconstruct the diversification of Oriental freshwater mussels (Unionidae) and revise their taxonomy. We show that the Indian Subcontinent harbors a rather taxonomically poor fauna, containing 25 freshwater mussel species from one subfamily (Parreysiinae). This subfamily most likely originated in East Gondwana in the Jurassic and its representatives arrived to Asia on two Gondwanan fragments (Indian Plate and Burma Terrane). We propose that the Burma Terrane was connected with the Indian Plate through the Greater India up to the terminal Cretaceous. Later on, during the entire Paleogene epoch, these blocks have served as isolated evolutionary hotspots for freshwater mussels. The Burma Terrane collided with mainland Asia in the Late Eocene, leading to the origin of the Mekong's Indochinellini radiation. Our findings indicate that the Burma Terrane had played a major role as a Gondwanan "biotic ferry" alongside with the Indian Plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Bolotov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia.
- SSC/IUCN - Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK.
| | - Rajeev Pasupuleti
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBT), Technical University of Graz, Petersgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Suresh Kumar Unnikrishnan
- Regional Facility for DNA Fingerprinting (RFDF), Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Trivandrum, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Nyein Chan
- Fauna & Flora International - Myanmar Programme, 34 D/9 San Yae Twin Street, Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, Bahan Township, 11201, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Zau Lunn
- Fauna & Flora International - Myanmar Programme, 34 D/9 San Yae Twin Street, Kaba Aye Pagoda Road, Bahan Township, 11201, Yangon, Myanmar
- Biology Department, University of New Brunswick, 100 Tucker Park Road, PO Box 5050, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Than Win
- Department of Zoology, Dawei University, 14043, Dawei, Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar
| | - Mikhail Y Gofarov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kondakov
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Konopleva
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Artyom A Lyubas
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Alena A Tomilova
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Ilya V Vikhrev
- N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, 163000, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- Northern Arctic Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, 163002, Arkhangelsk, Russia
- SSC/IUCN - Mollusc Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Cambridge, CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Markus Pfenninger
- Molecular Ecology Group, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sophie S Düwel
- Molecular Ecology Group, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Molecular Ecology Group, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Otto Nagel
- Malacological Section, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt/M., Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Kundu S, Pakrashi A, Kamalakannan M, Singha D, Tyagi K, Banerjee D, Venkatraman C, Kumar V. Complete mitogenome of the endangered and endemic Nicobar treeshrew (Tupaia nicobarica) and comparison with other Scandentians. Sci Rep 2022; 12:877. [PMID: 35042947 PMCID: PMC8766473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04907-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nicobar treeshrew (Tupaia nicobarica) is an endangered small mammal endemic to the Nicobar Island of the Andaman Sea, India regarded as an alternative experimental animal model in biomedical research. The present study aimed to assemble the first mitochondrial genome of T. nicobarica to elucidate its phylogenetic position with respect to other Scandentians. The structure and variation of the novel mitochondrial genome were analyzed and compared with other Scandentians. The complete mitogenome (17,164 bp) encodes 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNAs), two ribosomal RNA (rRNAs), and one control region (CR). Most of the genes were encoded on majority strand, except nad6 and eight tRNAs. The nonsynonymous/synonymous ratio in all PCGs indicates strong negative selection among all Tupaiidae species. The comparative study of CRs revealed the occurrence of tandem repeats (CGTACA) found in T. nicobarica. The phylogenetic analyses (Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference) showed distinct clustering of T. nicobarica with high branch supports and depict a substantial divergence time (12-19 MYA) from the ancestor lineage of Tupaiidae. The 16S rRNA dataset corroborates the taxonomic rank of two subspecies of T. nicobarica from the Great and Little Nicobar Islands. In the future, whole nuclear genome sequencing is necessary to further improve our understanding of evolutionary relationships among treeshrews, and will have implications for biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kundu
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India
| | - Avas Pakrashi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India
| | | | - Devkant Singha
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India
| | - Kaomud Tyagi
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India
| | - Dhriti Banerjee
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India
- Mammal and Osteology Section, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India
| | | | - Vikas Kumar
- Centre for DNA Taxonomy, Molecular Systematics Division, Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta, 700053, India.
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8
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Bernardes SC, von Rintelen K, von Rintelen T, Pepato AR, Page TJ, de Bruyn M. Ecological changes have driven biotic exchanges across the Indian Ocean. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23357. [PMID: 34857837 PMCID: PMC8640032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian Ocean has a complex geological history that has drawn the attention of naturalists for almost a century now. Due to its tectonic history, many geological elements and processes have been evoked to explain the exchange of species between landmasses. Here, we revisited previous studies on twenty-three taxa to investigate trends across time since the Gondwana breakup. We investigated these datasets by applying a time-calibrated Bayesian framework to them and reconstructing their ancestral ranges. We conclude that ecological transformations have presented opportunities for the establishment of migrants. The role of donating and receiving migrants has shifted several times according to these transformations. Time-specific trends show weak evidence for the stepping-stones commonly suggested as physical routes between landmasses. However, before its collision with Asia, India may have served as an intermediary for such exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Bernardes
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristina von Rintelen
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas von Rintelen
- Museum Für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Almir R Pepato
- Laboratório de Acarologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Timothy J Page
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark de Bruyn
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Yamahira K, Ansai S, Kakioka R, Yaguchi H, Kon T, Montenegro J, Kobayashi H, Fujimoto S, Kimura R, Takehana Y, Setiamarga DHE, Takami Y, Tanaka R, Maeda K, Tran HD, Koizumi N, Morioka S, Bounsong V, Watanabe K, Musikasinthorn P, Tun S, Yun LKC, Masengi KWA, Anoop VK, Raghavan R, Kitano J. Mesozoic origin and 'out-of-India' radiation of ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae). Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210212. [PMID: 34343438 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indian subcontinent has an origin geologically different from Eurasia, but many terrestrial animal and plant species on it have congeneric or sister species in other parts of Asia, especially in the Southeast. This faunal and floral similarity between India and Southeast Asia is explained by either of the two biogeographic scenarios, 'into-India' or 'out-of-India'. Phylogenies based on complete mitochondrial genomes and five nuclear genes were undertaken for ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae) to examine which of these two biogeographic scenarios fits better. We found that Oryzias setnai, the only adrianichthyid distributed in and endemic to the Western Ghats, a mountain range running parallel to the western coast of the Indian subcontinent, is sister to all other adrianichthyids from eastern India and Southeast-East Asia. Divergence time estimates and ancestral area reconstructions reveal that this western Indian species diverged in the late Mesozoic during the northward drift of the Indian subcontinent. These findings indicate that adrianichthyids dispersed eastward 'out-of-India' after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia, and subsequently diversified in Southeast-East Asia. A review of geographic distributions of 'out-of-India' taxa reveals that they may have largely fuelled or modified the biodiversity of Eurasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamahira
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ansai
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakioka
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hajime Yaguchi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kon
- Center for Strategic Research Project, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hirozumi Kobayashi
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Fujimoto
- Tropical Biosphere Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takehana
- Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Davin H E Setiamarga
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Institute of Technology, Wakayama College, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasuoki Takami
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rieko Tanaka
- World Medaka Aquarium, Nagoya Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Hau D Tran
- Faculty of Biology, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Noriyuki Koizumi
- Strategic Planning Headquarters, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Morioka
- Fisheries Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Katsutoshi Watanabe
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Sein Tun
- Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nyaungshwe, Myanmar
| | - L K C Yun
- Inlay Lake Wildlife Sanctuary, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Nyaungshwe, Myanmar
| | | | - V K Anoop
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - Rajeev Raghavan
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - Jun Kitano
- Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
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10
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Sidharthan C, Karanth KP. India's biogeographic history through the eyes of blindsnakes- filling the gaps in the global typhlopoid phylogeny. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 157:107064. [PMID: 33387646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Indian subcontinent's unique geological history is reflected in the diverse assemblage of its biota. The blindsnake superfamily Typhlopoidea, with its unique mix of ancient as well as younger lineages in Asia, provides an opportunity to understand the various biotic exchange scenarios proposed for the Indian landmass. In this study, we aim to understand the biogeographic origins of the four genera of typhlopoids found in India and to decipher their times and modes of arrival in the subcontinent. Five nuclear markers were sequenced for 12 samples collected from across India, encompassing all four genera under study. Published sequences of typhlopoid genera were compiled and combined with Indian sequences to generate a global dataset. Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Divergence times were estimated using BEAST 1.8.2. Ancestral geographical ranges were estimated using DEC + J, implemented in BioGeoBEARS. Divergence time estimates suggest that Gerrhopilus is an ancient lineage, and the lineage leading to it was present on the Indian landmass since the last 100 million years. The other three genera are more recent dispersals into India, possibly trans-oceanic. Biogeographic reconstructions suggest an East Gondwanan origin for Typhlopoidea, an African origin for Grypotyphlops and an Asian origin for Indotyphlops and Argyrophis. It appears that India harbours a combination of ancient and more recently dispersed lineages of typhlopoids. The genus Gerrhopilus is of Gondwanan origin that likely dispersed out of India into Southeast Asia. The other genera are intrusive elements that dispersed into India from Africa (Grypotyphlops) and Asia (Indotyphlops and possibly Argyrophis) post break-up of Gondwana. Thus, our study provides further evidence on the ability of blindsnakes to undergo long distance trans-oceanic dispersal. Results also suggest an Asian origin for typhlopoids from Australasia, Philippines and Wallacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinta Sidharthan
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - K Praveen Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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11
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Loria SF, Prendini L. Out of India, thrice: diversification of Asian forest scorpions reveals three colonizations of Southeast Asia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22301. [PMID: 33339838 PMCID: PMC7749168 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The 'Out of India' hypothesis is often invoked to explain patterns of distribution among Southeast Asian taxa. According to this hypothesis, Southeast Asian taxa originated in Gondwana, diverged from their Gondwanan relatives when the Indian subcontinent rifted from Gondwana in the Late Jurassic, and colonized Southeast Asia when it collided with Eurasia in the early Cenozoic. A growing body of evidence suggests these events were far more complex than previously understood, however. The first quantitative reconstruction of the biogeography of Asian forest scorpions (Scorpionidae Latreille, 1802: Heterometrinae Simon, 1879) is presented here. Divergence time estimation, ancestral range estimation, and diversification analyses are used to determine the origins, dispersal and diversification patterns of these scorpions, providing a timeline for their biogeographical history that can be summarized into four major events. (1) Heterometrinae diverged from other Scorpionidae on the African continent after the Indian subcontinent became separated in the Cretaceous. (2) Environmental stresses during the Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT) mass extinction caused range contraction, restricting one clade of Heterometrinae to refugia in southern India (the Western Ghats) and Sri Lanka (the Central Highlands). (3) Heterometrinae dispersed to Southeast Asia three times during India's collision with Eurasia, the first dispersal event occurring as the Indian subcontinent brushed up against the western side of Sumatra, and the other two events occurring as India moved closer to Eurasia. (4) Indian Heterometrinae, confined to southern India and Sri Lanka during the KT mass extinction, recolonized the Deccan Plateau and northern India, diversifying into new, more arid habitats after environmental conditions stabilized. These hypotheses, which are congruent with the geological literature and biogeographical analyses of other taxa from South and Southeast Asia, contribute to an improved understanding of the dispersal and diversification patterns of taxa in this biodiverse and geologically complex region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie F Loria
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA.
- Scorpion Systematics Research Group, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Prendini
- Scorpion Systematics Research Group, Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York, NY, 10024-5192, USA
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12
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Gorin VA, Solovyeva EN, Hasan M, Okamiya H, Karunarathna DS, Pawangkhanant P, de Silva A, Juthong W, Milto KD, Nguyen LT, Suwannapoom C, Haas A, Bickford DP, Das I, Poyarkov NA. A little frog leaps a long way: compounded colonizations of the Indian Subcontinent discovered in the tiny Oriental frog genus Microhyla (Amphibia: Microhylidae). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9411. [PMID: 32685285 PMCID: PMC7337035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Frogs of the genus Microhyla include some of the world's smallest amphibians and represent the largest radiation of Asian microhylids, currently encompassing 50 species, distributed across the Oriental biogeographic region. The genus Microhyla remains one of the taxonomically most challenging groups of Asian frogs and was found to be paraphyletic with respect to large-sized fossorial Glyphoglossus. In this study we present a time-calibrated phylogeny for frogs in the genus Microhyla, and discuss taxonomy, historical biogeography, and morphological evolution of these frogs. Our updated phylogeny of the genus with nearly complete taxon sampling includes 48 nominal Microhyla species and several undescribed candidate species. Phylogenetic analyses of 3,207 bp of combined mtDNA and nuDNA data recovered three well-supported groups: the Glyphoglossus clade, Southeast Asian Microhyla II clade (includes M. annectens species group), and a diverse Microhyla I clade including all other species. Within the largest major clade of Microhyla are seven well-supported subclades that we identify as the M. achatina, M. fissipes, M. berdmorei, M. superciliaris, M. ornata, M. butleri, and M. palmipes species groups. The phylogenetic position of 12 poorly known Microhyla species is clarified for the first time. These phylogenetic results, along with molecular clock and ancestral area analyses, show the Microhyla-Glyphoglossus assemblage to have originated in Southeast Asia in the middle Eocene just after the first hypothesized land connections between the Indian Plate and the Asian mainland. While Glyphoglossus and Microhyla II remained within their ancestral ranges, Microhyla I expanded its distribution generally east to west, colonizing and diversifying through the Cenozoic. The Indian Subcontinent was colonized by members of five Microhyla species groups independently, starting with the end Oligocene-early Miocene that coincides with an onset of seasonally dry climates in South Asia. Body size evolution modeling suggests that four groups of Microhyla have independently achieved extreme miniaturization with adult body size below 15 mm. Three of the five smallest Microhyla species are obligate phytotelm-breeders and we argue that their peculiar reproductive biology may be a factor involved in miniaturization. Body size increases in Microhyla-Glyphoglossus seem to be associated with a burrowing adaptation to seasonally dry habitats. Species delimitation analyses suggest a vast underestimation of species richness and diversity in Microhyla and reveal 15-33 undescribed species. We revalidate M. nepenthicola, synonymize M. pulverata with M. marmorata, and provide insights on taxonomic statuses of a number of poorly known species. Further integrative studies, combining evidence from phylogeny, morphology, advertisement calls, and behavior will result in a better systematic understanding of this morphologically cryptic radiation of Asian frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav A. Gorin
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Fisheries, Bangamata Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib Science & Technology University, Jamalpur, Bangladesh
| | - Hisanori Okamiya
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Anslem de Silva
- Amphibia and Reptile Research Organization of Sri Lanka, Gampola, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexander Haas
- Center for Natural History, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Indraneil Das
- Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental Conservation, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Nikolay A. Poyarkov
- Faculty of Biology, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
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13
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Agarwal I, Thackeray T, Pal S, Khandekar A. Granite boulders act as deep‐time climate refugia: A Miocene divergent clade of rupicolous
Cnemaspis
Strauch, 1887 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the Mysore Plateau, India, with descriptions of three new species. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Agarwal
- Thackeray Wildlife Foundation Mumbai India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru India
| | | | - Saunak Pal
- Centre for Ecological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Bangalore India
- Bombay Natural History Society Mumbai India
| | - Akshay Khandekar
- Thackeray Wildlife Foundation Mumbai India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bengaluru India
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14
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Costa L, Jimenez H, Carvalho R, Carvalho-Sobrinho J, Escobar I, Souza G. Divide to Conquer: Evolutionary History of Allioideae Tribes (Amaryllidaceae) Is Linked to Distinct Trends of Karyotype Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:320. [PMID: 32318079 PMCID: PMC7155398 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Allioideae (e.g., chives, garlics, onions) comprises three mainly temperate tribes: Allieae (800 species from the northern hemisphere), Gilliesieae (80 South American species), and Tulbaghieae (26 Southern African species). We reconstructed the phylogeny of Allioideae (190 species plus 257 species from Agapanthoideae and Amaryllidoideae) based on ITS, matK, ndhF, and rbcL to investigate its historical biogeography and karyotype evolution using newly generated cytomolecular data for Chilean Gilliesieae genera Gethyum, Miersia, Solaria, and Speea. The crown group of Allioideae diversified ∼62 Mya supporting a Gondwanic origin for the subfamily and vicariance as the cause of the intercontinental disjunction of the tribes. Our results support the hypothesis of the Indian tectonic plate carrying Allieae to northern hemisphere ('out-of-India' hypothesis). The colonization of the northern hemisphere (∼30 Mya) is correlated with a higher diversification rate in Allium associated to stable x = 8, increase of polyploidy and the geographic expansion in Europe and North America. Tulbaghieae presented x = 6, but with numerical stability (2n = 12). In contrast, the tribe Gilliesieae (x = 6) varied considerably in genome size (associated with Robertsonian translocations), rDNA sites distribution and chromosome number. Our data indicate that evolutionary history of Allioideae tribes is linked to distinct trends of karyotype evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Costa
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Horace Jimenez
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Carvalho
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Carvalho-Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics, Department of Biology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Inelia Escobar
- Department of Botany, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gustavo Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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15
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Sil M, Aravind NA, Karanth KP. Into-India or out-of-India? Historical biogeography of the freshwater gastropod genus Pila (Caenogastropoda: Ampullariidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The biota of the Indian subcontinent was assembled through multiple associations with various landmasses during a period spanning the Late Cretaceous to the present. It consists of Gondwanan elements that subsequently dispersed ‘out-of-India’ and biota that dispersed ‘into-India’ after the subcontinent collided with Asia. However, the relative contribution of these connections to the current biotic assembly of the subcontinent has been under-explored. Our aim here was to understand the relative importance of these various routes of biotic assembly in India by studying the historical biogeography of the tropical Old World freshwater snail genus Pila. We reconstructed a near-complete phylogeny, based on nuclear and mitochondrial markers, of Ampullariidae including all the described Pila species from India and Ampullariids worldwide. Thereafter, molecular dating and ancestral range estimation analyses were carried out to ascertain the time frame and route of colonization of India by Pila. The results showed that Pila dispersed into India as well as other parts of tropical Asia from Africa after both India and Africa collided with Eurasia. Furthermore, multiple dispersals took place between Southeast Asia and India. These findings corroborate increasing evidence that much of the current Indian assemblage of biota actually dispersed ‘into-India’ after it collided with Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maitreya Sil
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
| | - N A Aravind
- Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bangalore, India
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University road, Derlakatte, Mangalore, India
| | - K Praveen Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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16
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Joshi J, Karanth PK, Edgecombe GD. The out-of-India hypothesis: evidence from an ancient centipede genus, Rhysida (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha) from the Oriental Region, and systematics of Indian species. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The Oriental Region has been a focus of biogeographical research for more than two centuries. We examined systematics and biogeography of the centipede genus Rhysida in this region. A robust species hypothesis for the Indian subcontinental and Southeast Asian Rhysida clade uses molecular, morphological and distribution data. Twelve species are recognized in two monophyletic species complexes, eight belonging to the Rhysida immarginata and four to the Rhysida longipes species complex. They include Rhysida aspinosa, Rhysida crassispina, R. immarginata, R. longipes and seven new species, five of which are formally named in this paper: Rhysida ikhalama, Rhysida konda, Rhysida lewisi, Rhysida pazhuthara and Rhysida sada The nine Rhysida species are documented taxonomically and their morphological variation is reviewed. An integrative systematic approach reveals that diversity of Rhysida in the Indian subcontinent has been underestimated. Both species complexes started to diversify in the Early to Late Cretaceous in the Indian subcontinent. The out-of-India hypothesis is supported in both clades, because Southeast Asian species are nested in Indian subcontinental clades. Historical biogeographical analyses suggest two independent post-collision dispersal events, one in the immarginata clade and another where R. longipes expanded its range into Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Praveen K Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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17
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Sen S, Dayanandan S, Davis T, Ganesan R, Jagadish M, Mathew P, Ravikanth G. Origin and evolution of the genus Piper in Peninsular India. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2019; 138:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Park S. The Coherence of Evolutionary Theory with Its Neighboring Theories. Acta Biotheor 2019; 67:87-102. [PMID: 30680485 DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary theory coheres with its neighboring theories, such as the theory of plate tectonics, molecular biology, electromagnetic theory, and the germ theory of disease. These neighboring theories were previously unconceived, but they were later conceived, and then they cohered with evolutionary theory. Since evolutionary theory has been strengthened by its several neighboring theories that were previously unconceived, it will be strengthened by infinitely many hitherto unconceived neighboring theories. This argument for evolutionary theory echoes the problem of unconceived alternatives. Ironically, however, the former recommends that we take the realist attitude toward evolutionary theory, while the latter recommends that we take the antirealist attitude toward it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbae Park
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Joshi J, Edgecombe GD. Evolutionary biogeography of the centipede genus Ethmostigmus from Peninsular India: testing an ancient vicariance hypothesis for Old World tropical diversity. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:41. [PMID: 30709332 PMCID: PMC6359765 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the relative influence of vicariance and dispersal in shaping Old World tropical biodiversity remains a challenge. We aimed to infer the roles of these alternative biogeographic processes using a species time-tree for the centipede genus Ethmostigmus from the Old World tropics. Additionally, we explored fine-scale biogeographic patterns for an endemic radiation of Ethmostigmus from the peninsular Indian Plate (PIP), an area with complex geological and climatic history. RESULTS Divergence time estimates suggest that Ethmostigmus began diversifying in the Late Cretaceous, 99 (± 25) million years ago (Ma), its early biogeographic history shaped by vicariance. Members of Ethmostigmus in PIP form a monophyletic group that underwent endemic radiation in the Late Cretaceous, 72 (± 25) Ma. In contrast, a new species of Ethmostigmus from north-east India formed a clade with African/Australian species. Fine-scale biogeographic analyses in PIP predict that Indian Ethmostigmus had an ancestor in southern-central parts of the Western Ghats. This was followed by four independent dispersal events from the southern-central Western Ghats to the Eastern Ghats, and between different parts of the Western Ghats in the Cenozoic. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with Gondwanan break-up driving the early evolutionary history of the genus Ethmostigmus. Multiple dispersal events coinciding with geo-climatic events throughout the Cenozoic shaped diversification in PIP. Ethmostigmus species in PIP are restricted to wet forests and have retained that niche throughout their diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahnavi Joshi
- The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
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20
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Toussaint EF, Short AE. Transoceanic Stepping–stones between Cretaceous waterfalls? The enigmatic biogeography of pantropical Oocyclus cascade beetles. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:416-428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Abstract
The East Asian flora (EAF) is a key biodiversity hotspot for understanding the origin and evolution of Northern Hemisphere floras, but there is an ongoing debate on whether it is a museum or a cradle for seed plants. Within the EAF, two main floras, the Sino-Himalayan Flora (mainly the Rhododendron Flora) and the Sino-Japanese Flora (mainly the Metasequoia Flora), have been recognized. Previous studies suggested that the EAF is ancient and the Metasequoia Flora is older than the Rhododendron Flora. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized molecular as well as fossil data on seed plants, focusing on the biogeographical origins and historical evolution of the EAF. We compared the ages of its two constituent floras, and examined the impact of the Asian monsoon and other environmental changes on the development of EAF through meta-analysis. Our results suggest that the EAF might be relatively young, with most of its clades originating since the Miocene. The Rhododendron Flora and the Metasequoia Flora are probably of a similar age. The formation and development of the Asian monsoon might have been the main factors that have driven the evolution of EAF. In the Rhododendron Flora, the north-south mountain chains increased the concentration of species and reduced extinction, and the barriers between the east and west have resulted in species differentiation, which triggered it to become a diversity center. The EAF appears to have multiple biogeographical origins, having closely affiliated not only with other floras in the Northern Hemisphere, but also with Gondwanan floras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Deng
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zhuo Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Hang Sun
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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22
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Klaus S, Morley RJ, Plath M, Zhang YP, Li JT. Biotic interchange between the Indian subcontinent and mainland Asia through time. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12132. [PMID: 27373955 PMCID: PMC4932189 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotic interchange after the connection of previously independently evolving floras and faunas is thought to be one of the key factors that shaped global biodiversity as we see it today. However, it was not known how biotic interchange develops over longer time periods of several million years following the secondary contact of different biotas. Here we present a novel method to investigate the temporal dynamics of biotic interchange based on a phylogeographical meta-analysis by calculating the maximal number of observed dispersal events per million years given the temporal uncertainty of the underlying time-calibrated phylogenies. We show that biotic influx from mainland Asia onto the Indian subcontinent after Eocene continental collision was not a uniform process, but was subject to periods of acceleration, stagnancy and decrease. We discuss potential palaeoenvironmental causes for this fluctuation. The Paleogene continental collision between the Indian subcontinent and Asia initiated biotic interchange over a timescale of millions of years. Klaus et al. develop a phylogeographic method to estimate the dynamics of biotic interchange over these timescales, revealing periods of acceleration, stagnation and decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klaus
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, J. W. Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert J Morley
- Palynova Ltd, 1 Mow Fen Road, Littleport, Cambs CB6 1PY, UK.,Earth Sciences Department, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Martin Plath
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jia-Tang Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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23
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Toussaint EFA, Fikáček M, Short AEZ. India-Madagascar vicariance explains cascade beetle biogeography. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel F. A. Toussaint
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Division of Entomology; Biodiversity Institute; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS USA
| | - Martin Fikáček
- Department of Entomology; National Museum; Cirkusova 1740, CZ-19800 Praha 9 Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Viničná 7, CZ-12843 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Andrew E. Z. Short
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology & Division of Entomology; Biodiversity Institute; University of Kansas; Lawrence KS USA
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24
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Grismer JL, Schulte JA, Alexander A, Wagner P, Travers SL, Buehler MD, Welton LJ, Brown RM. The Eurasian invasion: phylogenomic data reveal multiple Southeast Asian origins for Indian Dragon Lizards. BMC Evol Biol 2016; 16:43. [PMID: 26896057 PMCID: PMC4759850 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-016-0611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Indian Tectonic Plate split from Gondwanaland approximately 120 MYA and set the Indian subcontinent on a ~ 100 million year collision course with Eurasia. Many phylogenetic studies have demonstrated the Indian subcontinent brought with it an array of endemic faunas that evolved in situ during its journey, suggesting this isolated subcontinent served as a source of biodiversity subsequent to its collision with Eurasia. However, recent molecular studies suggest that Eurasia may have served as the faunal source for some of India's biodiversity, colonizing the subcontinent through land bridges between India and Eurasia during the early to middle Eocene (~35-40 MYA). In this study we investigate whether the Draconinae subfamily of the lizard family Agamidae is of Eurasian or Indian origin, using a multi locus Sanger dataset and a novel dataset of 4536 ultraconserved nuclear element loci. RESULTS Results from our phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses revealed support for two independent colonizations of India from Eurasian ancestors during the early to late Eocene prior to the subcontinent's hard collision with Eurasia. CONCLUSION These results are consistent with other faunal groups and new geologic models that suggest ephemeral Eocene land bridges may have allowed for dispersal and exchange of floras and faunas between India and Eurasia during the Eocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Grismer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561, USA.
| | - James A Schulte
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Postdam, NY, 13699, USA.
| | - Alana Alexander
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561, USA.
| | - Philipp Wagner
- Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Adenauerallee 160, D-53113, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Scott L Travers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561, USA.
| | - Matt D Buehler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561, USA.
| | - Luke J Welton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561, USA.
| | - Rafe M Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Dyche Hall, 1345 Jayhawk Blvd., Lawrence, KS, 66045-7561, USA.
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25
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Zhu Q, Hastriter MW, Whiting MF, Dittmar K. Fleas (Siphonaptera) are Cretaceous, and evolved with Theria. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 90:129-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Agarwal I, Bauer AM, Jackman TR, Karanth KP. Insights into Himalayan biogeography from geckos: A molecular phylogeny of Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 80:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Klaus S, Fernandez K, Yeo DCJ. Phylogeny of the freshwater crabs of the Western Ghats (Brachyura, Gecarcinucidae). ZOOL SCR 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klaus
- Chengdu Institute of Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Chengdu 610041 China
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore city 117543 Singapore
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; J. W. Goethe-Universität; Frankfurt am Main D-60438 Germany
| | - Katrina Fernandez
- Centre for Ecological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Darren C. J. Yeo
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; Singapore city 117543 Singapore
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28
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Agarwal I, Bauer AM, Jackman TR, Karanth P. Cryptic species and Miocene diversification of Palaearctic naked-toed geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) in the Indian dry zone. ZOOL SCR 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishan Agarwal
- Centre for Ecological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Aaron M. Bauer
- Department of Biology; Villanova University; 800 Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085 USA
| | - Todd R. Jackman
- Department of Biology; Villanova University; 800 Lancaster Avenue Villanova PA 19085 USA
| | - Praveen Karanth
- Centre for Ecological Sciences; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore 560012 India
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29
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Phylogeny of endemic skinks of the genus Lygosoma (Squamata: Scincidae) from India suggests an in situ radiation. J Genet 2014; 93:163-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Phylogenetic position, origin and biogeography of Palearctic and Socotran blind-snakes (Serpentes: Typhlopidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2013; 68:35-41. [PMID: 23523862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The majority of the family Typhlopidae occurs in the Neotropic, Australasian, Indo-Malayan and Afrotropic ecoregions. They show a restricted distribution in the western Palearctic, where they include few native species, i.e. Rhinotyphlops simoni, R. episcopus and Typhlops vermicularis. A unique species among typhlopids is T. socotranus, found in Socotra, one of the most endemic-rich archipelagoes. In this study we determine the phylogenetic position of the above mentioned species and discuss their systematics, origin and biogeography. For this purpose we use three protein-coding nuclear markers (AMEL-amelogenin, BDNF-brain-derived neurotrophic factor and NT3-neurotrophin 3) to construct a time-calibrated phylogeny of the family Typhlopidae. Our results show that T. socotranus is a sister-species to T. vermicularis, while R. simoni and R. episcopus are sister-species to each other and are found within the African clade of the family, although they are geographically distributed in west Asia. Additionally we discuss several hypotheses on their origin, as well as the occurence of typhlopids in Eurasia.
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31
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Diversification of rhacophorid frogs provides evidence for accelerated faunal exchange between India and Eurasia during the Oligocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:3441-6. [PMID: 23401521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1300881110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The accretion of the Indian subcontinent to Eurasia triggered a massive faunal and floral exchange, with Gondwanan taxa entering into Asia and vice versa. The traditional view on the Indian-Asian collision assumes contact of the continental plates during the Early Eocene. Many biogeographic studies rely on this assumption. However, the exact mode and timing of this geological event is still under debate. Here we address, based on an extensive phylogenetic analysis of rhacophorid tree frogs, if there was already a Paleogene biogeographic link between Southeast Asia and India; in which direction faunal exchange occurred between India and Eurasia within the Rhacophoridae; and if the timing of the faunal exchange correlates with one of the recently suggested geological models. Rhacophorid tree frogs showed an early dispersal from India to Asia between 46 and 57 Ma, as reconstructed from the fossil record. During the Middle Eocene, however, faunal exchange ceased, followed by increase of rhacophorid dispersal events between Asia and the Indian subcontinent during the Oligocene that continued until the Middle Miocene. This corroborates recent geological models that argue for a much later final collision between the continental plates. We predict that the Oligocene faunal exchange between the Indian subcontinent and Asia, as shown here for rhacophorid frogs, also applies for other nonvolant organisms with an Indian-Asian distribution, and suggest that previous studies that deal with this faunal interchange should be carefully reinvestigated.
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32
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Krosch MN, Schutze MK, Armstrong KF, Graham GC, Yeates DK, Clarke AR. A molecular phylogeny for the Tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae): Systematic and biogeographic implications. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 64:513-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Datta-Roy A, Singh M, Srinivasulu C, Karanth KP. Phylogeny of the Asian Eutropis (Squamata: Scincidae) reveals an ‘into India’ endemic Indian radiation. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 63:817-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Wang J, Yang G. The complete mitogenome of the snakeheadChanna argus(Perciformes: Channoidei): Genome characterization and phylogenetic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:120-9. [DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2011.624599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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35
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Joshi J, Karanth KP. Cretaceous–Tertiary diversification among select Scolopendrid centipedes of South India. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 60:287-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Gaikwad SS, Ghate HV, Ghaskadbi SS, Patole MS, Shouche YS. DNA barcoding of nymphalid butterflies (Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera) from Western Ghats of India. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2375-83. [PMID: 21670958 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-0988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have checked the utility of DNA barcoding for species identification of nymphalid butterflies from Western Ghats of India by using 650 bp sequence of mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. Distinct DNA barcoding gap (i.e. difference between intraspecies and interspecies nucleotide divergence), exists between species studied here. When our sequences were compared with the sequences of the conspecifics submitted from different geographic regions, nine cases of deep intraspecies nucleotide divergences were observed. In spite of this, NJ (Neighbour Joining) clustering analysis successfully discriminated all species. Observed cases of deep intraspecies nucleotide divergences certainly warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Gaikwad
- Department of Zoology, Modern College, Shivajinagar, Pune, 411005 Maharashtra, India
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37
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Molecular phylogeny of Hemidactylus geckos (Squamata: Gekkonidae) of the Indian subcontinent reveals a unique Indian radiation and an Indian origin of Asian house geckos. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 57:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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38
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Klaus S, Schubart CD, Streit B, Pfenninger M. When Indian crabs were not yet Asian--biogeographic evidence for Eocene proximity of India and Southeast Asia. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:287. [PMID: 20849594 PMCID: PMC2949875 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The faunal and floral relationship of northward-drifting India with its neighboring continents is of general biogeographic interest as an important driver of regional biodiversity. However, direct biogeographic connectivity of India and Southeast Asia during the Cenozoic remains largely unexplored. We investigate timing, direction and mechanisms of faunal exchange between India and Southeast Asia, based on a molecular phylogeny, molecular clock-derived time estimates and biogeographic reconstructions of the Asian freshwater crab family Gecarcinucidae. RESULTS Although the Gecarcinucidae are not an element of an ancient Gondwana fauna, their subfamily Gecarcinucinae, and probably also the Liotelphusinae, evolved on the Indian Subcontinent and subsequently dispersed to Southeast Asia. Estimated by a model testing approach, this dispersal event took place during the Middle Eocene, and thus before the final collision of India and the Tibet-part of Eurasia. CONCLUSIONS We postulate that the India and Southeast Asia were close enough for exchange of freshwater organisms during the Middle Eocene, before the final Indian-Eurasian collision. Our data support geological models that assume the Indian plate having tracked along Southeast Asia during its move northwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klaus
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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A reappraisal of the evolution of Asian snakehead fishes (Pisces, Channidae) using molecular data from multiple genes and fossil calibration. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2010; 56:707-17. [PMID: 20359539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater snakehead fishes (Channidae) provide an interesting target for phylogenetic analysis for the following reasons, their unusual biology, potential for cryptic diversity and availability of a good fossil record. Here, a multi-locus molecular phylogeny was constructed and calibrated using two fossil dates to estimate divergence times within the family. Sampling aimed to explore interspecific divergence of Channa species across Southeast Asia and intra-specific variation where species possessed natural geographical ranges that were extensive. Results contradict divergence times estimated previously independently from single locus mitochondrial data or the fossil record and suggest that after divergence from African taxa 40-50 Ma, evolution of Asian snakeheads has been heavily influenced by multiple broad scale dispersal events across India and Southeast Asia. A similar pattern of divergence within multiple clades suggests that west-east dispersal was limited for many taxa during the Miocene. Deep intra-specific divergence was inferred for C. striata, indicating that long historical periods of isolation ( approximately 8Ma) have not resulted in the evolution of reproductive isolation within this species. Results support suggestions that C. marulia like fishes in northern Cambodia may constitute an undescribed species, and that Indian C. diplogramma warrants taxonomic recognition as being distinct from Southeast Asian C. micropeltes, with the two taxa last sharing a common ancestor in the mid- to late-Miocene.
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