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Grünberg JR, Elvin J, Paul A, Hedjazifar S, Hammarstedt A, Smith U. CCN5/WISP2 and metabolic diseases. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:309-318. [PMID: 29247377 PMCID: PMC5842198 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes increase worldwide at an epidemic rate. It is expected that by the year 2030 around 500 million people will have diabetes; predominantly type 2 diabetes. The CCN family of proteins has become of interest in both metabolic and other common human diseases because of their effects on mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) proliferation and differentiation as well as being important regulators of fibrosis. We here review current knowledge of the WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 2 (CCN5/WISP2). It has been shown to be an important regulator of both these processes through effects on both the canonical WNT and the TGFβ pathways. It is also under normal regulation by the adipogenic commitment factor BMP4, in contrast to conventional canonical WNT ligands, and allows MSCs to undergo normal adipose cell differentiation. CCN5/WISP2 is highly expressed in, and secreted by, MSCs and is an important regulator of MSCs growth. In a transgenic mouse model overexpressing CCN5/WISP2 in the adipose tissue, we have shown that it is secreted and circulating in the blood, the mice develop hypercellular white and brown adipose tissue, have increased lean body mass and enlarged hypercellular hearts. Obese transgenic mice had improved insulin sensitivity. Interestingly, the anti-fibrotic effect of CCN5/WISP2 is protective against heart failure by inhibition of the TGFβ pathway. Understanding how CCN5/WISP2 is regulated and signals is important and may be useful for developing new treatment strategies in obesity and metabolic diseases and it can also be a target in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Grünberg
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Johannes Elvin
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Paul
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shahram Hedjazifar
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ann Hammarstedt
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Smith
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Overexpressing the novel autocrine/endocrine adipokine WISP2 induces hyperplasia of the heart, white and brown adipose tissues and prevents insulin resistance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43515. [PMID: 28240264 PMCID: PMC5327486 DOI: 10.1038/srep43515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
WISP2 is a novel adipokine, most highly expressed in the adipose tissue and primarily in undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. As a secreted protein, it is an autocrine/paracrine activator of canonical WNT signaling and, as an intracellular protein, it helps to maintain precursor cells undifferentiated. To examine effects of increased WISP2 in vivo, we generated an aP2-WISP2 transgenic (Tg) mouse. These mice had increased serum levels of WISP2, increased lean body mass and whole body energy expenditure, hyperplastic brown/white adipose tissues and larger hyperplastic hearts. Obese Tg mice remained insulin sensitive, had increased glucose uptake by adipose cells and skeletal muscle in vivo and ex vivo, increased GLUT4, increased ChREBP and markers of adipose tissue lipogenesis. Serum levels of the novel fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) were increased and transplantation of Tg adipose tissue improved glucose tolerance in recipient mice supporting a role of secreted FAHFAs. The growth-promoting effect of WISP2 was shown by increased BrdU incorporation in vivo and Tg serum increased mesenchymal precursor cell proliferation in vitro. In contrast to conventional canonical WNT ligands, WISP2 expression was inhibited by BMP4 thereby allowing normal induction of adipogenesis. WISP2 is a novel secreted regulator of mesenchymal tissue cellularity.
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Mosa OF, Skitek M, Kalisnik JM, Jerin A. Evaluation of serum cysteine-rich protein 61 and cystatin C levels for assessment of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Ren Fail 2016; 38:699-705. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2016.1157747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Myers RB, Wei L, Castellot JJ. The matricellular protein CCN5 regulates podosome function via interaction with integrin αvβ 3. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:135-46. [PMID: 24488697 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-013-0218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN proteins play crucial roles in cell motility, matrix turnover, and proliferation. In particular, CCN5 plays a role in cell motility and proliferation in several cell types; however, no functional binding proteins for CCN5 have been identified. In this study we report that CCN5 binds to the cell surface receptor integrin αvβ3 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, this interaction takes place in podosomes, organelles known to degrade matrix and mediate motility. We show that CCN5 regulates the ability of podosomes to degrade matrix, but does not affect podosome formation. The level of CCN5 present in a podosome negatively correlates with its ability to degrade matrix. Conversely, knockdown of CCN5 greatly enhances the matrix-degrading ability of podosomes. These findings suggest that the antimotility effects of CCN5 may be mediated through the direct interaction of CCN5 and integrin αvβ3 in podosomes and the concomitant suppression of matrix degradation that is required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Myers
- Program in Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Wiesman KC, Wei L, Baughman C, Russo J, Gray MR, Castellot JJ. CCN5, a secreted protein, localizes to the nucleus. J Cell Commun Signal 2010; 4:91-8. [PMID: 20531984 PMCID: PMC2876239 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-010-0087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN5, a member of the CCN family of growth factors, inhibits the proliferation and migration of smooth muscle cells in cell culture and animal models. Expressed in both embryonic and adult tissues, CCN5 exhibits a matricellular localization pattern characteristic of secreted proteins that are closely associated with the cell surface. In addition to this observed expression pattern, immunohistochemical evidence suggests the presence of nuclear CCN5 in some cells. To determine if CCN5 localizes to the nucleus we performed immunofluorescence, confocal imaging, and cell fractionation to corroborate the immunohistochemical observations. After confirming the presence of nuclear CCN5 using four independent experimental methods, we identified a single putative nuclear localization signal in the von Willebrand factor C domain of mouse and rat CCN5. Site directed mutagenesis of the three basic amino acids in the putative nuclear localization sequence did not prevent nuclear localization of CCN5 in four different cell types, suggesting that CCN5 nuclear transport is not mediated by the only canonical nuclear localization signal present in the primary amino acid sequence. Future work will address the mechanism of nuclear localization and the function of nuclear versus secreted CCN5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina C. Wiesman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Lan Wei
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Cassandra Baughman
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Joshua Russo
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - Mark R. Gray
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
| | - John J. Castellot
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111 USA
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